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This paper explores the potential of electronic invoice data to enhance the System of National Accounts (SNA) and facilitate a Real-Time Economy (RTE). The rise of data science and advancements in information and communication technologies have increased the use of big data in economic statistics. E-invoice data is being digitized in Europe to detect VAT fraud, but it also contains a vast amount of information on economic entities that make up the SNA. This study focuses on integrating electronic accounting information to improve the coverage, granularity, and update speed of SNA. The paper examines the concept of RTE, which emphasizes real-time data processing and automation, particularly in Estonia and Finland. It also highlights the benefits and challenges of using invoice data for economic statistics, including issues related to data storage formats, legislative systems, and the coordination of data linkages. The research demonstrates invoice data's theoretical and practical applications for constructing Input–Output Tables (IOTs) and monitoring financial situations. Despite the technical and institutional hurdles, the study suggests integrating invoice data can significantly transform economic statistics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract This paper explores the potential of electronic invoice data to enhance the System of National Accounts (SNA) and facilitate a Real-Time Economy (RTE). The rise of data science and advancements in information and communication technologies have increased the use of big data in economic statistics. E-invoice data is being digitized in Europe to detect VAT fraud, but it also contains a vast amount of information on economic entities that make up the SNA. This study focuses on integrating electronic accounting information to improve the coverage, granularity, and update speed of SNA. The paper examines the concept of RTE, which emphasizes real-time data processing and automation, particularly in Estonia and Finland. It also highlights the benefits and challenges of using invoice data for economic statistics, including issues related to data storage formats, legislative systems, and the coordination of data linkages. The research demonstrates invoice data’s theoretical and practical applications for constructing Input–Output Tables (IOTs) and monitoring financial situations. Despite the technical and institutional hurdles, the study suggests integrating invoice data can significantly transform economic statistics.

Value Added Tax (VAT) is a development of Sales Tax that has a non-cumulative nature, so it avoids the occurrence of tax on tax or cascading effect. Regarding the provisions on input tax crediting as regulated in Article 9 paragraph (2) and paragraph (9) of the VAT Law, input tax credit can be made in the same Tax Period. In practice, there are often conditions that eventually cause Input Tax crediting to be carried out in different Tax Periods. In 2022, the Directorate General of Taxes (DGT) issued a policy on different tax period invoice credits (FP) which is regulated in Regulation of the Director General of Taxes Number PER)03/PJ/2022. This policy regulates the time limit for uploading, which previously did not exist. This upload time limit tends to have a cascading effect. This study aims to further analyze the cascading effect caused by the implementation of the different tax period invoice credit policy as regulated in PER-03/PJ/2022. This study uses a qualitative research method with data analysis techniques conducted through literature studies. The results of this study show that the different tax period invoice credit policy, especially that regulated in Article 18 PER-03/PJ/2022, tends to cause a cascading effect where there are input invoices that cannot be credited. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the relationship in equine practice between the time delay for charge entry (time between when work was performed and when the invoice charges were entered) and the total amount of the invoice. SAMPLE A total of 67,597 invoices from 3 hospitals were included for analysis. METHODS Analysis of 67,597 invoices from 49 doctors working out of 3 hospitals was performed. Variables collected included invoice total, date of work, date of invoice entry, month of work, invoice category (A = ambulatory daytime, E = after-hours, 1 = hospital), and veterinarian. Time delay to invoice entry was the difference between the day of work and the day of charge entry. A generalized additive model was used to describe the relationship between the time delay for invoice entry and the invoice type, month of work, and invoice category. The best model was selected using the Akaike information criterion. RESULTS In the selected model, total invoice amount was associated with time delay for charge entry and invoice category. Invoices entered on the same day of work were 299 + $345, as compared to those entered the next day (255 + $271) and those entered > 1 day after the work was performed (193 + $196; P < .0001). CLINICAL RELEVANCE If the observed relationship between time delay (time between work performed and invoice entry) and total invoice amount is causal, equine practitioners may have significant opportunity to improve revenues by simply entering charges on the same day the work is performed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accounts Payable (AP) is a time-consuming and labor-intensive process used by large corporations to compensate vendors on time for goods and services received. A comprehensive verification procedure is executed before disbursing funds to a supplier or vendor. After the successful conclusion of these validations, the invoice undergoes further processing by traversing multiple stages, including vendor identification; line-item matching; accounting code identification; tax code identification, ensuring proper calculation and remittance of taxes, verifying payment terms, approval routing, and compliance with internal control policies and procedures, for a comprehensive approach to invoice processing. At the moment, each of these processes is almost entirely manual and laborious, which makes the process time-consuming and prone to mistakes in the ongoing education of agents. It is difficult to accomplish the task of automatically processing these invoices for payment without any human involvement. To provide a solution, we implemented an automated invoicing system with modules based on artificial intelligence. This system processes invoices from beginning to finish. It takes very little work to configure it to meet the specific needs of each unique customer. Currently, the system has been put into production use for two customers. It has handled roughly 80 thousand invoices, of which 76 percent were automatically processed with little or no human interaction.

