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Cancer diagnostics often faces challenges, such as invasiveness, high costs, and limited sensitivity for early detection, emphasizing the need for improved approaches. We present a surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS)-based platform leveraging inverted pyramid SU-8 nanostructured substrates fabricated via nanoimprint lithography. These substrates, characterized by sharp apices and edges, are further functionalized with (3-aminopropyl)triethoxysilane (APTES), enabling the uniform self-assembly of AuNPs to create a highly favorable configuration for enhanced SERS analysis. Performance testing of the substrates using malachite green (MG) as a model analyte demonstrated excellent detection capabilities, achieving a limit of detection as low as 10−12 M. Building on these results, the SERS platform was adapted for the sensitive and specific detection of hyaluronic acid (HA), a key biomarker associated with inflammation and cancer progression. The system employs a sandwich immunoassay configuration, with substrates functionalized with antibodies to capture HA molecules and 4-MBA-labeled SERS tags for detection. This setup achieved an ultra-sensitive detection limit of 10−11 g/mL for HA. Comprehensive characterization confirmed the uniformity and reproducibility of the SERS substrates, while validation in complex biological matrices demonstrated their robustness and reliability, highlighting their potential in cancer diagnostics and biomarker detection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents some of the data gathered in a study on popular music education in Hong Kong, which was marginalized in local schools until recently. The study was conducted between April and December 2021 to explore possible policies that could promote Hong Kong popular music via education. It adopted a mixed-method design that consisted of a survey questionnaire, ten in-depth, semi-structured interviews with popular music education stakeholders and fifteen focus-group interviews with participants in various popular music education programmes. While the research findings are based on a small amount of data about a short period, from them I hope to offer a modest suggestion on how to draft policies that promote Hong Kong popular music, a genre that is generally agreed to be declining in the new millennium, through education in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Modern online media offer online news magazines with commenting options for children from 8 to 12 years old. This paper features children's comments in their relation to the structure of a French-language political news text designed as Inverted pyramid. Children's comments to political news aimed at their age group are a new and unexplored scientific object. The research relied on the concept of cognitive constructivism of moral consciousness and involved such methods as content and intent analyses. Children proved to be active readers of political news: they expressed their opinions on the information presented in such structural elements as Lead, Body, Background, and Tail. The greatest response was triggered by Background, which narrates the facts that influenced the news event. Children usually reacted to information about victims of political events, political protesters, descriptions of life situations they can associate with, and events of global significance.

In the realm of modern medicine, medical imaging stands as an irreplaceable pillar for accurate diagnostics. The significance of precise segmentation in medical images cannot be overstated, especially considering the variability introduced by different practitioners. With the escalating volume of medical imaging data, the demand for automated and efficient segmentation methods has become imperative. This study introduces an innovative approach to heart image segmentation, embedding a multi-scale feature and attention mechanism within an inverted pyramid framework. Recognizing the intricacies of extracting contextual information from low-resolution medical images, our method adopts an inverted pyramid architecture. Through training with multi-scale images and integrating prediction outcomes, we enhance the network's contextual understanding. Acknowledging the consistent patterns in the relative positions of organs, we introduce an attention module enriched with positional encoding information. This module empowers the network to capture essential positional cues, thereby elevating segmentation accuracy. Our research resides at the intersection of medical imaging and sensor technology, emphasizing the foundational role of sensors in medical image analysis. The integration of sensor-generated data showcases the symbiotic relationship between sensor technology and advanced machine learning techniques. Evaluation on two heart datasets substantiates the superior performance of our approach. Metrics such as the Dice coefficient, Jaccard coefficient, recall, and F-measure demonstrate the method's efficacy compared to state-of-the-art techniques. In conclusion, our proposed heart image segmentation method addresses the challenges posed by diverse medical images, offering a promising solution for efficiently processing 2D/3D sensor data in contemporary medical imaging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Journalism faces a number of challenges: patterns of news consumption have changed and