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Background: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a common cancer that causes millions of deaths worldwide each year. At present, numerous studies have confirmed that intestinal microbes play a crucial role in the process of CRC. Additionally, studies have shown that CRC can be divided into several consensus molecular subtypes (CMS) based on tumor gene expression, and CRC microbiomes have been reported related to CMS. However, most previous studies on intestinal microbiome of CRC have only compared patients with healthy controls, without classifying of CRC patients based on intestinal microbial composition. Results: In this study, a CRC cohort including 339 CRC samples and 333 healthy controls was selected as the discovery set, and the CRC samples were divided into two subgroups (234 Subgroup1 and 105 Subgroup2) using PAM clustering algorithm based on the intestinal microbial composition. We found that not only the microbial diversity was significantly different (Shannon index, p-value < 0.05), but also 129 shared genera altered (p-value < 0.05) between the two CRC subgroups, including several marker genera in CRC, such as Fusobacterium and Bacteroides. A random forest algorithm was used to construct diagnostic models, which showed significantly higher efficiency when the CRC samples were divided into subgroups. Then an independent cohort including 187 CRC samples (divided into 153 Subgroup1 and 34 Subgroup2) and 123 healthy controls was chosen to validate the models, and confirmed the results. Conclusions: These results indicate that the divided CRC subgroups can improve the efficiency of disease diagnosis, with various microbial composition in the subgroups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Obesity, which is always accompanied by disorders of lipid metabolism and dysbiosis of the gut microbiota, has become a global epidemic recognised by the World Health Organisation, necessitating innovative strategies and a globally accepted agreement on treating obesity and its related complications. Probiotics, as major active ingredients in many foods, offer potential as biological treatments for obesity prevention and management. Lactobacillus plantarum (L. plantarum) possesses a wide range of biological activities and is widely used to alleviate and ameliorate various diseases. This research demonstrated that Lactobacillus plantarum reduces the weight increase and fat build-up caused by a high-fat diet (HFD) in mice, while also improving glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity in obese mice. Results indicated that L. plantarum effectively controlled the intestinal microbial community's structure, counteracted disruptions in gut flora caused by HFD, normalized the Firmicutes to Bacteroidota ratio (F/B), and decreased the prevalence of detrimental bacteria Desulfovibrio and Clostridia. Serum metabolomics findings indicate notable alterations in serum metabolites across various groups, notably the increased levels of Isoprothiolane and Inosine, key regulators of lipid metabolism disorders and enhancers of fat burning. These differential metabolites were mainly enriched in unsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis, sulfur metabolism, fatty acid biosynthesis, and purine metabolism. Consequently, we propose that L. plantarum has the potential to alter the gut microbial community's composition, positioning it as a promising option for obesity therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study used berberine hydrochloride to treat the Asian paddle crab, Charybdis japonica infected with the Gram-negative bacterium Aeromonas hydrophila at concentrations of 0, 100, 200 and 300 mg/L. The effect of berberine hydrochloride on the survival rate and gut microbiota of C. japonica was investigated. Berberine hydrochloride improved the stability of the intestinal flora, with an increase in the abundance of probiotic species and a decrease in the abundance of both pathogenic bacteria after treatment with high concentrations of berberine hydrochloride. Berberine hydrochloride altered peroxidase activity (POD), malondialdehyde (MDA), and lipid peroxidation (LPO) in the intestinal tract compared to the control. Berberine hydrochloride could modulate the energy released from the enzyme activities of hexokinase (HK), phosphofructokinase (PFK), and pyruvate kinase (PK) in the intestinal tract of C. japonica infected with A. hydrophila. Zona occludens 1 (ZO-1), Zinc finger E-box binding homeobox 1 (ZEB1), occludin and signal transducer, and activator of transcription5b (STAT5b) expression were also increased, which improved intestinal barrier function. The results of this study provide new insights into the role of berberine hydrochloride in intestinal immune mechanisms and oxidative stress in crustaceans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract This study used berberine hydrochloride to treat the Asian paddle crab, Charybdis japonica infected with the Gram-negative bacterium Aeromonas hydrophila at concentrations of 0, 100, 200 and 300 mg/L. The effect of berberine hydrochloride on the survival rate and gut microbiota of C. japonica was investigated. Berberine hydrochloride improved the stability of the intestinal flora, with an increase in the abundance of probiotic species and a decrease in the abundance of both pathogenic bacteria after treatment with high concentrations of berberine hydrochloride. Berberine hydrochloride altered peroxidase activity (POD), malondialdehyde (MDA), and lipid peroxidation (LPO) in the intestinal tract compared to the control. Berberine hydrochloride could modulate the energy released from the enzyme activities of hexokinase (HK), phosphofructokinase (PFK), and pyruvate kinase (PK) in the intestinal tract of C. japonica infected with A. hydrophila. Zona occludens 1 (ZO-1), Zinc finger E-box binding homeobox 1 (ZEB1), occludin and signal transducer, and activator of transcription5b (STAT5b) expression were also increased, which improved intestinal barrier function. The results of this study provide new insights into the role of berberine hydrochloride in intestinal immune mechanisms and oxidative stress in crustaceans.

As an indispensable part of insects, intestinal symbiotic bacteria play a vital role in the growth and development of insects and their adaptability. Rhoptroceros cyatheae, the main pest of the relict plant Alsophila spinulosa, poses a serious threat to the development of the A. spinulosa population. In the present study, 16S rDNA and internal transcribed spacer high-throughput sequencing techniques were used to analyze the structure of intestinal microbes and the diversity of the insect feeding on two different plants, as well as the similarities between the intestinal microorganisms of R. cyatheae. The dominant bacteria of leaf endophytes were also compared based on the sequencing data. The results showed that Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, and Actinobacteria were the dominant phyla of intestinal bacteria, and Ascomycota was the dominant phylum of intestinal fungi. Allorhizobium-Neorhizobium-Pararhizobium-Rhizobium, Methylobacterium-Methylorubrum, and Enterococcus were the dominant genera in the intestine of R. cyatheae feeding on two plants, and the relative abundance was significantly different between the two groups. Candida was the common dominant genus of intestinal fungi in the two groups, and no significant difference was observed in its abundance between the two groups. This showed that compared with the intestinal fungi of R. cyatheae, the abundance of the intestinal bacteria was greatly affected by food. The common core microbiota between the microorganisms in A. spinulosa leaves and the insect gut indicated the presence of a microbial exchange between the two. The network correlation diagram showed that the gut microbes of R. cyatheae feeding on Gymnosphaera metteniana were more closely related to each other, which could help the host to better cope with the adverse external environment. This study provides a theoretical basis for the adaptation mechanism of R. cyatheae and a new direction for the effective prevention and control of R. cyatheae. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pediatric intestinal development is immature, vulnerable to external influences and produce a variety of intestinal diseases. At present, breakthroughs have been made in the treatment of pediatric intestinal diseases, but there are still many challenges, such as toxic side effects, drug resistance, and the lack of more effective treatments and specific drugs. In recent years, dietary polyphenols derived from plants have become a research hotspot in the treatment of pediatric intestinal diseases due to their outstanding pharmacological activities such, as anti‐inflammatory, antibacterial, antioxidant and regulation of intestinal flora. This article reviewed the mechanism of action and clinical evidence of dietary polyphenols in the treatment of pediatric intestinal diseases, and discussed the influence of physiological characteristics of children on the efficacy of polyphenols, and finally prospected the new dosage forms of polyphenols in pediatrics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plant extracts are natural active substances derived from plants, which have the functions of anti-oxidation, anti-inflammation, regulating flora. They are widely used in medicine, food and other fields. Many studies have showed that plant extracts have great beneficial effects in animal husbandry and are important green feed additives. In this paper, the research progress on application of plant extracts in laying hens was reviewed. The regulatory effects of plant polyphenols, plant polysaccharides, plant flavonoids and alkaloids on the productive performance, anti-oxidative, immune function, lipid metabolism and intestinal flora of layers were emphatically described. The purpose of this paper was to provide reference for the application in layer production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Improving the number of amino acids and unsaturated fatty acids in the diet is a good way to raise the quality of the meat. Currently, most research on the quality of broiler meat focuses on genetic traits; nevertheless, it is unclear how meat quality is regulated. This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of different supplemental levels of walnut meal (WM) on growth performance, amino acid and fatty acid composition, microbial composition, and meat quality of white feather broilers. 1 week old white feather broilers (n = 120; Body weight 83.76 ± 2.32 g), were randomly divided into 3 treatments and 4 replicates. Walnut meal of basic diet (CK), 5 %(WM-L) and 10 %(WM-H) were added to the diets of white feather broilers, respectively. The results showed that walnut meal could increase L* 24 h (24 h brightness) of breast muscle of white feathered broilers (p

The effects of selenium supplementation in Tachysurus fulvidraco (T. fulvidraco) on low-temperature stress are not known. In this study, 280 healthy T. fulvidraco were divided into two groups, the G0 group (a control group) and the T0 group (a selenium treatment group on a 0.22 mg/kg diet), for a 6-week feeding time. Then, low-temperature stress (water temperature dropped from 26 to 13 °C, with a rate of 1 °C/h) was administered after that. The feeding results showed that selenium increased the percent weight gain (PWG), specific growth rate (SGR), and survival rate (SR) of T. fulvidraco and decreased the feed conversion rate (FCR), but these differences were not significant (p > 0.05). Under low temperatures, selenium still has no significant effects on antioxidant indexes such as glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, and malondialdehyde (MDA) content in serum (p > 0.05). However, metabolomic analysis revealed that selenium caused changes in lipids and lipid-like molles, organic acids and their derivatives, and fatty acyls. Choline, linoleic acid, and glycerophospholipid metabolism pathways; d-arginine and d-ornithine metabolism; valine, leucine, and isoleucine degradation; and biosynthesis pathways, as well as pyrimidine metabolism pathways, were activated to produce these metabolites to combat against this stress. In addition, selenium increased the diversity of intestinal microbes in T. fulvidraco and decreased the relative abundance of Plesiomonas. However, the combined analysis showed the intestinal microbe changes did not affect metabolite production. In summary, selenium activated lipid, carbohydrate, and amino acid metabolism for energy substance provision, reduced the oxidation and production of other harmful substances, and increased the intestinal microbe diversity of T. fulvidraco to improve resistance to low-temperature stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Obesity increases the risk of cognitive impairment and dementia, and the gut microbiota can affect brain cognitive function and obesity through a variety of pathways such as the gut-brain axis. This study aimed to discover how fatty acid affect cognitive function by regulating intestinal flora in obesity. Obese subjects were recruited for cognitive function assessment, and participants were divided into obese group with cognitive impairment (MCI, n = 49) and obese cognitively normal group (Non_MCI, n = 55). In the erythrocyte membrane, the proportion of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), linoleic acid (C18:2 n-6) and arachidonic acid (C20:4 n-6) and n-6/n-3 ratio was higher in the MCI group than in the Non_MCI group. However, the α-linolenic acid (C18:3 n-3) percentage of the erythrocyte membrane was lower in the MCI group. We found that Coriobacteriales_Incertae_Sedis was positively correlated with erythrocyte membrane C20:4 n-6 and n-6 PUFA and negatively correlated with cognitive scores in obese patients. In addition, several of the functional pathways we predicted were significantly different in the MCI and Non_MCI groups. Higher levels of n-6/n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids ratio in the erythrocyte membranes may influence the inflammatory response in the organism causing obesity induced cognitive damage. Moreover, high levels of n-6/n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids ratio may also affect the intestinal flora of obese patients, which in turn may affect the cognitive function of obese patients.

Abstract Background Berberine (BBR) is a commonly used anti-intestinal inflammation drug, and its anti-cancer activity has been found recently. BBR can intervene and control malignant colorectal cancer (CRC) through intestinal microbes, but the direct molecular target and related mechanism are unclear. This study aimed to identify the target of BBR and dissect related mechanisms against the occurrence and development of CRC from the perspective of intestinal microorganisms. Results Here, we found that BBR inhibits the growth of several CRC-driving bacteria, especially Peptostreptococcus anaerobius. By using a biotin-conjugated BBR derivative, we identified the protein FtfL (formate tetrahydrofolate ligase), a key enzyme in C1 metabolism, is the molecular target of BBR in P. anaerobius. BBR exhibits strong binding affinity and potent inhibition on FtfL. Based on this, we determined the crystal structure of PaFtfL (P. anaerobius FtfL)-BBR complex and found that BBR can not only interfere with the conformational flexibility of PaFtfL tetramer by wedging the tetramer interface but also compete with its substrate ATP for binding within the active center. In addition, the enzymatic activities of FtfL homologous proteins in human tumor cells can also be inhibited by BBR. Conclusions In summary, our study has identified FtfL as a direct target of BBR and uncovered molecular mechanisms involved in the anti-CRC of BBR. BBR interferes with intestinal pathogenic bacteria by targeting FtfLs, suggesting a new means for controlling the occurrence and development of CRC.

Plant extracts are rich in a variety of nutrients and contain a large number of bioactive compounds, and compared with traditional feed additives, they have advantages such as wide sources, natural safety and rich nutrition. This study employed in vitro antioxidant and animal experiments to comprehensively evaluate the use of Toona sinensis extract (TSE) in broiler production. 508 1-day-old Cobb 500 broilers were randomly assigned to the 7 experimental groups with 6 replications and 12 birds/replicate. Two groups received Vitamin C (VC) 300 g/t and Vitamin E 500 g/t, and five dose groups of TSE received 0, 300, 600, 900, and 1,200 g/t of TSE in their feed. The study spanned 42 days, with a starter phase (1-21 days) and a finisher phase (22-42 days). The results showed that compared to ascorbic acid, TSE had the scavenging ability of 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl and hydroxyl radical, with IC50 values of 0.6658 mg/mL and 33.1298 mg/mL, respectively. Compared to TSE 0 group, broilers fed with 1,200 g/t TSE showed significant weight gain during the starter phase and increased the feed-to-weight gain ratio during both the starter and finisher phases. Additionally, broilers receiving 1,200 g/t TSE had enhanced dry matter and organic matter utilization. Concerning meat quality, broilers in the 1,200 g/t TSE group demonstrated increased cooked meat yield, and pH value, as well as higher antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), dismutase (SOD), and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-PX) in serum. In addition, there was no significant difference in ileal microflora due to TSE supplementation. In summary, this study confirms the positive impact of a dietary inclusion of 1,200 g/t TSE on broiler growth, meat quality, and serum antioxidants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The experiment aimed to investigate the effects of Bacillus subtilis and Enterococcus faecium on the production performance, egg quality, serum biochemical indexes, immune indexes, and intestinal microbes of laying hens. A total of four hundred .38-week-old Hyline Brown laying hens were randomly divided into four groups, with five replicates per group and 20 hens per replicate. Group 1 (control group) were fed with a basic diet. Group 2 received a basic diet supplemented with 200 g/t of Bacillus subtilis. Group 3 received a basic diet supplemented with 200 g/t of Enterococcus faecium. Group 4 received a basic diet supplemented with a composite probiotic consisting of 100 g/t of Bacillus subtilis and 100 g/t of Enterococcus faecium. The experimental period lasted for 56 days. The results showed that