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ABSTRACT Fermentation of Astragalus by Lactobacillus plantarum and Bacillus coagulans can increase the release of active components and degrade its macromolecular substances. This study investigated the effect of fermentation products (Astragalus + L. plantarum + B. coagulans, ALB) on largemouth bass. We specifically focused on growth performance, serum biochemical indices, intestinal microbial diversity, intestinal enzyme activity, immune gene expression and resistance to infections by Aeromonas hydrophila and largemouth bass ranavirus (LMBRaV). The largemouth bass were divided into five groups based on the amount of ALB added to the feed as following, (1) ALB0 (no ALB, ALB0.5 [0.5% addition of ALB], ALB1 [1% addition of ALB], ALB3 [3% addition of ALB], ALB5 [5% addition of ALB]). The feeding trial spanned 28 days. Comprehensively comparing the feeding results of different ALB concentration, the ALB0.5 group showed the best effect. The ALB0.5 group had significantly increased weight gain rate, alkaline phosphatase, total protein, albumin, digestive enzymes activities of lipase, trypsin and increased intestinal villi and thickness of muscularis propria. And it decreased feed conversion ratio, aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase of largemouth bass. Furthermore, the ALB0.5 group improved the richness and diversity of the intestinal microbiota. Increased abundance of dominant phylum and genus in the intestine of largemouth bass included Fusobacteria and Cetobacterium, which promoted the growth and immune performance of largemouth bass. After infection with A. hydrophila and LMBRaV, the survival rates were higher in ALB addition experimental groups than in the ALB0 group, respectively. And the survival rate of ALB0.5 group was higher than other groups. Meanwhile, the ALB added to the feed could regulated the immune gene expression (Mx, IRF‐3, TNF‐α, IL‐1β and IL‐10), which also promoted the largemouth bass resistance to disease. In summary, adding 0.5% ALB to the diet of largemouth bass can boost its growth performance, immune genes expression, intestinal health and disease resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This experiment aimed to study the effects of fermented Chinese medicine postbiotics on production performance, antioxidant capacity and intestinal microflora of sows. A total of 180 pregnant sows in the same batch were randomly divided into two groups. Sows in the control group were fed a basal diet, and sows in the experimental group were added 6 kg/t Chinese medicine postbiotics to the complete feed from the beginning of the laying bed until weaning. The performance of sows was counted, and serum antioxidant indexes and intestinal microflora indexes were measured. The results showed that: ① compared with the control group, the average litter weaning number of experimental group was 0.64 more, the average litter weaning weight was 0.48 kg higher, and the survival rate of piglets during lactation was 5.51 percentage points higher (P<0.05). ② The levels of catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) in serum of sows in the experimental group were significantly increased on days 14 and 28 (P<0.05). The content of malondialdehyde (MDA) decreased significantly on day 28 (P<0.05). ③ Compared with the 0 d, the Faith's PD index of the sows in the experimental group was significantly increased on the 28 d (P<0.05), and the diversity of the intestinal microflora was improved. The relative abundance of Spirochaetes, Treponema and Prevotella increased significantly (P<0.01). The uniformity of the overall microflora distribution was better. In conclusion, fermented Chinese medicine postbiotics can improve the performance of lactating sows, significantly enhance the serum antioxidant index, and reduce the accumulation of harmful body metabolites. It has obvious effect on improving the structure of intestinal microflora. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The metabolism of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFAs) is closely associated with the risk and progression of colorectal cancer (CRC). This paper aims to investigate the role of LCPUFA in the crosstalk between intestinal microflora and macrophages, as well as the effects of these three parties on the progression of CRC. The metabolism and function of LCPUFA play important roles in regulating the composition of the human gut microflora and participating in the regulation of inflammation, ultimately affecting macrophage function and polarization, which is crucial in the tumor microenvironment. The effects of LCPUFA on cellular interactions between the two species can ultimately influence the progression of CRC. In this review, we explore the molecular mechanisms and clinical applications of LCPUFA in the interactions between intestinal microflora and intestinal macrophages, as well as its significance for CRC progression. Furthermore, we reveal the role of LCPUFA in the construction of the CRC microenvironment and explore the key nodes of the interactions between intestinal flora and intestinal macrophages in the environment. It provides potential targets for the metabolic diagnosis and treatment of CRC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Slow transit constipation (STC) is highly prevalent and has rising incidence. Shouhui Tongbian capsule (SHTB) is a traditional Chinese Medicine formula with extensive and highly efficacious usage in STC treatment, however, its mechanism of action, especially the regulation of microbiome and lipid metabolites, remains unclear. Methods: After quality control of SHTB using LC‒MS to obtain its material basis, we tried to elucidate the cohesive modulatory network of SHTB against STC using hyphenated methods from microbiomics, lipidomics, mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) and molecular methods. Results: SHTB could repair intestinal barrier damage, reduce systemic inflammation and increase intestinal motility in a diphenoxylate-induced STC rat model. Based on 16S rDNA sequencing results, SHTB rehabilitated the abnormal changes in Alloprevotella, Coprococcus, Marvinbryantia, etc., which were associated with STC symptoms. Meanwhile, microbial functional prediction showed that lipid metabolism was improved with SHTB administration. The differential lipids, including fatty acids, lysophosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylcholine, sphingomyelin triglyceride and ceramide, that are closely related to STC disease and SHTB efficacy. Furthermore, SHTB significantly reversed the abnormal expression of these key target enzymes in colon samples, including CTP-phosphocholine cytidylyltransferase, CTP-phosphoethanolamine cytidylyltransferase, phosphatidic acid phosphatase, acid sphingomyelinase etc. Conclusions: Combined analysis demonstrated that SHTB reducing lipid accumulation and recovery of intestinal microbial homeostasis was the critical mechanism by which SHTB treats STC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of in ovo injection of organic manganese (Mn) on the hatching traits and performance of broiler chickens. Methods: A total of 320 eggs from the Ross 308 strain, with an average weight of 65 g, were used for the experiment. The birds were randomly divided into four groups: four negative control groups (no injection), one positive control group (in ovo injection of 0.272 mL of normal saline solution), Manganese I group (in ovo injection of 0.013 mg of organic Mn), and Manganese II group (in ovo injection of 0.026 mg of organic Mn). Results: The injected treatments showed a significant decrease in the percentage of hatched chicks compared to the negative control group (P < 0.0001). Furthermore, the in ovo injection of Mn caused a significant increase in the final weight of the birds and their feed consumption (P < 0.0001). The experimental treatments also affected blood parameters, with blood triglyceride, cholesterol, and lipoproteins levels demonstrating a decrease compared to the negative and positive controls (P < 0.0001). Conclusion: The in ovo injection of organic Mn showed favorable results in broiler chickens' performance indicators while showing no impact on immune response and microbial population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Slow transit constipation (STC) is highly prevalent and has rising incidence. Shouhui Tongbian capsule (SHTB) is a traditional Chinese Medicine formula with extensive and highly efficacious usage in STC treatment, however, its mechanism of action, especially the regulation of microbiome and lipid metabolites, remains unclear. Methods After quality control of SHTB using LC‒MS to obtain its material basis, we tried to elucidate the cohesive modulatory network of SHTB against STC using hyphenated methods from microbiomics, lipidomics, mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) and molecular methods. Results SHTB could repair intestinal barrier damage, reduce systemic inflammation and increase intestinal motility in a diphenoxylate-induced STC rat model. Based on 16S rDNA sequencing results, SHTB rehabilitated the abnormal changes in Alloprevotella, Coprococcus, Marvinbryantia, etc., which were associated with STC symptoms. Meanwhile, microbial functional prediction showed that lipid metabolism was improved with SHTB administration. The differential lipids, including fatty acids, lysophosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylcholine, sphingomyelin triglyceride and ceramide, that are closely related to STC disease and SHTB efficacy. Furthermore, SHTB significantly reversed the abnormal expression of these key target enzymes in colon samples, including CTP-phosphocholine cytidylyltransferase, CTP-phosphoethanolamine cytidylyltransferase, phosphatidic acid phosphatase, acid sphingomyelinase etc. Conclusions Combined analysis demonstrated that SHTB reducing lipid accumulation and recovery of intestinal microbial homeostasis was the critical mechanism by which SHTB treats STC.