audiences for traditional news outlets are declining. In this context, we explore whether the "inverted pyramid" model – a system of news writing that arranges facts in descending order of importance, which remains predominant in journalism – is the most effective way of communicating information online. Based on a mixed-methods approach using qualitative data from workshops and expert consultations, we developed a series of new "prototypes" of online news storytelling and tested them with a wide range of audiences (N = 1268). Building on earlier work, we find that linear forms of storytelling - rarely used in news - are more effective in transferring knowledge to news consumers and are seen as more engaging, convenient and useful than the traditional inverted pyramid. We then identified key principles that should underlie a more user-focussed approach to narratives in online news. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Commentary: What skills should student journalists and then working journalists be taught? This paper is an analysis of two decades of reports by editors in the New Zealand media on what they wanted to see. The reports were part of the annual Commonwealth Press Union review of the year. They show a focus by editors on the practical, craft skills of journalism, even as academics and teachers were questioning what was best. The reports cover the years 1979-2002. Many of the same issues then are still being faced; how do you ensure training is up to standard, what do young journalists need to know, how to deliver training to journalists during their careers, and how to ensure that a diverse range of people enters the industry? These questions remain today. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Commentary: What skills should student journalists and then working journalists be taught? This paper is an analysis of two decades of reports by editors in the New Zealand media on what they wanted to see. The reports were part of the annual Commonwealth Press Union review of the year. They show a focus by editors on the practical, craft skills of journalism, even as academics and teachers were questioning what was best. The reports cover the years 1979-2002. Many of the same issues then are still being faced; how do you ensure training is up to standard, what do young journalists need to know, how to deliver training to journalists during their careers, and how to ensure that a diverse range of people enters the industry? These questions remain today.

Robust and efficient detection of small infrared target is a critical and challenging task in infrared search and tracking applications. The size of the small infrared targets is relatively tiny compared to the ordinary targets, and the sizes and appearances of the these targets in different scenarios are quite different. Besides, these targets are easily submerged in various background noise. To tackle the aforementioned challenges, a novel asymmetric pyramid aggregation network (APANet) is proposed. Specifically, a pyramid structure integrating dual attention and dense connection is firstly constructed, which can not only generate attention-refined multi-scale features in different layers, but also preserve the primitive features of infrared small targets among multi-scale features. Then, the adjacent cross-scale features in these multi-scale information are sequentially modulated through pair-wise asymmetric combination. This mutual dynamic modulation can continuously exchange heterogeneous cross-scale information along the layer-wise aggregation path until an inverted pyramid is generated. In this way, the semantic features of lower-level network are enriched by incorporating local focus from higher-level network while the detail features of high-level network are refined by embedding point-wise focus from lower-level network, which can highlight small target features and suppress background interference. Subsequently, recursive asymmetric fusion is designed to further dynamically modulate and aggregate high resolution features of different layers in the inverted pyramid, which can also enhance the local high response of small target. Finally, a series of comparative experiments are conducted on two public datasets, and the experimental results show that the APANet can more accurately detect small targets compared to some state-of-the-art methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

‘Fake news’ has been a topic of controversy during and following the 2016 U.S. presidential election. Much of the scholarship on it to date has focused on the ‘fakeness’ of fake news, illuminating the kinds of deception involved and the motivations of those who deceive. This study looks at the ‘newsness’ of fake news by examining the extent to which it imitates the characteristics and conventions of traditional journalism. Through a content analysis of 886 fake news articles, we find that in terms of news values, topic, and formats, articles published by fake news sites look very much like traditional—and real—news. Most of their articles included the news values of timeliness, negativity, and prominence; were about government and politics; and were written in an inverted pyramid format. However, one point of departure is in terms of objectivity, operationalized as the absence of the author’s personal opinion. The analysis found that the majority of articles analyzed included the opinion of their author or authors.