compared to the control group, the egg production rate of all the experimental groups increased (P<0.05), and the mortality rate and feed to egg ratio decreased (P<0.05). The eggshell thickness and yolk color increased (P<0.05). The total protein and globulin levels in the serum of laying hens in all the experimental groups increased (P<0.05), and the levels of immunoglobulin G, immunoglobulin M, and y -interferon in the serum all increased (P<0.05). The number of lactic acid bacteria in the cecum chyme of the laying hens increased (P<0.05), while the number of Escherichia coli and Salmonella decreased (P<0.05). The study suggests that Bacillus subtilis and Enterococcus faecium can improve the production performance of laying hens, maintain intestinal health, and enhance serum biochemical and immune indexes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) are considered a sustainable ingredient in livestock feed. However, addressing issues related to feed substrate and intestinal microbiota is essential to ensure optimal larval development. The aim of this study was to assess and elucidate the contribution of substrate nutrients and intestinal microbes to protein and fat synthesis in BSFL. The results showed that larvae that were fed high-quality feed (chicken feed) had high fat biomass, while larvae that were fed medium-quality feed (wheat bran) had high protein biomass. These results indicate that the original nutritional content of the feed cannot fully explain larval growth and nutrient utilization. However, the phenomenon could be explained by the functional metabolism of intestinal microbes. Chicken feed enhanced the fatty acid metabolism of middle intestine microorganisms in larvae within 0–7 days. This process facilitated larval fat synthesis. In contrast, wheat bran stimulated the amino acid metabolism in posterior intestine microorganisms in larvae within 4–7 days, leading to better protein synthesis. The findings of this study highlight the importance of the microbial functional potential in the intestine in regulating protein and lipid synthesis in BSFL, which is also influenced by the type of feed. In conclusion, our study suggests that both feed type and intestinal microbes play a crucial role in efficiently converting organic waste into high-quality insect protein and fat. Additionally, a mixed culture of chicken feed and wheat bran was found to be effective in promoting larval biomass while reducing feed costs. Key points: • Intestinal microbes explain BSFL growth better than feed substrates. • Chicken feed promotes fatty acid synthesis in the middle intestine • Wheat bran promotes amino acid synthesis in the posterior intestine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of liver fibrosis is a result of chronic liver injuries may progress to liver cirrhosis and liver cancer. In recent years, liver fibrosis has become a major global problem, and the incidence rate and mortality are increasing year by year. However, there are currently no approved treatments. Research on anti-liver-fibrosis drugs is a top priority. Dietary polyphenols, such as plant secondary metabolites, have remarkable abilities to reduce lipid metabolism, insulin resistance and inflammation, and are attracting more and more attention as potential drugs for the treatment of liver diseases. Gradually, dietary polyphenols are becoming the focus for providing an improvement in the treatment of liver fibrosis. The impact of dietary polyphenols on the composition of intestinal microbiota and the subsequent production of intestinal microbial metabolites has been observed to indirectly modulate signaling pathways in the liver, thereby exerting regulatory effects on liver disease. In conclusion, there is evidence that dietary polyphenols can be therapeutically useful in preventing and treating liver fibrosis, and we highlight new perspectives and key questions for future drug development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The parental sizes of Chinese mitten crab （Eriocheir sinensis） and the growth performance of its offspring have become interestingly main topics in aquaculture industry in recent years. In this study, we applied individual growth comparison and metabolomics techniques to investigate molting and growth characteristics, intestinal microbes and hepatopancreas metabolites compositions in offspring （Size A, Size B and Size C）of the three parental standards of Chinese mitten crab （200-250 g for females and 300-350 g for males; 250-300 g for females and 350-400 g for males; > 300 g for females and > 400 g for males）. The results showed that the growth performance in the offspring of size C was better than the other two sizes in the two individual molting and growth measurements, but there were no significant differences in the molting weight gain rate, molting interval, fatness, hepatopancreas index and muscle index among the three parental sizes of offspring. The results of intestinal microbes analysis showed that α diversity index of the size A was lower than the other two sizes, but there was no significant differences among them, while the PCoA analysis showed significant differences of intestinal microbes composition among the three sizes at the genus level. Metabolomics analysis of hepatopanacas found a total of 100 different metabolites between the sizes A and B, 77 different metabolites between the sizes B and C, and 79 different metabolites between the sizes A and C. Pearson correlation analysis between different intestinal microbes and metabolites revealed that the metabolite Biopterin was significantly positively correlated with Genus Paraclostridium in the size A; the the metabolite N-acetyl-d-mannosamine was significantly negatively correlated with Phylum Nitrospira and Genus Nitrospira in the size B; the metabolite tetrahydrodipyridinate carboxylate was negatively correlated with Genus Lactobacillus in the size C. The current results of this study indicated some differences have been detected in molting and growth, intestinal microbes and hepatopancreas metabolites composition among the offspring of different parental sizes in Chinese mitten crab. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This review aims to investigate the role of intestinal permeability (IP) in rheumatoid arthritis (RA), following the hypotheses that leakage of intestinal microbes can influence increased citrullination of peptides leading to anti-citrullinated protein antibody (ACPA) production and inflammation in RA; and that leaked microbes can migrate to the peripheral joints, leading to immune responses and synovitis in peripheral joints. This review explored the evidence for the link between microbial dysbiosis and increased IP in the inflammatory state in RA, as well as the role of increased citrullination and bacterial translocation in the link between microbiota and immune responses in RA. Furthermore, this research aims to evaluate the potential effect of probiotics on RA symptoms and pathogenesis via proposed mechanisms, including the support of microbial balance and suppression of inflammatory factors in RA. A systematic literature search was conducted in three tranches (review, mechanism, intervention). 71 peer-reviewed papers met the inclusions criteria and are summarized in a narrative analysis. Primary studies were critically appraised, synthesized and their relevance to clinical practice evaluated. Evidence found in this mechanism review consistently supported intestinal dysbiosis and increased IP in arthritis. An altered intestinal microbiome was demonstrated in RA with specific microbes such as Collinsella and Eggerthella correlating with increased IP, mucosal inflammation, and immune responses. Hypercitrullination and ACPA production correlated with arthritic symptoms and intestinal microbes were shown to influence hypercitrullination. Some in vitro and animal studies demonstrated a link between leakage of microbes and bacterial translocation, but further research is needed to elucidate the link between IP and citrullination. Probiotic intervention studies evidenced reductions in inflammatory markers IL-6 and TNFα, associated with proliferation of synovial tissue and pain perception in RA joint inflammation. Despite some conflict in the literature, probiotics may present a promising nutritional intervention in the suppression of both, disease activity and inflammatory markers. There is evidence for a dysbiotic profile of the RA gut with specific RA-associated microbes. Increased intestinal permeability and leakage of PAD enzyme facilitates citrullination of peptides. Hypercitrullination and ACPA production correlate to arthritic signs. Microbial leakage and translocation plays a role in the pathogenesis of RA. Probiotics (e.g. L. Casei 01) may reduce inflammation and ameliorate RA symptoms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Obesity increases the risk of cognitive impairment and dementia, and the gut microbiota can affect brain cognitive function and obesity through a variety of pathways such as the gut-brain axis. This study aimed to discover how fatty acid affect cognitive function by regulating intestinal flora in obesity. Obese subjects were recruited for cognitive function assessment, and participants were divided into obese group with cognitive impairment (MCI, n = 49) and obese cognitively normal group (Non_MCI, n = 55). In the erythrocyte membrane, the proportion of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), linoleic acid (C18:2 n-6) and arachidonic acid (C20:4 n-6) and n-6/n-3 ratio was higher in the MCI group than in the Non_MCI group. However, the α-linolenic acid (C18:3 n-3) percentage of the erythrocyte membrane was lower in the MCI group. We found that Coriobacteriales_Incertae_Sedis was positively correlated with erythrocyte membrane C20:4 n-6 and n-6 PUFA and negatively correlated with cognitive scores in obese patients. In addition, several of the functional pathways we predicted were significantly different in the MCI and Non_MCI groups. Higher levels of n-6/n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids ratio in the erythrocyte membranes may influence the inflammatory response in the organism causing obesity induced cognitive damage. Moreover, high levels of n-6/n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids ratio may also affect the intestinal flora of obese patients, which in turn may affect the cognitive function of obese patients. Key Points: 1. Obesity with or without cognitive impairment differs in gut flora. 