Abstract The study was focused on the therapeutic potential of schaftoside (SS), a key bioactive compound found in Plumula nelumbinis, in the context of “Shanghuo,” an excessive internal heat condition induced by the overconsumption of capsaicin. “Shanghuo” in traditional Chinese medicine is characterized by symptoms like skin and mucous membrane redness, swelling, fever, and discomfort. It is commonly used to describe symptoms such as intense thirst, constipation, and a rapid or surging pulse. In modern medicine, it is associated with various factors, including dietary irritants, stress, gut microbiota imbalances, and immunological issues. The concept of Yin–Yang balance is pivotal in the theory of traditional Chinese medicine. Yin embodies elements of stability and inhibition, whereas Yang is indicative of vitality and assertiveness. Excessive capsaicin intake can also trigger “Shanghuo” symptoms by disrupting the body's balance of “Yin and Yang.” In the present study, we isolated SS from P. nelumbinis and performed in vitro antioxidant assays. SS exhibited a concentration‐dependent increase in antioxidant activity, indicating its potential to combat oxidative stress. In animal experiments, rats exposed to a high dose of capsaicin showed elevated levels of inflammatory markers and reduced antioxidant levels. SS effectively mitigated these imbalances, restored antioxidant enzyme activity, and reduced inflammation. Furthermore, capsaicin‐treated rats showed decreased energy metabolism and altered gut microbiota. SS treatment enhanced energy metabolism and increased the abundance of intestinal flora, highlighting its potential to restore metabolic balance. In conclusion, SS from P. nelumbinis shows promise in alleviating “Shanghuo” induced by excessive capsaicin intake.

Introduction: As the aquaculture industry intensifies to enhance production efficiency and capacity, the risk of disease outbreaks in high-density systems, such as those for largemouth bass, has escalated. This necessitates the exploration of novel strategies for disease prevention and control. Studies have shown that Atractylodes macrocephala polysaccharide (AMP) possesses the functions of promoting growth and enhancing immune capacity, making it a potential feed additive in animal production. Methods: This study aimed to assess the impact of AMP on the growth performance, serum biochemical indices, and intestinal flora structure of largemouth bass. A total of 360 healthy largemouth bass (mean weight: 15.25 ± 1.29 g) were randomly assigned to four groups, each with three replicates. The groups were fed diets supplemented with 0% (Group D, control group), 0.4% (Group A), 0.8% (Group B), or 1.2% (Group C) AMP for 42 days. Results: The results showed that the addition of an appropriate amount of AMP in the feed significantly improved the weight gain rate (WGR) and specific growth rate (SGR) of largemouth bass, reduced the feed conversion ratio (FCR), and enhanced growth performance. AMP reduced the levels of AST and ALT, indicating a hepatoprotective effect on largemouth bass, with significant differences from the control group (P < 0.05). AMP also improved the intestinal microbiota composition of largemouth bass, positively affecting intestinal health. The analysis of intestinal microbiota revealed 1,288 amplicon sequence variants (ASVs) in the intestine of largemouth bass in Group B, dominated by Firmicutes and Bacteroidota. In contrast, Group C (1.2%) had 920 ASVs, with Fusobacteriota and Firmicutes as the major components, while the relative abundance of Firmicutes was lower, showing significant differences from the control Group D. The functional analysis of intestinal microbiota based on KEGG showed significant differences (P < 0.05) among the four groups in Carbon metabolism, Biosynthesis of amino acids, and Metabolic pathways. Discussion: The study concludes that the inclusion of AMP at 0.8% - 1.2% in the feed can enhance the growth performance and intestinal health of largemouth bass, offering a promising strategy for disease prevention and control in intensive aquaculture settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Selenium is a vital trace mineral that is crucial for maintaining regular biological processes in aquatic animals. In this study, a four-week dietary trial was carried out to assess the impact of bio-fermented selenium (Bio−Se) on the growth and immune response of Chinese mitten crabs, Eriocheir sinensis. The crabs were randomly allocated to five dietary treatment groups, each receiving a different dose of Bio−Se. The doses included 0, 0.3, 0.6, 1.5, and 3.0 mg/kg and were accurately measured in basal diet formulations. The results showed the weight gain rate (WGR), specific growth rate (SGR), and survival rate (SR) in the 1.5 mg/kg Bio−Se group were the highest, and 3.0 mg/kg of Bio−Se has an inhibitory effect on the WGR, SGR, and SR. The activities of the immune enzymes, including glutathione peroxidase (GPX), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and acid phosphatase (ACP), of the hepatopancreas were significantly (p < 0.05) increased in the 1.5 mg/kg Bio−Se group, while they decreased (p < 0.05) in the 3.0 mg/kg feeding group compared to the 0 mg/kg feeding group. The concentration of maleic dialdehyde (MDA) exhibited the opposite pattern. Similarly, the mRNA expression levels of antimicrobial peptides (ALF-1, Crus-1, and LYS), ERK, and Relish genes were also observed to be the highest in the 1.5 mg/kg Bio−Se group compared with the other groups. Furthermore, the administration of 1.5 mg/kg of Bio−Se resulted in an increase in the thickness of the intestinal plica and mucosal layer, as well as in alterations in the intestinal microbial profile and bacterial diversity compared to the dose of 0 mg/kg of Bio−Se. Notably, the population of the beneficial bacterial phylum Fusobacteria was increased after crabs were fed the 1.5 mg/kg Bio−Se diet. In conclusion, the oral administration of 1.5 mg/kg of Bio−Se improved the growth efficiency, antioxidant capabilities, immunity, and intestinal health of E. sinensis. Through a broken-line analysis of the WGR against dietary Bio−Se levels, optimal dietary Bio−Se levels were determined to be 1.1 mg/kg. These findings contribute valuable insights to the understanding of crab cultivation and nutrition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: This study aims to explore both the toxic effects of aflatoxins (AFs) and the protective effects of degrading enzymes (DE) on broilers exposed to AFs. RESULTS: The findings reveal that a diet contaminated with 69.15 μg kg−1 of aflatoxin B1 had significant adverse effects on broilers. Specifically, it led to a reduction in average daily gain, dressed yield percentage, half‐eviscerated yield with giblet yield percentage, eviscerated yield percentage, as well as serum superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase activity and liver SOD activity (P < 0.05). Conversely, the diet increased the feed conversion ratio, liver index, serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase levels and malondialdehyde levels in both serum and liver (P < 0.05). Additionally, AFs disrupted the intestinal microflora significantly (P < 0.05), altering the relative abundance of Enterococcus, Lactobacillus and Escherichia in broiler jejunum. The addition of DE to AF‐contaminated feed mitigated these negative effects and reduced the residues of aflatoxin B1, aflatoxin B2 and aflatoxin M1 in the liver and duodenum (P < 0.05). We also observed that broilers fed the diet pelleted at 80 °C exhibited improved dressing percentage and water holding capacity compared to those on the 75 °C diet. CONCLUSION: In summary, DE serves as an effective feed additive for mitigating AF contamination in poultry production. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The experiment aims to investigate the effects of adding compound probiotic preparations (CPP) to the diet on the growth performance, gut microbiota, and blood metabolic indicators of fattening beef cattle (bulls). Twenty western crossbred bulls with a body weight of (281.98±38.05) kg were ran‐ domly divided into four groups. The control group was fed with basic feed, and groups A, B, and C added different levels of CPP to the basic feed at 1.4%, 0.6%, and 0.7%, respectively. The growth performance, abundance of dominant gut microbiota, and blood biochemical indicators of the bulls were measured. The pretrial period is 15 days, and the main trial pe‐ riod is 62 days. The results showed that: ① com‐ pared with the control group, the average daily weight gain of each experimental group increased, with A and C groups significantly increasing daily weight gain (P<0.05); the material to weight ratio of each group in the experiment decreased, with significant reductions observed in groups A and C (P<0.05). ② The dominant bacteria in the intes‐ tine are firmicutes and bacteroidetes; the abun‐ dance of firmicutes and bacteroidetes in group A showed a significant differences before and after the experiment (P<0.05); there was no significant differ‐ ence in the abundance of gut microbiota between the control group and the experimental groups before and after the experiment (P>0.05); the abundance of bacteroidetes in group A was significantly different with that in group B (P<0.05); the abundance of bacterial phyla in the patella of group A was significantly different from that of group C (P<0.05). ③ After adding CPP to the diet, the total protein in the blood de‐ creases and the albumin increases. It indicates that adding CPP can increase the abundance of firmicutes, bacteroidetes, and patellar bacteria in the rumen of bulls; group A has a significant advantage in regulat‐ ing the gastrointestinal microbiota; adding CPP can significantly improve the immunity of bulls. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effects of intestinal microflora on extraintestinal immune response by intestinal cytokines and metabolites have been documented, but whether intestinal microbes stimulate serum antibody generation is unknown. Here, serum antibodies against 69 outer membrane proteins of Escherichia coli, a dominant bacterium in the human intestine, are detected in 141 healthy individuals of varying ages. Antibodies against E. coli outer membrane proteins are determined in all serum samples tested, and frequencies of antibodies to five outer membrane proteins (OmpA, OmpX, TsX, HlpA, and FepA) are close to 100%. Serum antibodies against E. coli outer membrane proteins are further validated by Western blot and bacterial pull-down. Moreover, the present study shows that OstA, HlpA, Tsx, NlpB, OmpC, YfcU, and OmpA provide specific immune protection against pathogenic E. coli, while HlpA and OmpA also exhibit cross-protection against Staphylococcus aureus infection. These finding indicate that intestinal E. coli activate extraintestinal antibody responses and provide anti-infective immunity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to investigate the effects of adding 2 ‰ Lithospermum erythrorhizon (LE) extract to the high soybean meal diet on the growth, intestinal antioxidant capacity, intestinal microbes, and metabolism of pearl gentian grouper (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus ♀ × E. lanceolatus ♂). Three diets included FM, SBM, and SBMLE, in which FM was the whole fish meal diet, SBM was the soybean meal replacing 50 % fish meal protein, and SBMLE was the SBM diet supplemented with 2 ‰ LE extract. After a 56-day feeding trial, the results showed the weight gain rate (WGR), specific growth rate (SGR), and feed efficiency rate (FER) of pearl gentian grouper in FM and SBMLE group was significantly higher than that of SBM (P < 0.05). Furthermore, high soybean meal dietary added LE extract inclusion significantly increased the SOD, CAT, and GSH-Px activity while significantly decreasing the MDA level (P < 0.05). Significant differences were in the gene expression of cytokines il1-β, il8, tnf-α, il10, and tgf-β between the SBMLE and SBM groups (P < 0.05). In addition, Microbiomics results revealed increased ASVs and alterations in gut microbiota composition, characterized by a decrease in Bacteroidota and an increase in Proteobacteria, Nautella, and lactococcus after adding LE extract. Furthermore, the substantial reduction in Firmicutes and Acidobacterota induced by high soybean meal feed was reversed by LE extract. Metabolic pathway enrichment analysis showed that LE extract mitigated soybean-induced enteritis (SBMIE) by affecting two critical metabolic pathways: arachidonic acid metabolism and histidine metabolism. In conclusion, adding LE extract to a high soybean meal diet can improve the growth performance and immunity of the pearl gentian grouper, and LE can play a mitigating role in SBMIE by regulating lipid metabolism, amino acid metabolism, and intestinal flora balance.