This article examines the specifics of settlements with clients in the world's four largest audit companies by revenue. As a result of the study, it was found that billing customers for the services provided takes place in several stages. The main responsibilities of the company's participants who are involved in the process of invoicing customers are clarified. It is established that companies have multi-level control over the generated invoices, which involves employees of the operational and financial departments of companies, as well as project managers who are direct service providers to the client. It was revealed that in the process of communicating with customers and making settlements with them, the big four companies use the Microsoft Office, a specially developed system for invoicing based on SAP, and BAS accounting software products, M.E.Doc, a service for electronic document management between the company's structural units and the client «Vchasno». However, despite the coherence of the billing mechanism and several levels of control, companies face certain risks that can negatively affect the quality of information in accounting and reporting on the status of settlements. In particular, this is due to technical failures in software due to uneven server load, as well as loss of information caused by a human factor - errors in entering data into the electronic system, negligence, abuse of official position. In the course of the study, it was found that insufficient awareness of employees of the operational and financial departments, as well as limited access to the necessary documents for making settlements with customers, can lead to a decrease in the quality of information in the company's reporting, fraud and other illegal actions. Based on the results of the study, approaches to solving existing problems in companies when making settlements with customers were described. The study showed that in an unstable economic environment, the Big Four companies constantly need to adapt to changes in the business environment and comply with the highest standards of data quality and security. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accounts Payable (AP) is a time-consuming and labor-intensive process used by large corporations to compensate vendors on time for goods and services received. A comprehensive verification procedure is executed before disbursing funds to a supplier or vendor. After the successful conclusion of these validations, the invoice undergoes further processing by traversing multiple stages, including vendor identification; line-item matching; accounting code identification; tax code identification, ensuring proper calculation and remittance of taxes, verifying payment terms, approval routing, and compliance with internal control policies and procedures, for a comprehensive approach to invoice processing. At the moment, each of these processes is almost entirely manual and laborious, which makes the process time-consuming and prone to mistakes in the ongoing education of agents. It is difficult to accomplish the task of automatically processing these invoices for payment without any human involvement. To provide a solution, we implemented an automated invoicing system with modules based on artificial intelligence. This system processes invoices from beginning to finish. It takes very little work to configure it to meet the specific needs of each unique customer. Currently, the system has been put into production use for two customers. It has handled roughly 80 thousand invoices, of which 76 percent were automatically processed with little or no human interaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Chilena de Derecho Privado is the property of Fundacion Fernando Fueyo Laneri and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The subject. The principle of VAT neutrality is actual for Russia as VAT is one of the taxes levied in Russia. The principle of VAT neutrality has been upheld by the Russian Supreme Court. Therefore, the subject of the research is the definition of this principle as well as the problems of its relationship with the Russian tax law.Purpose of the study. The article considers the principle of value added tax neutrality as an independent principle of tax law, analyzes its content and regulatory role as independent means of legal regulation. Dealing with foreign doctrine regarding to the referred principle, the article shows the problems of its implementation in Russia and includes suggestions re its harmonization with the Russian tax legislation.Methodology. The author uses the formally legal interpretation of the legal provisions, comparative analysis of Russian and European literature as regards the nature and neutrality principle of VAT as well as the systemic analysis.The main results. The author has formulated the definition of the principle of VAT neutrality and determined the elements of the referred principle. Each element of the principle has been described. The author divided the content of the referred principle on property, legal, economic and competitive elements. However, all these elements should be considered systemically as VAT is supposed to be neutral for businesses in terms of each sphere of their business activity. The author concluded that VAT is the tax on consumption and the burden of this tax should be transferred on final consumers. Taxable persons are only public agents to collect VAT after taxable transactions with final consumers. Therefore, there should be no obstacles as regards the right to deduct input VAT as well as any rules distinguishing the tax burden for similar taxable transactions. Also, due to the deduction mechanism the burden of VAT in the same price of goods (services, work) should be equal and does not depend on the quantity of transactions to be previous to the sale to any final consumer. As regards the Russian tax legislation, the author identified the rules infringing the principle of VAT neutrality. Thus, the author has concluded that the Russian tax rules establishing strict documentary requirements to the right to deduct input VAT and limiting this right for foreign businesses contradict the principle of VAT neutrality. Also, the rules of the Russian Tax Code which stipulate the exemptions for the transactions between taxable persons and the different tax rates for the similar transactions as well as exclude the persons of the special tax schemes from VAT regime are not in line with referred principle.Conclusions. According to the results of the study, the author has formulated the suggestions regarding to the amendments to the tax legislation in order to correct the revealed mismatches between the provisions of the chapter 21 of the Russian Tax Code and the principle of VAT neutrality. It is proposed to reduce the requirements to the right to deduct as well as exclude the current limitation of this right for foreign businesses, the different tax rates for the similar transactions and the exemptions for the transactions between taxable persons. In addition, the author has suggested to entitle the persons of the special tax schemes to refuse their excluding from VAT regime.