2. Alterations in erythrocyte membrane fatty acids in obesity with cognitive impairment. 3. Relationship between intestinal bacteria and erythrocyte membrane fatty acids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Berberine (BBR) is a commonly used anti-intestinal inflammation drug, and its anti-cancer activity has been found recently. BBR can intervene and control malignant colorectal cancer (CRC) through intestinal microbes, but the direct molecular target and related mechanism are unclear. This study aimed to identify the target of BBR and dissect related mechanisms against the occurrence and development of CRC from the perspective of intestinal microorganisms. Results: Here, we found that BBR inhibits the growth of several CRC-driving bacteria, especially Peptostreptococcus anaerobius. By using a biotin-conjugated BBR derivative, we identified the protein FtfL (formate tetrahydrofolate ligase), a key enzyme in C1 metabolism, is the molecular target of BBR in P. anaerobius. BBR exhibits strong binding affinity and potent inhibition on FtfL. Based on this, we determined the crystal structure of PaFtfL (P. anaerobius FtfL)-BBR complex and found that BBR can not only interfere with the conformational flexibility of PaFtfL tetramer by wedging the tetramer interface but also compete with its substrate ATP for binding within the active center. In addition, the enzymatic activities of FtfL homologous proteins in human tumor cells can also be inhibited by BBR. Conclusions: In summary, our study has identified FtfL as a direct target of BBR and uncovered molecular mechanisms involved in the anti-CRC of BBR. BBR interferes with intestinal pathogenic bacteria by targeting FtfLs, suggesting a new means for controlling the occurrence and development of CRC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of Bacillus licheniformis supplementation on growth performance, immune function and intestinal microbes of White-feathered broilers. A total of 136 one-day-old White-feathered broilers with a body weight of about 42 g were randomly divided into two groups with four replicates in each group and 17 broilers in each replicate. The White-feathered broilers in the control group were fed with a basal diet, and the experimental group added 250 mg/kg Bacillus licheniformis preparation to the basal diet. The experiment lasted for 43 d. The results showed that at 43 days of age, compared to the control group, ADG of White-feathered broilers in the experimental group was increased by 6.18% (P<0.05), F/G was decreased by 4.9% (P<0.05). Compared to the control group, the VH/CD in jejunum and ileum, the serum IgA, IgG, IgM and spleen index and thymus index were significantly increased (P<0.05). Compared to the control group, the microbial diversity of cecum was significantly decreased (P<0.05), and the bacterial community structure was significantly separated (P<0.05). The proportion of beneficial intestinal microorganisms Faecalibacterium and Ruminococcus-torques increased, and the intestinal microbial composition improved. The study indicates that Bacillus licheniformis combined with the basal diet can improve the growth performance, immune function, intestinal structure, reduce microbial diversity in the cecum and increase the proportion of beneficial bacteria in the cecum, ensure the healthy growth of broilers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: We sought to investigate the effects of gastrointestinal nutrition therapy on gastrointestinal microbial digestion and barrier defense markers in elderly patients with diabetes. Methods: A total of 120 elderly patients with type 2 diabetes were enrolled at our hospital between January 2020 and December 2022. The participants in this study were randomly allocated into either the nutritional group (n = 60) who underwent gastrointestinal nutrition therapy or the control group (n = 60) who underwent conventional T2DM diet management for a period of 12 weeks. Clinical data, as well as small intestinal permeability measured by the lactulose-mannitol urine test, plasma circulating IL-6 and zonulin levels measured by ELISA, and expressions of ZO-1 and Claudin-3 in blood analyzed through Western blotting were collected. Results: The nutrition group demonstrated a higher proportion of patients achieving HbA1c < 7% compared to the control group (P < 0.05). Moreover, the nutrition group exhibited a greater reduction in fasting and postprandial blood glucose levels compared to the control group (P < 0.05). The concentrations of formate-tetrahydrofolate ligase and acetic CoA transferase were significantly increased in the nutrition group compared to the control group (P < 0.05). Fecal analysis revealed higher levels of acetic acid and butyric acid in the nutrition group compared to the control group (P < 0.05). The ratio of lactulose to mannitol was higher in the nutrition group compared to the control group (P < 0.05). Furthermore, the nutrition group showed lower levels of IL-6 and zonulin compared to the control group (P < 0.05). Conclusion: Personalized gastrointestinal nutrition therapy was found to enhance the production of short-chain fatty acids and preserve intestinal permeability, leading to improved gastrointestinal microbial digestion and barrier defense in elderly patients with diabetes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT: Intestinal microbiota regulates the host metabolism, including fat metabolism and muscle development in mammals; however, studies on the interactions between the gut microbiome and in chickens with respect to fat metabolism and muscle development are still rare. We established a germ-free (GF) chicken model to determine the transcriptomes and metabolomes of GF and specific-pathogen-free (SPF) chickens. Transcriptome analysis showed 1,282 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in GF and SPF chickens. The expression levels of some genes related to muscle formation were very high in SPF chickens but low in GF chickens, suggesting that GF chickens had poorer muscle development ability. In contrast, the expression levels of some fat synthesis-related genes were very low in SPF chickens but high in GF chickens, suggesting that GF chickens had a more potent fat-synthesizing ability. Metabolome analysis revealed 62 differentially expressed metabolites (DEMs) in GF and SPF chickens, of which 35 were upregulated and 27 were downregulated. Furthermore, the Pearson correlation coefficient (PCC) was calculated, and an interaction network was constructed to visualize the crosstalk between the genes, metabolites, and gut microbiota in GF and SPF chickens. The top 10 gut microbiota were positively correlated with lipid metabolism including13(S)-HpODE and 9(S)-HpOTrE, and genes related to muscle development, while were negatively correlated with genes related to fat synthesis. In conclusion, this study indicated that chicken intestinal microbiota regulate host metabolism, inhibit fat synthesis, and may promote muscle development.

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of soymilk fermented by Lactobacillus amylolyticus L6 on intestinal microorganisms and short-chain fatty acids in vitro. After simulated gastrointestinal digestion of the fermented soymilk, the survival rate of L. amylolyticus L6 was determined. Then, the digested product was inoculated with human fecal microorganisms and cultured at 37 ℃ under anaerobic conditions for 48 h, and the changes of short chain fatty acids were determined during the fermentation process. The relative abundance of intestinal flora was analyzed by 16S rRNA sequencing. The results showed that L. amylolyticus L6 in the fermented soymilk maintained a high survival rate after simulated gastrointestinal transport. After 48 h in vitro fermentation with the fermented soymilk, the relative abundance of many harmful intestinal bacteria decreased, and the content of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) increased significantly (P < 0.05). These findings suggest that L. amylolyticus L6 fermented soymilk can increase the content of SCFAs after 48 h in vitro fermentation. This study provides a theoretical guidance for the development of fermented soybean products.

