Search

Personality inferences are fundamental to human social interactions and have far-reaching effects on various social decisions. Fourteen experiments (13 preregistered; total

Medical educators increasingly recognize both the challenges introverts, compared to extraverts, may face in medical training and the unique strengths they bring to practice. However, few researchers have examined in-depth how introverts and extraverts truly experience training and practice, particularly in specialties like surgery that tend to value qualities (e.g., dominance and assertiveness) typically associated with extraverts. This study aimed to explore the perceptions and experiences of individuals with both personalities within the field of general surgery.Using a constructivist grounded theory approach, six general surgeons and 10 general surgery residents who identified as introverted, extraverted, or ambiverted were recruited from two Canadian tertiary care hospitals to participate in semi-structured interviews. Data collection and analysis occurred iteratively, and data were analyzed using open, selective, and thematic coding. Constant comparison allowed us to make sense of the similar and dissimilar views that emerged from each interview.Irrespective of their personalities, participants voiced two general patterns of responses. Some participants believed that "personality doesn't matter": that both introverted and extraverted practice styles were equally viable and neither introverts nor extraverts would find surgical training more challenging than the other (culture of equality). However, others believed that "personality matters," emphasizing that surgeons should be dominant and aggressive leaders. Only those who believed "personality matters" felt that introverts sometimes needed to act more extraverted in order to succeed in surgical training (culture of hierarchy). Similar numbers of introverts and extraverts adhered to each viewpoint.Our qualitative approach allowed us to draw meaning from the complex subjective experiences of our research participants. Our findings suggest that two competing cultures (equality and hierarchy) co-exist within the field of surgery and that trainees, depending on which culture they adhere most to, will or will not "adapt" their personalities to the workplace. These findings deepen our understanding of the nuances of surgical culture and have important implications for how we select candidates based on personality.

Interoception, the ability to detect internal bodily signals, is vital for an individual’s well-being and is increasingly connected to mental health disorders. Research investigating relationships between individual differences in interoception and personality types is limited, and mixed results are reported across a variety of interoceptive tasks, measures, and conceptualisations. Guided by biological theories, this study contributed further to the understanding of the relationship between interoception and personality by utilising two interoceptive measures. A sample of adults (N = 114) completed three questionnaires online questionnaire, two assessing interoceptive sensibility ( Body Perception Questionnaire, BPQ; and the Multidimensional Assessment of Interoceptive Awareness, MAIA) and one that assessed personality ( Eysenck Personality Inventory, EPI). Multiple regression and correlational analyses showed no significant relationship between interoceptive sensibility and introversion, whereas a predictive relationship was demonstrated between interoceptive sensibility and neuroticism. Furthermore, the BPQ and subscales of the MAIA predicted neuroticism in different directions suggesting the two measures assess different constructs and thus strengthened support for a multidimensional consideration of interoception. The results have clinical implications, including the targeting of contemplative training approaches for individuals demonstrating high interoceptive sensibility and neurotic traits to improve the mental well-being of healthy individuals and clinical populations.

Vertaisarvioitu. Temperamentti on vanhin käsitejärjestelmistä, joilla ihmisten käyttäytymistä on pyritty kuvaamaan, vaikka ympäristön vaikutusta äärimmilleen korostava ihmiskäsitys välillä näkikin temperamentin biologiset kytkökset psykologian antiteesinä. Temperamentilla tarkoitetaan joukkoa automatisoituneita, pitkälti perinnöllisiä reaktioita, joiden pohja on keskushermoston reaktiivisuudessa ja aivojen aineenvaihdunnassa. Temperamentti selittää ihmisen säilymisen yksilönä huolimatta kasvuolosuhteiden samanlaisuudesta, koska temperamentti varmistaa sen, että ihmiset kokevat saman ympäristön eri tavoin. Ollakseen vain joukko biologiaan pohjaavia automatisoituneita reaktioita temperamentin merkitys ihmisen toiminnan selittäjänä on suuri.