Hypericum perforatum L. (St. John's Wort) extract (HPE), powdered H. perforatum (PHP), and selenium (Se) on growth, intestinal flora, and immunity of broiler chicks were investigated. In total, 504 one-day-old broiler chicks were randomly allocated into 6 dietary treatments, which were then denoted as negative control (NC) group (basal diet), containing organic Se 0.2% in the starter and grower period as positive control (PC), containing 1% PHP in the starter and grower period, and HPE I, HPE II, and HPE III groups containing respectively, 1.5, 3.0, and 4.5 mL / kg HPE in the starter and grower period. The results on performance showed that a significant (P < 0.05) higher body weight of chickens in the HPE III group was observed when compared with that of the NC and PHP groups. Although average daily weight gain and feed intake are significant in the HPE III group, the difference in terms of total feed conversion rate was insignificant (P > 0.05). The liver weights in PC and HPE III were lower compared to HPE I (P < 0.05). The difference in total lactic acid bacteria count (TLABC) between the NC group and all HPE groups was found to be significant (P ˂ 0.05), in addition to TLABC was higher in the HPE III group than other groups (P = 0.001). The highest serum antibody titers to the Newcastle disease vaccine were determined in the HPE III group on the 24th, 35th, and 42nd days of age. IL-1B and IL-6 were found to be insignificant between the groups in chickens (P ˃ 0.05). TNF-α in the HPE III group was greatly increased than the other groups and significant compared to the NC and HPE I groups (P = 0.018). In conclusion, 4.5 mL / kg HPE, which has a low production cost and is easy to extract and without causing environmental problems, varied significantly in their impact on growth performance, intestinal microflora, and immunity of growing broilers.