Featured Application: It is important to take into account the effect of the incubation of aqueous enzyme solutions near pyramidal structures on their adsorption properties revealed herein in the development of highly sensitive biosensor systems, especially enzyme-based ones. The incubation of a solution of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) enzyme either below the apex or near the base of an inversely oriented square pyramid (inverted square pyramid; ISP) has been found to influence the enzyme's aggregation and adsorption properties. The HRP enzyme is used herein as a model object due to its importance in analytical chemistry applications. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) is employed to investigate the HRP's adsorption on mica substrates at the single-molecule level. Conventional spectrophotometry is used in parallel as a reference method for the determination of the HRP's enzymatic activity. Using AFM, we reveal a significant change in the adsorption properties of HRP on mica substrates after the incubation of the HRP solutions either above the base or below the apex of the ISP in comparison with the control HRP solution. The same situation is observed after the incubation of the enzyme solution above the center of the ISP's base. Here, the enzymatic activity of HRP remained unaffected in both cases. Since pyramidal structures of positive and inverted orientation are employed in biosensor devices, it is important to take into account the results obtained herein in the development of highly sensitive biosensor systems, in which pyramidal structures are employed as sensor (such as AFM probes) or construction elements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wafer thinning is a crucial technique for high‐efficiency solar cells. Herein, an inverted pyramid (IP) texture is prepared on a 35 μm‐thick flexible silicon (Si) wafer with a standard area of 156 × 156 mm2. Based on the experimental results, an ultrathin bifacial passivated emitter and rear cell (PERC) with IP textures using PC1D simulation is designed. The influence of wafer thickness, IP texture, bifacial structure, thickness of the antireflection coating, and doping concentration on device performance is investigated. The results show that the ultrathin IP‐based bifacial PERC possesses better output performance than the traditional cell. Finally, a simulated maximum efficiency of 23.44% is obtained using PC1D software, with an open‐circuit voltage of 0.7127 V and a short‐circuit current of 9.272 A. This ultrathin PERC with IP textures provides an effective way to improve the efficiency of ultrathin silicon solar cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Popular entertainment often involves political messages, and entertainment elements are now commonly used in politics coverage. This study examines how suspense drives impacts of political entertainment media content on attitudes, building on the "affective news" extended model. Hypotheses were tested with four texts on controversial political issues (within-subjects), presented in a linear or inverted-pyramid structure and either as news or fiction. The resulting 2 × 2 × 3 × 4 online experiment (N = 227) showed that linear texts produced greater suspense and attitude change than inverted-pyramid texts. Suspense mediated attitude impacts. Both news and fiction versions influenced attitudes, with impacts still detectable 1 day after exposure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The incubation of a solution of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) enzyme either below the apex or near the base of an inversely oriented square pyramid (inverted square pyramid; ISP) has been found to influence the enzyme’s aggregation and adsorption properties. The HRP enzyme is used herein as a model object due to its importance in analytical chemistry applications. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) is employed to investigate the HRP’s adsorption on mica substrates at the single-molecule level. Conventional spectrophotometry is used in parallel as a reference method for the determination of the HRP’s enzymatic activity. Using AFM, we reveal a significant change in the adsorption properties of HRP on mica substrates after the incubation of the HRP solutions either above the base or below the apex of the ISP in comparison with the control HRP solution. The same situation is observed after the incubation of the enzyme solution above the center of the ISP’s base. Here, the enzymatic activity of HRP remained unaffected in both cases. Since pyramidal structures of positive and inverted orientation are employed in biosensor devices, it is important to take into account the results obtained herein in the development of highly sensitive biosensor systems, in which pyramidal structures are employed as sensor (such as AFM probes) or construction elements.

Abstract This paper reports inverted pyramid microstructure-based single-crystalline silicon (sc-Si) solar cell with a conversion efficiency up to 20.19% in standard size of 156.75 × 156.75 mm2. The inverted pyramid microstructures were fabricated jointly by metal-assisted chemical etching process (MACE) with ultra-low concentration of silver ions and optimized alkaline anisotropic texturing process. And the inverted pyramid sizes were controlled by changing the parameters in both MACE and alkaline anisotropic texturing. Regarding passivation efficiency, the textured sc-Si with normal reflectivity of 9.2% and inverted pyramid size of 1 μm was used to fabricate solar cells. The best batch of solar cells showed a 0.19% higher of conversion efficiency and a 0.22 mA cm−2 improvement in short-circuit current density, and the excellent photoelectric property surpasses that of the same structure solar cell reported before. This technology shows great potential to be an alternative for large-scale production of high efficient sc-Si solar cells in the future.