Background The frequency of being exposed to work-related violence and threats is high in employees working in the human service sector. The question is whether certain employees are particularly exposed to violence and threats than others. Objective This study examined whether particular employees were especially exposed to work-related violence and threats due to personal characteristics, coping styles, attitudes or participating in violence prevention training. We also examined the role played by supervisors. Methods Questionnaire data were collected in 2010 and 2011. In all, 3584 employees from special schools, psychiatric wards, eldercare and the Prison and Probation Service participated. We used multivariate logistic regression analyses. Results We found persons high on the extroversion and introversion scales were associated with statistical significant increased risk for work-related threats. Furthermore, accepting attitudes concerning work-related violence were also statistical significant associated with increased the risk for both work-related threats and violence. Associations between coping styles and work-related threats and violence were very small and statistically non-significant and we found no effect of violence prevention training. The risk for work-related threats for persons high on the extroversion scale was decreased if supervisor violence prevention behaviour was high. Furthermore, if supervisor prevention behaviour was high, prevention training decreased the risk for work-related violence. However, these associations weren't statistically significant. Conclusion The results stress that effective prevention requires involvement of both employees and supervisors.

Although hemodialysis (HD) is a life-sustaining treatment for the majority of patients with end-stage renal disease, it may adversely affect their psychological status. Depression is highly prevalent among these patients, and it is associated with malnutrition, morbidity and mortality. Recent studies have demonstrated that depression is positively associated with neuroticism and introversion in HD patients. The aim of the present study was to explore the relationship between depression, personality traits (extraversion-introversion, neuroticism, psychoticism) and nutritional status among HD patients. Fifty-two HD patients were assessed via questionnaires for depression (CES-D) and personality traits (EYSENCK, EPQ). Nutritional assessment was conducted through bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) and anthropometry measurements (height, post-dialysis weight). The study revealed novel significant correlations. Both post-dialysis weight and phase angle were negatively related to introversion (r = -0.314, p < 0.05 and r = -0.542, p < 0.01, respectively) and depression (r = -0.456, p < 0.01 and r = -0.467, p < 0.01, respectively). This study demonstrates that both depression and introversion are inversely related to adequate nourishment in HD patients and suggests that personality plays an important role in the nutritional status of these patients.

This article contrasts the nursing leadership styles of introverts and extraverts and examines what each brings to the nurse leader role. While introverts and extraverts bring unique strengths, it may appear to introverts that extraverts garner the preponderance of attention in meetings and committee work. Strategies for the self-identified introvert nurse leader to successfully lead in an extraversion-centric workplace are described. The article ends with the personal journey of 2 nurse leaders who embraced their introversion traits and learned ways to flourish in health care and academic settings.

PURPOSE Attitudes of individuals towards gender roles may be affected by their experiences such as personality traits. This study is to identify the relationship between university students' personality traits and their attitudes towards gender roles. DESIGN AND METHODS This cross-sectional was conducted with 301 university students between November 2018 and January 2019. FINDINGS The students who had introverted personality traits had traditional attitudes according to the egalitarian gender role subscale (P

Within the solitude literature, two discrete constructs reflect different perspectives on how time spent alone is motivated. Self-determined motivation for solitude reflects wanting time alone to find enjoyment and gain meaningful benefits from it, whereas preference for solitude concerns wanting time for oneself over others’ company regardless of reasons for why time alone is wanted. We investigated two personality characteristics: introversion from Big-Five personality theory and dispositional autonomy from self-determination theory. In two diary studies university students completed personality measures and reported about their experiences with time spent alone over a period of seven days. Across both studies, contrary to popular belief that introverts spend time alone because they enjoy it, results showed no evidence that introversion is predictive of either preference or motivation for solitude. Dispositional autonomy–the tendency to regulate from a place of self-congruence, interest, and lack of pressure–consistently predicted self-determined motivation for solitude but was unrelated to preference for solitude. These findings provided evidence supporting the link between valuing time spent alone with individual differences in the capacity to self-regulate in choiceful and authentic way.