Background Whole-plant corn silage (WPCS) is an important roughage source for livestock, and have critical influences on rumen or intestinal microbiota, thus affecting the growth performance and feed efficiency. Our previous studies showed that adding WPCS to the diet of Hezuo pigs could promote the growth and fiber digestibility. While the aim of this study is to understand the effect of dietary WPCS on the colonic microflora in Hezuo pigs, which is essential for improving the roughage exploitation of pigs. Methods Thirty-two Hezuo pigs with similar body weight (7.88 ± 0.81) kg were selected and randomly divided into four groups with eight pigs in each group. Pigs in the control group were fed a basal diet, pigs in the experimental groups (Groups I, II, and III) were fed basal diet supplemented with 5%, 10%, and 15% WPCS, respectively, under 120 d experimental period. Six pigs from each group were picked for collecting colonic contents samples. 16S rRNA sequencing was performed to analyze the colonic microbiota of experimental pigs. Results The results showed that community richness indexes Chao1 and Observed_species in group III of Hezuo pig were significantly lower than that of the other three groups, community diversity indexes Shannon and Simpson were significantly higher in group I and II in comparison to the control group, and significantly lower in group III in comparison to the control group, group I and II. Adding WPCS to the diet of Hezuo pigs has no influence on the colonic dominant phylum, Clostridium sensu stricto 1 and Rikenellaceae RC9 gut group were most prevalent in the colon of Hezuo pig. When compared with the control group, the relative abundance of Streptococcus was significantly decreased in three experimental groups, while p-251-o5, Parabacteroides, Prevotellaceae UCG-003, Prevotellaceae UCG-001, and F082 exhibited significantly higher relative abundances in at least two experimental groups. Fibrobacter, Rikenellaceae RC9 gut group in group I, UCG-010 in group II, Bacteroides in group III exhibited increased relative abundance as compared with the control group. PICRUSt functional annotation indicated that the functions of cellular process and signaling were significantly increased in all WPCS-rationed groups, cancers, nervous system, immune system and environmental adaptation were all differed from groups I and II; three predominant pathways of translation, nucleotide metabolism and signal were only differed from the group II. Conclusions Feeding with 5% and 10% WPCS for Hezuo pigs could improve their colonic microflora diversity, and increase the relative abundance of fiber-digesting bacteria, which may potentially help to improve the fibre digestibility of Hezuo pigs by regulating the microbial function of cellular process and signaling, nucleotide metabolism, translation.

ABSTRACT: This study investigated the impact of Hypericum attenuatum Choisy extract (HYG) on immunological function and the cecum microflora in broilers. A total of 240 one-day-old AA broilers were randomly divided into 5 groups with 6 replicates of 8 broilers each: 1) the CN group, in which broilers were injected with saline and fed a basal diet; 2) the PC group, in which broilers were injected with lipolyaccharide (LPS) and fed a basal diet; 3) the HYG1 group, in which broilers were injected with LPS and fed a 400 mg/kg HYG-supplemented diet; 4) the HYG2 group, in which broilers were injected with LPS and fed a 800 mg/kg HYG-supplemented diet; 5) the HYG3 group, in which broilers were injected with LPS and fed a 1,200 mg/kg HYG-supplemented diet. Broilers were injected with 1 mg/kg LPS or the same amount saline 12 hours before sampling on d 21 and 42. The results revealed that dietary 400 mg/kg HYG supplementation alleviated spleen index and thymus index abnormalities, balanced the disturbance of serum immunoglobulin (Ig)M and IgA levels, and regulated the cytokine balance in the serum, liver, spleen and jejunum tissues included induced by LPS. Dietary supplementation with 400 mg/kg HYG also downregulated the relative expression of the inhibitor of kappa B kinase alpha (IKKα) and interleukin (IL)-6 mRNAs in the liver and upregulated the relative expression of the inhibitor kappa B alpha (IκBα) and IL-10 mRNAs in the spleen. Dietary HYG improved the cecal microflora balance at 42 d by increasing the relative abundance of beneficial bacteria, such as Alistipes and Phascolarctobacterium, while reducing the relative abundance of harmful bacteria, such as Helicobacter and Colidextribacter. Spearman correlation analysis revealed a negative correlation between activation of the NF-κB inhibitory pathway in the liver and the presence of Phascolarctobacterium, Erysipelatoclostridium, Subdoligranulum and Parabacteroides. Conclusions: The incorporation of 400 mg/kg HYG into the diet was optimal in improving broiler immunological function.

Akkermansia muciniphila (Akk) is an important probiotic that can help alleviate metabolic disorders. Recent research indicates that pasteurized Akkermansia muciniphila (P-Akk) is even more effective. To investigate the effect of P-Akk on improving lipid metabolism disorders caused by a high-fat diet (HFD) in fish, zebrafish were fed two HFDs containing 0 (HFD group, as control) and 1 × 109 CFU/g P-Akk (P-Akk group) for 28 days. The addition of P-Akk significantly decreased the number of lipid droplets in the liver and improved the mitochondrial structure in the intestine, while also altering gene expression related to lipid metabolism in HFD-fed zebrafish. Furthermore, intestinal transcriptomic network analysis and results from primary intestinal cells indicated that P-Akk may enhance mitochondrial function by activating the AMPK/PGC1α pathway. Although P-Akk did not significantly alter the composition of the gut microbiota, it did increase the steady-state index of intestinal microbiota. Moreover, P-Akk upregulated the abundance of beneficial probiotics, (Plesiomonas, Cetobacterium, and Bacillus), while downregulating the abundance of pathogens (Aeromonas, Pseudomonas, Acinetobacter, and Streptococcus). Collectively, these findings indicate that P-Akk has the potential to serve as a green and safe feed additive for improving HFD-induced lipid metabolism disorders in fish.

ABSTRACT: This study was performed to investigate the effects of potassium diformate (KDF) on growth performance, apparent digestibility of nutrients, serum biochemical indices, and intestinal microflora of Cherry Valley ducks. In total, 144 female healthy 1-day-old Cherry Valley ducks were divided into 3 groups with 6 replicates per group and 8 ducks per replicate according to the principle of similar body weight. The control group was fed a basic diet. In the 2 experimental groups, 0.8% and 1.2% KDF was added to the basic diet, respectively. The trial period was 6 wk and the pretrial period was 3 wk. The final weight and ADG were significantly higher in the 0.8% KDF group than in the control group (P < 0.05). The feed-to-gain ratio was significantly lower in both KDF groups than in the control group (P < 0.05). The apparent digestibility of CP was significantly higher in both KDF groups than in the control group (P < 0.05). The apparent digestibility of calcium was also significantly higher in the 0.8% KDF group (P < 0.05). The serum levels of alkaline phosphatase, cholesterol, and total protein were significantly lower in the 0.8% KDF group than in the control group (P < 0.05), the IgM content was significantly higher (P < 0.05), the low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglyceride, and urea levels were significantly lower (P < 0.01), and the glucose level was significantly higher (P < 0.01). The serum total protein level was significantly higher in the 1.2% KDF group than in the control group (P < 0.05). The relative abundance of Firmicutes and Patescibacteria in the gut of ducks was significantly higher in the 0.8% KDF group than in the control group (P < 0.05), the relative abundance of unclassified Erysipelotrichaceae and Lactobacillus was significantly higher (P < 0.01), and the relative abundance of Fusobacteriota was significantly lower (P < 0.05). However, the relative abundance of Firmicutes in the gut of ducks was significantly higher in the 1.2% KDF group than in the control group (P < 0.05). The relative abundance of unclassified Erysipelotrichaceae and Clostridium sensu stricto 1 was significantly higher (P < 0.01), as was the relative abundance of Fusobacteriota and Proteobacteria (P < 0.05). These findings indicate that the addition of 0.8% KDF to the diet can improve the growth performance of Cherry Valley ducks, promote the absorption of nutrients, change the structure of the microflora in the cecum, and increase the relative abundance of dominant bacteria. It was also shown that there was a significant difference between the 0.8% and 1.2% KDF levels which suggest that the safety margin for overdosing is quite low.

