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In vitro test setups for simulated application testing are necessary for physician training as well as for development and benchmarking of various devices in interventional neuroradiology. Within the current study, we implemented a test setup for in vitro simulated application testing. Trackability in the distal catheter area, which was positioned inside a complex 3D vascular model was analyzed for two neurovascular stent systems (Neuroform EZ 4.0x20 mm and Enterprise VRD 4.5x14 mm) combined with different microcatheters (Excelsior XT-27 Flex, PX Slim Delivery Microcatheter and Prowler Select Plus Infusion Catheter). The described test setup allows for a diffentiation of neurovascular stent systems with regard to the trackability force as a major procedure related indicator for device handling. Therefore, the simulated application system presented within the current work represents an indispensable tool for safely and efficiently developing and evaluating new technologies for interventional neuroradiology prior to clinical implementation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Medical illustrations represent a precious resource for learning surgical anatomy and surgical techniques, allowing preoperative and postoperative reviews. As traditional hand-drawn illustrations are difficult to use and expressing the area of neurointerventional surgery is time-consuming, we proposed methods for neurointerventional surgeons to create digital illustrations (DIs) for neurointerventional surgery using the iPad-exclusive Procreate application (Savage Interactive, Hobart, Australia). Dedicated "digital pens" were created and used for each endovascular device, creating straightforward representations of neurointerventional procedures and changes over time. DIs in neurointervention easily depict changes to highlighted surgical scenes for various devices with complex configurations and structures. DIs are also versatile, allowing easy intrainstitutional and interinstitutional sharing and discussion of technical tips on the manipulation of medical devices (coils, catheters, stents, etc.) among neurointerventional surgeons worldwide. DIs can be applied as educational tools not only in neurointerventional surgery, but also in craniotomy surgery and for surgical records from other specialties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: This research evaluates the budget impact of treating acute ischaemic stroke (AIS) using a combination of mechanical thrombectomy (MT) with stent retrievers (SR) and intravenous tissue‐plasminogen activator (IV‐tPA) in Australia. Methods: This study examined the economic impact over five years for a patient cohort based on the number of patients treated with MT+ IV‐tPA in Australia 2021, versus treatment with IV‐tPA alone. A budget impact (BI) model was developed to project direct medical costs (economic impact) of IV‐tPA+ MT with SR vs. Intravenous tissue‐plasminogen activator alone over a five‐year period (2021–2025 inclusive) from a healthcare perspective. The model is composed of a short‐run decision tree model based on a 3‐month post‐treatment modified Rankin Scale (mRS) from the EXTEND‐IA study and a published long‐run Markov state transition model. Acute, mid‐term and long‐term care costs were projected based on anticipated mRS scores from the EXTEND‐IA trial. Estimated yearly and cumulative budget impact were reported to indicate the economic impact of the two treatment strategies for AIS in the Australian healthcare system. Results: MT+IV‐tPA had a greater budgetary impact than IV‐tPA alone, with annual savings starting at Year 1 and continuing through to Year 5. Cost savings of 21% or approximately $36 million can be achieved over five years for the patient cohort treated in Australia in 2021. Each MT procedure performed delivers approximately $3280 in annual health system savings per patient. Conclusion: Treatment of AIS with a combination of MT+IV‐tPA generates significant savings in the Australian healthcare system compared with IV‐tPA alone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Percutaneous cement discoplasty (PCD) is a minimally invasive procedure. We aim to explore the efficacy and indication(s) of PCD in patients with degenerative disc disease (DDD). Methods: The search was conducted across Ovid MEDLINE, Ovid Embase, and PubMed. Data on study design, patient demographics, pre- and post-procedure Visual Analog Scale (VAS) and Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) scores, and complications were extracted. Inclusion criteria focused on adult patients with degenerative spinal diseases treated with cement discoplasty. The overall effect size was evaluated using a forest plot, and heterogeneity was assessed using the I2 statistic and chi-squared test. Results: The search strategy yielded six studies, which included 336 patients (73.8% female, 26.2% male) with a mean average age of 74.6 years. VAS scores were reported in all studies, showing a significant difference between pre- and post-PCD pain scores (Weighted Mean Difference [WMD]: -3.45; 95% CI: -3.83, -3.08; I2 = 15%; P <.001). ODI scores were reported in 83% of studies, with a significant difference between pre- and post-PCD scores (WMD: -22.22; 95% CI: -25.54, -18.89; I2 = 61%; p <.001). Complications reported included infections, thrombophlebitis, vertebral fractures, disc extrusion, and the need for further operations. Conclusions: The analysis showed clinically significant improvements in pain and functional disability based on VAS and ODI scores. However, due to methodological limitations and a high risk of bias, the validity and generalizability of the findings are uncertain. Despite these issues, the results provide preliminary insights into PCD's potential efficacy and can guide future research to address current limitations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective ‒ to analyze the experience of using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) angiography during diagnostic and interventional procedures in the SO «Scientific-Practical Center of Endovascular Neuroradiology NAMS of Ukraine». Materials and methods. Informed consent was obtained from each patient (parent or guardian) enrolled in the study and the study protocol conforms to the ethical guidelines of the Declaration of Helsinki as reflected in a priori approval by the Institutional Ethical Review Board (Institution's Human Research Committee). Since January 2024 in the SO «Scientific-Practical Center of Endovascular Neuroradiology NAMS of Ukraine» used in practical work a modern angio machine «Siemens Artis Q.zen» (Siemens, Erlangen, Germany), equipped with a set of various techniques and programs, in particular CBCT, syngo Aneurysm Guidance Neuro, 3D Roadmap. We analysed 36 diagnostic and interventional procedures was conducted from January 2024 to March 2024, during which CBCT was used. Among the procedures, 29 cases of brain aneurysms, 4 arteriovenous malformations and 3 cases of dural arteriovenous fistulas. Results. CBCT is useful for understanding vascular anatomy and allows for more detailed visualization of the curvilinear course of vessels in 3D space along any plane with the possibility of their correlation with bone structures compared to traditional angiography, and also has a higher resolution compared to more common 3D digital subtraction angiography. CBCT images are also a valuable source of information for further understanding of both pathological and normal neurovascular anatomy. Our center has implemented rotation 3D images with contrast of the CBCT at the stage of preparation and planning of the interventional procedure, rotation with subtraction (3D-DSA) ‒ to control implanted devices and its relationship to the vessels and long-term rotation of the CBCT without contrast ‒ to control the straightening and positioning of the stent. To control the position of the stent and its relations to the vessels, the «fusion» mode was used, providing additional information about the vascular structures imposed during conventional angiography, as well as the ability to rotate the volume at any angle regardless of the mechanical capabilities. Conclusions. CBCT is an accessible and unique function of modern angiomachines and helps to improve the understanding of anatomical features in various pathologies of cerebral vessels and helps in making clinical decisions.