Abstract Background A close connection between a protozoan parasite and the balance of the other gut microbes of the host has been demonstrated. The calves may be naturally co-infected with many parasites, and the co-effects of parasites on other intestinal microbes of calves remain unclear. This study aims to preliminarily reveal the relationship between intestinal parasites and other intestinal microbes in calves. Methods Fecal samples were collected from four calves with bloody diarrhea, four calves with watery diarrhea, and seven normal calves, and the microbial flora of the samples were analyzed by whole-genome sequencing. Protozoal parasites were detected in the metagenome sequences and identified using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Results Cryptosporidium, Eimeria, Giardia, Blastocystis, and Entamoeba were detected by metagenomic analysis, and the identified species were Giardia duodenalis assemblage E, Cryptosporidium bovis, Cryptosporidium ryanae, Eimeria bovis, Eimeria subspherica, Entamoeba bovis, and Blastocystis ST2 and ST10. Metagenomic analysis showed that the intestinal microbes of calves with diarrhea were disordered, especially in calves with bloody diarrhea. Furthermore, different parasites show distinct relationships with the intestinal microecology. Cryptosporidium, Eimeria, and Giardia were negatively correlated with various intestinal bacteria but positively correlated with some fungi. However, Blastocystis and Entamoeba were positively associated with other gut microbes. Twenty-seven biomarkers not only were significantly enriched in bloody diarrhea, watery diarrhea, and normal calves but were also associated with Eimeria, Cryptosporidium, and Giardia. Only Eimeria showed a distinct relationship with seven genera of bacteria, which were significantly enriched in the healthy calves. All 18 genera of fungi were positively correlated with Cryptosporidium, Eimeria, and Giardia, which were also significantly enriched in calves with bloody diarrhea. Functional genes related to parasites and diseases were found mainly in fungi. Conclusions This study revealed the relationship between intestinal protozoan parasites and the other calf gut microbiome. Different intestinal protozoan parasites have diametrically opposite effects on other gut microecology, which not only affects bacteria in the gut, but also is significantly related to fungi and archaea. Graphical Abstract

Hyperuricemia is an important metabolic disease of humans. Limited clinical drugs such as allopurinol can alleviate hyperuricemia. Wild-type Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 (EcN) has been used for over a century to treat various gastrointestinal disorders. However, little is known about the impacts of EcN on hyperuricemic mice. In this study, we identified an anaerobic uric acid metabolism pathway in EcN. It degraded 65.6 % uric acid in 24 h under anaerobic condition in vitro. In addition, oral administration of EcN and allopurinol reduced serum uric acid in hyperuricemic mice by 46 % and 37 %, respectively, compared to the control group. Further analysis showed that allopurinol changed the gut microbiota of mice. However, the microbiota of the EcN and control groups was similar. Histological observations suggested that EcN also ameliorated the intestinal and renal tissue damage in hyperuricemic mice. These results suggested that wild-type EcN may be an alternative method for hyperuricemic treatment.

Tea tree oil (TTO) is an essential plant oil with diverse antibacterial and antioxidant properties; however, whether the role played by TTO in low fish meal (LF) diets induced the observed effects in the farmed crustaceans remains unclear. Therefore, this study used Macrobrachium rosenbergii as the model crustacean, and an 8-week feeding experiment with NF (normal fish meal), LF (soybean meal replacing 40% fish meal), and LFT (LF with 200 mg/kg TTO) diets was conducted to evaluate the positive effects of TTO under the LF diet. Compared to the NF diet, the LF diet reduced hemolymph antioxidant capacity and non-specific immunity, and induced hepatopancreas apoptosis and damage. However, in comparison with LF, LTF significantly ameliorated morphological impairment in the hepatopancreas, improved hepatopancreas energy metabolism by upregulating the Bcl-2/Bax and Akt/mTOR pathways, and enhanced antioxidant and non-specific immune capacity by activating the NF-κB/NO pathway. In addition, LFT repaired intestinal barrier injury and the imbalance of intestinal microbiota induced by the LF diet. Moreover, the Pearson correlation revealed the variations of the above indicators, which were related to the abundance changes of Klebsiella, Clostridium sensu stricto 12, Thermobifida, Bifidobacterium, and Alistipes, indicating that these microbes might serve as prospective targets for the intestine–hepatopancreas axis to affect hepatopancreas apoptosis, metabolism, and non-specific immunity. In summary, 200 mg/kg TTO supplementation mediated gut microbiota and positively improved energy metabolism and non-specific immunity, thereby alleviating hepatopancreas dysplasia and damage induced by the LF diet in M. rosenbergii. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Shipin Kexue/ Food Science is the property of Food Science Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Purpose: When blended, animal and plant proteins can complement each other in terms of amino acid composition and release time. In this study, we investigated whether the blended protein diet has a better feeding effect than the single protein diet, and to reveal the differences in growth and intestinal microbiota composition caused by the blended protein diet. Methods: Forty Sprague Dawley (SD) rats received diets with different protein sources, including casein (C), whey protein (WP), black soybean protein (BSP), and black soybean-whey blended protein (BS-WP), for eight weeks. To investigate the effects of blended protein supplement on gut microbiota and metabolites, we performed a high throughput 16S rDNA sequencing and fecal metabolomics profiling. In addition, we determined growth and serum biochemical indices, and conducted intestinal morphology analyses. Results: Compared to those in the BSP and WP groups, the daily body weight gain and feed conversion efficiency increased in the BS-WP group. Serum biochemical indices indicated that the protein utilization efficiency of the WP and BS-WP groups was relatively high, and the BS-WP blended protein diet improved the protein adoption rate. The BS-WP blended protein diet also improved intestinal tissue morphology and promoted intestinal villi development compared to the single protein diets. Furthermore, dietary protein altered the composition of gut microbiota, the gut microbial diversity of rats fed with the BS-WP diet was significantly (P < 0.05) higher than that of the other groups. The difference in dietary protein corresponded with an alteration of fecal amino acids and their metabolites, and tryptophan and tyrosine metabolism were the key mechanisms leading to the changes in fecal microbial composition. Conclusion: Dietary protein sources played an important role in the growth and development of rats by influencing intestinal metabolism and microbial composition. The BS-WP blended protein diet was more conducive to nutrient absorption than the single protein diet. Furthermore, blended protein increased the diversity of intestinal microbes and aided the establishment of intestinal barrier function. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Because the demand for pork is increasing, it is crucial to devise efficient and green methods to improve the quality and quantity of meat. This study investigated the improvement in pork quality after the inclusion of alfalfa meal or alfalfa silage in pig diet. Our results indicated that alfalfa silage improved meat quality more effectively in terms of water-holding capacity, drip loss, and marbling score. Besides, an alfalfa silage diet can affect the level of fatty acids and amino acids in pork. Further, alfalfa silage was found to improve meat quality by remodeling intestinal microbiota and altering the level of SCFAs, providing a viable option for improving meat quality through forage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the experiment was to investigate the effect of adding fermented Napier grass to goat diet on growth performance and intestinal microbial community structure. A total of 64 Nubia goats of similar age and weight were randomly divided into four groups, with 16 replicates in each group and one goat in each replicate. Goats in group S-1 were fed with concentrate supplement + silage elephant grass (1.0% Microstar 1 bioagent + 15% rice bran), goats in group S-2 were fed concentrate supplement + silage Napier grass (1.0% biological medium fermentation), and goats in group S-3 were fed with concentrate supplement + silage Napier grass (1.0% silage starter fermentation). Goats in group C-4 (control group) were fed with concentrate supplement + fresh Napier grass. The experiment lasted for 60 d. The results showed that the average daily food intake of goats in test group were higher than that of control group. The average daily weight gain was the highest and the feed to gain ratio was the lowest of group S-1. The structure and composition of intestinal microbial were quite different between test groups and control group. At the phylum level, there were five dominant phyla in test groups and four in control group. At the genus level, there were 13 dominant genera in test groups and 14 in control group. The experiment indicates that feeding fermented Napier grass can improve the growth performance and change the gut flora richness and diversity in Nubian goats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common liver disease worldwide. NAFLD starts with hepatic lipid accumulation, which may cause inflammation and ultimately lead to fibrosis in the liver. Studies have shown that intestinal microorganisms and a variety of bioactive substances produced by them interact with host hepatocytes through the portal vein, resulting in the occurrence and development of NAFLD. The bidirectional communication between the intestinal tract and the liver is called the gut-liver axis. In this paper, the mechanism of the occurrence and development of NAFLD mediated by the gut-liver axis is elaborated from the perspectives of intestinal microbial composition, intestinal barrier function, intestinal microbial components and intestinal microbial metabolites, as well as the role of nutritional intervention in ameliorating NAFLD by targeting the gut-liver axis. This article reviews the existing knowledge on the mechanisms of the complex interaction between intestinal disorders and NAFLD in order to provide nutritional strategies for the prevention and improvement of NAFLD.