Abstract Intestinal fibrosis is a prevalent complication of IBD that that can frequently be triggered by prolonged inflammation. Fibrosis in the gut can cause a number of issues, which continue as an ongoing challenge to healthcare systems worldwide. The primary causes of intestinal fibrosis are soluble molecules, G protein-coupled receptors, epithelial-to-mesenchymal or endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition, and the gut microbiota. Fresh perspectives coming from in vivo and in vitro experimental models demonstrate that fibrogenic pathways might be different, at least to some extent, independent of the ones that influence inflammation. Understanding the distinctive procedures of intestinal fibrogenesis should provide a realistic foundation for targeting and blocking specific fibrogenic pathways, estimating the risk of fibrotic consequences, detecting early fibrotic alterations, and eventually allowing therapy development. Here, we first summarize the inflammatory and non-inflammatory components of fibrosis, and then we elaborate on the underlying mechanism associated with multiple cytokines in fibrosis, providing the framework for future clinical practice. Following that, we discuss the relationship between modernization and disease, as well as the shortcomings of current studies. We outline fibrosis diagnosis and therapy, as well as our recommendations for the future treatment of intestinal fibrosis. We anticipate that the global review will provides a wealth of fresh knowledge and suggestions for future fibrosis clinical practice. Graphical Abstract

In order to study the effects of GABA-rich germinated adzuki bean on blood glucose level and intestinal flora in T2DM mice. C57BL/6J mice were used as subjects to construct T2DM model by high fat diet+STZ injection. Different doses of GABA-rich germinated adzuki bean were used to treat T2DM mice for 6 weeks and 16S rRNA sequencing technique was used to identify the microbial structure and distribution in the cecal contents of T2DM mice. The results showed that different doses of GABA-rich adzuki bean dietary intervention could significantly reduce the FBG value of T2DM mice, and the FBG value of high dose GABA-rich adzuki bean (TF3) group was 8.36±0.78 mmol/L, which was 54.09%, lower than that of model group (M). In addition, TF3 diet induced significant changes in intestinal flora abundance in T2DM mice. Firmicutes abundance at gate level was 35.96%, which decreased by 53.17% compared with M model group, and Bacteroidetes and Verrucomicrobia abundance were significantly up-regulated. In summary, the improvement of glucose and lipid metabolism by TF3 diet was significantly correlated with the abundance of dominant bacteria in Bacteroidetes and Verrucomicrobia, suggesting that high dose of GABA-rich adzuki bean diet could alleviate hyperglycemia symptoms in T2DM mice through beneficial bacteria, which provided reference for further explaining the relationship between T2DM and intestinal flora.

Abstract This study aimed to explore the gut microbiota characteristics of ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke patients. A case–control study was conducted, and high-throughput sequencing of the V4–V5 region of 16S rRNA was used to analyze the differences in gut microbiota. The results showed that Proteobacteria was significantly increased in the ischemic stroke group compared with the healthy control group, while Fusobacteria was significantly increased in the hemorrhagic stroke group. In the ischemic stroke group, Butyricimonas, Alloprevotella, and Escherichia were significantly more abundant than in the healthy control group. In the hemorrhagic stroke group, Atopobium, Hungatella, Eisenbergiella, Butyricimonas, Odonbacter, Lachnociostridium, Alistipes, Parabacteroides, and Fusobacterium were significantly more abundant than in the healthy control group. Additionally, Alloprevotella, Ruminococcus, and Prevotella were significantly more abundant in the ischemic stroke group than in the hemorrhagic stroke group. The gut microbiota of ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke patients has significant diversity characteristics. These results provide new theoretical basis for exploring the prevention and treatment of different types of stroke through gut microbiota research.

Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of lacidophilin on inflammation and intestinal microflora in H. pylori-induced gastritis mice. Methods: Established an H. pylori-infected mice model by orally administering an H. pylori suspension. The mice were randomly divided into a model group and a lacidophilin treatment group, which received treatment for four weeks. Gram staining, Warthin-Starry silver staining, and H. pylori immunohistochemical staining were conducted to confirm the colonization of H. pylori in the gastric mucosa of mice. Hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining was performed to observe any histopathological changes in the gastric mucosa of mice. Immunohistochemistry was carried out to observe the expression of iNOS, IL-1β, and 3-Nitrotyrosine in the gastric mucosa of mice. Additionally, the structure of intestinal microflora was analyzed using 16S rRNA sequencing. Results: The successful establishment of H. pylori-infected mice. Lacidophilin improved the stomach histopathological morphology in mice with H. pylori-induced gastritis and inhibited iNOS, IL-1β, and 3-Nitrotyrosine expression in the gastric mucosa. The composition and structure of the gut microbiota among the lacidophilin group showed noticeable differences in comparison to the H. pylori-infected group. Lacidophilin augmented the diversity of intestinal microflora in H. pylori-infected mice by regulating the abundance of Firmicutes, Actinobacteriota, Bacteroidete, and Verrucomicrobiota. At the genus level, Lacidophilin resulted in significant growth stimulation of beneficial bacteria such as g_norank_f_Muribaculaceae, Akkermansia, and Alistipes, while suppressing the proliferation of inflammation-related bacteria such as Dubosiella, thereby improving the composition and structure of the gut microbiota. Conclusion: Lacidophilin has the potential to rebalance the composition and structure of gut microbiota that has been compromised by H. pylori infection. It may have a protective effect on mice with H. pylori-induced gastritis by promoting the growth of beneficial bacteria, reducing inflammatory reactions, and alleviating oxidative damage to the gastric mucosa.

Pesticides are used to ensure the mass production and quality of foods, depending on the environment where they are grown. Trace amounts of pesticides are ingested through diet and high ratios of its components have been detected in humans. Neonicotinoid insecticides are nicotine analogs that disrupt neurons, induce neural excitation, and cause behavioral abnormalities and chronic toxicity. The herbicide glyphosate causes behavioral disorders due to abnormalities in the balance of intestinal microflora. These abnormalities can be found in the F2-generation and beyond. Glyphosate decreases the number and size of experimental animal fetuses, possibly through abnormal deoxyribonucleic acid methylation in parental germ cells, resulting in transgenerational toxicity. It also causes the death of dopamine neurons, which are believed to be involved in the development of Parkinson’s disease (PD). The intestinal microflora is considerably altered by ingesting pesticides used in crops. Lactic acid bacteria and some other intestinal bacteria have gut-regulating and immunomodulatory effects that have recently been implicated in neurological disorders, such as depression and dementia. Therefore, a healthy diet should be traced back to crops. An agriculture-medicine partnership linking “agriculture” and “preventive medicine” has recently been considered important based on the hypothesis that agriculture and health sectors should collaborate to create a healthy environment for producing healthy food. Although food considerations tend to focus on the functionality of vegetable and fruit components, that of environmental bacteria should also be considered.

