Search

Background: The prospective application of plasma Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) DNA load as a noninvasive measure of intestinal EBV infection remains unexplored. This study aims to identify ideal threshold levels for plasma EBV DNA loads in the diagnosis and outcome prediction of intestinal EBV infection, particularly in cases of primary intestinal lymphoproliferative diseases and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Methods: Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were examined to determine suitable thresholds for plasma EBV DNA load in diagnosing intestinal EBV infection and predicting its prognosis. Results: 108 patients were retrospectively assigned to the test group, while 56 patients were included in the validation group. Plasma EBV DNA loads were significantly higher in the intestinal EBV infection group compared to the non-intestinal EBV infection group (Median: 2.02 × 102 copies/mL, interquartile range [IQR]: 5.49 × 101-6.34×103 copies/mL versus 4.2×101 copies/mL, IQR: 1.07 ×101-6.08×101 copies/mL; P < 0.0001). Plasma EBV DNA levels at 9.21×101 and 6.77×101 copies/mL proved beneficial for the identification and prognostication in intestinal EBV infection, respectively. Values of 0.82 and 0.71 were yielded by the area under the ROC curve (AUC) in the test cohort, corresponding to sensitivities of 84.38% (95% confidence interval [95%CI]: 68.25%-93.14%) and 87.5% (95%CI: 69%-95.66%), specificities of 83.33% (95%CI: 64.15%-93.32%) and 68.09% (95%CI: 53.83%-79.6%), positive predictive values (PPV) of 87.1% (95%CI: 71.15%-94.87%) and 58.33% (95%CI: 42.2%-72.86%), and positive likelihood ratios (LR+) of 5.06 and 2.74 in the validation cohort, respectively. Furthermore, a plasma EBV DNA load of 5.4×102 copies/mL helped differentiate IBD with intestinal EBV infection from primary intestinal EBV-positive lymphoproliferative disorders (PIEBV+LPDs), achieving an AUC of 0.85 within the test cohort, as well as 85% sensitivity (95%CI: 63.96%-94.76%), 91.67% specificity (95%CI: 64.61%-99.57%), 94.44% PPV (95%CI: 74.24%-99.72%), and an LR+ of 10.2 in the validation cohort. Conclusions: Plasma EBV DNA load demonstrates notable potential in distinguishing between different patient cohorts with intestinal EBV infection, although its sensitivity requires further optimization for clinical application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Intestinal parasite infections remain a serious public health concern around the world, particularly in countries with inadequate sanitation. The study aims to ascertain the total magnitude of intestinal parasites in diabetes patients throughout the African countries. Objective: The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to determine the general burden of intestinal parasites among diabetic patients in Africa. Methods: A systematic search was performed using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses protocol for studies reporting intestinal parasite infections in patients with diabetes through January 01/2000 to August13/2024. The collected data were analyzed using STATA software version 17. Seven case-control studies and nine cross-sectional studies were included in this study. Heterogeneity across studies was assessed using Cochran's Q statistic and I2 statistics. Subgroup analysis was carried out when the I2 value exceeded 50%, indicating substantial heterogeneity. Results: In the current systematic review and meta-analysis, the pooled prevalence of intestinal parasites in diabetic patients was 31% (95% CI: 23–38%) with heterogeneity of I2 = 95.94%; P < 0.001. The highest prevalence based on geographical area was in region of the Egypt 39% (95% CI: 26–52%), and based on study design was in case control studies 40% (95% CI: 28-52%). Poor hygiene and sanitation(P < 0.001), as well as diabetes mellitus status (P < 0.001), were statistically significant factors associated with patients who have diabetes. Conclusion: Patients with diabetes are a high-risk group for intestinal parasitic infections and should be prioritized for screening. Therefore, it is essential to implement preventative measures for these patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Enteric infections are among the most common infectious diseases. The aim of this article was to track the global trends in morbidity and mortality from enteric infections in 204 countries or territories from 1990 to 2019. Methods: Data were obtained from the Global Burden of Disease 2019 study. Average annual percentage changes (AAPCs) in age-standardized incidence rate (ASIR) and age-standardized mortality rate (ASMR) were calculated to quantify trends in enteric infections. Age-period-cohort models were used to estimate the annual percentage changes from 0 to 4 to 80 − 84 years (local drifts), period and cohort effects between 1990 and 2019 in different socio-demographic index (SDI) regions. Results: In 2019, there were 6.59 billion incident cases of enteric infections, and caused 1,748,251 deaths worldwide. From 1990 to 2019, the trend in the global ASIR of enteric infections was relatively stable, but that of ASMR declined (AAPC=-3.30, 95% confidence interval [CI]: -3.54 to -3.07), and global mortality decreased in all age groups. Meanwhile, decreasing trends in ASMR were observed in 173 countries/territories (P < 0.05), particularly in North Macedonia and Kazakhstan. The low and low-middle SDI areas showed decreasing trends in ASIR and ASMR for enteric infections. However, an increasing trend was observed in high SDI regions, especially among older people aged over 60 years. Conclusions: The global incidence of enteric infections did not change significantly between 1990 and 2019, but the mortality showed a significantly downward trend. The global burden of enteric infections remains serious in children under 5 years and in low and low-middle SDI regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the late laying period, the intestinal barrier of laying hens is susceptible to damage, resulting in enteric infections and even systemic inflammatory responses, posing a major challenge for the poultry industry. Therefore, it is crucial to investigate methods for addressing intestinal inflammation in late laying hens. In order to maximize the production potential of egg laying chickens, farmers usually use various feed additives to prevent damage to the intestinal barrier. Composite yeast cultures have shown advantages in broiler applications. This study aims to assess the impact of composite yeast culture (CYC) on the intestinal barrier function, inflammatory cytokines, and microbial community structure of Hy-Line Brown laying hens. A total of 160 healthy Hy-Line Brown hens, aged 58 weeks and of similar weight, were randomly assigned to two groups, with four replicates per group and 20 hens in each replicate. The control group was fed a basal diet (Con), while the experimental group was provided with a diet supplemented with 40 g/kg of composite yeast culture (CYC). The test period was 25 days. The results indicated that: compared to the control group, CYC significantly improved the egg production rates of hens during days 11–15, 16–20, and 21–25 (p < 0.05). CYC significantly enhanced the relative mRNA expression levels of occludin, claudin-1, zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1), and mucin 2 (Muc2) in the intestinal tract (p < 0.05), while reducing the relative expression levels of pro-inflammatory factors TNF-α and IFN-γ (p < 0.05), and increasing the levels of anti-inflammatory factors IL-4, IL-10, and TGF-β1 (p < 0.05). CYC significantly increased the abundance of Bifidobacterium pseudocatenulatum and Faecalibacterium prausnitzii in the intestine. These findings suggest that the composite yeast culture (CYC) can improve the structure of the intestinal microbial community. In conclusion, CYC may enhance egg production rates, reduce inflammatory responses, and strengthen intestinal barrier function by modulating the composition of the intestinal microbiota in late laying hens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Intestinal parasitic infections (IPIs) are a major health problem among the Karen hill tribe in Thailand. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of an integrated intervention program of drug therapy combined with water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) education on reinfection with IPIs among the Karen hill tribe in an endemic area of northern Thailand. Methods: A quasi-experimental study was conducted in two Karen villages, involving 691 residents, in Omkoi District, Chiang Mai Province; one village was designated as the intervention group and the other as the control group. Baseline information was collected regarding the infections and participants' knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) related to prevention and control of IPIs. Detection of benzimidazole resistance linked to the beta-tubulin gene mutation in soil-transmitted helminths (STH) was performed using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification and DNA sequencing. Mass drug administration (MDA) with albendazole was applied to both groups. The intervention group received WASH education, whereas the control group did not. Follow-up assessments were conducted at 3 and 6 months. Results: Baseline data revealed a 36.0% (123/342) prevalence of IPIs in the intervention group and 36.8% (96/261) in the control group. The most common helminth and pathogenic protozoan were Trichuris trichiura and Giardia lamblia, respectively. No non-synonymous mutations in the beta-tubulin gene were found. Post-intervention at 3-month and 6-month follow-ups revealed that the prevalence of IPIs in the intervention group was significantly decreased to 23.6% (P = 0.002) and 23.1% (P = 0.002), and the prevalence of pathogenic IPIs was reduced from 9.4% to 3.9% (P = 0.013) and 2.4% (P = 0.002), respectively. In contrast, no significant changes in the prevalence of IPIs were observed in the control group. The intervention group showed significant improvements in KAP scores, which were significantly higher than those in the control group. Conclusions: MDA alone is not effective for controlling IPIs among the Karen people due to rapid reinfection related to behavioral factors and socioeconomic conditions. We demonstrated for the first time that integration of WASH education increased KAP scores and consequently significantly reduced IPI reinfection among the Karen hill tribe in northern Thailand. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The gastrointestinal tract is a prominent portal of entry for HIV-1 during sexual or perinatal transmission, as well as a major site of HIV-1 persistence and replication. Elucidation of underlying mechanisms of intestinal HIV-1 infection are thus needed for the advancement of HIV-1 curative therapies. Here, we present a human 2D intestinal immuno-organoid system to model HIV-1 disease that recapitulates tissue compartmentalization and epithelial-immune cellular interactions. Our data demonstrate that apical exposure of intestinal epithelium to HIV-1 results in viral internalization, with subsequent basolateral shedding of replication-competent viruses, in a manner that is impervious to antiretroviral treatment. Incorporation of subepithelial dendritic cells resulted in HIV-1 luminal sampling and amplification of residual viral replication of lab-adapted and transmitted-founder (T/F) HIV-1 variants. Markedly, intraepithelial viral capture ensued an altered distribution of specialized endosomal pathways alongside durable sequestration of infectious HIV-1 within lysobisphosphatidic acid (LPBA)-rich vesicles. Therapeutic neutralization of LBPA-dependent trafficking limited productive HIV-1 infection, and thereby demonstrated the pivotal role of intraepithelial multivesicular endosomes as niches for virulent HIV-1 within the intestinal mucosa. Our study showcases the application of primary human 2D immune-competent organoid cultures in uncovering mechanisms of intestinal HIV-1 disease as well as a platform for preclinical antiviral drug discovery. Author summary: The human intestine forms an important roadblock against viruses, including HIV-1. Nevertheless, upon sexual contact HIV-1 is able to penetrate the intestinal barrier and infect cells of our immune system within the intestine, resulting in HIV-1 infection of the human body. Little is still known about how HIV-1 can outsmart this protective intestinal barrier and establish an infection. Here, we reconstructed the human intestine outside the human body and developed a novel mini-gut model containing relevant immune cells that allowed us to track the HIV-1's footsteps throughout the intestine in the laboratory. Using advanced imaging technology, we have uncovered that HIV-1 specifically hijacks vesicles studded with the particular molecule (LBPA) that are produced inside of the intestinal barrier cells to subsequently spread infection to adjacent intestinal cells. Importantly, blockade of these LBPA-enriched vesicles with an antibody suppressed intestinal HIV-1 infection. Our study substantiates the use of upgraded human gut models to deepen our knowledge about human viral diseases as well as underscores the development of therapies targeting LBPA for superior control of intestinal HIV-1 disease in people living with HIV-1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Sepsis represents the most prevalent infectious complication and the primary cause of mortality in myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPN). The risk of sepsis and the difficulty of treatment are significantly increased in MPN patients due to the need for immunomodulators and antibiotics. Case presentation: On June 9, 2023, a 69-year-old male was admitted to the hospital. Following a battery of tests, the diagnosis of sepsis due to Escherichia coli was ultimately established. The patient was administered amoxicillin clavulanate potassium intravenously. In light of the patient's recurrent sepsis and the likelihood that the source of infection is the intestinal tract, we advised that the patient undergo washed microbiota transplantation (WMT) via a colonic transendoscopic enteral tube (TET). Conclusions: WMT as the new method of fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) successfully cured the recurrent sepsis in this case, indicating the novel option for challenging the refractory or serious infections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTSEimeria are globally enzootic parasites that can cause coccidiosis in chickens. Until recently, remarkably little had changed over the last 40 years in the fundamental biology that underpins detection and control of Eimeria. Tools such as microscopy and lesion scoring remain central to diagnosis, and control still relies on routine supplementation of diets with anticoccidial drugs or application of live vaccines. However, refocusing on aspects of economics, molecular biology, and bacteriology that relate to coccidiosis has prompted considerable change in dogma. The cost of coccidiosis in chickens has been difficult to define, but updating models created in the 1990s suggested an annual cost to the global poultry industry of £10.4 billion in 2016, rising to a peak of £12.9 billion in 2022 under the influence of the COVID-19 pandemic and regional wars. Surveillance using genomic sequence-based diagnostics has suggested the presence of three new Eimeria species, supported by subsequent biological characterization of each line. Use of microbiome sequencing pipelines has revealed the breadth of impact Eimeria infection exerts on enteric microbiota, contributing to dysbiosis and deteriorating litter conditions. Enhanced understanding of Eimeria and the consequences of infection can be used to improve control and diagnosis with relevance to productivity and welfare, creating opportunities to optimize anticoccidial drug use.The cost of coccidiosis in chickens fluctuates considerably, peaking in 2022.Three new Eimeria species can infect chickens and escape current vaccines.Eimeria infection exerts wide-ranging effects on enteric microbiota.The cost of coccidiosis in chickens fluctuates considerably, peaking in 2022.Three new Eimeria species can infect chickens and escape current vaccines.Eimeria infection exerts wide-ranging effects on enteric microbiota. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: From June 13–16, 2022, a regional epidemiological department in Kazakhstan reported an increase in acute gastroenteritis cases among people who consumed food from a wedding at a restaurant. An investigation was initiated to determine factors associated with acute intestinal infection and prevent further illness. Methods: The investigation team conducted a retrospective cohort study among people who consumed event food. Participants were classified as a case if they were acutely ill with diarrhea, vomiting, fever, vomiting, or weakness from June 13–18. We interviewed people to collect information on demographics, symptoms, and food exposures at the event. We calculated food-specific attack rates and estimated adjusted relative risks (aRR) using multivariable Poisson regression, which was adjusted for sex, age, and foods consumed. Patient stool and gastric lavage samples, leftover food, and restaurant environmental samples were collected for bacterial culture and chemical analysis. Results: Of the 138 participants, 66 became ill; the attack rate was 48%. The most reported symptoms were diarrhea (92%), abdominal pain (91%), and fever (89%). Symptom onset occurred between 6 h and 4 days after the event (median = 1 day). Overall, 50 (76%) cases were hospitalized; no deaths were reported. In bivariable analysis, a greater proportion of cases than non-cases ate honey cake (89% vs. 13%, p < 0.01), and 45% of cases ate leftovers compared with 11% of non-cases (p < 0.01). In multivariable analysis, honey cake was the only risk factor associated with illness (aRR = 7.8, 95% confidence interval = 3.5–20.1, p < 0.01). Honey cakes, which use raw eggs in cream layers, had been stored at room temperature for three days before the event. Salmonella enterica serovar Enteriditis (S. Enteritidis) was isolated from all patient stool samples (49/49, 100%) and honey cake samples (2/2, 100%). Staphylococcus aureus was detected in 92% (35/38) of patient gastric lavage samples. Conclusion: S. Enteritidis was this outbreak's most probable etiological agent based on clinical manifestations and isolation from participant and honey cake samples. The improper storage of cakes containing raw eggs was a key contributing factor. Leftover event food was discarded, and the restaurant was closed for disinfection. Future outbreaks could be prevented by increased food safety awareness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The mucus layer provides the first defense that keeps the epithelium free from microorganisms. However, the effect of the small intestinal mucus layer on pathogen invasion is still poorly understood, especially for swine enteric coronavirus. To better understand virus‒mucus layer‒intestinal epithelium interactions, here, we developed a porcine intestinal organoid mucus‒monolayer model under air‒liquid interface (ALI) conditions. Results: We successfully established a differentiated intestinal organoid monolayer model comprising various differentiated epithelial cell types and a mucus layer under ALI conditions. Mass spectrometry analysis revealed that the mucus derived from the ALI monolayer shared a similar composition to that of the native small intestinal mucus. Importantly, our results demonstrated that the ALI monolayer exhibited lower infectivity of both TGEV and PEDV than did the submerged monolayer. To further confirm the impact of ALI mucus on coronavirus infection, mucus was collected from the ALI monolayer culture system and incubated with the viruses. These results indicated that ALI mucus treatment effectively reduced the infectivity of TGEV and PEDV. Additionally, Mucin 2 (Muc2), a major component of native small intestinal mucus, was found to be abundant in the mucus derived from the ALI monolayer, as determined by mass spectrometry analysis. Our study confirmed the potent antiviral activity of Muc2 against TGEV and PEDV infection. Considering the sialylation of Muc2 and the known sialic acid-binding activity of coronavirus, further investigations revealed that the sialic acid residues of Muc2 play a potential role in inhibiting coronavirus infection. Conclusions: We established the porcine intestinal organoid mucus monolayer as a novel and valuable model for confirming the pivotal role of the small intestinal mucus layer in combating pathogen invasion. In addition, our findings highlight the significance of sialic acid modification of Muc2 in blocking coronavirus infections. This discovery opens promising avenues for the development of tailor-made drugs aimed at preventing porcine enteric coronavirus invasion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite years of a national deworming campaign, the incidence of intestinal parasitic infections (IPIs) remains relatively high among certain ethnic groups, with lifestyle factors distinct from those of the general population. Despite existing studies on the prevalence of IPIs, there is limited research exploring the contextual associated factors within the Badi Indigenous community. Our objective in this study was to assess the prevalence of IPIs in the indigenous Badi community of Gurbhakot Municipality, Surkhet, Nepal, considering socioeconomic, lifestyle, and behavioral factors. A total of 205 stool samples were obtained from individuals aged 18–70 years through purposive sampling and preserved in a 2.5% potassium dichromate solution. A structured questionnaire was administered to the selected participants. Three diagnostic methods were used: direct wet mount, saturated salt flotation, and formal ether sedimentation. The study revealed an overall parasite prevalence of 27% (n = 55) in the indigenous Badi communities. Protozoan infections were found in 19% (n = 39) of the studied community, whereas helminthic infections were present in only 7.8% (n = 16). The highest prevalence was observed for Giardia lamblia at 16.1% (n = 33), followed by Ascaris lumbricoides at 5.9% (n = 12), Entamoeba histolytica at 2.9% (n = 6), and both Enterobius vermicularis and Hymenolepis nana at 1% (n = 2). The female population had a higher exposure to E. histolytica (5.8%, n = 6) than did the male population (0%, n = 0). The multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed increased odds of IPIs among participants involved in agriculture [aOR: 5.37, 95% CI: (2.31 to 12.47)], those who kept free-ranging pigs and poultry [aOR: 5.22, 95% CI: (1.87 to 14.53)], those who did not use soap before eating [aOR: 9.96, 95% CI: (2.11 to 46.99)], and those who consumed raw or undercooked meat [aOR: 2.76, 95% CI: (1.08 to 7.05)] compared with others. Therefore, health education, particularly regarding hygiene practices and lifestyle changes, is crucial for reducing the burden of intestinal parasitic infections (IPIs) in indigenous Badi communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) strains are subdivided into typical (tEPEC) and atypical (aEPEC) according to the presence or absence of a virulence-associated plasmid called pEAF. Our research group has previously demonstrated that two aEPEC strains, 0421-1 and 3991-1, induce an increase in mucus production in a rabbit ileal loop model in vivo. This phenomenon was not observed with a tEPEC prototype strain. Few studies on aEPEC strains evaluating their capacity to induce intestinal mucus hypersecretion were done. This study aimed to investigate aEPEC strains regarding their genotypic and phenotypic characteristics, their ability to alter mucus production in an in vivo intestinal infection model, and their potential mucinolytic activity. To