'Fake news' has been a topic of controversy during and following the 2016 U.S. presidential election. Much of the scholarship on it to date has focused on the 'fakeness' of fake news, illuminating the kinds of deception involved and the motivations of those who deceive. This study looks at the 'newsness' of fake news by examining the extent to which it imitates the characteristics and conventions of traditional journalism. Through a content analysis of 886 fake news articles, we find that in terms of news values, topic, and formats, articles published by fake news sites look very much like traditional-- and real--news. Most of their articles included the news values of timeliness, negativity, and prominence; were about government and politics; and were written in an inverted pyramid format. However, one point of departure is in terms of objectivity, operationalized as the absence of the author's personal opinion. The analysis found that the majority of articles analyzed included the opinion of their author or authors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lake Balaton, the largest lake in Central Europe, underwent severe eutrophication from the 1960s to the 1990s, due to phosphorus loadings from external anthropogenic sources. The subsequent and complex eutrophication control and lake restoration program resulted in a significant decrease in the external phosphorus loading to the lake. Consequently, Lake Balaton has been returning to its former meso-eutrophic character. In this paper, we explore the long-term dynamics of chlorophyll a (Chl a) concentration, a proxy for phytoplankton biomass, and zooplankton biomass in Lake Balaton during its re-oligotrophication period from 2001 to 2017, and attempt to draw some conclusions on the subsequent changes in the fish stock. We found a proportional decrease in zooplankton and phytoplankton biomasses at moderate phytoplankton levels. However, below a certain phytoplankton concentration (< 10 μg l−1 Chl a), the decrease in phytoplankton biomass was not coupled with a further decline in zooplankton biomass because the fraction of small phytoplankton, edible for zooplankton, showed a much smaller decrease in biomass compared with large non-edible phytoplankton. Thus, improvements in water quality (i.e., reduced nutrient loading), partly via concomitant changes in the phytoplankton size distribution, did not cause a large difference in the fish stock in this shallow lake. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Hierarchical structure made of IP with different sizes was obtained. • The hierarchical structure possessed a lowest average reflectance of 7.5%. • The underlying mechanism behind hierarchical structure formation was proposed. • 0.27% increase of E ff was made due to the presence of hierarchical structure. • Al-BSF c -Si solar cell with hierarchical structure showed a high E ff of 19.80%. The fabrication of silicon hierarchical structures with both superior light trapping and efficient carrier collection is significant for improving the efficiency of c -Si solar cells. Here, we present a simple method to fabricate a novel hierarchical structure composed of inverted pyramid (IP) with different sizes by varying nanostructure rebuilding (NSR) ratio ([NaF]:[H 2 O 2 ]) during NSR treatment of silicon nanostructures containing Ag nanoparticles (AgNPs), followed by a systematic investigation of the underlying mechanism behind the structure formation. The silicon nanostructure is obtained through a well-known Ag assisted chemical etching method. Independent of NSR ratio, large-size IP with AgNPs fixed at the vertex can always form by carefully modulating NSR duration. Interestingly, by changing NSR ratio to 1:2, 1:4 and 1:6, it is found that the dissolution rate of AgNPs at the vertex during NSR process rises accompanied with increasing the number of etching points by AgNPs redeposition on the IP side walls, forming hierarchical structures composed of IP with different sizes. Moreover, the weakening of masking effect of AgNPs is demonstrated with the increase of AgNPs dissolution, rendering the IP vertex from flat to sharp. By adopting the best hierarchical structure for light trapping, the corresponding Al back surface field (Al-BSF) c -Si cell can reach a high efficiency of 19.80% with a V oc of 644 mV, J sc of 38.77 mA/cm2, FF of 79.32%, which is 0.20% and 0.27% absolute higher than that of conventional random IP and micro pyramid (MP) based cell, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

La investigación tiene como objetivo, demostrar la factibilidad de la implementación de la Metodología de Pirámide Invertida en el desarrollo de la autoestima y el valor responsabilidad en la clase de Educación Física, la cual invierte los procedimientos tradicionales en la realización de las demostraciones de los ejercicios y avala un sistema de actividades ejecutadas en tres pasos durante la clase; lo que favorece al desarrollo de habilidades deportivas, capacidades físicas, elevación de la autoestima y del valor responsabilidad, en los estudiantes de las carreras previamente otorgadas de la Universidad de Camagüey "Ignacio Agramonte Loynaz". Se emplearon métodos y técnicas de investigación del nivel teórico, empírico y estadístico; durante la constatación inicial del problema de investigación, la modelación de la metodología e implementación del pre-experimento pedagógico y la constatación final de los resultados. Los resultados responden a una de las problemáticas contemporáneas más debatidas en la actualidad, la formación armónica e integral de los estudiantes, que se convierta en una educación de la personalidad sana, madura y eficiente de las nuevas generaciones, lo que permitirá elevar el comportamiento responsable de los jóvenes en su vida personal, al realizar las actividades deportivas en las áreas