The global fuel and energy market occupies a significant position in international trade, which encourages companies in the industry to carry out a digital transformation in the supply chain and accounting of related transactions. Digital transformation occurs through the introduction of modern information technology, which leads to increased productivity at all stages of the supply chain in the fuel and energy sector and simplified accounting of transactions. Positive processes are characterized by the convergence of markets, and negative processes are characterized by the fragmentation of energy markets and their isolation at the national level. To solve these problems in the field of accounting, it is necessary to constantly improve ERP systems based on the creation of a unified ecosystem of the fuel and energy sector. The world practice of using Enterprise Resource Planning products in the fuel and energy sector is considered. Based on the trend and structural analysis world oil and gas imports have been investigated to determine the dynamics and geographical structure of the fuel and energy market. The forecast of the dynamics of oil imports is made. The article proposes a functional model of the supply chain in the energy sector based on blockchain technology. The article defines digital technology with a focus on blockchain and artificial intelligence. The process method is used in the formation of an invoice generation model. The advantages of ERP systems are identified and global experience in invoice generation in accounting is summarized. The OpenText Vendor Invoice Management (VIM) software product is characterized, allowing its integration with the SAP ERP invoice accounting and payment system. The main issues of digital transformation in the accounting system, stimulating the improvement of specialists' competencies when working with digital platforms, are identified.