To explore the mechanism of fermented Cyclocarya paliurus in preventing and controlling type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) combined with liver injury, in this study, Cyclocarya paliurus was inoculated and fermented by Eurotium cristatum, and T2DM rats model combined with liver injury was established with high-fat and high-sugar feed and streptozotocin injection. The normal group, the model group, and the different dose groups were set up, and the hypoglycemic drug metformin was used as the positive control group, to compare the effect of Cyclocarya paliurus fermentation in preventing and controlling diabetes mellitus combined with liver injury. Results showed that Cyclocarya paliurus fermentation could significantly reduce fasting blood glucose and improve glucose tolerance in rats with T2DM combined with liver injury, and also significantly reduce the serum levels of total cholesterol, triglyceride, low density lipoprotein-cholesterol, alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase and alleviate the hepatic injury in rats with T2DM combined with liver injury. Meanwhile, it was found that the high-dose group could significantly increase the diversity of intestinal flora in rats, up-regulate Firmicutes/ Bacteroidetes ratios to maintain the stability of intestinal flora structure, increase the abundance of probiotics such as Lactobacillus, and decrease the abundance of inflammatory microorganisms such as Escherichia-Shigella in the intestinal tract. In conclusion, Cyclocarya paliurus fermentation could effectively improve the glucose and lipid metabolism in rats with T2DM combined with liver injury, promote the proliferation of beneficial bacteria in the intestinal tract, alleviate the imbalance of intestinal microflora, and consolidate the defense function of the intestinal tract. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Intestinal fibrosis is a prevalent complication of IBD that that can frequently be triggered by prolonged inflammation. Fibrosis in the gut can cause a number of issues, which continue as an ongoing challenge to healthcare systems worldwide. The primary causes of intestinal fibrosis are soluble molecules, G protein-coupled receptors, epithelial-to-mesenchymal or endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition, and the gut microbiota. Fresh perspectives coming from in vivo and in vitro experimental models demonstrate that fibrogenic pathways might be different, at least to some extent, independent of the ones that influence inflammation. Understanding the distinctive procedures of intestinal fibrogenesis should provide a realistic foundation for targeting and blocking specific fibrogenic pathways, estimating the risk of fibrotic consequences, detecting early fibrotic alterations, and eventually allowing therapy development. Here, we first summarize the inflammatory and non-inflammatory components of fibrosis, and then we elaborate on the underlying mechanism associated with multiple cytokines in fibrosis, providing the framework for future clinical practice. Following that, we discuss the relationship between modernization and disease, as well as the shortcomings of current studies. We outline fibrosis diagnosis and therapy, as well as our recommendations for the future treatment of intestinal fibrosis. We anticipate that the global review will provides a wealth of fresh knowledge and suggestions for future fibrosis clinical practice. Highlights: Since the intestinal tract is an extremely complex organ of immune regulation, the occurrence and development of intestinal fibrosis are more complex, as well as cardiovascular system, it has received more attention. Fibrosis triggered by prolonged chronic inflammation is an immensely complicated disorder. Considering there is an abundance of inflammatory variables involved, fibrosis therapy becomes challenging Disturbance of the intestinal milieu and cytokines in gut are potential fibrogenesis routes as well. Intestinal fibrosis can substantially impede bodily function, so fibrosis relief is crucial. The bidirectional regulation of cytokines in the cellular route, inflammatory response and fibrosis has attracted wide attention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The use of phytobiotic as functional feed additives is a promising inducer for growth performance and immune response in the Pacific whiteleg shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei). It can be also commercially applied in combination with chemotherapeutic agents and vaccines. This study was carried out to evaluate the use of a commercial phytobiotic feed additive, Sanacore® GM, containing vegetable fatty acids and inactivated Saccharomyces cerevisiae with herbal extracts, on growth, body composition, non-specific immune response, antioxidant index, intestinal microflora count, and fungal resistance to Fusarium solani challenge in Pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei. Shrimp juveniles (5.00 ± 0.1 g) were randomly distributed into 12 hapas (1 m3) in triplicates at a stocking density of 20 shrimp per hapa and fed increasing levels of Sanacore® (0, 0.1, 0.2, and 0.3%) for 63 days. At the end of the feeding trial, the experimental shrimp were infected with F. solani, and mortality was recorded for 15 days. Results revealed that growth performance, feed utilization, and whole-body protein deposition were improved with increasing dietary sanacore levels. A significant improvement was reported in cellular (hemocyte counts, phagocytosis, phagocytic index, respiratory burst activity) and humoral (lysozyme and phenoloxidase) immune responses with higher dietary sanacore levels. Superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase were notably improved in shrimp-fed sanacore-supplemented diets. Meanwhile, malondialdehyde level was significantly decreased in all sanacore-supplemented shrimp. Furthermore, the dietary sanacore consistently increased probiotic bacterial counts and decreased enteric and Clostridium sp. counts in the intestine. Juveniles fed with Sanacore exhibited significantly lower mortality rates when challenged with F. solani. In conclusion, dietary sanacore could exhibit a profitable effect on the growth performance, antioxidant capacity, immunity, intestinal microbial, and the health condition of L. vannamei. Thus, sanacore can be used as an attractive feed supplement in the L. vannamei diet (0.2–0.3%), providing more insights into its application in aquaculture as a functional immunostimulant feed additive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This experiment aimed to investigate the effect of sea buckthorn meal alone and in combination with bilberry leaves on growth performance, health status and intestinal microflora in broiler chickens. A total of 90 healthy 1-day-old Cobb 500 broilers were randomly divided into 3 treatment groups and housed in digestibility cages under controlled environmental conditions. The dietary treatments included a basal diet (T0), a basal diet +1% sea buckthorn meal (T1) and a basal diet + 1% sea buckthorn meal and bilberry leaves (T2). The results showed that experimental diets did not influenced the growth performance. At 42 d, T2 had the highest serum iron level among the three groups. Compared to T0, T1 and T2 significantly reduced Enterobacteriaceae, E.coli and staphylococci in the cecal and intestinal contents and improved the lactobacilli populations number. The most effective way to reduce the number of harmful bacteria in the cecal content was through the diet that contained sea buckthorn meal alone. In conclusion, adding sea buckthorn meal in the diet of broiler chickens can be an effective solution to promote a healthy gut microflora. This aligns with the current strategy of reducing agro-industrial food waste by repurposing it in other industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective and design: Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a multi-faceted, recurrent immune disorder caused by dextran sulfate sodium (DSS). The intestinal microbiota has multiple functions in the host, so UC requires long-term potent medication. The effect of resveratrol (RSV) has seldom been reported, and this study researched that. Herein, the effect of RSV and Grape seed oil that anti-inflammatory ability in experimental mice was explored, also why RSV altered Gut Microbiota has been researched. Materials and methods: In this experiment, the effects of experimental drugs on colon length in mice with DSS-induced colitis were compared. H&E Staining was performed on serial sections of colon tissues and histological scores were determined for all groups. The expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in the colon tissue of mice was detected by immunohistochemical staining. In the end, the α-diversity index, sobs index, and rarefaction curve of the cecal and colon microbiota of different groups of mice were measured. Bray–Curtis-based Venn diagram of PCoA (principal coordinate analysis) and OTUs distribution in mouse gut microbiota were obtained. Results: The results showed that the use of 40 mg/kg RSV (high dose) significantly reduced the severity of UC. The use of 10 mg/kg RSV (low dose) significantly reduced the effect of shortened colon length in DSS mice. Compared with the DSS-treated group, the levels of COX-2 and TNF-α in the colon tissues of RSV + DSS-treated mice were significantly decreased. According to this experiment, 19 mouse gut microbiota species had a relative abundance greater than 0.1%, with Beerella, Bacteroides, Helicobacter, Oscillator, and cecum pylori being more abundant in the colon than in the colon. A higher relative abundance of Lachnospira NK4A136 was observed in DSS and RSV groups compared with the control group, whereas the opposite was observed for Alloprevotella. This proves that resveratrol increases the uniformity and diversity of gut microbes to a certain extent, and has a protective effect on the gut. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This study aimed to explore the gut microbiota characteristics of ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke patients. A case–control study was conducted, and high-throughput sequencing of the V4–V5 region of 16S rRNA was used to analyze the differences in gut microbiota. The results showed that Proteobacteria was significantly increased in the ischemic stroke group compared with the healthy control group, while Fusobacteria was significantly increased in the hemorrhagic stroke group. In the ischemic stroke group, Butyricimonas, Alloprevotella, and Escherichia were significantly more abundant than in the healthy control group. In the hemorrhagic stroke group, Atopobium, Hungatella, Eisenbergiella, Butyricimonas, Odonbacter, Lachnociostridium, Alistipes, Parabacteroides, and Fusobacterium were significantly more abundant than in the healthy control group. Additionally, Alloprevotella, Ruminococcus, and Prevotella were significantly more abundant in the ischemic stroke group than in the hemorrhagic stroke group. The gut microbiota of ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke patients has significant diversity characteristics. These results provide new theoretical basis for exploring the prevention and treatment of different types of stroke through gut microbiota research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: With the worsening of the greenhouse effect, the correlation between the damp-heat environment (DH) and the incidence of various diseases has gained increasing attention. Previous studies have demonstrated that DH can lead to intestinal disorders, enteritis, and an up-regulation of NODlike receptor protein 3 (NLRP3). However, the mechanism of NLRP3 in this process remains unclear. Methods: We established a DH animal model to observe the impact of a high temperature and humidity environment on the mice. We sequenced the 16S rRNA of mouse feces, and the RNA transcriptome of intestinal tissue, as well as the levels of cytokines including interferon (IFN)-g and interleukin (IL)-4 in serum. Results: Our results indicate that the intestinal macrophage infiltration and the expression of inflammatory genes were increased in mice challenged with DH for 14 days, while the M2 macrophages were decreased in Nlrp3-/-mice. The alpha diversity of intestinal bacteria in Nlrp3-/- mice was significantly higher than that in control mice, including an up-regulation of the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio. Transcriptomic analysis revealed 307 differentially expressed genes were decreased in Nlrp3-/- mice compared with control mice, which was related to humoral immune response, complement activation, phagocytic recognition, malaria and inflammatory bowel disease. The ratio of IFN-g/IL-4 was decreased in control mice but increased in Nlrp3-/- mice. Conclusions: Our study found that the inflammation induced by DH promotes Th2-mediated immunity via NLRP3, which is closely related to the disruption of intestinal flora. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a maladaptive response to the exposure of an extraordinary-intensity stressor. The animal and human body responds to any external challenges at the systemic, organismal and cellular levels. In stress-sensitive individuals, the collaboration of stress-implementing and stress-limiting systems is compromised, causing the transformation of behavior, cognitive abilities and other functions of the central nervous system. It is commonly accepted now that changes in the abundance and repertoire of the intestinal microbiota play an important role in the pathogenesis of PTSD. In this regard, the methods of improving the microflora are high on the agenda. Analyzing the literature data, we came to the conclusion that metabolic, somatic and mental health largely depends on the coordinated functioning of the key interdependent metabolic components: hepatobiliary system, intestinal microbiota and, as we believe, the state of mast cells. Close scrutiny of the interplay of these components will help identify new therapeutic targets and the most effective methods to treat PTSD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We have investigated various health benefits and impact on intestinal flora by ingested sour-bread baked with plant-derived lactic acid bacteria (LAB) in our previous animal studies. Among these results, it is of great interest that two of the plant- derived lactic acid bacteria, both Pediococcus pentosaceus LP28 and Lacticaseibacillus paracasei (formerly Lactobacillus paracasei) IJH-SONE68 with their exopolysaccharide have been shown to prevent picryl chloride-induced allergic inflammation and be effective high-fat diet-induced obesity. Our result suggests unique benefits of plant-derived LAB through not only functional molecules produced by them but also variability of intestinal microflora. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study explored the potential protective impact of the probiotic fungus Eurotium amstelodami in Fuzhuan brick tea on ulcerative colitis, along with the underlying mechanism. A spore suspension of E. amstelodami was administered to C57BL/6 mice to alleviate DSS-induced colitis. The findings indicated that administering E. amstelodami evidently enhanced the ultrastructure of colonic epithelium, showing characteristics such as enhanced TJ length, reduced microvilli damage, and enlarged intercellular space. After HLL supplementation, the activation of the liver inflammation pathway, including TLR4/NF-kB and NLRP3 inflammasome caused by DSS, was significantly suppressed, and bile acid metabolism, linking liver and gut, was enhanced, manifested by restoration of bile acid receptor (FXR, TGR5) level. The dysbiosis of the gut microbes in colitis mice was also restored by HLL intervention, characterized by the enrichment of beneficial bacteria (Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, Akkermansia, and Faecalibaculum) and fungi (Aspergillus, Trichoderma, Wallemia, Eurotium, and Cladosporium), which was closely associated with lipid metabolism and amino acid metabolism, and was negatively correlated with inflammatory gene expression. Hence, the recovery of gut microbial community structure, implicated deeply in the inflammatory index and metabolites profile, might play a crucial role in the therapeutic mechanism of HLL on colitis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sleep deprivation (SD) leads to impaired intestinal barrier function and intestinal flora disorder, especially a reduction in the abundance of the next generation of probiotic Faecalibacterium prausnitzii (F. prausnitzii). However, it remains largely unclear whether F. prausnitzii can ameliorate SD-induced intestinal barrier damage. A 72 h SD mouse model was used in this research, with or without the addition of F. prausnitzii. The findings indicated that pre-colonization with F. prausnitzii could protect against tissue damage from SD, enhance goblet cell count and MUC2 levels in the colon, boost tight-junction protein expression, decrease macrophage infiltration, suppress pro-inflammatory cytokine expression, and reduce apoptosis. We found that the presence of F. prausnitzii helped to balance the gut microbiota in SD mice by reducing harmful bacteria like Klebsiella and Staphylococcus, while increasing beneficial bacteria such as Akkermansia. Ion chromatography analysis revealed that F. prausnitzii pretreatment increased the fecal butyrate level in SD mice. Overall, these results suggested that incorporating F. prausnitzii could help reduce gut damage caused by SD, potentially by enhancing the intestinal barrier and balancing gut microflora. This provides a foundation for utilizing probiotics to protect against intestinal illnesses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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• Three commercial BSF colonies were identified in China. • Enterococcus and V agococcus are dominant genera in cold-tolerant BSFL bred at 16℃. • A series of gene pathways are associated with the development of cold tolerance. The larvae of black soldier fly (BSFL) convert organic waste into insect proteins used as feedstuff for livestock and aquaculture. BSFL production performance is considerably reduced during winter season. Herein, the intraspecific diversity of ten commercial BSF colonies collected in China was evaluated. The Bioforte colony was subjected to selective breeding at 12 °C and 16 °C to develop cold-tolerant BSF with improved production performance. After breeding for nine generations, the weight of larvae, survival rate, and the dry matter conversion rate significantly increased. Subsequently, intestinal microbiota in the cold-tolerant strain showed that bacteria belonging to Morganella , Dysgonomonas , Salmonella , Pseudochrobactrum , and Klebsiella genera were highly represented in the 12 °C bred, while those of Acinetobacte r, Pseudochrobactrum , Enterococcus , Comamonas , and Leucobacter genera were significantly represented in the 16 °C bred group. Metagenomic revealed that several animal probiotics of the Enterococcus and Vagococcus genera were greatly enriched in the gut of larvae bred at 16 °C. Moreover, bacterial metabolic pathways including carbohydrate, lipid, amino acids, and cofactors and vitamins, were significantly increased, while organismal systems and human diseases was decreased in the 16 °C bred group. Transcriptomic analysis revealed that the upregulated differentially expressed genes in the 16 °C bred groups mainly participated in Autophagy-animal, AMPK signaling pathway, mTOR signaling pathway, Wnt signaling pathway, FoxO signaling pathway, Hippo signaling pathway at day 34 under 16 °C conditions, suggesting their significant role in the survival of BSFL. Taken together, these results shed lights on the role of intestinal microflora and gene pathways in the adaptation of BSF larvae to cold stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ulcerative colitis (UC) is one of the most prevalent inflammatory bowel diseases and poses a serious threat to human health. Currently, safe and effective preventive measures are unavailable. In this study, the protective effects of asiaticoside (AS) on dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)‐induced colitis in mice and the underlying molecular mechanism were investigated. In this experiment, colitis was induced in mice with DSS. Subsequently, the role of AS in colitis and its underlying mechanisms were examined using H&E staining, immunofluorescence staining, western blot, Elisa, FMT, and other assays. The results showed that AS significantly attenuated the related symptoms of DSS‐induced colitis in mice. In addition, AS inhibited the activation of signaling pathways TLR4/NF‐κB and MAPK reduced the release of inflammatory factors, thereby attenuating the inflammatory response in mice. AS administration also restored the permeability of the intestinal barrier by increasing the levels of tight junction‐associated proteins (claudin‐3, occludin, and ZO‐1). In addition, AS rebalanced the intestinal flora of DSS‐treated mice by increasing the diversity of the flora. AS can alleviate DSS‐induced ulcerative colitis in mice by maintaining the intestinal barrier, thus inhibiting the signaling pathways TLR4/NF‐κB and MAPK activation, reducing the release of inflammatory factors, and regulating intestinal microecology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Host-microbial interactions are expected to affect species’ adaptability to climate change but have rarely been explored in ectothermic animals. Some studies have shown that short-term warming reduced gut microbial diversity that could hamper host functional performance. Results However, our longitudinal experiments in semi-natural conditions demonstrated that warming decreased gut microbiota diversity at 2 months, but increased diversity at 13 and 27 months in a desert lizard (Eremias multiocellata). Simultaneously, long-term warming significantly increased the antibacterial activity of serum, immune responses (higher expression of intestinal immune-related genes), and the concentration of short-chain fatty acids (thereby intestinal barrier and immunity) in the lizard. Fecal microbiota transplant experiments further revealed that increased diversity of gut microbiota significantly enhanced antibacterial activity and the immune response of lizards. More specifically, the enhanced immunity is likely due to the higher relative abundance of Bacteroides in warming lizards, given that the bacteria of Bacteroides fragilis regulated IFN-β expression to increase the immune response of lizards under a warming climate. Conclusions Our study suggests that gut microbiota can help ectotherms cope with climate warming by enhancing host immune response, and highlights the importance of long-term studies on host-microbial interactions and their biological impacts. Graphical Abstract Video Abstract

