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The purpose of this study was to identify and distinguish the types of formality in legal transaction and to determine the legal consequences of each category’s absence from such transaction. For this reason, this study relied on both the analytical descriptive technique, which involved reviewing jurisprudence and legal provisions, and the comparative method, which involved conducting horizontal comparisons of legal texts. This study concluded that the sorts of formality were not limited neither by law nor jurisprudence. This fact has led to inconsistent judicial rulings in addition to conflicting legal ramifications. Furthermore, due to the nature of the procedures it represents, the study discovered that a new category of legal formalities is reflected in the electronic format, which is defined by some specific features. It was concluded that a series of legislative acts is moving towards formal transactions for protectionist and financial goals and objectives. Therefore, a clear distinction should be established between the types of formality, their limitation, and the effects of each type, so as to make it easier for the judiciary to set up suitable effects when some legal transactions lack the required formality. Electronic formality should also be considered by legally regulating it due to its features

According to some dialetheists, we ought to reject the distinction between object and meta‐languages. Given that dialetheists advocate truth‐value gluts within their object‐language, whether in order to solve the liar paradox or for some other reason, this rejection of the object‐/meta‐language distinction comes with the commitment to use a glutty metatheory. While it has been pointed out that a glutty metatheory brings with it expressive deficiencies, we highlight here another complication arising from the use of a glutty metatheory, this time evidential in nature. According to this countermodel problem, while the thoroughgoing dialetheist who embraces a glutty metatheory can justify their acceptance of a rule of inference's invalidity using countermodels, to justify their renunciation of an unwanted rule they actually require the means to warrant their rejection of the rule's validity—which cannot be supplied by countermodels based on a standard dialetheic semantics. We end by sketching out a possible solution for the thoroughgoing dialetheist using a bilaterialist semantics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Through a dogmatic comparative lens, the paper scrutinises the nuanced criteria for determining marriage invalidity through a comparative analysis of English and Hungarian legal frameworks. It explores the divergent historical trajectories and legal traditions that have shaped the conceptualisation of marriage in these two jurisdictions, noting the transition from ecclesiastical to secular regulation. It highlights the impact of recent legislative reforms, such as the ongoing revision of marriage law in England and Wales led by the Law Commission and the incorporation of family law into the Civil Code in Hungary. Furthermore, the analysis includes insights from the jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights, providing a common frame of reference for evaluating fundamental rights within both legal systems. By illuminating the complexities surrounding marriage invalidity, this study contributes to a deeper understanding of the intersection between legal tradition, social norms, and individual rights in the context of marital relationships. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Middle East Journal of Legal & Jurisprudence Studies / Mağallaẗ al-Šarq al-Awsaṭ li-l-ʿulūm al-Qānūniyyaẗ wa-al-Fiqhiyyaẗ is the property of Manar Elsharq for Studies & Research and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Jordanian Journal of Law & Political Science is the property of Mutah University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Digital de Derecho Administrativo is the property of Universidad Externado de Colombia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Marmara Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Hukuk Araştırmaları Dergisi is the property of Marmara University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Due to social developments, contingent contracts have many practical examples such as insurance contracts, pre-sale of goods and etc which are popular in the society. This contract is not defined in Iranian law and jurisprudence and there is disagreement regarding its nature and authenticity. Some jurists consider this type of transaction to be invalid, while others consider it similar to suspended contract, contract of chance and forbearance contract and some others only assume examples like buying and selling not picked unripe fruit as valid contract. But this type of contract is accepted in England law that is a contract which at least part of it is related to an emergency or probable situation. The effect of this contract is created definately at the time of the conclusion and the parties have mutual obligations, but parties' advantages of contract effects depends on luck and their profit and loss as well as its extent relates to a possible incident in the future. Nevertheless, despite the similarity with other equivalent contracts, the mentioned contract is different fundamentally and its characteristics are covenantal and continuous nature. "Gharar" is a conventional concept and the custum does not consider this contract's Gharar effective. Therefore contingent contracts shall be assumed correct and valid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Pandectele Române is the property of Wolters Kluwer Romania and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The invalidity of a contract is a sanction of civil law. In a dispute, the purpose of the law, its effect and its application must be applied together to the contract in conflict with the law. The means of doing so are judicial interpretation and the application of the general clause. An illegal contract may cover several areas: contracts contrary to public policy, a rule of law, morality or fundamental principles. In such a complex legal environment, an important question is which rule is breached and which results in the invalidity of the contract. The relationship between civil law and other rules is of particular importance in the context of the use of AI, where there are a number of technical obligations for the contracting party or administrative rules governing the use of AI. In the digital environment, many sectoral rules impose prohibitions, many norms define specific requirements as well. The study examines the new paradigm of the Hungarian Civil Code of illegal contracts and focuses the judicial practice of the general clause of illegality.