Background: A close connection between a protozoan parasite and the balance of the other gut microbes of the host has been demonstrated. The calves may be naturally co-infected with many parasites, and the co-effects of parasites on other intestinal microbes of calves remain unclear. This study aims to preliminarily reveal the relationship between intestinal parasites and other intestinal microbes in calves. Methods: Fecal samples were collected from four calves with bloody diarrhea, four calves with watery diarrhea, and seven normal calves, and the microbial flora of the samples were analyzed by whole-genome sequencing. Protozoal parasites were detected in the metagenome sequences and identified using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Results: Cryptosporidium, Eimeria, Giardia, Blastocystis, and Entamoeba were detected by metagenomic analysis, and the identified species were Giardia duodenalis assemblage E, Cryptosporidium bovis, Cryptosporidium ryanae, Eimeria bovis, Eimeria subspherica, Entamoeba bovis, and Blastocystis ST2 and ST10. Metagenomic analysis showed that the intestinal microbes of calves with diarrhea were disordered, especially in calves with bloody diarrhea. Furthermore, different parasites show distinct relationships with the intestinal microecology. Cryptosporidium, Eimeria, and Giardia were negatively correlated with various intestinal bacteria but positively correlated with some fungi. However, Blastocystis and Entamoeba were positively associated with other gut microbes. Twenty-seven biomarkers not only were significantly enriched in bloody diarrhea, watery diarrhea, and normal calves but were also associated with Eimeria, Cryptosporidium, and Giardia. Only Eimeria showed a distinct relationship with seven genera of bacteria, which were significantly enriched in the healthy calves. All 18 genera of fungi were positively correlated with Cryptosporidium, Eimeria, and Giardia, which were also significantly enriched in calves with bloody diarrhea. Functional genes related to parasites and diseases were found mainly in fungi. Conclusions: This study revealed the relationship between intestinal protozoan parasites and the other calf gut microbiome. Different intestinal protozoan parasites have diametrically opposite effects on other gut microecology, which not only affects bacteria in the gut, but also is significantly related to fungi and archaea. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) infection poses a significant threat to the global pig industry. Current prevention and control strategies are inadequate in protecting pigs from new PEDV variants. This review aims to examine the relationship between PEDV and intestinal microbes, and investigate whether modulating intestinal microbes could affect PEDV infection. The mechanisms by which various intestinal microbes affect viral infection were initially introduced. Intestinal microbes can influence enteric viral infection through direct contact, such as binding, or by affecting interferons (IFNs) production and the intestinal barrier. Influencing the intestinal barrier by microbes can impact PEDV infection in young piglets. To narrow down the range of microbes that may influence PEDV infection, this review summarized microbes that change after infection. Short chain fatty acids (SCFAs), bacterial cell components, and toxins from microbes were identified as important mediators affecting PEDV infection. SCFAs primarily strengthen the intestinal barrier and inhibit intestinal inflammation, while bacterial cell components and toxins are more likely to damage the intestinal barrier. Therefore, this review hypothesizes that fecal transplantation, which allows the host to colonize more SCFAs-producing microbes, may prevent PEDV infection. However, these hypotheses require further proof, and the transplantation of intestinal microbes in pigs requires more exploration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The types of insects that feed on plastic, and the types of plastic they feed on, the feeding ability of different kinds of insect larvae on plastic, including Tenebrio molitor L・, Zophobas atratus Fab・, and Galleria mellonella L・, the microbial diversity in intestinal tract of insect larvae and the self-growth status of insects after feeding on plastic were compared and reviewed・ It is hoped that the degradation ability of insects on plastics can be reasonably utilized and practically applied to solve the problem of global waste plastic pollution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Intestinal microbes are closely related to vital host functions such as digestion and nutrient absorption, which play important roles in enhancing host adaptability. As a natural “laboratory”, caves provide an outstanding model for understanding the significance of gut microbes and feeding habits in the habitat adaptability of hosts. However, research on the relationship between gut microbes, feeding habits, and the adaptability of troglobites remains insufficient. In this study, we compared the characteristics of the intestinal microbes of Sinocyclocheilus cavefish and surface fish and further established the relationship between intestinal and habitat microbes. Furthermore, we conducted environmental DNA (eDNA) (metabarcoding) analysis of environmental samples to clarify the composition of potential food resources in the habitats of the Sinocyclocheilus cavefish and surface fish. Results showed that the structure of the Sinocyclocheilus gut microbes was more related to ecological type (habitat type) than phylogenetic relationships. While horizontal transfer of habitat microbes was a source of gut microbes, hosts also showed strong selection for inherent microbes as dominant microorganisms. Differences in the composition and structure of gut microbes, especially dominant microbes, may enhance the adaptability of the two Sinocyclocheilus fish types from the perspectives of food intake, nutrient utilization, and harmful substance metabolism, suggesting that food resources, predation patterns, intestinal flora, digestive and absorptive capacity, and feeding habits and preferences are linked to habitat adaptability. These results should facilitate our understanding of the significance of fish gut microbes to habitat adaptation and provide a new perspective for studying the adaptive mechanisms of cavefish. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens L.) larvae (BSFL) possess remarkable antibiotic degradation abilities due to their robust intestinal microbiota. However, the response mechanism of BSFL intestinal microbes to the high concentration of antibiotic stress remains unclear. In this study, we investigated the shift in BSFL gut microbiome and the functional genes that respond to 1250 mg/kg of tetracycline via metagenomic and metatranscriptomic analysis, respectively. The bio-physiological phenotypes showed that the survival rate of BSFL was not affected by tetracycline, while the biomass and substrate consumption of BSFL was slightly reduced. Natural BSFL achieved a 20% higher tetracycline degradation rate than the germ-free BSFL after 8 days of rearing. Metagenomic and metatranscriptomic sequencing results revealed the differences between the entire and active microbiome. Metatranscriptomic analysis indicated that Enterococcus, Vagococcus, Providencia, and Paenalcaligenes were the active genera that responded to tetracycline. Furthermore, based on the active functional genes that responded to tetracycline pressure, the response mechanisms of BSFL intestinal microbes were speculated as follows: the Tet family that mediates the expression of efflux pumps expel tetracycline out of the microbes, while tetM and tetW release it from the ribosome. Eventually, tetracycline was degraded by deacetylases and novel enzymes. Overall, this study provides novel insights about the active intestinal microbes and their functional genes in insects responding to the high concentration of antibiotics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Acidifiers such as lactic acid, formic acid, acetic acid, propionic acid, and citric acid are a class of feed supplements used in fish diets. Acidifiers play a role in the growth and development of intestinal villi and increase the absorption surface. Additionally, various studies have shown that these dietary supplements are utilized as nutrients by beneficial intestinal bacteria, which increase the populations of these bacteria and ultimately decreases the intestinal pH. The present study found that dietary 5 g/kg LA benefits common carp feeding to improve the growth rate, antioxidant capacity, and intestinal health. Such effects may be mediated via alterations in intestinal microbial communities. The present study investigated the effects of dietary lactic acid (LA) supplementation on the growth performance, intestinal digestive/antioxidant