de nuestra universidad; sentir regocijo y amor por todo lo que les rodea y que sean capaces de amarse a sí mismo. / The objective of the research is to demonstrate the feasibility of the implementation of the Inverted Pyramid Methodology in the development of self-esteem and the responsibility value in the Physical Education class, which invests the traditional procedures in the realization of the demonstrations of the exercises and endorses a system of activities executed in three steps during the class; which favors the development of sports skills, physical abilities, elevation of self-esteem and responsibility value, in the students of the previously awarded careers of the University of Camagüey "Ignacio Agramonte Loynaz". Methods and techniques of investigation of the theoretical, empirical and statistical level were used; during the initial verification of the research problem, the modeling of the methodology and implementation of the pedagogical pre-experiment and the final verification of the results. The results respond to one of the most debated contemporary issues at present, the harmonic and integral formation of the students, that becomes an education of the healthy, mature and efficient personality of the new generations, which will allow to elevate the responsible behavior of young people in their personal lives, when carrying out sports activities in the areas of our university; to feel joy and love for all that surrounds them and that they are capable of loving themselves.

Information retrieval systems embed temporal information for retrieving the news documents related to temporal queries. One of the important aspects of a news document is the focus time, a time to which the content of document refers. The contemporary state-of-the-art does not exploit focus time to retrieve relevant news document. This paper investigates the inverted pyramid news paradigm to determine the focus time of news documents by extracting temporal expressions, normalizing their value and assigning them a score on the basis of their position in the text. In this method, the news documents are first divided into three sections following the inverted pyramid news paradigm. This paper presents a comprehensive analysis of four methods for splitting news document into sections: the paragraph-based method, the words-based method, the sentence-based method, and the semantic-based method (SeBM). Temporal expressions in each section are assigned weights using a linear regression model. Finally, a scoring function is used to calculate a temporal score for each time expression appearing in the document. These temporal expressions are then ranked on the basis of their temporal score, where the most suitable expression appears on top. The effectiveness of the proposed method is evaluated on a diverse dataset of news related to popular events; the results revealed that the proposed splitting methods achieved an average error of less than 5.6 years, whereas the SeBM achieved a high precision score of 0.35 and 0.77 at positions 1 and 2, respectively.

Over the years, linguists have borrowed from other allied fields, including speech events from cultural anthropology, schema theory from psychology, speech acts from philosophy, and conversational strategies from rhetoric. In analyzing large and continuous chunks of conversational data, the first and most important of these borrowings is the speech event, for it sets the stage in which the other language elements are embedded and provides a useful sequence for analyzing everything else, including the conventional linguistic tools of the grammar and lexicon. The present paper represents the optimal sequence of analysis as an Inverted Pyramid, starting with the speech event and then moving down the order to schemas, agendas, speech acts, conversational strategies, and finally to the grammar and lexicon that are embedded within each other. Two prominent criminal law investigations are used to demonstrate the effectiveness of the Inverted Pyramid approach for understanding this evidence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research reported here investigates how news story structure and emotional tone affect news story processing efficiency. Two theoretical frameworks employing the forced-choice paradigm and the free-choice paradigm are used to pose competing hypotheses about how news writing structure (inverted pyramid versus narrative) affects story reading time and memory. Participants browsed a website featuring target news stories. Time spent reading stories and story recall was measured. Participants spent less time reading stories with an inverted pyramid structure yet recalled these stories better than stories in a narrative structure, supporting the free-choice processing framework. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inverted pyramid-texturing of silicon surface has been proven to have great application potential in silicon solar cells. In this paper, we utilized Ag-assisted chemical etching (Ag–ACE) technology combing with polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) to fabricate an inverted pyramid textured Si surface. We call it Ag@PVP–ACE. The effect of different experimental parameters on etching results was observed. We show that the microstructure of the Si surface exhibited two states as the concentration of NH4HF2 and PVP concentration changed: polishing and inverted pyramid texturing. Meanwhile, we found inverted pyramids easier to form at the high temperature and low H2O2 concentration of the etching system. Consequently, compared to inverted pyramid structures fabricated by nanostructure rebuilding (NSR) technology and Ag@PVP–ACE, we consider that Ag@PVP–ACE technology could become a viable strategy for fabricating inverted pyramid textured Si wafers in Si solar cells production.