The important role of waqf (endowment) in religious, moral, cultural, social and economic issues has made it one of the basic jurisprudential issues. The endowment is dividable in different aspects. One of its division is in respect of time. Waqf in terms of time is either absolute or limited. The validity of absolute waqf is accepted by all jurists, but time-bound waqf has not been accepted by majority, although some, not a few, have accepted its validity. The purpose of this article is to examine the question of whether the reasons for the condition of the eternity of waqf can prove this condition, and as a result, the time-bound waqf becomes invalid, or not? After a brief explanation of the temporary and eternal endowment, this study evaluates the reasons for the condition of eternity of endowment in a descriptive-analytical manner and follows the hypothesis that these reasons not only do not limit the validity of the endowment to the eternal endowment. Rather, by reviewing the truth of the endowment and explaining the reasons for the theory of the validity of the temporary endowment, its correctness can be strengthened. Proving the validity of this type of endowment has many fruits that guarantee the necessity of this discussion.

The study focuses on valid and invalid sacramental absolutions and their criminal legal implications in the Catholic Church. The first part analyzes absolutions considered invalid, focusing on attempted absolution of accomplices in acts against the sixth commandment and simulated sacramental absolution. Reasons for invalidity related to the minister, the form or the minister's lack of intention are examined. The second part explores valid absolutions considered criminal acts. The absolution of those who cannot receive the sacraments is analyzed, including the absolution of the accuser of false solicitation and the forbidden communicatio in sacris, in addition to the cases provided for in Canon 844 of the Code of Canon Law. Finally, the issue of simony in the celebration of the sacrament of penance is explored. The work provides a panoramic on legal and theological issues related to sacramental absolution, offering a critical analysis of canonical practice. It synthesizes issues related to invalidity, criminal actions and simony, contributing to a deeper understanding of the dynamics of penance in the Catholic Church. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Türkiye Adalet Akademisi Dergisi is the property of Justice Academy of Turkey and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Pandectele Române is the property of Wolters Kluwer Romania and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The invalidity of a contract is a sanction of civil law. In a dispute, the purpose of the law, its effect and its application must be applied together to the contract in conflict with the law. The means of doing so are judicial interpretation and the application of the general clause. An illegal contract may cover several areas: contracts contrary to public policy, a rule of law, morality or fundamental principles. In such a complex legal environment, an important question is which rule is breached and which results in the invalidity of the contract. The relationship between civil law and other rules is of particular importance in the context of the use of AI, where there are a number of technical obligations for the contracting party or administrative rules governing the use of AI. In the digital environment, many sectoral rules impose prohibitions, many norms define specific requirements as well. The study examines the new paradigm of the Hungarian Civil Code of illegal contracts and focuses the judicial practice of the general clause of illegality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Foco (Interdisciplinary Studies Journal) is the property of Revista Foco and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The loss of professional status following the deterioration of a person’s health can constitute a complex of factors that generate vulnerability. Disability benefits face not only a drastic drop in income, but also risks of social marginalization, isolation and even loss of family support. Currently, the intervention for this category of persons is extremely limited and underrepresented in the architecture of social services, as legisla‑ tive resettlement and the creation of dedicated services are needed for the recovery and social rehabilitation of sick pensioners and their relatives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Formalizations in first-order logic are standardly used to represent logical forms of sentences and to show the validity of ordinary-language arguments. Since every sentence admits of a variety of formalizations, a challenge arises: why should one valid formalization suffice to show validity even if there are other, invalid, formalizations? This paper suggests an explanation with reference to criteria of adequacy which ensure that formalizations are related in a hierarchy of more or less specific formalizations. This proposal is then compared with stronger criteria and assumptions, especially the idea that sentences essentially have just one logical form. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Soochow University Philosophy & Social Sciences Edition is the property of Soochow University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Option of condition, the subject of Article 399 of Civil Law is in the cases that for each of the purchaser or customer or both of them or third person is given authority of termination of transaction in the determined term and if this condition is being without term, based on Article 401 of Civil Law, its execution guaranty is invalidity of condition and contract. In some of the contracts , it is inserted that if this contract after agreeing and signing to any reason, each of the parties cancel the contract, an amount as loss is paid, regard validity of authenticity or voiding of such condition between Doctrine and jurisprudence, there is subjective of belief and procedure that in this case, it seems unlimited option of condition has not been determined but, it has been mentioned and if cancellation to any reason, this rate of loss is obtained by the parties and the mentioning to the termination is limited to legal options or contractual option. Also, in the cases that the parties make the contract of option of conditions for their life period or third person, there is disagreement and Civil law hasn’t made an explicit sentence in this regard that in this paper, additional to analysis of viewpoint of opponents and supporters, the preferred opinion will be discussed proportional to legal and jurisprudential principles and judgmental procedure.