A sense of control over time and over what is happening in life is highly significant for psychological functioning. The aim of this experiment was to test the effect of fatalistic time perspective on self-esteem in extraverts and introverts. We conducted an experiment in which fatalistic time perspective was induced in participants (N = 104) high and low in extraversion. The experimental group's task was to put themselves into the situation of the presented character, who exhibited a strongly fatalistic time perspective. The results showed that introverts after the induction of fatalistic time perspective had higher self-esteem than introverts after neutral induction. There was no significant difference in self-esteem between extraverts after the induction of fatalistic time perspective and extraverts after neutral induction. We interpreted the results in the context of the interactive model of fatalism. ispartof: JOURNAL OF GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY vol:149 issue:4 pages:443-455 ispartof: location:United States status: published

Identity shift describes how individuals commit to self-presentations made in public computer-mediated contexts. This study attempts to expand identity shift effects to virtual reality. Participants were randomly assigned to present themselves as extraverted or introverted in pilot tested public or private virtual environments. The hypotheses and data analysis strategy were preregistered, and the study had sufficient a priori statistical power. The results did not support identity shift effects. Baseline extraversion predicted postmanipulation extraversion scores, thus suggesting identity stability. The discussion focuses on the empirical consistency of the identity shift effect and avenues for future research.

Research by Xinyin Chen and others has documented that in past decades, shyness in Chinese children was associated with leadership, peer-acceptance, and academic achievement. In contemporary China, shyness predicts maladaptive youth outcomes. Although social, political, and economic transitions are presumed to be responsible for this shift, little is known about how societal change mediates parents' beliefs and the socialization of shy children. This qualitative study explored implicit parenting cognitions and attitudes about shyness in a Chinese urban middle-class group of mothers (N = 20). Thematic analyses revealed mothers' beliefs about the role of family socialization in the development/maintenance of shyness and the complexities between shyness and introversion. Mothers spoke of increased use of child-centered parenting practices and the promotion of assertive and self-assured traits. These findings highlight how Chinese parenting has contributed to the decline in the adaptive value of shyness, and inform the development of parenting interventions for shy Chinese children.

to analyze the presence of common personality traits and anxiety states in children and adolescents with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).Longitudinal, prospecti ve, and analytical study by applying the questionnaires Children's Personality Questionnaire, High School Personality Questionnaire, State-Trait Anxiety Inventory for Children, and State-Trait Anxie ty Inventory for patients with IBD aged between 9 and 18 years seen at reference IBD units in Ara gon, Spain. The participants excluded were those with active disease, defined as a score10 on the Pediatric Crohn's Disease Activity Index (PCDAI Score) or10 on the Pediatric Ulcerative Colitis Activity Index (PUCAI Score).Twenty-six patients participated (73% male). 61.5% pre sented Crohn's disease (CD) and 38.5% ulcerative colitis (UC). No patient presented active disease. The personality profile as a group was characterized by being open, emotionally stable, calm, sober, sensible, enterprising, impressionable, dependent, serene, perfectionist, and relaxed. 50% of the CD patients were enterprising versus no UC patients (p0.05). There were no statistically significant di fferences when comparing the remaining personality factors based on IBD type, age, or sex. Patients with CD tended to be calmer (p = 0.0511) and patients with UC more introverted (p = 0.0549). The sample presented a state anxiety level (A/E) -1.1 ± 0.8 SD compared with the population average. The level of anxiety as a feature (A/R) was -0.6 ± 1 SD. Males had significantly lower levels than females in the case of A/E (p0.05).The presence of common personality traits in the pediatric population with IBD stands out but there was no greater anxiety than in the reference population.

According to the similarity-attraction theory, humans respond more positively to people who are similar in personality. This observation also holds true between humans and robots, as shown by recent studies that examined human-robot interactions. Thus, it would be conducive for robots to be able to capture the user personality and adjust the interactional patterns accordingly. The present study is intended to identify significant speech characteristics such as sound and lexical features between the two different personality groups (introverts vs. extroverts), so that a robot can distinguish a user&rsquo, s personality by observing specific speech characteristics. Twenty-four male participants took the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) test for personality screening. The speech data of those participants (identified as 12 introvertive males and 12 extroversive males through the MBTI test) were recorded while they were verbally responding to the eight Walk-in-the-Wood questions. After that, speech, sound, and lexical features were extracted. Averaged reaction time (1.200 s for introversive and 0.762 s for extroversive, p = 0.01) and total reaction time (9.39 s for introversive and 6.10 s for extroversive, p = 0.008) showed significant differences between the two groups. However, averaged pitch frequency, sound power, and lexical features did not show significant differences between the two groups. A binary logistic regression developed to classify two different personalities showed 70.8% of classification accuracy. Significant speech features between introversive and extroversive individuals have been identified, and a personality classification model has been developed. The identified features would be applicable for designing or programming a social robot to promote human-robot interaction by matching the robot&rsquo, s behaviors toward a user&rsquo, s personality estimated.