investigate the relationship between strains 0421-1 and 3991-1 and 11 other aEPEC strains, their serotypes, sequence types (ST), and virulence factors (VF), several sequencing and genomic analyses were carried out. The study also involved researching the reproduction of mucus hypersecretion in rabbits in vivo. We found that the two mucus-inducing strains and two other strains (1582-4 and 2531-13) shared the same phylogroup (A), ST (378), serotype (O101/O162:H33), and intimin subtype (ι2), were phylogenetically related, and induced mucus hypersecretion in vivo. A wide diversity of VFs was found among the strains, confirming their genomic heterogeneity. However, among the genes studied, no unique virulence factor or gene set was identified exclusively in the mucus-inducing strains, suggesting the multifactorial nature of this phenomenon. The two strains (1582-4 and 2531-13) closely related to the two aEPEC strains that induced mucus production in vivo also induced the phenomenon. The investigation of the mucinolytic activity revealed that all aEPEC strains used mucins as their carbon sources. Ten of the 13 aEPEC strains could cross a mucin layer, and only four adhered better to agar containing mucin than to agar without mucin. The present study paves the way for subsequent investigations into the molecular mechanisms regarding cellular interactions and responses, as well as the correlation between virulence factors and the induction of mucus production/expression during aEPEC infections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Non-O1/non-O139 Vibrio cholerae (NOVC) strains are a distinct group of Vibrio cholerae that do not cause epidemic cholera. NOVC infections usually cause mild forms of gastroenteritis, and rarely severe (extra)intestinal infections, mostly affecting immunocompromised patients. Here, we describe the clinical course of a patient with NOVC bacteremia causing multiple liver abscesses, after drinking from a freshwater well in a non-coastal area. This case highlights the potential of a V.cholerae strain, that is phylogenetically distinct from the current pandemic cholera strain, to cause severe extra-intestinal infections, including liver abscesses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Paratuberculosis is a granulomatous intestinal infection that affects ruminant animals worldwide. The disease is often detected when most animals are already infected due to the long incubation period and the high transmissibility of the infectious agent. The lack of a comprehensive method to diagnose Paratuberculosis is a global challenge. Therefore, a non-destructive, fast, and cost-effective diagnostic method for early detection of Paratuberculosis is crucial. Methods: Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) and Aquaphotomics have the potential to diagnose the disease by detecting changes in biological fluids. This study aimed to investigate the diagnostic ability of NIRS and Aquaphotomics for Paratuberculosis in dairy cattle by monitoring and data mining of saliva. The diagnostic models were developed according to saliva spectra of dairy cattle in the NIR range and 12 water absorbance bands from 100 to 200 days after calving in two groups: positive and negative, based on the same results of seven ELISA tests of blood plasma, as a reference test. Results: Both NIRS and Aquaphotomics methods had high diagnostic accuracy. Using QDA and SVM models, 99% total accuracy, 98% sensitivity, and 100% specificity were achieved in internal validation. The total accuracy in external validation was 90%. This study presents two novel approaches to diagnosing Paratuberculosis in dairy cattle using saliva. Discussion: The study found that changes in water absorbance spectral patterns of saliva caused by complex physiological changes, such as the amount of antibody related to Paratuberculosis in dairy cattle as biomarkers, are crucial in detecting Paratuberculosis using NIRS and Aquaphotomics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Sri Lanka, an island located in South Asia, once experienced a notable prevalence of human intestinal nematode infections (HINIs). With the implementation of control programs, infection prevalence was reduced. Detailed information on prevalence, distribution and temporal trends of HINIs is limited. This review aims to explore Sri Lanka's HINI distribution, trends, diagnostics, control and challenges. Methodology: We reviewed published information on HINIs in Sri Lanka in electronic databases, local journals and grey literature from inception to September 2022. Based on the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-Scr), a systematic strategy was used for searching, screening, reviewing and data extraction. The screening was initiated with a review of titles and abstracts using specific keywords, followed by a full-text screening based on predefined eligibility criteria. A total of 105 studies were included in the review, with 28 selected for pooled prevalence analysis. Principal findings: The first nationwide survey in 1924 reported a hookworm infection prevalence of 93.1%. By 2017, soil-transmitted helminth (STH) infection prevalence across the island was 0.97% (ascariasis-0.45%, trichurisis-0.25%, and hookworm infection-0.29%), and the enterobiasis prevalence between 2003 and 2017 ranged from 0% to 42.5%. Strongyloidiasis had been understudied, with a prevalence of 0.1% to 2%. Over the past two decades, the islandwide pooled HINI prevalence was 13.3%. Within specific demographics, it was 6.96% in the general community, 33.4% in plantation sector, and 11.6% in slum communities. During the colonial period, hookworm infection was the commonest HINI, but ascariasis is now more prevalent. The prevailing data relied solely on microscopy, often utilising single stool smears. Mass deworming programs were widely pursued in the first half of the 20th century, initially targeting antenatal women and schoolchildren, and now focusing on specific community groups. National surveys continue monitoring the three main STH infections. Conclusions: The significant reduction in STH prevalence in the country over the past ten decades highlights the effectiveness of public health interventions, particularly mass deworming programs. Despite the success, STH prevalence disparities persist in vulnerable populations like plantation and slum communities, where hygiene and living conditions continue to pose challenges. Reliance on single stool smear microscopy highlights the need for more sensitive diagnostics to better assess infections. Fluctuating enterobiasis prevalence and limited strongyloidiasis data underscore the importance of continued surveillance and targeted interventions for sustained control and eventual elimination. Sri Lanka's experiences and control measures offer valuable insights for low-income countries in South Asia and beyond, particularly in managing HINIs with limited resources. Author summary: HINIs pose a significant public health concern in Sri Lanka, especially among the deprived communities. Most Sri Lankan research information on HINIs over the years has been scattered and inconsistent, and many are not accessible to all. To address this issue, we conducted an extensive review of the literature from inception to September 2022. The review showed the first HINI to be recorded as hookworm infection, while all five HINI species were reported in Sri Lanka. In the early 1900s infection prevalence was over 90%, and a gradual decline in prevalence over the period was noted. Among the many measures taken to reduce the infection rates since the early part of the 20th century are the national deworming guidelines framed and implemented from 2012 onwards. The current islandwide prevalence of STH infection is less than 1%. Prevalence data on enterobiasis and strongyloidiasis are sparse and the current islandwide prevalence of these two species is not known. As all prevalence estimates were made using microscopic techniques, more sensitive diagnostic methods should be employed to understand the true picture of present low prevalence estimates. The burden of disease is highest in the hill country plantation sector and urban slum communities where living conditions and sanitary facilities are poor. The experiences and control measures implemented in Sri Lanka can offer valuable insights to other countries especially when facing limited resources and similar challenges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, using a panel of recombinant CHO cell lines, we identified the coxsackie and adenovirus receptor (CAR) and histo-blood group antigens (HBGAs) or sialic acid as the minimum requirement for susceptibility to rhesus enteric calicivirus (ReCV) infections. While ReCVs cause lytic infection in LLC-MK2 cells, recombinant CHO (rCHO) cell lines did not exhibit any morphological changes upon infection. To monitor infectious virus production, rCHO cell cultures had to be freeze–thawed and titrated on LLC-MK2 monolayers. This raised the question of whether ReCV infection in rCHO cells is persistent and whether non-enveloped progeny virions are released from the infected cells. Here, we used the rCHO-CAR+ cell line and a CAR and sialic acid-dependent recovirus strain (FT7) and found that these cells were persistently infected, and infectious virus was continuously produced and released into the culture without showing any visible cell damage. Viral capsid protein and replication intermediate double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) were detectable in almost all cells for at least 12 passages. We suspect a fully exosomal viral exit mechanism without a lytic cycle in these cells. rCHO cell may provide a valuable system for ReCV production (producer cell line) and serve as a model for investigating enteric calicivirus non-lytic viral exit mechanisms and the properties of the released, most likely membrane-cloaked, infectious progeny virions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses two cases of Enterocytozoon bieneusi intestinal microsporidiosis in heart transplant recipients treated with oral nitazoxanide therapy. The patients experienced persistent diarrhea and weight loss, with one case showing marked improvement after a 10-week course of nitazoxanide. While fumagillin is recommended as first-line therapy, access to this treatment is limited globally, leading to the exploration of nitazoxanide as a second-line option. The cases highlight the challenges in managing E. bieneusi infection and the need for further research on alternative treatment options. [Extracted from the article]