The rapid advancement of artificial intelligence (AI) and robotics has led to significant progress in various medical fields including interventional radiology (IR). This review focuses on the research progress and applications of AI and robotics in IR, including deep learning (DL), machine learning (ML), and convolutional neural networks (CNNs) across specialties such as oncology, neurology, and cardiology, aiming to explore potential directions in future interventional treatments. To ensure the breadth and depth of this review, we implemented a systematic literature search strategy, selecting research published within the last five years. We conducted searches in databases such as PubMed and Google Scholar to find relevant literature. Special emphasis was placed on selecting large-scale studies to ensure the comprehensiveness and reliability of the results. This review summarizes the latest research directions and developments, ultimately analyzing their corresponding potential and limitations. It furnishes essential information and insights for researchers, clinicians, and policymakers, potentially propelling advancements and innovations within the domains of AI and IR. Finally, our findings indicate that although AI and robotics technologies are not yet widely applied in clinical settings, they are evolving across multiple aspects and are expected to significantly improve the processes and efficacy of interventional treatments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The use of balloon microcatheters in interventional neuroradiology is well documented. However, their use is sometimes limited by the small diameter and excessive tortuosity of the vasculature. The Scepter Mini dual-lumen balloon microcatheter (SMBM) (Microvention, Aliso Viejo, CA) has been designed to address these challenges by decreasing the distal catheter profile, allowing distal access to the target vessel. Methods: This is a single-centre retrospective analysis of the initial cases performed using the Scepter Mini balloon microcatheter. The targeted conditions were vascular malformations. Patient clinical data, angiographic features of the vascular abnormalities and operation reports were reviewed and the procedural parameters, radiation doses, occlusion rates and complications were assessed. Results: A total of 15 SMBM were used in 11 cases. In all cases the procedure performed was balloon inflation and antegrade delivery of precipitating hydrophobic injectable liquid (PHIL) (Microvention, Aliso Viejo, CA) for embolisation of a targeted feeding vessel and cranial and spinal vascular malformations. Successful feeding vessel distal access and antegrade liquid embolisation was achieved in 100% of the cases. One of the 11 cases was an emergency procedure. One procedural target vessel rupture, likely due to overinflation, and three minor post-procedure complications were observed. Conclusion: The SMBM represents a significant advance in the treatment of cerebrospinal vascular malformations, allowing balloon catheter access into tortuous and small calibre vessels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Simple Summary: This review discusses new treatments for high-grade gliomas (HGGs), aggressive brain tumors that are difficult to treat. It focuses on emerging endovascular therapies and future directions. Endovascular methods use catheters in a minimally invasive manner to deliver drugs to the tumor through blood vessels in the brain while limiting harm to the rest of the body. Super-selective intra-arterial cerebral infusion (SSIACI) is an endovascular technique that aims to deliver treatments directly to the tumor by reaching the closest blood vessels supplying the tumor. Many challenges remain to fully adopting these techniques in clinical practice, including the ability of drugs to cross the blood–brain barrier, and getting the drugs to stay in the tumor for long enough before they are washed out by normal blood in the brain. Focused ultrasound and hyperosmotic disruption are techniques which might help with these challenges. Researchers are investigating new drugs beyond traditional chemotherapies, such as radiation embedded molecules and immune-based therapies. Future directions include monitoring tumors with endovascular sampling; changing drug formulations to stay in the tumor longer; and investigating other treatments, like radioembolization. These endovascular strategies have the potential to improve how HGGs are treated, but more research is needed to ensure they work well and are safe for patients. High-grade gliomas (HGGs) have a poor prognosis and are difficult to treat. This review examines the evolving landscape of endovascular therapies for HGGs. Recent advances in endovascular catheter technology and delivery methods allow for super-selective intra-arterial cerebral infusion (SSIACI) with increasing precision. This treatment modality may offer the ability to deliver anti-tumoral therapies directly to tumor regions while minimizing systemic toxicity. However, challenges persist, including blood–brain barrier (BBB) penetration, hemodynamic complexities, and drug–tumor residence time. Innovative adjunct techniques, such as focused ultrasound (FUS) and hyperosmotic disruption, may facilitate BBB disruption and enhance drug penetration. However, hemodynamic factors that limit drug residence time remain a limitation. Expanding therapeutic options beyond chemotherapy, including radiotherapy and immunobiologics, may motivate future investigations. While preclinical and clinical studies demonstrate moderate efficacy, larger randomized trials are needed to validate the clinical benefits. Additionally, future directions may involve endovascular sampling for peri-tumoral surveillance; changes in drug formulations to prolong residence time; and the exploration of non-pharmaceutical therapies, like radioembolization and photodynamic