Background & Statement of the problem: Background and statement of the problem: it must be noted that due to the presence of multiple null rulings before the Jordanian Sharia courts, there is no explicit legal text regulating the nature of the flaw which causes procedural nullity, As a result, the researcher seeks to unflod the flaw presented in the article of the law, so that the Jordanian legislators may take them into account and amend the legal gaps thereof. Objectives:This research aims to explain the concept of procedural action and identify its legal requirements necessary for existence and validity, so as to clearly identify the flaws that may affect procedural acts before the Jordanian Sharia courts. Such flaws may lead to a serious inspection of procedural judicial work for its existence. It may have no effect at all if it is ruled invalid or may not produce the required legal effects. Methods: By extrapolating the texts of the law, we concluded that the Jordanian legislator has granted the Sharia judge wide discretion due to his failure to explicitly stipulate the types of procedural defects that lead to a ruling of invalidity, and this causes the loss of the rights of the litigants. Results: We concluded that the Jordanian legislator has granted the legal judge broad discretion because it does not explicitly provide for the types of procedural defects that lead to a ruling of invalidity and lead to loss of rights, especially litigants. Conclusions (Recommendations and contributions): The researcher recommends that The Jordanian legislator amend the Code of Legal Procedure in accordance with the problems faced by the judiciary because there is no explicit text on matters related to procedural invalidity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Law & Justice Review is the property of Justice Academy of Turkey and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Abstract Objective Method Results Conclusions This study examined the utility of a performance validity test (PVT), the Dot Counting Test (DCT), in individuals undergoing neuropsychological evaluations for dementia. We investigated specificity rates of the DCT Effort Index score (E-Score) and various individual DCT scores (based on completion time/errors) to further establish appropriate cutoff scores.This cross-sectional study included 56 non-litigating, validly performing older adults with no/minimal, mild, or major cognitive impairment. Cutoffs associated with ≥90% specificity were established for 7 DCT scoring methods across impairment severity subgroups.Performance on 5 of 7 DCT scoring methods significantly differed based on impairment severity. Overall, more severely impaired participants had significantly higher E-Scores and longer completion times but demonstrated comparable errors to their less impaired counterparts. Contrary to the previously established E-Score cutoff of ≥17, a cutoff of ≥22 was required to maintain adequate specificity in our total sample, with significantly higher adjustments required in the Mild and Major Neurocognitive Disorder subgroups (≥27 and ≥40, respectively). A cutoff of >3 errors achieved adequate specificity in our sample, suggesting that error scores may produce lower false positive rates than E-Scores and completion time scores, both of which overemphasize speed and could inadvertently penalize more severely impaired individuals.In a dementia clinic setting, error scores on the DCT may have greater utility in detecting non-credible performance than E-Scores and completion time scores, particularly among more severely impaired individuals. Future research should establish and cross-validate the sensitivity and specificity of the DCT for assessing performance validity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the controversial issues of sale in Imāmī jurisprudence is bay‘-i mu‘āṭāt (give-and-take sale). Therefore, it is necessary to examine the reasons behind the authenticity of this kind of sale. The present study is a reappraisal of these reasons from the point of view of Imam Khomeini in an explanatory, analytical, and descriptive way. Some scholars, such as ‘Allāma Ḥillī and Muḥaqqiq Ḥillī, consider bay‘-i mu‘āṭāt as unstable and have pointed out reasons such as hadiths, text, and consensus to prove their claim. However, other scholars such as Imam Khomeini believe in the authenticity of mu‘āṭāt and consider it necessary, and provides reasons for proving his claim and refuted the viewpoint of those who consider bay‘-i mu‘āṭāt as unnecessary and invalid. He also believes that all the options which exist in other sales are valid in bay‘-i mu‘āṭāt as well.