Simple Summary: In the last decades, several researchers investigated the feasibility of in ovo administration of different compounds for promoting health and productivity in poultry. The use of various substances is described in the literature, including vaccines, drugs, hormones, competitive exclusion cultures, pre-, pro- and postbiotics and nutritional supplements. Injected substances, volumes, dosages or concentrations vary according to bird type, egg size, time and site of injection, incubation system and regimen, with variable and sometimes contrasting results. Several reports indicated that probiotics may be effectively used to fight intestinal bacterial infections and promote growth in chickens. In ovo Marek's disease vaccination is a practice widespread throughout the world, and the association of this vaccine with a probiotic mixture could be performed at the industrial scale, limiting the additional costs. The application of a probiotic mixture, associated with the Marek's disease vaccine and inoculated in ovo, was tested to evaluate benefits to the poultry industry in a pilot scale. The interest for in ovo feeding has grown in the last decades mainly concerning probiotics, live microorganisms that can actively interact with the embryo. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of a multi-strain probiotic diluted in Marek's disease vaccine (MDV) on zootechnical performances, intestinal morphology and Eimeria spp. infection. One hundred and twenty eggs of Ross 308 broiler chickens were incubated until 18 d, when 105 fertilised and vital eggs were randomly allocated into three groups. A control group (C) was inoculated with MDV; two treated groups (P1 and P2) were inoculated with MDV and different concentrations of probiotics: 1 × 105 CFU/100 μL in P1 and 1 × 106 CFU/100 μL in P2. After hatching, chickens were separated into three replicates (10/replicate). Zootechnical parameters were determined. At the end of the cycle (35 d), chickens were slaughtered, and the intestine was collected for morphological analysis from nine chickens per group (three/replicate). Eimeria spp. oocyst shedding was determined weekly, and parasitic lesions were analysed on the histological sample. In ovo treatment with probiotic did not influence hatching rate but significantly improved body weight and positively influenced intestinal morphometric data compared to C. Oocyst shedding in faeces resulted in an increase in C, with significant differences at sampling performed at 14, 21 and 28 d of age. These results suggest that the tested probiotic compound is safe for in ovo supplementation and effectively improves zootechnical performances and coccidian resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Wheat bran is a cost-effective feed ingredient that can improve growth performance and intestinal infection resistance in broiler chickens when used in moderation. Due to different milling processes, wheat bran varies significantly in its chemical constituents. It remains unclear how these chemical variations in wheat bran relate to its nutritional functions. This study aims to identify criteria to categorize wheat bran based on its proximate components and in vitro digestible energy and further determine the differences in growth performance, nutrient digestion, and gut health among different groups of wheat bran. The results show that including low-fiber (LF) wheat bran in feed increased broilers' crude protein (CP) capacity and fiber digestion and promoted the growth of Barnesiella, a genus regulating IFN-γ production, but did not affect growth performance. In contrast, high-fiber (HF) wheat bran in feed decreased the gross energy (GE) and CP retention. Therefore, wheat bran containing less than 40% neutral detergent fiber (NDF) is recommended for use in broiler diets, representing a promising way to decrease feed costs and improve gut health. Recent studies have discovered that wheat bran could stimulate digestive tract development, modulate intestinal microbiota, and improve the digestibility of fibrous ingredients in broilers. Wheat bran varies greatly in its chemical constituents. The objective of this study is to investigate how different types of wheat bran influence growth performance, nutrient digestion, and gut health in broiler chickens. Eight types of wheat bran were sampled and analyzed for nine constituents. A principal component analysis demonstrated that the wheat bran could be clustered into three groups based on the first principal component, namely low-fiber (LF), medium-fiber (MF), and high-fiber (HF) wheat bran. Wheat bran from the LF, MF, and HF groups significantly differed in terms of the contents of NDF, acid detergent fiber (ADF), hemicellulose, in vitro digestible energy (IVDE), crude fat, and ash (p < 0.05). A total of 324 seven-day-old broiler chicks were grouped into six body weight blocks. Each block of birds was randomly divided into six treatments, fed either a corn–soybean meal basal diet or five experimental diets, including 3% wheat bran from the LF, MF, and HF groups, until d 21. The feed/gain ratio was increased, and the coefficients of dry matter (DM, p = 0.001), gross energy (GE, p = 0.005) digestion, energy (p = 0.039), and CP (p = 0.051) retention were reduced in the birds that were fed 3% HF wheat bran. In contrast, in the birds fed 3% LF wheat bran, the coefficients of nutrient digestion and retention of energy and CP were not affected, but the CP (p = 0.009) and the NDF (p = 0.059) digestion ability were increased when switched to the same diet. In the cecal digesta, Barnesiella was enriched in the birds from the LF group, while Lachnospiracea was enriched in the birds from the MF group. Adding a moderate amount of wheat bran from the LF group could promote protein and fiber digestion and increase the abundance of Barnesiella in broilers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: Judicious antimicrobial use in companion animal practice is critical for maintaining the effectiveness of antimicrobial agents against bacterial infections and reducing the selection of antimicrobial‐resistant bacteria. This study aimed to provide insights into companion animal veterinarians' antimicrobial treatment recommendations for common bacterial infections in dogs and cats and describe the factors influencing their prescription choices. Methods and Results: An online survey using QualtricsXM® software was administered between September and November 2022 to companion animal veterinarians who were Illinois State Veterinary Medical Association members. Descriptive and text analyses were conducted to assess the participants' responses. A total of 78 surveys were included in the analysis. Skin infections were ranked as the most common bacterial infections for which veterinarians prescribed antimicrobial agents, followed by ear, urinary tract, respiratory, and enteric infections. The severity of clinical symptoms and the results of bacterial culture and susceptibility tests were the most influential factors for veterinarians when making antimicrobial prescription choices. Veterinarians were aware of the current antimicrobial prescription guideline recommendations when prescribing antimicrobials empirically to nine hypothetical scenarios of bacterial infections. According to the results of the text analysis that assessed veterinarians' responses to an open‐ended question, regarding their challenges when prescribing antimicrobial agents, the pairwise correlation of word frequencies within each response showed the highest correlations between the words 'owner' and 'compliance', 'administration' and 'route', 'cost' and 'culture', and 'patients' and 'acceptance'. Conclusions: The study results can support animal health stakeholders in the development of antimicrobial stewardship programmes to promote appropriate antimicrobial use and limit the emergence of antimicrobial resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Biomédica: Revista del Instituto Nacional de Salud is the property of Instituto Nacional de Salud of Colombia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background: Currently, there is a lack of serum biomarkers that can accurately predict the short-term prognosis of enterogenic sepsis. Methods: 99 patients with enterogenic sepsis were categorized based on their Acute Gastrointestinal Injury (AGI) grade on the third day of ICU admission into four groups: no AGI, AGI grade I, AGI grade II, and AGI (III+IV). Additionally, patients were classified into survival and death groups according to their 28-day clinical outcomes. Peripheral venous blood samples were collected to measure levels of interleukin (IL)-27, intestinal fatty acid-binding protein (IFABP), and diamine oxidase (DAO). Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were generated to assess the ability of IL-27, IFABP, and DAO to predict the short-term prognosis of patients with enterogenic sepsis. Results: On the third day, both the survival and death groups exhibited elevated serum levels of IL-27 and IFABP compared to the first day, while levels of DAO were lower than those observed on day one. Furthermore, a significant positive correlation was observed between IL-27 and both IFABP and DAO, with stronger correlations evident on day three compared to day one. As the Acute Gastrointestinal Injury (AGI) grading increased, levels of IL-27, IFABP, and DAO rose correspondingly, correlating with a gradual decrease in survival rates, all demonstrating statistical significance (all P < 0.05). The Area Under the Curve (AUC) values for IL-27, IFABP, and DAO on the third day, predicting short-term prognosis for intestinal sepsis patients, were 0.714, 0.772, and 0.724, respectively. Notably, these values surpassed those of the first day, with IFABP on the third day exhibiting the highest predictive capability. Conclusion: IL-27, IFABP, and DAO levels measured on the third day of hospitalization can accurately predict the short-term prognosis of enterogenic sepsis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Enteric virus infection is a major public health issue worldwide. Enteric viruses have become epidemic infectious diseases in several countries. Enteric viruses primarily infect the gastrointestinal tract and complete their life cycle in intestinal epithelial cells. These viruses are transmitted via the fecal–oral route through contaminated food, water, or person to person and cause similar common symptoms, including vomiting, abdominal pain, and diarrhea. Diarrheal disease is the third leading cause of death in children under five years of age, accounting for approximately 1.7 billion cases and 443,832 deaths annually in this age group. Additionally, some enteric viruses can invade other tissues, leading to severe conditions and even death. The pathogenic mechanisms of enteric viruses are also unclear. In this review, we organized the research on trending enteric virus infections, including rotavirus, norovirus, adenovirus, Enterovirus-A71, Coxsackievirus A6, and Echovirus 11. Furthermore, we discuss the gastrointestinal effects and pathogenic mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 in intestinal epithelial cells, given the gastrointestinal symptoms observed during the COVID-19 pandemic. We conducted a literature review on their pathogenic mechanisms, which serves as a guide for formulating future treatment strategies for enteric virus infections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The administration of proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) is anticipated to elevate an individual's susceptibility to enteric infections as a result of altering the gut flora. The influence of PPIs on the clinical manifestation of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is still uncertain. This study aims to investigate the impact of PPI usage on the clinical manifestation of COVID-19, namely its gastrointestinal symptoms. Methods: This is a cross-sectional cohort study involving COVID-19 patients. Patients were interviewed using a predesigned questionnaire that asked about their demographics, clinical manifestations of COVID-19 infection, and the extent and type of PPIs in use. PPI usage was confirmed by reviewing patients' electronic medical records. The primary outcome was to establish any association between the use of PPI and the symptoms and clinical presentation of COVID-19. Results: Out of a total of 254 participants, 69 (27.2%) were considered PPI users. Patients who were on PPI medications reported a significantly lower rate of myalgia (27.5% vs 51.9%; p=0.0006) and heartburn (5.7% vs 15.6%; p=0.03) but had a significantly higher rate of abdominal pain (27.5% vs 13.5%; p=0.001) and diarrhoea (28.9% vs 14.5%, p=0.02) when compared to those who were not using PPIs. Patients on PPIs were also shown to have significantly higher odds of developing diarrhoea (OR 2.0, 95% CI: 1.08 to 3.93, p=0.02) and abdominal pain (OR 2.0, 95% CI: 1.22 to 3.93, p=0.03), but a lower risk of developing myalgia (OR 0.5, 95% CI: 0.3 to 0.9, p=0.02) when compared to non-PPI users. Conclusion: This study shows that the use of PPIs could impact COVID-19 clinical presentation toward more gastrointestinal manifestations. Further studies investigating the link between other acid suppression medications and COVID-19 manifestations and severity should be carried out. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Campylobacter spp. is a major source of global gastrointestinal infections. Their enteric infections are linked to the consumption of undercooked poultry products, contaminated milk and water, and the handling of wild animals and birds. The detection of Campylobacter spp. in water and food samples mainly depends on culture-based techniques. Public Health England (PHE), the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), and the International Standard Organization (ISO) have standardized Campylobacter spp. isolation and enumeration procedures for food and water samples, which involve the usage of selective agar media and enrichment broth. Different types of selective plating and enrichment media have been prepared for Campylobacter spp. detection and assessment during regular food surveillance and food poisoning. To date, culture media remains the standard option for microbiological food analysis and has been approved by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA), Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), and World Health Organization (WHO). This review discusses the standard microbiological protocols for Campylobacter spp. isolation and enumeration in food and water and evaluates detection media (pre-enrichment, selective enrichment, and selective plating) for their rational applications. Moreover, it also elaborates on the advantages and disadvantages of recent chromogenic culture media in Campylobacter spp.-oriented food surveillance. This review also highlights the challenges of culture-based techniques, future developments, and alternative methods for Campylobacter spp. detection in food and water samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Paratuberculosis (PTB), primarily caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP), is a chronic infection that affects ruminants and is difficult to prevent, diagnose, and treat. Investigating how MAP infections affect the gut microbiota in sheep can aid in the prevention and treatment of ovine PTB. This study examined fecal samples from eight small-tail Han sheep (STHS) at various stages of infection and from three different field areas. All samples underwent DNA extraction and 16S rRNA sequencing. Among all samples, the phyla p. Firmicutes and p. Bacteroidota exhibited the highest relative abundance. The dominant genera in groups M1–M6 were UCG-005, Christensenellaceae_R-7_group, Rikenellaceae_RC9_gut_group, Akkermansia, UCG-005, and Bacteroides, whereas those in groups A–C were Christensenellaceae_R-7_group, Escherichia–Shigella, and Acinetobacter, respectively. The microbial community structure varied significantly among groups M1–M6. Specifically, 56 microbiota consortia with different taxonomic levels, including the order Clostridiales, were significantly enriched in groups M1–M6, whereas 96 microbiota consortia at different taxonomic levels, including the family Oscillospiraceae, were significantly enriched in groups A–C. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to report that MAP infection alters the intestinal microbiota of STHS. Changes in p. Firmicutes abundance can serve as a potential biomarker to distinguish MAP infection and determine the infection stage for its early diagnosis. Our study provides a theoretical basis for the treatment of PTB by regulating the intestinal microbiota, including p. Firmicutes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Parasitic infections, especially opportunistic infections, are important issues for immunocompromised patients, including cancer patients. In this study, the prevalence of intestinal protozoan infections was investigated in Iranian cancer patients and a control group using microscopic and molecular methods. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on a group of 158 individuals with gastrointestinal and non-gastrointestinal cancers from hospitals affiliated with the Iran University of Medical Sciences, alongside 158 healthy individuals included in the control group. Stool samples were collected and examined using direct and concentration methods. The modified acid-fast staining method was used to detect coccidian parasite infections. DNA was extracted from the patients' samples, and PCR and sequencing were performed. Results: The overall prevalence of protozoan infections was higher in the cancer patients (31.6%) than in the control group (12.0%), with the difference between the two groups being statistically significant (P = 0.0001). The study identified Blastocystis hominis as the most common protozoan, with a prevalence of 22.8%, followed by Giardia lamblia, Entamoeba coli, Dientamoeba fragilis, and Chilomastix mesnili, with rates of 2.5%, 1.3%, 1.3%, and 0.6%, respectively, in the cancer patients. Cystoisospora belli and Cryptosporidium sp. were found as opportunistic infections in 2.5% and 0.6% of the cancer patients, respectively. Blastocystis hominis, with a prevalence of 9.5%, followed by Giardia lamblia at 1.3%, were the most common parasitic infections in the control group. A statistical difference was found for Cystoisospora belli (P = 0.044) and Blastocystis hominis (P = 0.0013) between the cancer patients and the control group. Cryptosporidium sp. was confirmed as Cryptosporidium parvum, and Cystoisospora belli was confirmed by PCR sequencing. Conclusion: Chemotherapy, aside from corticosteroids, increases susceptibility to intestinal Protozoan infections in patients with hematological malignancies, particularly those with lymphoma and leukemia. The results indicated a higher risk of intestinal Protozoan infections, including opportunistic infections, in the cancer patients than in the control group. Cystoisospora belli and Cryptosporidium parvum were found to cause diarrhea in hematological malignancy patients undergoing chemotherapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Helicobacter pylori (Hp) infection and metabolic syndrome (MetS) have a high prevalence of co-morbidities and both pose a significant threat to human health and survival. It has been suggested that Hp infection affects the development of MetS in the host, but the causal relationship between the two has not been confirmed. Methods: We conducted a two-sample Mendelian randomization study to investigate the causal effect of Hp infection with MetS and its components. Summary statistics for exposure factors (Hp infection) were obtained from the GWAS Catalog (anti-Hp IgG, n = 8,735; Hp VacA antibody levels, n = 1,571; Hp GroEL antibody levels, n = 2,716; Hp OMP antibody levels, n = 2,640). Summary statistics for outcome factors (MetS) were obtained from the most comprehensive genome-wide association study (GWAS) currently available (n = 291,107) as well as from the components of MetS: fasting glucose (n = 46,186), hypertension (n = 461,880), serum triglycerides (n = 115,082), waist circumference (n = 21,949), and high-density lipoprotein (n = 400, 754). The inverse-variance weighted (IVW) method was used as the primary MR method and the robustness of the results was assessed through sensitivity analyses. Results: MR analysis showed that anti-Hp IgG levels were positively correlated with waist circumference (β = 0.08, P = 0.012), and GroEL antibody levels showed an opposite correlation with HDL levels (β= -0.03, P = 0.025) and TG (β = 0.02, P = 0.045). In contrast, OMP antibodies levels were positively correlated with both HDL and FBG (β = 0.064, P = 0.037 and β = 0.09, P = 0.003). In the estimation of IVW as the main causal method, VacA antibody level was positively associated with hypertension level and negatively associated with TG (β = 0.02, P = 0.008 and β= -0.02, P = 0.007). Meanwhile, the results of sensitivity analyses showed no heterogeneity or significant level pleiotropy. Conclusions: Our study suggests that there is a causal effect between Hp infection and Mets diagnosis and its composition, and further studies are needed to understand the mechanism of its influence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Human norovirus (HuNoV) accounts for over 700 million cases of gastroenteritis annually. Episodes of HuNoV disease are characterized by vomiting and diarrhea as the two most prominent symptoms. Despite its prevalence, our understanding of the pathophysiological mechanisms triggered upon HuNoV infection is limited, mainly due to a lack of suitable animal models. Our aim was to use the recent HuNoV zebrafish larvae model to study the effect of HuNoV infection on intestinal motility and investigate whether one viral protein could act as an enterotoxin, as seen with rotavirus. We studied whether HuNoV infection affects the contraction frequency of the intestinal bulb and the posterior intestine as well as the transit time. Infection of larvae, following injection of a HuNoV GII.4-containing stool sample in the yolk, resulted in an increased contraction frequency in the intestinal bulb. A comparable effect was observed in serotonin-treated larvae, corresponding to the natural function of serotonin. The higher replication efficacy of HuNoV GII.4 likely explains why they have a more marked effect on gut motility, when compared to other genotypes. Additionally, transit time of fluorescent food was prolonged in HuNoV GII.4 infected larvae, suggesting a loss of coordination in bowel movements upon infection. To identify the proteins responsible for the effect, individual HuNoV non-structural proteins and virus-like particles (VLPs) were injected intraperitoneally (ip). VLPs carrying VP1/VP2, but not those with only VP1, induced increased contraction frequencies in the intestinal bulb in a dose-dependent manner. In conclusion, our findings suggest that the viral capsid and potentially the minor capsid protein VP2 play a crucial role in the aetiology of symptoms associated with HuNoV, potentially acting as a viral enterotoxin. This work contributes to the understanding of the pathophysiological mechanisms in HuNoV-induced disease and further attests zebrafish as a valuable HuNoV disease model. Author summary: Human norovirus causes more than 700 million cases of gastroenteritis every year. Episodes of HuNoV disease are characterized by vomiting and diarrhea as the two most prominent symptoms. Despite its global prevalence, our understanding of the underlying mechanisms causing human norovirus disease are limited due to a historical lack of proper animal models. Recently, we developed a new small animal model for human norovirus in zebrafish larvae. Here, we used the optical transparency during the early larval stages of zebrafish larvae to study the effect of human norovirus infection on the intestinal motility and transit time, and to potentially identify a new viral enterotoxin, as has been done for human rotavirus. We found that the contraction frequency of a specific part of the zebrafish intestine, the intestinal bulb, increased upon human norovirus infection. Additionally, human norovirus infection caused a prolonged transit time after feeding, indicating a loss of coordination in bowel movements upon infection. Finally, we show that it are the viral capsid proteins that play a crucial role in inducing these effects. Overall, our study provides new insights into the disease mechanism of human norovirus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cholera, an intestinal infection caused by Vibrio cholerae, poses a severe threat to public health, particularly in developing countries. This narrative review discusses drivers for cholera outbreaks, challenges and viable alternatives, in Zimbabwe. A literature search was conducted using electronic databases notably ScienceDirect, Google Scholar and PubMed, as well as thesis and conference papers. Evidence indicates that the epidemiology, as well as risk factors, includes (1) extreme droughts; (2) political meddling in health issues and water supply; (3) natural disasters; (4) migration; (5) problems with water and sanitation; and (6) the endemic nature of the causative agent as