therapy. Endovascular strategies hold immense potential in reshaping HGG treatment paradigms, offering targeted and minimally invasive approaches. However, overcoming technical challenges and validating clinical efficacy remain paramount for translating these advancements into clinical care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present a case of intracranial aneurysm located in the P1 segment of left posterior cerebral artery in the context of tetralogy of Fallot. Complex variations included right aortic arch with abnormal branching. Also, the bilateral vertebral arteries were absent, with a type I persistent proatlantal intersegmental artery of the left side. The aneurysm was treated with endovascular intervention with a Tubridge flow diverter and was noted to be completely cured on 6-month follow-up. We discuss the many considerations in this patient including developmental and modern-era treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This review will summarize artificial intelligence developments in acute ischemic stroke in recent years and forecasts for the future. Stroke is a major healthcare concern due to its effects on the patient's quality of life and its dependence on the timing of the identification as well as the treatment. In recent years, attention increased on the use of artificial intelligence (AI) systems to help categorize, prognosis, and to channel these patients toward the right therapeutic procedure. Machine learning (ML) and in particular deep learning (DL) systems using convoluted neural networks (CNN) are becoming increasingly popular. Various studies over the years evaluated the use of these methods of analysis and prediction in the assessment of stroke patients, and at the same time, several applications and software have been developed to support the neuroradiologists and the stroke team to improve patient outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

84 years old gentle man with past medical history of hypertension and diabetes presented with sudden onset right sided weakness and aphasia for two hours. Initial neurological assessment revealed National Institute of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) 17. Computed tomography (CT) scan demonstrated minimal early ischemic changes along left insular cortex with occlusion of left middle cerebral artery (MCA). Based on clinical and imaging findings, decision was made to perform mechanical thrombectomy procedure. Initially, right common femoral artery approach was utilized. However, due to unfavorable type-III bovine arch, left internal carotid artery could not be engaged via this approach. Subsequently, access was switched to right radial artery. Angiogram revealed small caliber radial artery, with larger caliber ulnar artery. Attempt was made to advance the guide catheter through the radial artery, however significant vasospasm was encountered. Subsequently, ulnar artery was accessed and successful thrombolysis in cerebral infarction (TICI) III left MCA reperfusion was achieved with a single pass of mechanical thrombectomy via this approach. Post procedure neurological examination demonstrated significant clinical improvement. Doppler ultrasound 48 hours after the procedure demonstrated patent flow in radial and ulnar arteries with no evidence of dissection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Timely restoration of cerebral blood flow using reperfusion therapy is the most effective maneuver for salvaging penumbra. We re-evaluated the previously described PROTECT (PRoximal balloon Occlusion TogEther with direCt Thrombus aspiration during stent retriever thrombectomy) Plus technique at a tertiary comprehensive stroke center. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed all patients who underwent mechanical thrombectomy with stentrievers between May 2011 and April 2020. Patients were divided between those who underwent PROTECT Plus and those who did not (proximal balloon occlusion with stent retriever only). We compared the groups in terms of reperfusion, groin to reperfusion time, symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage (sICH), modified Rankin Scale (mRS) score at discharge. Results: Within the study period, 167 (71.4%) PROTECT Plus and 67 (28.6%) non-PROTECT patients which met our inclusion criteria. There was no statistically significant difference in the number of patients with successful reperfusion (mTICI >2b) between the techniques (85.0% vs 82.1%; p = 0.58). The PROTECT Plus group had lower rates of mRS ≤2 at discharge (40.1% vs 57.6%; p = 0.016). The rate of sICH was comparable (p = 0.35) between the PROTECT Plus group (7.2%) and the non-PROTECT group (3.0%). Conclusion: The PROTECT Plus technique using a BGC, a distal reperfusion catheter and stent retriever is feasible for recanalization of large vessel occlusions. Successful recanalization, first-pass recanalization and complication rates are similar between PROTECT Plus and non-PROTECT stent retriever techniques. This study adds to an existing body of literature detailing techniques that use both a stent retriever and a distal reperfusion catheter to maximize recanalization for patients with large vessel occlusions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Foco (Interdisciplinary Studies Journal) is the property of Revista Foco and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background: Radiocontrast administration during interventional neuroradiology (INR) procedures for aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage (aSAH) can add to renal insult. Serum creatinine (sCr) is a conventional marker of acute kidney injury (AKI). Serum neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (sNGAL) is a novel marker which is increasingly used to predict renal injury in susceptible patients. Objectives: The primary aim of this study was to evaluate correlation between serum neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) and sCr in aSAH patients undergoing therapeutic or diagnostic INR procedures. The secondary aim was to find the incidence of contrast-induced AKI and hemodynamic complications during the study period. Material and Methods: All consenting aSAH patients (18–60 years, Modified Hunt and Hess grade 1–4) posted for INR procedures during the study time were included. Patients with history of chronic renal disease, recent contrast exposure, or renal insufficiency were excluded. Blood samples for sCr and sNGAL were obtained preprocedure and then at 1, 6, 24, and 48 h after contrast administration. Hourly urine output was noted. AKI was defined by KDIGO guidelines. Statistical Analysis Used: Repeated measurement analysis of variance, Posthoc Bonferroni test and Pearson correlation coefficient test. Results: Fifty patients, mean age 47.34 ± 9.31 years, were enrolled for the study. Majority (48; 96%) were Hunt and Hess (H and H) grade I–III. The mean volume of contrast administered was 123.2 ± 53.08 mL. The mean sNGAL and sCr values at pre-op, 1, 6, 24, and 48 h were 124.99 ± 64.58, 148.40 ± 77.90, 147.33 ± 76.00, 125.49 ± 64.44, and 116.38 ± 61.79 ng/mL and 0.629 ± 0.23, 0.624 ± 0.22, 0.612 ± 0.21, 0.632 ± 0.19, and 0.577 ± 0.22 mg/dL, respectively. There was a correlation in sCr and sNGAL value (P < 0.001) at all study time points. However, no specific pattern was seen. No patient developed any AKI or hemodynamic complications in first 48 h. Conclusions: There is a correlation between serum NGAL and sCr at individual time points. NGAL may represent a sensitive early biomarker of renal impairment after INR Procedures. There was no incidence of AKI after contrast administration in aSAH patients without predisposing renal risk factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of focused ultrasound to open the blood-brain barrier (BBB) has the potential to deliver drugs to specific regions of the brain. The size of the BBB opening and ability to localize the opening determines the spatial extent and is a limiting factor in many applications of BBB opening where targeting a small brain region is desired. Here we evaluate the performance of a system designed for small opening volumes and highlight the unique challenges associated with pushing the spatial precision of this technique. To achieve small volume openings in cortical regions of the macaque brain, we tested a custom 1 MHz array transducer integrated into a magnetic resonance image-guided focused ultrasound system. Using real-time cavitation monitoring, we demonstrated twelve instances of single sonication, small volume BBB opening with average volumes of 59 ± 37 mm3 and 184 ± 2 mm3 in cortical and subcortical targets, respectively. We found high correlation between subject-specific acoustic simulations and observed openings when incorporating grey matter segmentation (R2 = 0.8577), and the threshold for BBB opening based on simulations was 0.53 MPa. Analysis of MRI-based safety assessment and cavitation signals indicate a safe pressure range for 1 MHz BBB opening and suggest that our system can be used to deliver drugs and gene therapy to small brain regions. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The use of robotics is emerging for performing interventional radiology procedures. Robots in interventional radiology are typically controlled using button presses and joystick movements. This study identified how different human–robot interfaces affect endovascular surgical performance using interventional radiology simulations. Methods: Nine participants performed a navigation task on an interventional radiology simulator with three different human–computer interfaces. Using Simulation Open Framework Architecture we developed a simulation profile of vessels, catheters and guidewires. We designed and manufactured a bespoke haptic interventional radiology controller for robotic systems to control the simulation. Metrics including time taken for navigation, number of incorrect catheterisations, number of catheter and guidewire prolapses and forces applied to vessel walls were measured and used to characterise the interfaces. Finally, participants responded to a questionnaire to evaluate the perception of the controllers. Results: Time taken for navigation, number of incorrect catheterisations and the number of catheter and guidewire prolapses, showed that the device-mimicking controller is better suited for controlling interventional neuroradiology procedures over joystick control approaches. Qualitative metrics also showed that interventional radiologists prefer a device-mimicking controller approach over a joystick approach. Conclusion: Of the four metrics used to compare and contrast the human–robot interfaces, three conclusively showed that a device-mimicking controller was better suited for controlling interventional neuroradiology robotics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A pseudoaneurysm or false aneurysm is the result of the disruption of the vessel wall and the formation of a hematoma in communication with the vascular lumen, restrained by perivascular connective tissue. Intracranial pseudoaneurysms represent a rare entity mainly because of trauma, iatrogenic causes, infectious disease, radiation exposure, connective tissue disease and sometimes spontaneous occurrence. We present a 35-year-old female patient with a history of multiple low-grade glioma debulking surgeries. During the last procedure, laceration of the left middle cerebral artery (MCA) occurred with diffuse subarachnoid hemorrhage. Imaging studies showed the formation of a pseudoaneurysm of the left MCA which was successfully treated with the implantation of a flow diverter across the lesion neck and excellent mid- to long- term results. Flow diverter implantation may be a promising technique for the therapeutic management of cerebral pseudoaneurysms.