enzymes' activities, gene expression, and bacterial communities in common carp, Cyprinus carpio. Four diets were formulated to contain 0 g/kg LA (control), at 2.5 g/kg LA (2.5LAC), 5 g/kg LA (5LAC), and 10 g/kg LA (10LAC) and offered to the fish over a period of 56 days. The results showed that dietary 5 g/kg LA supplementation improved growth performance and feed efficiency in the fish. All LA treatments exhibited significant elevations in the intestinal trypsin and chymotrypsin activities, whereas the intestinal lipase, amylase, and alkaline phosphatase activities exhibited significant elevations in the 5LAC and 10LAC treatments. All LA treatments exhibited significant elevations in the intestinal heat shock protein 70, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-1 beta, and defensin gene expressions, and the highest expression was observed in the 5LAC treatment. Additionally, dietary LA treatment significantly increased the lysozyme expression and Lactobacillus sp. population in the intestine of the fish, and the highest values were observed in the 5LAC and 10LAC treatments. Aeromonas sp. and Vibrio sp. populations decreased in the LA treatments, and the lowest Aeromonas sp. population was observed in the 10LAC treatment. The intestinal mucin2 and mucin5 expressions, and the hepatic reduced glutathione content, significantly increased, whereas hepatic glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase, and malondialdehyde significantly decreased in the 5LAC and 10LAC treatments. In conclusion, dietary 5 g/kg LA is recommended for common carp feeding to improve growth rate, antioxidant capacity, and intestinal health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Azadirachtin impairs the growth and molting process of Lepidoptera and other insects and provokes strong developmental delays that affect insect survival. Predators of these insects will also be affected to a certain extent by the process of pesticide application. Therefore, how azadirachtin affects the growth and intestinal microbiota of adult Harmonia axyridis after feeding on azadirachtin-treated 2nd instar larvae of Spodoptera frugiperda was investigated. The results showed that the columnar cells in the midgut of the untreated ladybug adults were normal and that microvilli were abundant. Electron micrographs revealed that azadirachtin (2 and 10 mg/kg) destroyed the intestinal structure, which caused a decrease in the number of microvilli and sparsity of H. axyridis midgut columnar cell matrices, with many columnar cells bursting and releasing cell debris. In turn, azadirachtin affected the insect intestinal environment, with glutathione S-transferase (GST) and carboxylase (CarE) significantly decreasing, although mixed-functional oxidase (MFO) was not affected. Azadirachtin treatment significantly increased the abundance of Enterococcus, Serratia and Enterobacter and decreased the abundance of Hafnia-Obesumbacterium. It affected the absorption and transmission of material energy and resulted in an inhibition of the growth and development of H. axyridis. This study enriches the knowledge of the H. axyridis intestinal microbial community after treatment with azadirachtin and provides guidance for improving the control effect of S. frugiperda by using a combined application of biological control and pesticide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Ulcerative colitis is a gastrointestinal disease closely related to intestinal epithelial barrier damage and intestinal microbiome imbalance; however, effective treatment methods are currently limited. Rehmannia glutinosa polysaccharide (RGP) is an important active ingredient with a wide range of pharmacological activities, although its protective effect on colitis remains to be explored. In the present study, we verified the in vitro anti‐inflammatory effect of RGP, and observed the ameliorating effect of RGP on dextran sulfate sodium‐induced colitis in mice. RESULTS: The results showed that (i) RGP attenuates lipopolysaccharide‐induced overexpression of inflammatory factors in RAW264.7 cells; (ii) RGP improves the pathological damage caused by DSS, including weight loss, increased disease activity index and intestinal tissue ulcers; (iii) RGP improves tight junction proteins to protects the tightness of the intestinal epithelium; (iv) RGP inhibits the expression of inflammatory factors through the nuclear factor‐kappa B pathway, and improved the of intestinal tissues inflammation; and (v) RGP can maintain the species diversity of intestinal microbes, increase the content of short‐chain fatty acids and then restore the imbalance of intestinal microecology. CONCLUSION: RGP can improve the intestinal microbiota to strengthen the intestinal epithelial barrier and protect against DSS‐induced colitis. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Chinese Institute of Food Science & Technology is the property of Journal of Chinese Institute of Food Science & Technology Periodical Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The large intestinal systems of fowl and swine recover nutrients from ileal indigesta by a strategically different manner. Indigesta with fowl enter a short colon where retro-peristalsis using urine from the urodeum carries small particulates and solutes into both ceca while coarse materials collect in the cloaca. Fowl repetitively add fine and soluble materials into both ceca to continue fermentation until complexity of the remainder exceeds microbial action, then contents apart from faeces are entirely evacuated. Indigesta with swine initially enter a short cecum followed by a lengthy progression through to the rectal ampulla. Wall out-pocketings of circular muscle or haustrae occur throughout the length of the pig's cecum and helicoidal colon. Each pocket carries contents acquired earlier in the cecum. Motility collects fines and solutes into haustrae during their progression through the colon whereas coarse particulates assemble in the core. Haustrae contents continually ferment during movement to the distal colon with resulting volatile fatty acids (VFA) and electrolytes being absorbed. Mucin loosely covers the lumen surface in caeca as well as helicoidal colon that may capture microbes from active intestinal contents as well as release others to sustain fermentation. The microbial community continually modifies to accommodate fibre complexity as encountered. Resistant starches (RS) and simple oligosaccharides rapidly ferment to yield VFA while encouraging butyric acid in the cecum and anterior colon, whereas non-starch polysaccharides (NSP) complexity requires extended durations through the remaining colon that enhance acetic acid. Residual fibre eventually results in undue complexity for fermentation and consolidates at termination of the colon. These compact pellets are placed on core contents to form faeces having a nodular surface. Acetic, propionic, and butyric acids represent the bulk of VFA and are derived from non-digestible carbohydrates. Fibrolytic enzymes, when supplemented to feed, may increase the proportion of oligosaccharides and simpler NSP to further the rate as well as extent of fermentation. Active absorption of VFA by mucosal enterocytes employs its ionized form together with Na+, whereas direct membrane passage occurs when non-dissociated. Most absorbed VFA favour use by the host with a portion of butyric acid together with by-products from protein digestion being retained to reform mucin and sustain mucosal integrity.

Objectives This study examined the degradation potential of PS by yellow mealworm larvae (Tenebrio molitor). Methods PS degradation characteristics by mealworm larvae were investigated by supplying PS as a nutrient, and the intestinal microflora of mealworms were analyzed. Decomposition products of PS by mealworm larvae were identified by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and solid nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). Results and Discussion The maximum amount of PS degradation by mealworm larvae (about 14.3 mg/mealworm) was measured at 30℃ and 80% relative humidity, but the maximum peak degradation rate (0.154 mg/d/mealworm) was observed at 30℃ and 70% relative humidity. Most of the intestinal microorganisms of mealworms were identified as Proteobacteria except for some Firmicute, and new colonies such as Acinetobacter, Exiguobacterium, and Pseudomonas were appeared. A carbonyl group presumed to be a conversion product of PS (C-O-C vibration, 1118 cm-1, O-C=O stretch, 1644 cm-1) was observed. Conclusion Maximum decomposition of PS by mealworm larvae was achieved at 30℃ and 80% relative humidity, and structural changes of PS were observed in the decomposition product. Isolation of the intestinal pure microorganisms contributing to PS degradation and stimulation of PS degradation by the microorganism should be conducted at a follow-up study.