well as its development of drug resistance. Reliable supply of clean water and proper sanitation and hygiene as the main key to prevention is emphasised. The use of antibiotics and vaccines for therapy, as well as the use of medicinal plants in traditional medicine, is discussed. Kirkia acuminata and Ziziphus mucronata root and stem bark infusions or decoctions were revealed to be the most common folklore treatments for cholera in rural communities. The potential of medicinal plants as anti‐Vibrio cholerae remedies based on their positive antibacterial assays, and mechanism of action is also presented. Finally, the development of innovative anti‐Vibrio cholerae therapeutics based on natural leads and compounds and adapted for use in resource‐constrained cholera‐prone areas is viewed as a potential option, to complement cholera prevention and treatment, particularly in resource‐limited endemic areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Infecting humans with controlled doses of small intestinal helminths, such as human hookworm, is proposed as a therapy for the colonic inflammatory disease ulcerative colitis. Strengthening the colonic mucus barrier is a potential mechanism by which small intestinal helminths could treat ulcerative colitis. In this study, we compare C57BL/6 mice infected with the small intestinal helminth Heligmosomoides polygyrus and uninfected controls to investigate changes in colonic mucus. Histology, gene expression, and immunofluorescent analysis demonstrate that this helminth induces goblet cell hyperplasia, and an upregulation of mucin sialylation, and goblet-cell-derived functional proteins resistin-like molecule-beta (RELM-β) and trefoil factors (TFFs), in the colon. Using IL-13 knockout mice, we reveal that these changes are predominantly IL-13-dependent. The assessment of the colonic mucus microbiome demonstrates that H. polygyrus infection increases the abundance of Ruminococcus gnavus, a commensal bacterium capable of utilising sialic acid as an energy source. This study also investigates a human cohort experimentally challenged with human hookworm. It demonstrates that TFF blood levels increase in individuals chronically infected with small intestinal helminths, highlighting a conserved mucus response between humans and mice. Overall, small intestinal helminths modify colonic mucus, highlighting this as a plausible mechanism by which human hookworm therapy could treat ulcerative colitis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: In developing countries, prisoners are one of the marginalized groups most susceptible to intestinal parasite infection due to inadequate living conditions, malnutrition, a lack of potable water, overcrowding, and poor hygiene. Thus, this study is aimed at assessing the prevalence and associated factors of intestinal parasitic infections among inmates of Hosanna town prison. Materials and Methods: An institution‐based cross‐sectional study was conducted in Hosanna Town's prisoners from June 1 to July 30, 2022, on a total of 420 inmates. The study participants were chosen using a simple random sampling technique. Sociodemographic, sanitation, hygienic, and related information were collected by using pretested questionnaires. In addition, about 5 g of stool sample was collected using a leak‐proof plastic stool cup and examined microscopically by using direct wet mount preparation and formalin–ether concentration techniques, and data were analyzed by using SPSS Version 25. Results: This study indicated an overall 39.2% (95% CI: 34.6–44.1) prevalence of intestinal parasites (165/420). Entamoeba histolytica/dispar was the most prevalent intestinal parasite found, followed by Giardia lamblia, Ascaris lumbricoides, Hookworms, Taenia species, and Schistosoma mansoni. About 3.1% of participants had dual parasitic infections. In addition, there is a significant association in multivariable logistic regression analysis between intestinal parasitic infection and various hygiene practices such as not using soap when washing hands after using the toilet ((aOR 1.62 (95% CI: 1.06–2.48)), p ≤ 0.027), not regularly washing hands before meals ((aOR 2.83 (95% CI: 1.79–4.46)), p ≤ 0.001), poor hand hygiene overall ((aOR 3.18 (95% CI: 2.00–4.99)), p ≤ 0.001), not trimming fingernails ((aOR 2.09 (95% CI: 1.29–3.37)), p ≤ 0.003), and length of time in prison (aOR: 4.27, 95% CI: 22.62–6.96, p = 0.001). Conclusions: The findings of the study indicated that the overall prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections was 39.2%, with 38.8% of the infected individuals falling within the 25–34 age range. Additionally, 67.3% of those infected had been imprisoned for over a year. Furthermore, the personal hygiene status of prisoners was found to be substantially correlated with the presence of parasites. Hosanna town prison should ensure sufficient sanitary supplies, promote personal hygiene, and implement health education. Regular medical checkups and routine nail‐clipping sessions are crucial for maintaining cleanliness and reducing parasite transmission among inmates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The antibacterial and immunomodulatory activities of bacteriocins make them attractive targets for development as anti-infective drugs. Although the importance of the enteric nervous system (ENS) in the struggle against infections of the intestine has been demonstrated, whether it is involved in bacteriocins anti-infective mechanisms is poorly defined. Results: Here, we demonstrated that the bacteriocin Microcin J25 (J25) significantly alleviated diarrhea and intestinal inflammation in piglets caused by enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) infection. Mechanistically, macrophage levels were significantly downregulated after J25 treatment, and this was replicated in a mouse model. Omics analysis and validation screening revealed that J25 treatment induced significant changes in the dopaminergic neuron pathway, but little change in microbial structure. The alleviation of inflammation may occur by down-regulating dopamine receptor (DR) D1 and the downstream DAG-PKC pathway, thus inhibiting arachidonic acid decomposition, and the inhibition of macrophages may occur through the up-regulation of DRD5 and the downstream cAMP-PKA pathway, thus inhibiting NF-κB. Conclusions: Our studies' findings provide insight into the changes and possible roles of the ENS in J25 treatment of ETEC infection, providing a more sophisticated foundational understanding for developing the application potential of J25. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Intestinal parasitic (IP) infections caused by helminths are among the most significant public health concerns that mainly affect deprived people in Sub-Sahara African countries. The current study aimed to determine the prevalence and associated risk factors of intestinal parasitic helminths among patients attending Mekaneselam hospital. Method: In this cross-sectional study conducted from August 2022 to February 2023, stool specimens were collected and examined microscopically to detect intestinal helminths using direct wet-mount and formal-ether concentration techniques. A structured questionnaire was employed to obtain information regarding the socio-demographic characteristics and associated risk factors. Data were analyzed via appropriate univariate and multivariable logistic regression methods using SPSS version 25.0. Result: The overall prevalence of the parasitic helminths was 51 (12.6%) out of 404 patients attending in Mekaneselam town during the study period. In this study, seven species of intestinal helminths were detected, with Ascaris lumbricoides (5.7%) being the most prevalent followed by Trichuris trichiura (2.2%). Significant positive associations were observed between intestinal helminths infection and the socio-demographic characteristics including marital status (χ2 = 7.97, p = 0.047), educational level (χ2 = 9.34, p = 0.025) and residence (χ2 = 3.90, p = 0.048). The odds of being infected with IP were three times higher among divorced patients than married individuals (AOR = 3.21, CI = 1.15–8.96, p = 0.03). Illiterate individuals were three times (AOR = 2.61, CI = 1.24–5.49, p = 0.011) and those who attended primary school were two times (AOR = 2.3, CI = 1.029–5.143, p = 0.042), more likely to have helminthic infections. Participants who did not wash their hands after using the toilet were five times more likely to acquire IP helminths than those who did (AOR = 4.36, CI = 2.83–6.72, p = 0.000). In the case of the feeding habit, study subjects who ate unwashed vegetables were more likely to acquire helminths than those who did not eat unwashed vegetables (AOR = 5. 43, CI = 4.33–23.77, p = 0.000). Conclusion: This study highlighted a substantial prevalence of intestinal helminths infections (12.6%) in the study area, warranting the urgent need for attention and interventions from relevant public health authorities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Propionate is one of the main short chain fatty acids in the gut. Previously, we found that propionate significantly down‐regulated the expression of NleH. NleH is a virulence effector secreted by Citrobacter rodentium (C. rodentium, C.r.) and is essential for its intestinal colonisation and infection. Therefore, this study intends to explore the effect and mechanism of propionate on C.r. infection by regulating the expression of NleH. Wild‐type C.r. and its NleH mutant (C.r.△NleH), E.coli and its NleH1 mutant (E.coli△NleH1) were co‐cultured with propionate separately, changes in strain growth and invasion adhesion were detected. Meanwhile, C57BL/6J mice were infected with C.r. and C.r.△NleH to establish animal model, and propionate intervention was given. Through detecting the invasive and infectious ability of strains in mice and the changes related to colon inflammation, to analyse the effect of propionate on C.r. infection by regulating NleH expression. The results showed that propionate can reduce the adhesion of C.r. and intestinal damage by down‐regulating NleH expression, meanwhile changes of microbial functional metabolism enhance the resistance to C.r. infection in mice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gasdermin C is one of the least studied members of the gasdermin family of proteins, known for their critical involvement in pyroptosis and host defense. Furthermore, evidence for the role of Gasdermin C in the intestine is scarce and partly controversial. Here, we tested the functional role of Gasdermin C in intestinal homeostasis, inflammation and tumorigenesis. : We studied Gasdermin C in response to cytokines in intestinal organoids. We evaluated epithelial differentiation, cell death and immune infiltration under steady state conditions in a new mouse line deficient in Gasdermin C. The role of Gasdermin C was analyzed in acute colitis, infection and colitis-associated cancer. Gasdemin C is highly expressed in the intestinal epithelium and strongly induced by the type 2 cytokines IL-4 and IL-13 in a STAT6-dependent manner. Gasdermin C-deficient mice show no changes in tissue architecture and epithelial homeostasis. Epithelial organoids deficient in Gasdermin C develop normally and show no alterations in proliferation or cell death. No changes were found in models of acute colitis, type 2 intestinal infection and colitis-associated cancer. Gasdermin C genes are upregulated by type 2 immunity, yet appear dispensable for the development of intestinal inflammation, infection and colitis-associated cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mammalian orthoreovirus (reovirus) strains type 1 Lang (T1L) and type 3 Dearing-RV (T3D-RV) infect the intestine in mice but differ in the induction of inflammatory responses. T1L infection is associated with the blockade of oral immunological tolerance to newly introduced dietary antigens, whereas T3D-RV is not. T1L infection leads to an increase in infiltrating