The parasite stress hypothesis predicts that individuals living in regions with higher infectious disease rates will show lower openness, agreeableness, and extraversion, but higher conscientiousness. This article, using data from more than 250,000 U.S. Facebook users, reports tests of these predictions at the level of both U.S. states and individuals and evaluates criticisms of previous findings. State-level results for agreeableness and conscientiousness are consistent with previously reported cross-national findings, but others (a significant positive correlation with extraversion and no correlation with openness) are not. However, effects of parasite stress on conscientiousness and agreeableness are not found when analyses account for the data’s hierarchical structure and include controls. We find that only openness is robustly related to parasite stress in these analyses, and we also find a significant interaction with age: Older, but not younger, inhabitants of areas of high parasite stress show lower openness. Interpretations of the findings are discussed.

Vertaisarvioitu. English summary • Joka kymmenes lapsi maailmassa syntyy ennenaikaisena, Suomessa osuus on runsaat 5 %. • Keskostutkimuksessa on perinteisesti kiinnitetty eniten huomiota pikkukeskosiin, joihin suurimmat terveysriskit kohdistuvat. • Hieman ennenaikaisina eli raskausviikoilla 34–36 syntyneistä suurin osa on aikuisiässä terveitä, mutta heillä on ryhmätasolla havaittavissa enemmän terveysriskejä kuin täysiaikaisina syntyneillä. • Koska kyseessä on määrällisesti iso joukko, saattavat pienetkin terveyserot olla kokonaistautitaakan näkökulmasta merkityksellisiä.

Background The influence of personality on health-related quality of life in patients with multiple sclerosis has been the focus of previous studies showing that introversion and neuroticism were related with reduced health related quality of life. However, no data exist on the impact of temperament on quality of life in this patient group. Methods Between April 2014 and March 2016 139 multiple sclerosis patients were recruited from a specialized outpatient clinic of the general hospital of Vienna. Health-related quality of life was measured by “The Multiple Sclerosis International Quality of Life Questionnaire (MusiQol)”, temperament by “Temperament Evaluation of Memphis, Pisa, Paris, and San Diego Questionnaire – Münster version” (briefTEMPS-M), and disability by the “Expanded disability status scale”. All patients underwent a diagnostic psychiatric semi-structured interview (MINI). Results Known predictors (like disease duration, EDSS, psychiatric co-morbidities, immunomodulatory treatments) explain the proportion of variation in the outcome of MusiQol global index score in 30.9% in multi-variable linear regression analysis. It increased respectively to 40.3, 42.5, and 45.8% if adding the depressive, cyclothymic, or hyperthymic temperament to the list of variables. An increase of depressive and cyclothymic temperament scores significantly reduced global index score of MusiQol (p = 0.005, p = 0.002, respectively), while the hyperthymic temperament significantly raised it (p

The researchers examined differential outcomes related to two distinct motivations for withdrawal (preference for solitude and shyness) as well as the possibility that support from important others (mothers, fathers, and best friends) attenuate any such links. Adolescents (159 males, 171 females) reported on their motivations to withdraw, internalizing symptoms, and relationship quality in eighth grade, as well as their anxiety and depression in ninth grade. Using structural equation modeling, the authors found that maternal support weakened the association between shyness and internalizing problems; friend support weakened the association between preference for solitude and depression; and friend support strengthened the association between shyness and depression. Results suggest that shy adolescents may not derive the same benefits from supportive friendships as their typical peers.

What leads children to moralize actions that cause no apparent harm? We hypothesized that adults' verbal instruction ("testimony"), as well as emotions such as disgust, would influence children's moralization of apparently harmless actions. To test this hypothesis, 7-year-old children were asked to render moral judgments of novel, seemingly victimless, body-directed or nature-directed actions after being exposed to adults' testimony or to an emotional induction. Study 1 demonstrated that children became more likely to judge actions as "wrong" upon being verbally presented with testimony about disgust or anger-but not upon being directly induced to feel disgusted. Study 2 established that principle-based testimony is an even more powerful source of moralization, and additionally found long-term retention of newly formed moral beliefs. These studies also indicated that children frequently lack introspective insight into the sources of their newly acquired moral reactions; they often invoked welfare-based concerns in their explanations regardless of experimental condition. In sum, this research demonstrates that children rapidly and enduringly moralize entirely unfamiliar, apparently innocuous actions upon exposure to a diverse array of morally relevant testimony. (PsycINFO Database Record