We propose a new "superpotential" and find that neither the supersymmetric energy conditions nor the associated shape invariance conditions remain valid. On the other hand, a new energy condition E n + − E n (−) = 2 λ between the two partner Hamiltonians H (±) emerges. A mathematical proof supports the present findings, with examples being presented. It is observed that when the superpotential is associated with discontinuity or distortion, the SUSY energy conditions and the shape invariance conditions will no longer hold well. The above formalism is also valid in complex space for models involving P T -symmetry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Social Security Disability is a common external incentive in neuropsychological evaluations. This study determined base rates of invalidity when patients referred for routine clinical evaluations have Social Security Disability as an external incentive. Method: Patients (n = 242) were grouped as validly or invalidly performing based on the use of multiple performance validity tests. Frequency analyses were then conducted. Results: As a whole, 46.0% of clinically referred patients with Social Security Disability as an external incentive produced invalid data. When divided by disability pursuit status, 58.6% of individuals already receiving Social Security Disability, 44.6% of individuals actively seeking Social Security Disability, and 39.3% of individuals considering seeking Social Security Disability produced invalid data. By comparison, only 8.5% of clinically referred patients without known external incentives produced invalid data. Conclusions: Beyond establishing base rates, these data indicate that the external incentive, not necessarily the evaluation setting, increases the rate of invalidity, as obtained base rates mirror those observed in independent medical examinations. In addition, this study highlights that even patients who report that they are considering but have not committed themselves to pursuing an external incentive frequently invalidate testing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Romanian Review of Private Law / Revista Română de Drept Privat is the property of Universul Juridic Publishing House and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Law of Ukraine / Pravo Ukraini is the property of Editorial Board of Journal "Law of Ukraine" and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Keywords: written description; invalidity; 35 U.S.C. § 112; numerical ranges; priority; pharmaceutical compositions EN written description invalidity 35 U.S.C. § 112 numerical ranges priority pharmaceutical compositions 126 129 4 06/07/22 20220601 NES 220601 I A US intellectual property law firm which provides a full range of services in IP-related matters across all industries, including the biotech and pharmaceutical industries, including: i I Inter partes i Review (IPR) and Post Grant Review (PGR) Abbreviated new drug applications (ANDAs) and Notice Letters Patent and trademark litigation Patent drafting and prosecution Patent infringement and validity opinions Patent reexamination proceedings and interferences New drug strategies Market entry strategies Joint venture strategies Licensing This section is intended to be a synopsis of recent developments and is not intended to be exhaustive. Dr. Reddy's asserted that certain claims of the '454 patent are not supported by the earlier application, and that the intervening publication of the earlier application therefore anticipated those claims of the '454 patent. Generic drug maker Doctor Reddy's Laboratories challenged the patent in the USPTO Patent Trial and Appeal Board ("PTAB") by a procedure known as I inter partes i review. [Extracted from the article]

This paper proves a precisification of Hume's Law—the thesis that one cannot get an ought from an is—as an instance of a more general theorem which establishes several other philosophically interesting, though less controversial, barriers to logical consequence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Jurisprudence of administrative courts on various aspects of real property law is extensive and multi- faceted. The main bulk of cases concerns real properties which are subject to the reprivatisation process that, in the absence of final solutions to re-privatisation predicaments and the multi-faceted effects of the Decree of 26 October 1945 on the Ownership and Use of Land Within the Boundaries of the Capital City of Warszawa, hereinafter referred to as the “Warsaw Decree” (promulgated in the official journal “Dziennik Ustaw” of 21 November 1945, No 50, item 279), which remains in force for over seventy years, are often the subject of judicial review of administrative decisions. Administrative court rulings play a significant role in real property cases and set the directions for future decisions by public administration bodies. The analysis of judicial rulings in real property cases will be limited to selected problems, which, given differing interpretations, are the cause of discrepancies in judicial decisions in administrative courts. This paper, which is the first part of the study, covers jurisprudence on the premise of death of a party during administrative proceedings, which has an impact on the potential invalidity of a decision and its ex tunc effects as well as the status of a party in real property proceedings.

Financial markets are complex systems. Even with the prudent notion of inefficiency pockets, the efficient market hypothesis (EMH) is incapable to cope with the possible consequences of complexity in the relationship between information, price and value. Despite savant and sophisticated negative heuristics, the EMH can no longer provide sufficient theoretical conditions to consider the presence of market phases that are reconcilable with it. In other words, market patterns cannot be considered ‘accidental’ effects and/or even be caused by a criterion that is linked to informational inefficiency. This paper shows that markets could behave independently of the concepts and terminology of the EMH, and that computational irreducibility found in complex systems demonstrates its invalidity. As a principle, autonomous price patterns can emerge out of complexity, and this reduces the meaning of the concepts of efficiency or inefficiency, interrogates the causality of the relationship between information and price, and questions the univocity of the relationship between value and price. Since such patterns have been observed and reported abundantly in technical analysis literature, they are to be considered as the outcome of complexity at work. Therefore, in a more sophisticated approach of both uncertainty and determinism, forecasting price behavior is an essential possibility of complexity at work and this consideration may lead to a renewed approach of appraising risks.