phagocytes, including macrophages, in gut-associated lymphoid tissues that are not observed in T3D-RV infection. However, the function of macrophages in reovirus intestinal infection is unknown. Using cells sorted from infected intestinal tissue and primary cultures of bone-marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs), we discovered that T1L infects macrophages more efficiently than T3D-RV. Analysis of T1L × T3D-RV reassortant viruses revealed that the viral S4 gene segment, which encodes outer-capsid protein s3, is responsible for strainspecific differences in infection of BMDMs. Differences in the binding of T1L and T3D-RV to BMDMs also segregated with the s3-encoding S4 gene. Paired immunoglobulin-like receptor B (PirB), which serves as a receptor for reovirus, is expressed on macrophages and engages s3. We found that PirBspecific antibody blocks T1L binding to BMDMs and that T1L binding to PirB-/- BMDMs is significantly diminished. Collectively, our data suggest that reovirus T1L infection of macrophages is dependent on engagement of PirB by viral outer-capsid protein s3. These findings raise the possibility that macrophages function in the innate immune response to reovirus infection that blocks immunological tolerance to new food antigens. IMPORTANCE Mammalian orthoreovirus (reovirus) infects humans throughout their lifespan and has been linked to celiac disease (CeD). CeD is caused by a loss of oral immunological tolerance (LOT) to dietary gluten and leads to intestinal inflammation following gluten ingestion, which worsens with prolonged exposure and can cause malnutrition. There are limited treatment options for CeD. While there are genetic risk factors associated with the illness, triggers for disease onset are not completely understood. Enteric viruses, including reovirus, have been linked to CeD induction. We found that a reovirus strain associated with oral immunological tolerance blockade infects macrophages by virtue of its capacity to bind macrophage receptor PirB. These data contribute to an understanding of the innate immune response elicited by reovirus, which may shed light on how viruses trigger LOT and inform the development of CeD vaccines and therapeutic agents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The bacterium Vibrio parahaemolyticus is ubiquitous in tropical and temperate waters throughout the world and causes infections in humans resulting from water exposure and from ingestion of contaminated raw or undercooked seafood, such as oysters. We describe a nationwide outbreak of enteric infections caused by Vibrio parahaemolyticus in Australia during September 2021-January 2022. A total of 268 persons were linked with the outbreak, 97% of whom reported consuming Australia-grown oysters. Cases were reported from all states and territories of Australia. The outbreak comprised 2 distinct strains of V. parahaemolyticus, sequence types 417 and 50. We traced oysters with V. parahaemolyticus proliferation back to a common growing region within the state of South Australia. The outbreak prompted a national recall of oysters and subsequent improvements in postharvest processing of the shellfish. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study surveyed the current status of intestinal parasite infections in Korean dog fecal samples. A total of 367 fecal samples were collected from the northern (Seoul and Gyeonggi-do), central (Chungcheong-do), and southern (Gyeongsang-do) regions and analyzed using the saturated sodium nitrate flotation technique and the nucleotide sequences of 18S rRNA. Six species of intestinal parasites were detected using the flotation technique. Among them, helminth eggs detected included Toxocara canis (6.0%), Toxascaris leonina (1.1%), Trichuris vulpis (6.8%), Ancylostoma caninum (2.7%), and Spirometra sp. (1.1%). Additionally, Cystoisospora sp. (7.6%) oocysts were also detected. The prevalence of intestinal parasite infections was higher in shelter dogs than in pet dogs. Molecular genetic assays revealed the gdh and 18S rRNA genes of Giardia duodenalis (type D) in 4.9% of fecal samples. To the best of our knowledge, 18S rRNA genes of Cryptosporidium canis were identified in 1.9% of fecal samples for the first time in Korea. These findings provide an overview of the current status of intestinal parasite infections in fecal samples of dogs from Korea and can be helpful in the surveillance of zoonotic parasite infections related to dogs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Trichinella spiralis is a worldwide intestinal nematode that can parasitize the striated muscles of its hosts at the larval stage. This study aims to evaluate potential of vitamin C for treating trichinellosis-related pathological problems in the infected muscles of mice. Materials and Methods: Thirty CD1 male Albino mice were divided into three groups (10 mice per group). Negative and positive control groups (0.9% NaCl) and the infected vitamin C group (10 mg/kg body weight). Two weeks post-infection, each group was intraperitoneally injected daily for two weeks with Vitamin C or saline. The performance of the muscles was assessed both before and after the treatment. After dissection, constant parts of striated muscles were removed for further assays. The scoring of the histological changes of infected muscles was carried out. In addition to muscle malondialdehyde levels, superoxide dismutase and catalase activities were measured for the oxidative and antioxidant states. Creatine kinase and aspartate aminotransferase were also measured in tissues to reflect the degree of muscular damage. Results: Vitamin C enhances the weakness of the muscular performance resulting from the infection. Vitamin C was able to repair some of the histological lesions that resulted from the infection. Trichinellosis caused severe changes in the biochemical markers in positive control animals. Muscle damage biomarkers and, besides, oxidative and antioxidant conditions were greatly ameliorated in infected vitamin C animals. Summing up, vitamin C can be used as a complementary drug due to its efficiency in improving pathogenesis following a trichinellosis infection. The supplement also must be tested in the intestinal stage of infection after showing promising results in the muscular stage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is a paucity of information on the prevalence, risk factors, and clinical correlates of people living with HIV (PLWH) who are co-infected with Cryptosporidium spp. in the post-combined antiretroviral therapy era in Ghana. To provide such data, in this observational study, stool samples of 640 HIV-positive and 83 HIV-negative individuals in Ghana were screened for Cryptosporidium spp. Additionally, sociodemographic parameters, clinical symptoms, medication intake, and immunological parameters were assessed. The prevalence of Cryptosporidium spp. was 11.8% (n = 73) in HIV-positive and 1.2% (n = 1) in HIV-negative participants (p < 0.001). Within the group of HIV-positive participants, the prevalence reached 26.0% in patients with CD4+ T cell counts below 200 cells/µL and 46.2% in the subgroup with CD4+ T cell counts below 50 cells/µL. The frequencies of the clinical manifestation of weight loss and gastrointestinal symptoms were significantly higher in patients with Cryptosporidium spp. compared to those without co-infection (45.8% vs. 21.4%, p < 0.001 and 22.2% vs. 12.2%, p = 0.031, respectively). In the modern post-cART era, the acquisition of Cryptosporidium spp. among PLWH in Ghana is driven largely by the degree of immunosuppression. Access to cART and screening for Cryptosporidium spp. as part of routine care might help control and reduce the burden of the infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Viral enteric infections are illnesses caused by several types of viruses that primarily affect the gastrointestinal system. Globally, three major viruses associated with gastroenteritis, including norovirus (NoV), rotavirus A (RVA), and human adenovirus (HAdV), have been widely recognized. Accordingly, a rapid and sensitive diagnostic tool, such as immunochromatographic (IC) test, for diarrheal virus detection is required and helpful for rapid diagnosis. Methods: The IP-Triple I IC test kit for simultaneous triple virus detections of NoV, RVA, and HAdV was evaluated for its efficacy by using stool specimens that were known positive for these viruses by real-time RT-PCR or PCR, which was used as the gold standard method. Results: The results revealed that the IP-Triple I IC test kit exhibited a very high level of specificity (100%) for NoV, RVA, and HAdV detections, while the sensitivity was slightly different for these three viruses. The sensitivity of detection for RVA was 86.7%, whereas those for NoV and HAdV were 70.6% and 76.2%, respectively. This IPTriple I IC kit could detect common antigens of a wide range of NoV, RVA, and HAdV genotypes (NoV GII.2, GII.4, GII.6, GII.7, GII.10, GII.17, RVA G1P[8], G2P[4], G3P[8], G8P[8], G9P[8], HAdV-C1, -C2, -C5, -A12, -F40, and -F41). Conclusions: Our results revealed that the IP-Triple I IC test kit is highly effective for simultaneous, direct detection of common antigens of several genotypes of NoV, RVA, and HAdV in stool specimens and useful for screening and rapid diagnosis of diarrheal viruses during the seasonal outbreak. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the beginning of the 21st century, the number of international trips has been increasing in the world. Outbound and domestic tourism is expanding in Russia. During a trip, there are various types of health risks for the traveler, especially for children. These risks include infectious diseases, among which in children intestinal infections come first. That is why this research is important for studying the epidemiology and clinical processes of intestinal infections in childhood in patients returning from travel. The goal is to analyze the clinical and epidemiological characteristics of imported intestinal infections in children who traveled to other countries and in children who returned from Russian regions. Materials and methods. A single-center prospective study using questionnaires and clinical observation was conducted from June to September 2022 in the children's infectious diseases hospital of the Moscow Multidisciplinary Clinical Center «Kommunarka» (MMCC «Kommunarka»). An analysis of the data of 128 travelers who fell ill during or after travel and were admitted to the MMCC «Kommunarka» was carried out. 2 groups were identified — those who traveled to the regions of Russia or other countries. The clinical and epidemiological features of children's disease cases and their vaccination status were analyzed. Results. The children's ages ranged from 1 month to 17 years, and the gender distribution was even. Among the regions of departure, the Krasnodar Territory and Mediterranean coast of Turkey were the most common. There were no differences in travel duration, with a median of 10 days. In the group of people who traveled across Russia, the leading purpose was to visit friends and relatives, while tourists stayed mainly in the private sector. In the case of traveling abroad, the prevailing purpose was tourism, with equal proportions staying in a hotel or private sector. Imported intestinal infections most often occurred with symptoms of gastroenteritis, were assessed by CDS at 5 points, and rotavirus predominated in the etiological structure.

Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) is responsible for causing fatal watery diarrhea in piglets, resulting in significant economic losses within the pig farming industry. Although vaccination is currently employed as a preventive measure, certain vaccines do not provide complete protection against PEDV field strains. Probiotics present a promising alternative due to their ability to regulate intestinal flora, enhance host immunity, and improve resistance against pathogenic microorganisms. We isolated six lactic acid bacteria (LAB) from the fecal microorganisms of Bama pigs, compared to Limosilactobacillus mucosae DSM13345 of the same genus in which Limosilactobacillus mucosae G01 (L. mucosae G01) proved to have a potent anti-PEDV effect. In a comprehensive manner, L. mucosae G01 significantly augmented the phosphorylation of IRF3 in IPEC-J2 cells, resulting in the induction of interferons (IFN α, IFN β, IFN λ1, and IFN λ3) and subsequent upregulation of interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) (MX1, MX2, OAS1, and ZAP) in a dose-dependent fashion, consequently leading to the mitigation of PEDV replication. These findings underscore the promising prospects of L. mucosae G01 as a naturally derived substitute for combating PEDV and other enteric coronavirus infections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Malarial and bacterial coinfections in low‐income countries are a serious cause of morbidity and mortality, necessitating coadministration of antibiotics and antimalarials. This study investigated the relationship between malaria infection and bacterial drug resistance in malaria and nonmalaria patients on consultation at the Dschang Regional Hospital. A follow‐up study was carried out from October 2020 to December 2021 on 127 malaria and 174 nonmalaria patients having enteric infections. Clinical and haematological parameters were measured using standard methods. CD4 and CD8 cells were determined using flow cytometry. Enteric bacteria pathogens were isolated from stool, and antimicrobial and antimalarial profiles were determined using agar diffusion and microdilution methods, respectively. Significant reduction of RBCs, WBCs, CD4, CD8, granulocytes, monocytes and platelets was seen in coinfected patients compared to monoinfected participants (p ≤ 0.0491). E. coli was the main pathogenic bacteria isolated from the digestive tract of coinfected patients (40.63%) and monoinfected patients (59.37%). E. coli showed a high level of resistance to AMX (57.69%) and CDA (61.54%) in coinfected patients compared to 55.26% and 41.67%, respectively, in monoinfected patients. Quinine (53[50.00%]; 6[42.86%]) presented a minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 32 μg/mL on the bacteria isolates from coinfected and monoinfected patients, respectively, while Artemether 89 (83.96%), Maloxine 5 (3.94%) and Surquina 250 (39.37%) presented a MIC of 64 μg/mL on bacterial isolates of coinfected and monoinfected patients. E. coli showed high resistance against AKI (45.93%), AMX (43.75%) and ERY (59.37%) in malaria patients who were under antimalarial drugs compared to malaria patients who were not under malaria drugs (29.68%, 34.37% and 32.81%, respectively). This study highlights that antimalarial drugs might certainly have an influence on the acquisition and emergence of bacterial resistance in the case of malaria bacterial coinfection, and therefore, adequate management and planning effective control programmes might certainly go a long way to reduce the rate of morbidity and mortality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Enteric infections are hypothesized to be associated with intussusception in children. A small increase in intussusception following rotavirus vaccination has been seen in some settings. We conducted post-marketing surveillance for intussusception following rotavirus vaccine, Rotavac introduction in India and evaluated association of intussusception with enteric pathogens. Methods: In a case-control study nested within a large sentinel hospital-based surveillance program in India, stool samples from 272 children aged less than 2 years admitted for intussusception and 272 age-, gender- and location-matched controls were evaluated with Taqman array card based molecular assays to detect enteric viruses, bacterial enteropathogens and parasites. Matched case-control analysis with conditional logistic regression evaluated association of enteropathogens with intussusception. Population attributable fractions (PAF) were calculated for enteropathogens significantly associated with intussusception. Results: The most prevalent enteropathogens in cases and controls were enteroaggregative Escherichia coli, adenovirus 40/41, adenovirus C serotypes and enteroviruses. Children with intussusception were more likely to harbor adenovirus C serotypes (adjusted odds-ratio (aOR) = 1.74; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.06–2.87) and enteroviruses (aOR = 1.77; 95% CI 1.05–2.97) than controls. Rotavirus was not associated with increased intussusception risk. Adenovirus C (PAF = 16.9%; 95% CI 4.7% − 27.6%) and enteroviruses (PAF = 14.7%; 95% CI 4.2% − 24.1%) had the highest population attributable fraction for intussusception. Conclusion: Adenovirus C serotypes and enteroviruses were significantly associated with intussusception in Indian children. Rotavirus was not associated with risk of intussusception. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dendritic cells (DCs) are crucial for initiating protective immune responses and have also been implicated in the generation and regulation of Foxp3+ regulatory T cells (Treg cells). Here, we show that in the lamina propria of the small intestine, the alternative NF-κB family member RelB is necessary for the differentiation of cryptopatch and isolated lymphoid follicle-associated DCs (CIA-DCs). Moreover, single-cell RNA sequencing reveals a RelB-dependent signature in migratory DCs in mesenteric lymph nodes favoring DC-Treg cell interaction including elevated expression and release of the chemokine CCL22 from RelB-deficient conventional DCs (cDCs). In line with the key role of CCL22 to facilitate DC-Treg cell interaction, RelB-deficient DCs have a selective advantage to interact with Treg cells in an antigen-specific manner. In addition, DC-specific RelB knockout animals show increased total Foxp3+ Treg cell numbers irrespective of inflammatory status. Consequently, DC-specific RelB knockout animals fail to mount protective Th2-dominated immune responses in the intestine after infection with Heligmosomoides polygyrus bakeri. Thus, RelB expression in cDCs acts as a rheostat to establish a tolerogenic set point that is maintained even during strong type 2 immune conditions and thereby is a key regulator of intestinal homeostasis. Dendritic cells play intricate roles in engaging a range of immune cells. Here, the authors establish a role for the transcription factor RelB in dendritic cells as a molecular rheostat that controls the level of immune tolerance by limiting the number of regulatory T cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Selective Immunoglobulin A Deficiency (SIgAD) is one of the most prevalent immunodeficiencies, characterized by an increased risk of mucosal infections. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is among the most common neurodevelopmental disorders and is associated with significantly higher rates of various infectious diseases, white blood cell abnormalities, and considerable morbidity. This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of ADHD among patients with SIgAD. Methods: We conducted a retrospective, observational, population-based case–control study, within Leumit Health Services, by comparing individuals diagnosed with SIgAD to a matched control group. Data were extracted from electronic health records. Results: Of the >700,000 registered individuals, 772 aged ≥4 years with SIgAD were identified (mean age 22.0 ± 17.5 years; male/female ratio 1:1). The 5:1 matched control group consisted of 3860 subjects without SIgAD, with no significant differences between the groups regarding age, gender, ethnicity, and socioeconomic status. ADHD prevalence was significantly higher in the SIgAD group (16.2%) than in the control group (12.9%), with an odds ratio of 1.30 (95% confidence interval 1.05–1.61, p = 0.017), as was the use of methylphenidate (6.6% vs. 4%). Additionally, respiratory and intestinal infections were significantly more common in the SIgAD group (p < 0.001). Conclusion: A significantly higher prevalence of ADHD was observed in patients with SIgAD compared to strictly matched controls without SIgAD. These findings enhance our understanding of the pathophysiology of ADHD and its associated health complications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Real-time disease surveillance is an important component of infection control in at-risk populations. However, data on cases or from lab testing is often not available in many low-resource settings. Rapid diagnostic tests (RDT), including immunochromatographic assays, may provide a low cost, expedited source of infection data. Methods: We conducted a pilot survey-based prevalence mapping study of enteric infection in Camp 24 of the camps for the forcibly displaced Rohingya population from Myanmar in Cox's Bazar, Bangladesh. We randomly sampled the population and collected and tested stool from under-fives for eight pathogens using RDTs in January–March 2021 and September–October 2021. A Bayesian geospatial statistical model allowing for imperfect sensitivity and specificity of the tests was adapted. Results: We collected and tested 396 and 181 stools in the two data collection rounds. Corrected prevalence estimates ranged from 0.5% (Norovirus) to 27.4% (Giardia). Prevalence of Escherichia coli O157, Campylobacter, and Cryptosporidium were predicted to be higher in the high density area of the camp with relatively high probability (70–95%), while Adenovirus, Norovirus, and Rotavirus were lower in the areas with high water chlorination. Clustering of cases of Giardia and Shigella was also observed, although associated with relatively high uncertainty. Conclusions: With an appropriate correction for diagnostic performance RDTs can be used to generate reliable prevalence estimates, maps, and well-calibrated uncertainty estimates at a significantly lower cost than lab-based studies, providing a useful approach for disease surveillance in these settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Background: In coeliac disease and environmental enteropathy, dietary gluten and enteric infections cause reversible inflammation and morphological changes to the small intestinal mucosa that can be detected in biopsy samples obtained by endoscopy. However, there is a clear need for non‐invasive biomarkers. Constant shedding of mucosal material into the bowel lumen and faeces, together with easy availability of stool, makes it an interesting sample matrix. Aims: To conduct a systematic literature search and summarize the existing evidence for host mucosa‐derived faecal biomarkers in evaluating small intestinal damage. Methods: We searched for studies on PubMed (MEDLINE) until 1 March 2024. Results: We identified 494 studies and included 35 original case–control and cohort studies. These assessed host mucosal transcripts and 14 other markers aiming specifically to reflect inflammation and cell‐mediated, innate and gluten‐induced immune responses. In coeliac disease, faecal calprotectin and anti‐gliadin, tissue transglutaminase, endomysium and deamidated gliadin peptide antibodies were the most studied but with inconsistent results. Single studies reported positive findings about microRNA transcripts, β‐defensin‐2, lipocalin‐2, zonulin‐related proteins and angiotensin‐converting enzyme. In environmental enteropathy, a non‐significant association was reported between calprotectin and urine lactulose/mannitol ratio; there were conflicting results for neopterin, myeloperoxidase and host transcripts. Single studies reported a positive association for lactoferrin, and a negative association for regenerating islet‐derived protein 1. Studies comparing faecal markers against small intestinal biopsy findings were not identified in environmental enteropathy. Conclusions: Further studies are needed to determine reliable faecal markers as a proxy for small intestinal mucosal damage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]