Antibacterial preparations are used to prevent bacterial diseases in poultry when raising broilers but given the negative factor of their residual accumulation in meat and the acquisition of resistance by pathogens, it became necessary to find alternative means. The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of various concentrations of Bacillus coagulans on the growth and development of broiler chickens. Methods employed: microbiological; physiological to determine the state of health and safety of chickens; zootechnical; pathological; statistical. The chickens in the experiment had a higher live weight at Day 35: in Group 1 – by 11%, in Group 2 – by 15.4%, and in Group 3 – by 18.4%, as opposed to the control. The average daily body weight gain of chickens in groups with B. coagulans was higher, in Group 1–by 10.8%, in Group 2–by 15%, and in Group 3–by 18.3%. The preservation rate in all experimental groups, regardless of the probiotic concentration, was 100%, while in the control group – 80%. There was an increase in live weight in the following groups: Group 1–by 11%, Group 2 – by 15.5%, Group 3 – by 19%. Feed conversion was lower in Group 1 by 5.3%, in Group 2 – by 3.4%, and in Group 3 – by 2%, compared to the control. At the end of the study, the level of Lactobacillus sp. in the intestines of chickens in Group 1 was 33.78% higher, in Group 2 – by 50%, in Group 3 – by 78.37%; a decrease in the content of Enterobacteriaceae sp. in Group 1–by 51.48%, in Group 2 – by 65.11%, in Group 3–by 90.67%; Staphylococcus sp. in Group 1–by 15.04%, in Group 2–by 35.44%, in Group 3–by 51.47% (p≤0.05), in contrast to the control. The average bursal weight in Group 1 was 4.82% higher, in Group 2–30% higher, in Group 3–37.53% higher, and the bursal index was 15%, 25%, and 30% higher, respectively, compared to the control