This study examined the specificity of both individual PVTs and three different PVT batteries in individuals undergoing neuropsychological evaluation for dementia in order to establish both appropriate individual test cutoffs and multiple-PVT failure criterion. Participants were 311 validly performing patients with no cognitive impairment (n = 24), mild cognitive impairment (MCI; n = 115), mild dementia (n = 122), or moderate dementia (n = 50). Cutoffs associated with ≥90% specificity were established for 11 individual PVTs across impairment severity groups. Aggregate false positive rates according to number of PVTs failed were examined for two 4-PVT batteries and one 7-PVT battery. One-way ANOVAs with post-hoc comparisons were conducted for each PVT. Performance on 9 of 11 PVTs significantly differed according to impairment severity. PVT cutoffs achieving ≥90% specificity also generally varied by group. For PVTs previously validated in non-dementia samples, slight adjustments from established cutoffs were generally required to maintain adequate specificity in MCI and mild dementia groups, with greater modifications required in the moderate dementia group. A criterion of ≥2 PVT failures resulted in ≥90% specificity in both 4-PVT batteries across groups. In the 7-PVT battery, adequate specificity was achieved with ≥2 failures in MCI and ≥3 failures in the mild dementia group. The incorporation and interpretation of several easily assimilated multiple-PVT batteries in dementia evaluations are explored. Additionally, data regarding individual PVT performance according to cognitive impairment severity are provided to aide validity assessment of both patients undergoing dementia evaluation and examinees who are less impaired. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Romanian Case Law Review / Revista Română de Jurisprudenţă is the property of Universul Juridic Publishing House and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The study analyzes the legislative overlaps in the social insurance system and the social assis­tance system in Romania, and the effects of the competences applied identically from the method­ological point of view by the institutions empow­ered to exercise the medical expertise or evalua­tion of people with various health or disability prob­lems. The paper also analyzes how the national social assistance system intervenes in a subsidiary or, as the case may be, complementary to social insurance systems as component parts of social security, through the levers of social benefits and social services.The analysis of the current situation of the so­cial security system in Romania shows that for a long time the emphasis was placed on the financial side needed for treatments and medication as a way to alleviate the condition of the invalid or dis­abled person, but too little attention was paid to the integration of these persons in the life of the society and the use of these human resources as potential generators of surplus value in the family and society. It is possible that these social policies involuntarily accentuate the feeling of worthless­ness, social exclusion, inappropriateness along­side stereotypes and prejudices towards people with disabilities that have oscillated over time from marginalization and ignorance to compassion and respect.The legal and procedural framework of so­cial insurance and social assistance are analyzed in correlation with the evolution of the number of beneficiaries and with the main weaknesses of the social security system.

Klasik göç araçlarının kullanımının terk edildiği günümüzde, geleneksel çalışma izni sisteminin değiştirilerek, daha hızlı, daha seçici, daha rasyonel ve daha verimli bir yöntemin geliştirilmesi gerekmektedir. Bu amaçla, 6735 sayılı Uluslararası İşgücü Kanunu’nun 11. maddesi ile Turkuaz Kart uygulaması Türk hukukuna kazandırılmıştır. Turkuaz Kart, Türkiye’nin uluslararası işgücü piyasasındaki çekiciliğini artırarak milletlerarası istihdam rekabetine kolaylıkla dâhil olabilme imkânı sağlayacaktır. Turkuaz Kart uygulamasının geliştirilmesi, işkollarındaki yabancı istihdamının niteliğini artıracaktır. Vasıfsız işgücünün yanı sıra, nitelikli bir işgücü sağlanacaktır. Turkuaz Kart sahibi, ikametinin devamını sağlamak adına çalışmak zorundadır. Bu sebeple Turkuaz Kart sahibi, bir işverene bağımlı olarak çalışması durumunda, 4857 sayılı İş Kanunu’na tabi olacaktır. Turkuaz Kart’ın iptali halinde ise, iş sözleşmesinin geçersizliği ile ilgili özel durumlar ortaya çıkacaktır.

Invalidity is the prevailing theory about reluctant contracts and it is deemed a clear verdict in the Iranian legal literature. As common and recognized as the reluctant contract may be, the reluctant or involuntary unilateral contract is, on the other hand, vague, unfamiliar and subject of debate. Based on the unity of views and general principles of contract and unilateral obligation, some argue that similar to unilateral contracts, reluctant unilateral contracts must also be considered invalid; While the narrative evidence points to the invalidity of unilateral divorces and releases occurring under coercion. The present research aims at studying the quality and evidences of reluctant unilateral contract verdict.