Blockchain and smart contracts have begun to find their place in many ways of doing business. While the blockchain technology is sometimes used for the purpose of not changing the data, sometimes it is aimed at reducing the investment expenditures of the use of central software. Business processes in the field of accounting are increasingly benefiting from the benefits of digitalization. However, the solutions related to accounting are in the form of solutions belonging to the central software architecture. It is a requirement that the invoices created in the accounting processes are kept for a certain period of time due to legal obligations and that these invoices are not changed and guaranteed. At this point, processes are managed thanks to smart contracts provided by Blockchain technology. In addition, decentralized storage technologies are used as a solution for data storage. In this study, a solution proposal has been presented on how to process and store e-invoice with decentralized applications and has been implemented as an application. The proposed solution method helps to carry the approval processes needed in accounting processes to triple approval level, to reveal the processes of e-invoice in a decentralized application architecture, and to manage data security through blockchain technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work aims to capitalize the elements individualizing the most used financial and accounting document, the invoice, both from the perspective of the tax law and in terms of social relations under civil law. We will focus on its legal nature, on its evidential value and on the legal effects it generates in the tax and sub-section register, within the contractual mechanisms between the professionals, by observing their legal regulations and their interpretation offered by the internal land union judicial practice. From the invoice as a means of proof of a legal act, to the invoice seen as a material object of a legal act, we will study the basic landmarks customizing the electronic platforms for financing the invoices.

The paper makes a distinction between criminal law protection of collective property and that of individual property. It discusses both the amendments of the Polish Criminal Code made on 10 February 2017 and arguments for their introduction. In conclusion, the paper points to some similarities between more severe criminal liability for crimes against collective property under the communist regime and stricter criminal liability for invoice frauds.

This paper focuses on Value Added Tax (VAT), due to the importance of indirect taxes as one of the most vital tax revenue generators in the EU. VAT is more stable and contributes more to the tax mix than direct taxes. However, the VAT gap is still a serious problem for the national governments, as it reduces the overall tax revenue. Tax authorities are looking for more opportunities to reduce the information asymmetries between them and the taxation subjects. Due to that, collection and analysis of big data seems to be an excellent opportunity to do so in the Slovak Republic as well. One of the biggest sources of big data in VAT in Europe and the world is formed by the so-called “real-time reporting” and electronic filing, since electronic filing is mandatory in the majority of EU countries nowadays. However, policy makers should bear in mind that the mere collection of data is not enough (Bal, 2014). The main subject of this paper is to find, analyse and take into account the most important measures of VAT in the context of digitalisation. In addition, this paper focuses on new trends and challenges for VAT in the Slovak Republic, which may follow the trends within the world.

Copyright of Romanian Review of Private Law / Revista Română de Drept Privat is the property of Universul Juridic Publishing House and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

in this paper we consider the purchasing operation tools used to catalog, request-for-quote (RFQ), order, prepare quotation and receipt of goods, and to study and design the Blockchain system for the B2B portal for E-procurement. The B2B portal system is implemented on the seller B2B information system infrastructure to facilitate the procurement operations on both the user and seller sides. Answers were collected from 19 e-procurement personnel from home hub buyer database who were anticipated to be end-users of the system. The raw data we analyzed were derived from the questionnaires distributed, completed and returned by 100% of the participants. An SPSS, Statistical Package for the Social Sciences, program was used to calculate the level of agreement concerning the users' opinions on which necessary features that facilitate the users of the B2B procurement portal should be developed and the satisfaction of trial users. The "End-users" opinion on which necessary features that facilitate the users of the B2B procurement portal should be developed shows that they strongly agreed that the "RFQ features that users can submit to request for quotation for the selected products under the desired buying options and conditions". The system prototype trials showed that the most satisfaction was on the "All proposed tools deliver high usability and capabilities". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Central Asian Journal of Art Studies is the property of Central Asian Journal of Art Studies and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Crónica Tributaria is the property of Instituto de Estudios Fiscales, Ministerio de Hacienda y Funcion Publica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The rapid growing of Islamic finance sector is characterized by the establishment of Islamic financial institutions as well as Islamic financial market worldwide. Indonesia also shows significant development in this sector, which can be observed through the founding of various Islamic banking and insurance companies. As a result, Indonesian students' interests in taking majors in Islamic Economics and Business are skyrocketing in the last decade. However, this phenomenon is not without any challenges since those students come from different educational backgrounds, either Islamic or public high schools. Meanwhile, Islamic finance uses much terminology taken from Arabic and English languages. This means that students from public high schools may not be familiar with the terms from those two languages, particularly the Arabic-derived ones. Thus, this study aimed to investigate Islamic Economics and Business UIN SU students' comprehension of Arabic and English Terminology used in Islamic Finance. Employing a descriptive quantitative approach, this study used questionnaire as the instrument of data collection. The results reveal interesting findings indicating students' comprehension of Arabic terminology is significantly higher than that of English one. It can be concluded that students coming from either Islamic or public educational background have no significant differences in understanding Islamic financial terms derived from Arabic and English languages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Grafica: Journal of Graphic Design / Documents de Disseny Gràfic is the property of Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Nowadays, unpaid invoices and unpaid credits are becoming more and more common. Large amounts of data regarding these debts are collected and stored by debt collection agencies. Early debt collection processes aim at collecting payments from creditors or debtors before the legal procedure starts. In order to be successful and be able to collect maximum debts, collection agencies need to use their human resources efficiently and communicate with the customers via the most convenient channel that leads to minimum costs. However, achieving these goals need processing, analyzing and evaluating customer data and inferring the right actions instantaneously. In this study, fuzzy inference based intelligent systems are used to empower early debt collection processes using the principles of data science. In the paper, an early debt collection system composed of three different Fuzzy Inference Systems (FIS), one for credit debts, one for credit card debts, and one for invoices, is developed. These systems use different inputs such as amount of loan, wealth of debtor, part history of debtor, amount of other debts, active customer since, credit limit, and criticality to determine the output possibility of repaying the debt. This output is later used to determine the most convenient communication channel and communication activity profile.