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Infection by an emerging bacterial pathogen Rahnella aquatilis caused enteritis and septicemia in fish. However, the molecular pathogenesis of enteritis induced by R. aquatilis infection and its interacting mechanism of the intestinal microflora associated with microRNA (miRNA) immune regulation in crucian carp Carassius auratus are still unclear. In this study, C. auratus intraperitoneally injected with R. aquatilis KCL-5 was used as an experimental animal model, and the intestinal pathological changes, microflora, and differentially expressed miRNAs (DEMs) were investigated by multi-omics analysis. The significant changes in histopathological features, apoptotic cells, and enzyme activities (e.g., lysozyme (LYS), alkaline phosphatase (AKP), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST), and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px)) in the intestine were examined after infection. Diversity and composition analysis of the intestinal microflora clearly demonstrated four dominant bacteria: Proteobacteria, Fusobacteria, Bacteroidetes, and Firmicutes. A total of 87 DEMs were significantly screened, and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analyses revealed that the potential target genes were mainly involved in the regulation of lipid, glutathione, cytosine, and purine metabolism, which participated in the local immune response through the intestinal immune network for IgA production, lysosome, and Toll-like receptor (TLR) pathways. Moreover, the expression levels of 11 target genes (e.g., TLR3, MyD88, NF-ĸB, TGF-β, TNF-α, MHC II, IL-22, LysC, F2, F5, and C3) related to inflammation and immunity were verified by qRT-PCR detection. The correlation analysis indicated that the abundance of intestinal Firmicutes and Proteobacteria was significantly associated with the high local expression of miR-203/NF-ĸB, miR-129/TNF-α, and miR-205/TGF-β. These findings will help to elucidate the molecular regulation mechanism of the intestinal microflora, inflammation, and immune response-mediated miRNA--target gene axis in cyprinid fish. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Journal of Food Science & Biotechnology is the property of Journal of Food Science & Biotechnology Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Specific bacteria and dysbacteriosis in the gastrointestinal tract are closely related to the occurrence and development of tumors. At present, immunotherapy has made significant progress in the field of esophageal cancer treatment, bringing new hope to some esophageal cancer patients. However, the efficacy of immunotherapy for esophageal cancer is influenced by many factors, such as intestinal microflora. Therefore, regulating the level of microorganisms and enriching the microbiota in the intestine may achieve the goal of improving the efficacy of immunotherapy for esophageal cancer. The article reviews the role of gut microbiota in the occurrence and development of esophageal cancer, as well as its impact on the efficacy of tumor immunotherapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]