Nano/micro structuring of silicon (Si) via chemical approaches have currently acquired a lot of research interests owing to their excellent light trapping abilities in broad spectral range. Here, a comprehensive study on the fabrication of nano/micro-inverted structures via one-step copper (Cu) catalyzed chemical etching (CuCCE) of solar grade n-Si wafers employing the aqueous solution of Cu(NO 3) 2 /HF/H 2 O 2 in various compositions and their light trapping ability are reported. Influence of etch parameters, namely, Cu2+ ions concentration, HF/H 2 O 2 compositions and surface properties of the wafers are systematically investigated on the evolution of different inverted nano- and micro-structured Si surfaces. Arrays of micron-sized inverted pyramids (μ-IP) and nano-micro-hybrid inverted pyramids (n-μ-HIP) have been fabricated on partial polished and as-cut solar grade Si wafers respectively in an optimized compositions of the solution (Cu(NO 3) 2 , HF and H 2 O 2 at 5 mM, 4.6 M and 0.55 M respectively) at 50 °C after 15 min. The surfaces exhibit solar weighted reflection as low as <7% and <5% respectively for a broad spectral range (400–1000 nm; AM1.5G). The n-μ-HIP-Si arrays also exhibited ∼8 fold enhanced Raman signal. Isotropic thinning of Si wafers, nano-porous, and craters like Si structures could also be obtained under appropriate etch conditions. Mechanism of the formation of such inverted structures under different etch conditions have been explained based on the Cu catalyzed, self-controlled electrochemical redox reactions and balancing act of anisotropic-isotropic etching of Si in the CuCCE etch bath. The excellent light trapping properties of the nano/micro structures is also explained. Moreover, the 'proof of concept' of application of the inverted nano/micro light trapping structures in the PEDOT:PSS/n-Si hybrid heterojunction solar cells with enhanced performance has also been shown. The Si surfaces via simple yet effective CuCCE process may find applications in other photosensitive devices as well as surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy. [Display omitted] • Arrays of nano/micro-inverted structures are fabricated on n-Si via simple CuCCE process. • Role of chemical compositions and Si surface on formation of inverted structures explained. • Copper catalyzed balanced anisotropic-isotropic etching lead to micro-inverted pyramids. • Inverted pyramid arrays exhibited solar weighted reflectance of <5% in 400–1000 nm. • Nano/micro hybrid inverted pyramid Si exhibited 8 fold enhancement in Raman signal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Narrative news is often propagated as a means to inform and attract younger generations of news consumers. To test this, the current study assessed the effects of narrative structure versus inverted pyramid structure on information processing and news appreciation for Millennials, compared to Generation X, and Baby Boomers/Silent Generation. Participants were randomly exposed to either four online news articles written in a narrative structure or an inverted pyramid structure. Results show that people are better informed by narrative news. However, appreciation is lower for narrative news compared to the inverted pyramid. Moreover, the younger participants express lower appreciation, regardless of story structure. The results suggest that although the narrative structure is best at informing all audiences, it is not necessarily a viable strategy to attract younger news audiences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since challenges still exist in size control fabrication of inverted pyramids (IPs) on c -Si substrate, size difference of IPs among reported literatures still can not be explained reasonably. Here, formation mechanism of IPs from sub-micro scale to micro scale for light trapping on c -Si substrate is reported based on metal assisted chemical etching (MACE) temperature control for the first time. The formation of the IPs is realized through a mask-less Ag assisted wet chemical etching method followed by a post nanostructure rebuilding (NSR) process. It is found that the etching directions on (1 0 0) Si can be influenced by the MACE temperature due to the shrink of Ag nanoparticles at high MACE temperature, leaving behind few pore channels in the deepest region of black silicon layer as nucleation sites. Thus large IPs can be formed during the following NSR process. It is believed that the elucidation of the fundamental formation will speed up the fabrication of wafer-scale c -Si IPs for application in bulk and ultrathin c -Si solar cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, the idea of the inverted pyramid of