Nowadays, unpaid invoices and unpaid credits are becoming more and more common. Large amounts of data regarding these debts are collected and stored by debt collection agencies. Early debt collection processes aim at collecting payments from creditors or debtors before the legal procedure starts. In order to be successful and be able to collect maximum debts, collection agencies need to use their human resources efficiently and communicate with the customers via the most convenient channel that leads to minimum costs. However, achieving these goals need processing, analyzing and evaluating customer data and inferring the right actions instantaneously. In this study, fuzzy inference based intelligent systems are used to empower early debt collection processes using the principles of data science. In the paper, an early debt collection system composed of three different Fuzzy Inference Systems (FIS), one for credit debts, one for credit card debts, and one for invoices, is developed. These systems use different inputs such as amount of loan, wealth of debtor, part history of debtor, amount of other debts, active customer since, credit limit, and criticality to determine the output possibility of repaying the debt. This output is later used to determine the most convenient communication channel and communication activity profile. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research article is the result of the author's personal reflection on the economic and legal factors that led the Government of Colombia -Ministry of Commerce, Industry and Tourism- to issue a series of regulations aimed at the creation of an electronic market invoices. The present descriptive and explanatory study is developed under the analysis of the regulations issued and on the existing market conditions, this analysis evidenced a low level of financial inclusion, as well as the generalized problem in the obtaining of external financing by the Small and medium-sized enterprises in Colombia, the above allowed the issuance of a public policy of intervention in the markets in order to correct the market failures, seeking to generate alternative sources of financing for the referred segment of companies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article provides an overview of the populist narrative in the legislative process. The author argues that new penal populism affects more and more complicated branches of law, including a tax law. The author conducts a case study, analysing the new crime in the Polish penal code - the crime against credibility invoices. Populist aspects both in the legislation and in the political discourse surrounding it were also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista E-mercatoria is the property of Universidad Externado de Colombia, Departamento de Derecho Comercial and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In a globalizing world various relationships arise between counterparties on trade deals with various goods. Some of them are linked to the free trade in the European Union, while others are performed with countries outside the Union. Due to the dynamic world-economic processes it is necessary to constantly update the knowledge related to the transactions of import and export of goods, such as clarifying the requirements of the VAT Act in the Republic of Bulgaria - to characterize the peculiarities of accounting the export with zero tax rate; the import with VAT payment; formation of the customs taxable value, to clarify the changes in customs tracking the movement of goods through the various systems; documenting and specifics in accounting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]