Simple Summary: Gut microbes, which constitute the most complex and essential micro-ecosystem in the body, are known as the second genome of the human body. The relationships of micro-ecosystems have been increasingly studied over the last few years; it has been shown that human metabolism and immunity may be altered in the absence of microbial balance, which not only affects the initiation and progression of malignant malignancies, but affects tumor treatment response and tumor treatment-related complications as well. Hematological malignancies are diverse, with high malignancy characteristics, poor prognoses, and high mortality rates. The development of hematological malignancies is driven by genetic factors, tumor microenvironment factors, or metabolic factors; however, even when considering all of these factors, one still cannot fully estimate the risk of hematological malignancies. Several recent studies have demonstrated an intimate connection between intestinal microbes and the progression of hematological malignancies, and gut microbes play a primary role in the initiation and progression of hematological tumors through direct and indirect mechanisms. Thus, we summarize the correlation between intestinal microbes and hematological malignancies' onset, progression, and therapeutic effect in order to better understand how intestinal microbes affect their initiation and progression, especially in leukemia, lymphoma, and multiple myeloma, which may provide potential therapeutic targets for improving the survival of patients with hematological malignancies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Aflatoxin is one of the most important fungal toxins with documented hepatotoxic, teratogenic, and immunosuppressive properties. This mycotoxin is mainly produced by species of the genus Aspergillus in feed. Therefore, the application of compounds, which prevent complications of aflatoxins without losing feed quality, is highly beneficial. Objectives: This study aimed to determine the effect of the Echinacea purpurea L. essential oils on the regulation of the microbial population of the gastrointestinal tract and some blood factors of aflatoxin-fed zebrafish. Methods: Zebrafish were divided into four groups of 45 fish in three replicates: control (G1); G2, fish fed with feed containing 500 μg/kg E. purpurea L. essential oils; G3, fish fed with feed containing 500 μg/kg E. purpurea L. essential oil and 3 ppm aflatoxin B1(AFB1); and G4, fish fed with feed containing 3 ppm AFB1. The fish were fed with diets for 60 days. After this period, they were euthanized, blood was collected from the tail vein, and blood smears were prepared. Fish hepatopancreas were used to measure alanine aminotransferase, aspartate transaminase, and alkaline phosphatase enzymes with an auto-analyzer. Also, intestinal contents were cultured to evaluate microbial population. Results: Results showed that liver enzymes increased in the aflatoxin group (P<0.05), and concurrent use of the essential oil along with AFB1 reduced the liver enzymes compared with the AFB1-treated group. Moreover, AFB1 could convert the microbial population to pathogens. Differential blood counts in the G2 and G3 groups showed an increase in the percentages of neutrophils and thrombocytes. Conclusion: According to the results of this study, E. purpurea L. essential oils could reduce the adverse effects of chronic contamination with AFB1 in zebrafish. Nevertheless, more studies are needed to better understand the immunological function of E. purpurea L. in zebrafish and its mechanism of action against AFB1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The gut microbiota, which includes fungi and bacteria, plays an important role in maintaining gut health. Our previous studies have shown that monovalent thallium [Tl(I)] exposure is associated with disturbances in intestinal flora. However, research on acute Tl(III) poisoning through drinking water and the related changes in the gut microbiota is insufficient. In this study, we showed that Tl(III) exposure (10 ppm for 2 weeks) reduced the alpha diversity of bacteria in the ileum, colon, and feces of mice, as well as the alpha diversity of fecal fungi. In addition, principal coordinate analysis showed that Tl(III) exposure had little effect on the bacterial and fungal beta diversity. LEfSe analyses revealed that Tl(III) exposure altered the abundance of intestinal bacteria in the digestive tract and feces. Moreover, Tl(III) exposure had little effect on fungal abundance in the ileum, cecum, and colon, but had a considerable effect on fungal abundance in feces. After Tl(III) exposure, the fungal composition was more disrupted in feces than in the intestinal tract, suggesting that feces can serve as a representative of the gut mycobiota in Tl(III) exposure studies. Intra-kingdom network analyses showed that Tl(III) exposure affected the complexity of bacterial–bacterial and fungal–fungal co-occurrence networks along the digestive tract. The bacterial–fungal interkingdom co-occurrence networks exhibited increased complexity after Tl(III) exposure, except for those in the colon. Additionally, Tl(III) exposure altered the intestinal immune response. These results reveal the perturbation in gut bacterial and fungal diversity, abundance, and co-occurrence network complexity, as well as the gut immune response, caused by Tl(III) exposure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Depression is a chronic mental illness with devastating effects on a person's physical and mental health. Studies have reported that food fermentation with probiotics can enrich the nutritional values of food and produce functional microorganisms that can alleviate depression and anxiety. Wheat germ is an inexpensive raw material that is rich in bioactive ingredients. For example, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is reported to have antidepressant effects. Several studies concluded that Lactobacillus plantarum is a GABA-producing bacteria and can alleviate depression. Herein, fermented wheat germs (FWGs) were used to treat stress-induced depression. FWG was prepared by fermenting wheat germs with Lactobacillus plantarum. The chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) model was established in rats, and these rats were treated with FWG for four weeks to evaluate the effects of FWG in relieving depression. In addition, the study also analyzed the potential anti-depressive mechanism of FWG based on behavioral changes, physiological and biochemical index changes, and intestinal flora changes in depressed rats. The results demonstrated that FWG improved depression-like behaviors and increased neurotransmitter levels in the hippocampus of CUMS model rats. In addition, FWG effectively altered the gut microbiota structure and remodeled the gut microbiota in CUMS rats, restored neurotransmitter levels in depressed rats through the brain–gut axis, and restored amino acid metabolic functions. In conclusion, we suggest that FWG has antidepressant effects, and its potential mechanism may act by restoring the disordered brain–gut axis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: The sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus is an important aquatic invertebrate in the aquaculture industry. It has high nutritional and medicinal value and is popular with consumers, in particular in Asia. The high demand for the species has led to declines in wild populations and A. japonicus is listed as an endangered species by IUCN. Aquaculture of sea cucumber is important to safeguard the conservation of the species in the wild, and its successful reproduction in captivity is a prerequisite for industrial production. It is known that parental nutrient reserves, in particular of lipids, are directly related to the reproductive performance of sea cucumbers. In this study, we investigated the impact of a high-fat diet on the intestinal and gonadal metabolism of male and female A. japonicus. Diet lipid content significantly affected the intestinal microbiome and metabolite profile, and also interfered with gonadal metabolites. Dietary lipid supplementation enhanced the dominance of Proteobacteria in the intestines. Other microbes in the intestines responded to a high-fat diet, which may contribute to maintain intestinal homeostasis. The physiological and metabolic responses of sea cucumbers to a high-fat diet showed sex differences. Interestingly, a correlation between intestinal and gonadal tissue levels of polyunsaturated fatty acid was found. The results of this study indicate that the lipid content in diets can be differentially adjusted for male and female sea cucumbers to improve nutrition and promote reproduction. This data also contributes to a better understanding of the reproductive biology and sex differences of sea cucumbers. Parental nutrient reserves are directly related to reproductive performance in sea cucumbers. This study focused on the lipid requirements of male and female sea cucumbers Apostichopus japonicus during the reproductive stage and analyzed their physiological responses to a high-fat diet (HFD). The intestinal lipid metabolites and microbiome profile changed significantly in animals fed with the HFD, as given by an upregulation of metabolites related to lipid metabolism and an increase in the predominance of Proteobacteria in the microbiome, respectively. The metabolic responses of male and female sea cucumbers to the HFD differed, which in turn could have triggered sex-related differences in the intestinal microbiome. These results suggest that the lipid content in diets can be differentially adjusted for male and female sea cucumbers to improve nutrition and promote reproduction. This data contributes to a better understanding of the reproductive biology and sex differences of sea cucumbers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Shipin Kexue/ Food Science is the property of Food Science Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)