The aim of this study was to determine whether the personality types of dental students and their group dynamics were linked to their problem-based learning (PBL) performance. The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) instrument was used with 263 dental students enrolled in Seoul National University School of Dentistry from 2011 to 2013; the students had participated in PBL in their first year. A four-session PBL setting was designed to analyze how individual personality types and the diversity of their small groups were associated with PBL performance. Overall, the results showed that the personality type of PBL performance that was the most prominent was Judging. As a group became more diverse with its different constituent personality characteristics, there was a tendency for the group to be higher ranked in terms of PBL performance. In particular, the overperforming group was clustered around three major profiles: Extraverted Intuitive Thinking Judging (ENTJ), Introverted Sensing Thinking Judging (ISTJ), and Extraverted Sensing Thinking Judging (ESTJ). Personality analysis would be beneficial for dental faculty members in order for them to understand the extent to which cooperative learning would work smoothly, especially when considering group personalities.

Confidence in our memories is influenced by many factors, including beliefs about the perceptibility or memorability of certain kinds of objects and events, as well as knowledge about our skill sets, habits, and experiences. Notoriously, our knowledge and beliefs about memory can lead us astray, causing us to be overly confident in eyewitness testimony or to overestimate the frequency of recent experiences. Here, using visual working memory as a case study, we designed two experiments that strip away all these potentially misleading cues, requiring observers to make confidence judgments by directly assessing the quality of their memory representations. We show that individuals can monitor the status of information in working memory as it degrades over time. Our findings suggest that people have access to information reflecting the existence and quality of their working memories, and furthermore, that they can use this information to guide their behavior.

Music can influence car following performance. However, it is not well resolved about its mediation effect on car following when the drivers’ personalities are considered. We investigated how music style and tempo influence car following with different personalities. Twelve tracks were used in this study, four for each music tempo range, i.e., slow, medium, and fast tempo, and six for each music style, i.e., classical and pop one. The results showed introverts were more susceptible to music, and tend to listen to slow tempo music and classical one. In addition, pop music aroused the drivers more than classical and may induce closer headway distance. Furthermore, with the tempo speeding up, the drivers were more excited, less concentrated and performed less stablely. The medium music tempo was the most appropriate choice for keeping stable headway distance and taking actions to the changes of the leading vehicle. The present study shows personality can mediate the influence of music listening while driving, and music style and tempo can impact the mediation in a specific way. The study provides a guide on the music choice during driving and may bring benefits to the configuration of the music radio program and car music player.

[No abstract]

Background Facial paralysis (FP) is a neuromotor dysfunction that losses voluntary muscles movement in one side of the human face. As the face is the basic means of social interactions and emotional expressions among humans, individuals afflicted can often be introverted and may develop psychological distress, which can be even more severe than the physical disability. This paper addresses the problem of objective facial paralysis evaluation. Methods We present a novel approach for objective facial paralysis evaluation and classification, which is crucial for deciding the medical treatment scheme. For FP classification, in particular, we proposed a method based on the ensemble of regression trees to efficiently extract facial salient points and detect iris or sclera boundaries. We also employ 2 n d degree polynomial of parabolic function to improve Daugman’s algorithm for detecting occluded iris boundaries, thereby allowing us to efficiently get the area of the iris. The symmetry score of each face is measured by calculating the ratio of both iris area and the distances between the key points in both sides of the face. We build a model by employing hybrid classifier that discriminates healthy from unhealthy subjects and performs FP classification. Results Objective analysis was conducted to evaluate the performance of the proposed method. As we explore the effect of data augmentation using publicly available datasets of facial expressions, experiments reveal that the proposed approach demonstrates efficiency. Conclusions Extraction of iris and facial salient points on images based on ensemble of regression trees along with our hybrid classifier (classification tree plus regularized logistic regression) provides a more improved way of addressing FP classification problem. It addresses the common limiting factor introduced in the previous works, i.e. having the greater sensitivity to subjects exposed to peculiar facial images, whereby improper identification of initial evolving curve for facial feature segmentation results to inaccurate facial feature extraction. Leveraging ensemble of regression trees provides accurate salient points extraction, which is crucial for revealing the significant difference between the healthy and the palsy side when performing different facial expressions.