prenatal care and monitoring has emerged, for the purpose of prediction and prevention, early detection and treatment of health disorders of the fetus. Is this enough? If we analyze the period behind us, progress has been made in the field of detection of multiple pregnancies, dating of pregnancy and prenatal detection of chromosomal and structural fetal disorders, as well as a small amount of progress in terms of prediction and prevention of preeclampsia. If these disorders are the consequence of the disturbed or dysfunctional placentation, they are rooted at the time of implantation. This means that the changes that lead to the dysfunctional implantation should be sought in the pre-implantation period, in relation between the embryo and the endometrium. An extended inverted pyramid is necessary to find better results in perinatal medicine. This means that the interventions should be focused on the preconception and peri-implantation periods. The therapy should be on the subcellular and genetic level by applying the latest biotechnological procedures. It is possible that the time is approaching when the listed disorders of a pregnancy will be the indications for the application of a non stimulated in-vitro fertilization (IVF) (without ovary stimulating medication) with the use of new biotechnological achievements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we present a novel silicon (Si) subwavelength-scale surface structure (SWSS) fabrication process using the silica sphere (SS) lithography technique, which allows controllable geometries. The process involves a new cost-effective solvent-controlled spin-coating method that deposits SS on large Si surface areas with enhanced SS monolayer coverage and uniformity compared to conventional methods. The larger areas and rapid, low cost processing allow colloidal sphere lithography to be realistically used for solar cells. We successfully demonstrate 1.57 μm diameter SS on a 2-inch round Si wafer with more than 95% SS monolayer coverage and great uniformity. Using these deposited SS, a SWSS fabrication process was designed and successfully demonstrated Si inverted pyramid structures with dimension on the order of 1.1 μm, thus potentially providing a new technique for effective light-management of thin crystalline Si solar cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • CACE can successfully solve the texturing problem of DWS mc-Si wafers through forming IPL structures on different grains, and the average cell efficiency is as high as 19.03%. • New models have been established to confirm the grain orientations and analysis the reflectance mechanisms for different grains of mc-Si, such as 〈 1 1 0 〉 , 〈 1 1 3 〉. • In comparison with the solar cells textured by conventional wet HF/HNO 3 mixture solutions, the DWS mc-Si solar cells textured by CACE collect absolutely 0.52% more efficiency. Abstract An effective low-cost texturing method based on the Cu-assisted chemical etching (CACE) technique was adopted to thoroughly texture diamond wire sawn (DWS) multi-crystalline silicon (mc-Si) wafers to form inverted-pyramid-like (IPL) structures on different grains. A mathematical model was first established to confirm the orientation of the IPL structures on grains 〈1 1 0〉, grains 〈1 1 2〉 and grains 〈1 1 3〉; this confirmation enables one to deeply understand the CACE process for mc-Si. In addition, the optical properties of IPL structures on different grains were investigated. We reveal that the IPL texture reduces the wafer reflectance to a much lower level of 22.4% and 4.4% before and after SiNx deposition, respectively. Due to the lower reflectance, the average cell efficiency for IPL textured wafers is as high as 19.03%, which is 0.52% absolute higher than that for wafers textured using HF/HNO 3 mixture solutions. This CACE technique paves new insight to promote the industrial application of DWS mc-Si solar cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Classically, biomass partitioning across trophic levels was thought to add up to a pyramidal distribution. Numerous exceptions have, however, been noted including complete pyramidal inversions. Elevated levels of biomass top‐heaviness (i.e. high consumer/resource biomass ratios) have been reported from Arctic tundra communities to Brazilian phytotelmata, and in species assemblages as diverse as those dominated by sharks and ants. We highlight two major pathways for creating top‐heaviness, via: (1) endogenous channels that enhance energy transfer across trophic boundaries within a community and (2) exogenous pathways that transfer energy into communities from across spatial and temporal boundaries. Consumer–resource models and