Objective: Preoperative embolization has proven beneficial in the surgical treatment of juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibromas (JNA). However, the consensus for the best embolization practices remains unclear. This systematic review seeks to characterize the reporting of embolization protocols throughout the literature and to compare differences in surgical outcomes. Data Sources: PubMed, Embase, and Scopus. Review Methods: Studies investigating embolization in the treatment of JNA from 2002 to 2021 were selected from defined inclusion criteria. All studies underwent a 2‐stage blinded screening, extraction, and appraisal process. Embolization material, time to surgery, and embolization route were compared. Embolization complications, surgical complications, and rate of recurrence were pooled. Results: Of 854 studies, 14 retrospective studies with 415 patients met the criteria for inclusion. A total of 354 patients underwent preoperative embolization. A total of 330 patients (93.2%) underwent transarterial embolization (TAE) and 24 patients had a combination of direct puncture embolization and TAE. Polyvinyl alcohol particles were the most used embolization material (n = 264, 80.0%). The most common reported time to surgery was 24 to 48 hours (n = 8, 57.1%). Pooled results showed an embolization complication proportion of 3.16% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.96‐6.60) (n = 354), a surgical complication proportion of 4.96% (95% CI: 1.90‐9.37) (n = 415), and a recurrence proportion of 6.30% (95% CI: 3.01‐10.69) (n = 415). Conclusion: The current data on JNA embolization parameters and their effect on surgical outcomes remains too heterogenous to provide expert recommendations. Future studies should use uniform reporting to allow for more robust comparisons of embolization parameters, which, in turn, may lead to optimized patient outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pediatric neurovascular disorders can lead to substantial mortality and morbidity if not diagnosed early and adequately managed. Children with neurovascular diseases cannot be treated as small adults as the vascular and central nervous system anatomy, physiology, and pathologies in children differ greatly from those of adults. In addition, some neurovascular pathologies are seen exclusively in children such as aneurysmal malformation of the vein of Galen, pial fistulas, and dural fistulas in the context of dural sinus disease. In this review, we aim to present an overview of the common pediatric neurovascular diseases along with their endovascular management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Advances in robotic technology have improved standard techniques in numerous surgical and endovascular specialties, offering more precision, control, and better patient outcomes. Robotic-assisted interventional neuroradiology is an emerging field at the intersection of interventional neuroradiology and biomedical robotics. Endovascular robotics can automate maneuvers to reduce procedure times and increase its safety, reduce occupational hazards associated with ionizing radiations, and expand networks of care to reduce gaps in geographic access to neurointerventions. To date, many robotic neurointerventional procedures have been successfully performed, including cerebral angiography, intracranial aneurysm embolization, carotid stenting, and epistaxis embolization. This review aims to provide a survey of the state of the art in robotic-assisted interventional neuroradiology, consider their technical and adoption limitations, and explore future developments critical for the widespread adoption of robotic-assisted neurointerventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Chronic subdural hematoma (cSDH) is a debilitating condition with a high rate of recurrence after surgical evacuation. Summary: This review is focused on middle meningeal artery (MMA) embolization to treat cSDH. We discuss the underlying pathophysiology of chronic subdural hematoma and how cessation of arterial flow may resolve a venous hemorrhage. We also present the current evidence for MMA embolization and the roadmap for future trials. Conclusion: Frequent multimodal imaging and cSDH sampling would enable us to understand mechanisms of MMA embolization in cSDH treatment and therefore improve our ability to offer MMA embolization to the eligible population.

Background: Worldwide, intracranial aneurysms are associated with a high mortality rate. While endovascular management has proven to be the choice of treatment in selected patients, patient demographics and aneurysm characteristics differ between study populations. Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the profile of patients with intracranial aneurysms who underwent endovascular management in the Interventional Neuroradiology Unit at Chris Hani Baragwanath Academic Hospital. Patient demographics, risk factors, indications, aneurysm characteristics and intra-operative complications were studied. Method: This was a 3-year retrospective study of all adult patients between 01 January 2018 and 31 January 2021. The Chi-square test was used to compare categorical variables. Results: A total of 77 patients were included in this study. The mean age of the patients was 47 ± 11.6 with a male-to-female ratio of 1:1.8. Hypertension was the most reported risk factor in 27% of patients. There was no statistical correlation between the gender groups according to presentation, multiplicity, aneurysmal size dimensions and locations. According to the presentation, there was statistical significance in ruptured intracranial aneurysms (p = 0.020), neck size dimensions less than 4 mm (p = 0.010), and aneurysms located in the internal cerebral artery (ICA) circulation (p = 0.001). Conclusion: The study findings support known parameters including females and anterior circulation aneurysm preponderance, and the low complication risk of endovascular management. Interestingly, intracranial aneurysms presented with rupture at smaller size dimensions. Contribution: This study provides valuable insights into intracranial aneurysm characteristics and endovascular management efficacy in a resource-limited setting.