Correlation analysis of the performance of goal-directed activity and heart rate variability parameters in people with different individually-typological features was conducted on the model of endosurgical training. It was found that people with low level of intro-extroversion and neuroticism, but high index of situational anxiety were more successful during goal-directed behavior. The subjects with low level of neuroticism finished the tasks more quickly, both at the beginning and at the end of the observations. It was established that the number of mistakes in subjects with low personal anxiety on the 10th day of training was lower than in high-anxious individuals. It is shown that people with high rate of intro-extroversion are characterized by more pronounced increase in parasympathetic influences during basic endosurgical training. Hence, the achievement of the result in extroverts in these experimental conditions is provided by lower physiological penalty than in introverts. The definition of psychophysiological indices could be recommended for inclusion in the complex of measures for the assessment of proficiency in the training of endosurgeons.

Item does not contain fulltext Background: Fatigue in Multiple Sclerosis (MS) might be partially due to inflammatory processes. If so, relapses should increase the fatigue level. Methods: Two groups of MS patients participated in this study. One suffered from a relapse and was treated by Methylprednisolone. The other group experienced a deterioration of their neurological condition but no relapse and received neurological rehabilitation. We assessed fatigue before admission, at admission and after discharge (t1, t2, t3). Furthermore, autonomic dysfunctions, depressive mood, apathy and extraversion were assessed at admission. Changes in fatigue were analysed with ANCOVAs and fatigue levels were analysed with regression analyses using clinical data and scores for depressive mood, apathy, extraversion and autonomic dysfunctions. Results: Only patients suffering from a relapse showed a significant increment in fatigue from t1 to t2. Regression analyses revealed that autonomic dysfunctions and introversion best explained the fatigue level. Conclusions: This study shows that a relapse is accompanied by an increase in MS-related fatigue. Moreover, autonomic dysfunctions and introversion, more than depression and apathy, play a major role in the explanation of MS-related fatigue. This finding represents additional evidence for the relationship between inflammation, vagal afferent signaling, autonomic dysfunctions, introversion and the feeling of MS-related fatigue. 7 p.

One of the most important sources of social information is the human face, on whose appearance we easily form social judgments: Adults tend to attribute a certain personality to a stranger based on minimal facial cues, and after a short exposure time. Previous studies shed light on the cognitive and neural mechanisms underlying the ability to discriminate facial properties conveying social signals, but the underlying processes supporting individual differences remain poorly understood. In the current study, we explored whether differences in sensitivity to facial cues to trustworthiness and in representing such cues in a multidimensional space are associated with individual variability in social attitude, as measured by the extraversion/introversion dimension. Participants performed a task where they assessed the similarity between faces that varied in the level of trustworthiness, and multidimensional scaling analyses were performed to describe perceptual similarity in a multidimensional representational space. Extraversion scores impacted RTs, but not accuracy or face representation, making less extraverted individuals slower in detecting similarity of faces based on physical cues to trustworthiness. These findings are discussed from an ontogenetic perspective, where reduced social motivation might constrain perceptual attunement to social cues from faces, without affecting the structuring of the face representational space. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).