allometric trophic network models combined with niche models reveal the nature of core mechanisms for promoting top‐heaviness. Outputs from these models suggest that top‐heavy communities can be stable, but they also reveal sources of instability. Humans are both increasing and decreasing top‐heaviness in nature with ecological consequences. Current and future research on the drivers of top‐heaviness can help elucidate fundamental mechanisms that shape the architecture of ecological communities and govern energy flux within and between communities. Questions emerging from the study of top‐heaviness also usefully draw attention to the incompleteness and inconsistency by which ecologists often establish definitional boundaries for communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present article offers a proposal of deconstruction of the news to adapt it to the new media placing the focus in the audiovisual -up of the textual-, incorporating the key ingredients of the digital environment (multimediality, hypertextuality, interactivity) and fixing paths through links and comments that allow both personalization with different levels of deepening as the integration of readers-users in the new communication paradigm of the digital world. Thus, we propose to change the inverted pyramid that has marked the rules of Journalism in the last century for a Rubik's Cube that still use the 5W as a gateway to the transmedia news, in which each question can work as a hook and activate the multimedia and interactive itinerary that guides us inside the renewed information cube. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Different scales of the inverted pyramid structure are obtained by the acidic nano structure rebuilding (NSR) process, which realizes the mass prodution of high efficiency nanostructured multicrystalline-black silicon (mc-bSi) solar cells with low cost. Firstly, the multi wire slurry sawn (MWSS) of multi crystalline silicon(mc-Si) is investigated through silver metal assisted chemical etching (MACE). Results show that the dihedral angels of inverted pyramid maintain at 54. 7°. The inverted pyramid structured mc-bSi solar cell shows the best efficiency of 18. 62% , with 500 nm inverted pyramid structure by 400 s NSR treatment at 50 °C, and the surface reflectance is 3. 29%. Furthermore, the paper studies the texture property obtained by Ag/Cu MACE method and NSR treatment on diamond wire sawn (DWS) mc-Si. The research results show that the saw marks on DWS mc-Si surface are nearly disappeared. We obtain the optimal DWS mc-Si solar cell with the same size of 600 nm invert pyramid sample, with Voc, Jsc and FF at 640 mV, 37. 35 A/cm2 and 79. 91 % , respectively, and the maximum conversion efficiency is 19. 10% which is higher than that of MWSS mc-bSi solar cell. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We achieved an inverted pyramid structure, meeting the tradeoff between the light reflection minimization and carrier recombination by adjusting the one-step Cu-assisted texturization of silicon wafer, and silicon solar cells based on this structure were fabricated, which gained a high conversion efficiency of 18.87% without using any complex techniques. These data were compared with the performance of conventional upright pyramid silicon solar cells as manufactured using identical raw wafers, the Cu-etched inverted pyramid silicon cells collected 0.59 mA/cm 2 more short-circuit current density and 0.47% more efficiency. Importantly, our data demonstrate the better performance and manufacturability of inverted pyramid structured silicon solar cell and as such may open new perspectives for high efficiency solar cell applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highly antireflective heterostructured aluminum gallium nitride (AlGaN)/GaN ultraviolet (UV) photodetectors were demonstrated using a combination of inverted pyramidal surfaces and zinc oxide nanorod arrays (i.e., antireflective surface modification) to enhance the optical sensitivity. The microfabricated hierarchical surfaces significantly reduced the average surface reflectance to less than 0.3% in the UV region and less than 1% in the visible light region, allowing near-perfect absorption of incident light regardless of the angle of incidence (5–80°). As a result, the photodetectors fabricated on highly antireflective AlGaN/GaN surfaces showed higher sensitivity and responsivity over a broad range of incidence angles compared to photodetectors on planar AlGaN/GaN surfaces, supporting the use of a hierarchically modified sensing surface for omnidirectional UV monitoring with higher sensitivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]