Successful endovascular treatment by stenting of intracranial aneurysms requires proper placement of the device and appropriate choice of its diameter and length. To date, several methods have been employed to achieve these goals, although each has inherent critical issues. Recently developed stent planning software applications can be used to assist interventional neuroradiologists. Based on a 3D-DSA image acquired before stenting, these applications simulate and visualize the final placement of the deployed stent. In this single-centre retrospective study, 27 patients undergoing an intravascular procedure for the treatment of intracranial aneurysms from June 2019 to July 2020 were evaluated according to strict inclusion criteria. Stent virtualization was performed with Syngo 3D Aneurysm Guidance Neuro software. We compared the software-generated stent measurement and measurements taken by the interventional radiologist. Statistical analysis was performed using the STAC web platform. Mean and standard deviations of absolute and relative discrepancies between predicted and implanted stents were recorded. Friedman's nonparametric test was used to refute the null hypotheses, i.e. (I) discrepancies between the size of virtual and implanted stents would occur, and (II) operator influence does not affect the outcome of the virtual stenting process. Based on these observations, it is believed that the virtual stenting process can validly assist interventional neuroradiologists in selecting the appropriate device and reducing peri- and post-procedural complications. The results of our study suggest that virtual reality simulation of devices used for endovascular treatment of intracranial aneurysms is a useful, rapid, and accurate tool for interventional procedure planning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The authors present a case of a patient with a hypoplastic right vertebral artery (VA) ending in the posterior inferior cerebellar artery who sustained an acute onset basilar artery occlusion. A balloon‑guided catheter was used to proximally occlude the dominant left VA, and aspiration was applied until reversal of flow was achieved in the basilar artery. Thus, basilar artery reperfusion was achieved without the need for stent‑retrieval thrombectomy. We believe this represents the first described case of successful thrombectomy in the vertebrobasilar system using only proximal artery occlusion and aspiration. This novel technique may decrease the time to recanalization and improve outcomes for patients with acute basilar artery occlusion in the setting of a hypoplastic contralateral VA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

3D rotational angiography is now increasingly used in routine neuroendovascular procedures––in particular, for situations where the analysis of two overlayed sets of volume imaging proves useful for planning the treatment strategy or for confirming the optimal apposition of the intravascular devices used. The aim of this study is to identify and describe the decision algorithm for which the overlay function of 3D rotational angiography volumes, high-resolution contrast-enhanced flat panel detector CT adapted for intravascular devices (VasoCT/DynaCT), non-enhanced flat detector C-arm volume acquisition functionality integrated with the angiography equipment (XperCT/DynaCT), and isovolumetric MRI volumes were all used in treatments performed in a series of 29 patients. Two superposed 3DRA volumes were used in the treatment aneurysms located at the junction of two vascular territories and for arteriovenous malformations with compartments fed from different vascular territories. The superposition function of a preoperatively acquired 3DRA volume and a postoperatively acquired VasoCT volume provides accurate information about the apposition of neuroendovascular endoprostheses used in the treatment of aneurysms. The automatic overlay function generated by the 3D workstation is particularly useful, but in about 50% of cases it requires manual operator-dependent correction, requiring a certain level of experience. In our experience, multimodal imaging brings an important benefit, both in the treatment decision algorithm and in the assessment of neuroendovascular treatment efficacy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Endovascular treatment of unruptured intracranial aneurysms (UIAs) requires a risk–benefit analysis and adherence to diagnostic reference levels (DRLs). The national DRL (250 Gy·cm2) is only determined for intracranial aneurysm coiling in general, including ruptured intracranial aneurysms (RIAs). This study aims to investigate the dose in the treatment of UIAs and RIAs separately. Methods: In a retrospective study design, dose area product (DAP) and fluoroscopy time (FT) were assessed for all patients undergoing intracranial aneurysm coiling between 2010 and 2021. DRL was set as the 75th percentile of the dose distribution. A multivariable linear regression analysis was performed to investigate DAP and FT for the two groups, UIA and RIA adjusted for patient age, aneurysm size, and location. Results: 583 (414 females, mean age 56.5 years, 311 UIAs) are included. In the overall population, DAP (median (IQR)) is 157 Gy·cm2 (108–217) with a median FT of 32.7 min (IQR 24.0–47.0). Local DRL is 183 Gy·cm2 for UIAs and 246 Gy·cm2 for RIAs. After adjustment for the other variables, the UIA and RIA groups have a significant effect on both DAP (p < 0.001; 95% CI − 68.432 – − 38.040) and FT (p < 0.001; 95% CI − 628.279 – − 291.254). In general, both DAP and FT increase significantly with patient age and aneurysm size, whereas the location of the aneurysm did not significantly change neither DAP (p = 0.171; 95% CI − 5.537–31.065) nor FT (p = 0.136; 95% CI − 357.391–48.508). Conclusion: Both aneurysm size and patient age were associated with increased DAP, whereas aneurysm location did not significantly change DAP or FT. The increased dose in patients with RIAs is likely equivalent to additional diagnostic cerebral four-vessel angiography performed in this group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Intrasaccular flow diversion using the woven endobridge device (WEB; MicroVention, Aliso Viejo, CA, USA) for the treatment of intracranial aneurysms has demonstrated large scale safety and efficacy. However, limitations arise from its structural configuration, restricting its application to specific aneurysm sizes and shapes.We introduce the CUPCAKE technique, a combination of conventional coiling followed by WEB intrasaccular flow disruption in select cases of atypical aneurysms with technically challenging morphology not typically treatable by WEB alone.A retrospective analysis of a prospectively-maintained dataset from three Australian neurovascular tertiary referral centers, identifying patients treated with the CUPCAKE technique between April 2018 and September 2023. Evaluation of patient and aneurysm characteristics, procedure parameters, complications, radiological and clinical outcomes at follow-up was performed.The CUPCAKE technique was used for the treatment of 22 intracranial aneurysms of total 169 treated with WEB. Overall successful immediate flow stagnation was observed in 95.5% (n = 21) of aneurysms with no cases of perforation or intraoperative hemorrhage. Imaging confirmed thromboembolic complications occurred in two patients, one patient had persistent flow requiring re-treatment during initial admission. Follow-up imaging demonstrated 88.2% complete aneurysm conclusion with no delayed aneurysm expansion or rupture.Synergistic use of conventional coiling with WEB intrasaccular flow disruption presents a viable solution for technically difficult aneurysm treatment. In our series, 13% of all patients treated with WEB received CUPCAKE treatment, resulting in high technical success and no increase in thromboembolic complications with the union of two methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reports a case of basilar artery occlusion (BAO), a relatively rare event associated with high mortality rate and high risk of disability. A 77-year-old man arrived at our Stroke Unit approximately 14 hours after the onset of symptoms (dysarthria and complete left hemiparesis) with progressive worsening up to coma and with a National Institute Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) of 22.The patient was treated and, at discharge, the modified Rankin scale and NIHSS were 2 and 5, respectively. The aim of this paper is to illustrate how revascularization treatment, also after 12 hours, could be a viable option to ensure survival and a good life quality for the patient. Furthermore, it is essential to encourage the publication of a greater number of trials about the posterior circulation emphasizing how many favorable prognosis indicators are now recognized.