/Summary Although personality is thought to be 50% heritable, consensus has not been reached about the specific genes involved, interest in genes affecting personality and behavior continues because of the linkage of personality traits with both physical and mental illness. One hundred and twenty years of study of the ABO blood types and the genes causing them has led to more precise assignment of genotype-phenotype linkage. Countries like Japan and Korea with 100 years history of study of ABO blood groups and personality as well as other countries have published research with no consensus. Introversion is a well-studied personality trait with 50% genetic causation. Dopamine system has been linked to the introversion-extroversion spectrum with high dopamine linked to introversion. Dopamine beta hydroxylase determines the ratio of dopamine to norepinephrine. Dopamine beta hydroxylase gene, DBH, is in linkage disequilibrium with ABO gene thus offering insight into the ABO findings related to personality traits. ABO blood groups have been studied with some but not all studies finding type AB associated with introversion. One explanation for the inconsistent replication of findings could be that genotypes would show more differences than phenotypes. ABO A allele, ABO B allele or the synergism of both alleles could be the driver of introversion trait in ABO AB. Patients in an obstetric gynecology practice appeared to demonstrate a tendancy to introversion in phenotype ABO B. Since we had access to ABO blood phenotypes instead of genotypes of our obstetric gynecology office patients, we hypothesized that phenotype ABO AB when compared with ABO O would be associated with higher introversion since these phenotypes were also genotypes and since ABO O unlike ABO AB is not found associated with introversion in extant research. Though ABO B allele was observed to be the likely cause of introversion in patients and since we had available only phenotypes of ABO to use in search of genetic allele that causes introversion trait, ABO AB needs to be dissected to see whether ABO A allele or ABO B allele is the driver of the introspective trait. Based on the literature and on observation, the hypothesis was that ABO B is the driver of introversion trait. A pilot student of 225 obstetric gynecology patients using the online NPA personality test showed higher scores for introversion tendancies in ABO AB compared to ABO O and when ABO AB was compared to ABO A. This supports ABO B as the driver of introversion tendancies in the ABO gene. Studies using ABO genotypes instead of ABO phenotypes should provide further support for this hypothesis. Given the support for introversion tendancies in personality caused by higher dopamine genetically with dopamine beta hydroxylase low activity and this dopamine state being common mechanism for such conditions as schizophrenia and autism, continued discoveries of genes that impact this state will lead to many health implications.

Background Chronic subjective dizziness (CSD) is characterized by persistent dizziness, unsteadiness, and hypersensitivity to one's own motion or exposure to complex visual stimuli. CSD may be triggered, in predisposed individuals with specific personality traits, by acute vestibular diseases. CSD is also thought to arise from failure to re-establish normal balance strategies after resolution of acute vestibular events which may be modulated by diathesis to develop anxiety and depression. Objective To confirm the role of personality traits linked to anxiety and depression (i.e., neuroticism, introversion, low openness) as predisposing factors for CSD and to evaluate how individual differences in these personality traits are associated with CSD severity. Methods We compared 19 CSD patients with 24 individuals who had suffered from periferal vestibular disorders (PVD) (i.e., Benign Paroxysmal Postural Vertigo or Vestibular Neuritis) but had not developed CSD as well as with 25 healthy controls (HC) in terms of personality traits, assessed via the NEO-PI-R questionnaire. Results CSD patients, relative to PVD patients and HCs, scored higher on the anxiety facet of neuroticism. Total neuroticism scores were also significantly associated with dizziness severity in CSD patients but not PVD patients. Conclusions Pre-existing anxiety-related personality traits may promote and sustain the initial etiophatogenetic mechanisms linked with the development of CSD. Targeting anxiety-related mechanisms in CSD may be therefore a promising way to reduce the disability associated with CSD.

Social anhedonia and introversion, two closely related constructs associated with decreased positive emotions and decreased sociability, are common in schizophrenia-spectrum personality disorders. In light of a myriad of mixed findings regarding positive emotionality in anhedonia, there has been a call to reconceptualize "anhedonia." To clarify the nature of social anhedonia, we used confirmatory factor analysis to investigate the relationship between social anhedonia and introversion. Findings were consistent with the conceptualization of social anhedonia as a separate construct from introversion-the best fitting model was one in which social anhedonia and introversion measures loaded separately. Also consistent with the conceptualization of social anhedonia as separate, we found evidence that it was associated with aspects of alexithymia above and beyond any relationship with introversion. Overall, these results have implications for the understanding of social anhedonia and for the use of it as a discriminating factor between personality disorders characterized by introversion.

Previous research has shown broad relationships between personality and dance, but the relationship between personality and specific structural features of music has not been explored. The current study explores the influence of personality and trait empathy on dancers' responsiveness to small tempo differences between otherwise musically identical stimuli, measured by difference in the amount in acceleration of key joints. Thirty participants were recorded using motion capture while dancing to excerpts from six popular songs that were time-stretched to be slightly faster or slower than their original tempi. Analysis revealed that higher conscientiousness and lower extraversion both correlated with greater responsiveness to tempo change. Partial correlation analysis revealed that conscientiousness remained significantly correlated with responsiveness when extraversion was controlled, but not vice versa. No effect of empathy was found. Implications are discussed.