The hospitalization and the unfamiliar experiences of patients in interventional radiology procedures cause a moderate to high levels of anxiety. This study was aimed to evaluate the anxiolytic effect of Cananga odorata essential oil (COE) aromatherapy in unexperienced patients hospitalized for interventional neuroradiology (INR) procedures. Forty-four patients admitted for their first INR procedure were randomly divided into COE and placebo control groups. COE or distilled water was dropped onto 2 pieces of mulberry paper and attached to the participant's gown at the shoulder level overnight. The main outcomes were observed from the morning salivary cortisol levels and salivary alpha-amylase activity after intervention. The Thai version of Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) and the vital signs (blood pressure and heart rate) were also assessed before and after COE intervention as the secondary outcome. The demographic and baseline data of both groups did not show any significant difference. After intervention, COE group had a significantly lower salivary alpha-amylase activity than placebo control group. The post-intervention scores of Trait (STAI-T) and State (STAI-S) anxiety were significantly less than those of baseline in both groups. Interestingly, the COE group had a greater percentage reduction on STAI-T after intervention than placebo control group. No significant difference was observed in other outcomes. In addition, the salivary alpha-amylase activity was weak but showed significant correlation with STAI anxiety scores. This study indicates that COE aromatherapy reduces the saliva alpha amylase activity and STAI-T anxiety in unexperienced patients hospitalized for INR procedures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Middle meningeal artery (MMA) embolization has recently emerged as a potential treatment for chronic subdural hematoma (cSDH). Numerous retrospective studies have suggested that it can potentially reduce the risk of hematoma recurrence following surgical evacuation. We have conducted a randomized controlled trial to investigate the effectiveness of postoperative MMA embolization in reducing recurrence rate, residual hematoma thickness as well as improving functional outcome. Methods: Patients aged 18 or above were recruited. Following evacuation through burr hole or craniotomy, patients were randomly allocated to undergo either MMA embolization or standard care (monitoring). The primary outcome was symptomatic recurrence requiring redo evacuation. Secondary outcomes include residual hematoma thickness and modified Rankin Scale (mRS) at 6 weeks and 3 months. Results: Thirty-six patients (41 cSDHs) were recruited between April 2021 and September 2022. Seventeen patients (19 cSDHs) were allocated to the embolization group and 19 patients (22 cSDHs) were in the control group. No symptomatic recurrence was observed in the treatment group while 3 control patients (15.8%) underwent repeat surgery for symptomatic recurrence, however, it was not statistically significant (P = 0.234). Furthermore, there was no significant difference in residual hematoma thickness at 6 weeks or 3 months between the two groups. All patients in the embolization group had a good functional outcome (mRS 0-1) at 3 months, which was significantly higher than the 53% observed in the control group. No complications related to MMA embolization were reported. Conclusion: Further study with larger sample size is required to evaluate the efficacy of MMA embolization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Worldwide, intracranial aneurysms are associated with a high mortality rate. While endovascular management has proven to be the choice of treatment in selected patients, patient demographics and aneurysm characteristics differ between study populations. Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the profile of patients with intracranial aneurysms who underwent endovascular management in the Interventional Neuroradiology Unit at Chris Hani Baragwanath Academic Hospital. Patient demographics, risk factors, indications, aneurysm characteristics and intra-operative complications were studied. Method: This was a 3-year retrospective study of all adult patients between 01 January 2018 and 31 January 2021. The Chi-square test was used to compare categorical variables. Results: A total of 77 patients were included in this study. The mean age of the patients was 47 ± 11.6 with a male-to-female ratio of 1:1.8. Hypertension was the most reported risk factor in 27% of patients. There was no statistical correlation between the gender groups according to presentation, multiplicity, aneurysmal size dimensions and locations. According to the presentation, there was statistical significance in ruptured intracranial aneurysms (p = 0.020), neck size dimensions less than 4 mm (p = 0.010), and aneurysms located in the internal cerebral artery (ICA) circulation (p = 0.001). Conclusion: The study findings support known parameters including females and anterior circulation aneurysm preponderance, and the low complication risk of endovascular management. Interestingly, intracranial aneurysms presented with rupture at smaller size dimensions. Contribution: This study provides valuable insights into intracranial aneurysm characteristics and endovascular management efficacy in a resource-limited setting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The hospitalization and the unfamiliar experiences of patients in interventional radiology procedures cause a moderate to high levels of anxiety. This study was aimed to evaluate the anxiolytic effect of Cananga odorata essential oil (COE) aromatherapy in unexperienced patients hospitalized for interventional neuroradiology (INR) procedures. Forty-four patients admitted for their first INR procedure were randomly divided into COE and placebo control groups. COE or distilled water was dropped onto 2 pieces of mulberry paper and attached to the participant's gown at the shoulder level overnight. The main outcomes were observed from the morning salivary cortisol levels and salivary alpha-amylase activity after intervention. The Thai version of Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) and the vital signs (blood pressure and heart rate) were also assessed before and after COE intervention as the secondary outcome. The demographic and baseline data of both groups did not show any significant difference. After intervention, COE group had a significantly lower salivary alpha-amylase activity than placebo control group. The post-intervention scores of Trait (STAI-T) and State (STAI-S) anxiety were significantly less than those of baseline in both groups. Interestingly, the COE group had a greater percentage reduction on STAI-T after intervention than placebo control group. No significant difference was observed in other outcomes. In addition, the salivary alpha-amylase activity was weak but showed significant correlation with STAI anxiety scores. This study indicates that COE aromatherapy reduces the saliva alpha amylase activity and STAI-T anxiety in unexperienced patients hospitalized for INR procedures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Radiologic imaging has become integral in not only the detection and diagnosis of subdural hematoma (SDH) but also in guiding potential treatment options. This is especially true for chronic SDH, which has conventionally been managed via surgical drainage, but can now be treated with embolization of the middle meningeal artery (MMA). We review the imaging manifestations of SDH as a function of chronicity and standardized methods of measurement and identify the MMA and its clinically significant variant anatomy as it pertains to embolization planning. Equipped with a more comprehensive approach to characterizing SDH, the radiologist will be able to curate findings of greater utility to the clinician.

Cerebral aneurysms are an abnormal ballooning of blood vessels which have the potential to rupture and cause hemorrhagic stroke. The diagnosis, treatment, and monitoring of cerebral aneurysms is highly dependant on high resolution imaging. As an imaging modality capable of cross-sectional resolution down to 10 ìm, intraluminal optical coherence tomography (OCT) has great potential in improving care for cerebral aneurysms. The ability to assess the blood vessel microanatomy in vivo may be able to predict aneurysm growth and rupture. During treatment, intraluminal OCT may aid in assessment of treatment efficacy and complication avoidance, such as via visualization of in-stent thrombosis, stent wall apposition, and the fate of covered branch vessels. This technology can also be used in post-treatment monitoring, to assess for aneurysmal remnants or for endothelialisation and healing over the diseased segments. The goal of this clinically focused narrative review is to provide an overview of the previous applications of intraluminal OCT in cerebral aneurysms and future prospects of applying this technology to improve care in patients with cerebral aneurysms, including a specific neurovascular OCT catheter, doppler OCT for high resolution blood flow assessment, and further research endeavors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Indications for mechanical thrombectomy in acute ischemic stroke are increasing, resulting in the continuous development of new devices and techniques. Therefore, there is a need for a realistic testing and training environment that offers the opportunity to practice different procedures and test the latest devices. Some authors have described the use of the human placenta as a model for neurointerventional surgery, with striking similarities to real-life conditions. Thismodel hasmany advantages, including its relatively low cost andminimal infrastructure requirements, with fewer ethical concerns compared to animal models. So far, some preparation and set-up details were missing, and only arteries from the chorionic plate were used. This article provides the necessary clarifications and a mapping of the chorionic plate veins, so that the use of this model, which is particularly well suited for mechanical thrombectomy, can be as easy and wide as possible. A video explaining how to prepare the model is provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Iatrogenic non–thrombotic pulmonary embolism is a rare cause of pulmonary embolism. This case demonstrates the unusual imaging findings associated with pulmonary migration of Precipitating Hydrophobic Injectable Liquid, a liquid embolization material most commonly used in interventional neuroradiological procedures. Chest X-ray and CT Pulmonary Angiogram images are shown. The case highlights the importance of a thorough clinical history, including past medical history, when interpreting radiological studies.

Indications for mechanical thrombectomy in acute ischemic stroke are increasing, resulting in the continuous development of new devices and techniques. Therefore, there is a need for a realistic testing and training environment that offers the opportunity to practice different procedures and test the latest devices. Some authors have described the use of the human placenta as a model for neurointerventional surgery, with striking similarities to real-life conditions. This model has many advantages, including its relatively low cost and minimal infrastructure requirements, with fewer ethical concerns compared to animal models. So far, some preparation and set-up details were missing, and only arteries from the chorionic plate were used. This article provides the necessary clarifications and a mapping of the chorionic plate veins, so that the use of this model, which is particularly well suited for mechanical thrombectomy, can be as easy and wide as possible. A video explaining how to prepare the model is provided.