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ObjectivesMethodsResultsConclusionThis study examined the factors affecting the use of personal protective equipment (PPE) among US agriculture producers, specifically focusing on chemical, respiratory, and hearing protection. The primary goals were to identify demographic and farm-related factors linked to lower PPE usage and to explore the associations between PPE use and self-reported injuries or diseases in this occupational context.We developed generalized multilevel multinomial logistic regressions for the agricultural safety and health survey data from 2018 and 2020. Our models aimed to explore associations between PPE use, covariates, and their impact on skin diseases, hearing loss, and respiratory diseases. The hierarchical structure of the data was accommodated by designating the survey year as the level-3 variable and the state of residence as the level-2 variable, further delineating the nested structure of the respondents. We proposed using Adaptive Quadrature methods to approximate marginal maximum likelihood function, along with Gauss-Hermite quadrature weights when estimating fixed-effects and random effects in the proposed models. Missing data in this hierarchical structure were addressed through a multiple imputation method.Our findings revealed older age is associated with lower PPE usage across all types. Males exhibited higher PPE use, particularly for chemical (OR: 1.26, 95% CI: 1.08, 1.47) and respiratory protection (OR: 1.33, 95% CI: 1.18, 1.52). Producers on grain-only farms showed increased chemical PPE use (OR: 1.26, 95% CI: 1.10, 1.43) compared to those on livestock-only farms. Additionally, individuals spending 0%–24% of their worktime on the farm/ranch demonstrated lower PPE use than those who spent more time engaged in farm-related activities.The study underscores the importance of addressing low PPE usage among agriculture producers. Interventions tailored to specific groups, such as female producers, livestock-only farms, older-aged producers, and part-time producers, can effectively improve PPE use. By identifying these high-risk groups, interventions can be better adapted and targeted to enhance the adoption of PPE, subsequently reducing the risk of health hazards in the agriculture sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is a blend of my personal narrative and the practical strategies based on theoretical frameworks that I use in my work supporting young people in schools. My work is based on the powerful message from the short story the Starfish Thrower (Eiseley, 1979). The lesson I learned from this lovely story is that I may not be able to save the entire world, but I try to make a difference one young person at a time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using the Theoretical Domains Framework (TDF), this rapid review coded the barriers and facilitators to binge-watching and identified corresponding behaviour change techniques (BCTs) for intervention purposes. Twenty-nine studies reporting influences on binge-watching fulfilled the inclusion criteria and passed quality appraisal checks. Data were extracted and coded accordingly, as informed by the TDF. Findings indicate that most facilitators focused on the goals of binge-watching, such as escapism, and the social influences, such as companionship, while most barriers related to behavioural regulation, such as self-control and self-regulation. BCTs included 'Goal setting (outcome)', 'Social comparison', and 'Self-monitoring of behaviour'. Results suggest intervention strategies targeting facilitators to binge-watching by incorporating the identified BCTs may succeed in inhibiting binge-watching behaviours. However, accounting for the intensity of binge-watching was not an objective of the present review; therefore, future research should take into account the varying levels of engagement in binge-watching when developing interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A best-evidence synthesis and meta-analysis were conducted to evaluate interventions designed to decrease noncompliance in early childhood settings. Studies were examined for quality, intervention components, and outcomes for young children (ages 2–8 years) across settings. Results indicated most designs were high-quality and produced desired outcomes. However, participant inclusion criteria were commonly underreported, and social and ecological validity data were absent. Thus, for whom noncompliance interventions are effective, appropriate, feasible, or preferred is largely unknown. Contrary to prior evidence from the broader challenging behavior literature, function-based assessments had no impact on intervention outcomes. Reasons for this finding are explored, including the narrow application of function-based assessment findings to compliance interventions. Future implications for research and practice are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Challenging behavior (CB) is a common occurrence in early childhood and frequently occurs in young children with disabilities. CB is also culturally perceived and includes differences in how caregivers understand and define the topography of CB. Despite the cultural interpretation, CB is known to impact the child and their family but there has been little exploration of what marginalized caregivers perceive as the impact of the CB that their young children with disabilities exhibit. We used semi-structured interviews to explore the perceptions of 24 caregivers, who identified as Black, Mexican American, and White, about the impact of their child's CB. Caregivers shared how the CB impacted themselves, their families, their child, and others. Although much of the impact was similar among caregivers, we discuss nuanced differences across ethnic groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Autistic individuals have significant social-communication challenges that commonly persist into adulthood and impact academic, social, and vocational pursuits. More than two decades of research have established video behavior modeling as a successful, cost-effective, and time-efficient intervention tool for autistic children; however, less research has investigated the use of video modeling with autistic adults, and only a handful of studies have assessed its effects in non-vocational community-based settings. This study examines the effects of video modeling on social-communication skills of autistic adults in a U.S. community-based fitness group using a multiple-baseline single-case design with replication across participants. Additional data on visual attention, generalization, and social validity were captured. Results show variable effects across participants and provide valuable information to guide individuals in choosing effective and practical evidence-based practices to support the social-communication success of autistic adults. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease that involves multiple systems in the body. Numerous recent studies have revealed bidirectional crosstalk between the brain and bone, but the interaction between bone and brain in AD remains unclear. In this review, we summarize human studies of the association between bone and brain and provide an overview of their interactions and the underlying mechanisms in AD. We review the effects of AD on bone from the aspects of AD pathogenic proteins, AD risk genes, neurohormones, neuropeptides, neurotransmitters, brain‐derived extracellular vesicles (EVs), and the autonomic nervous system. Correspondingly, we elucidate the underlying mechanisms of the involvement of bone in the pathogenesis of AD, including bone‐derived hormones, bone marrow‐derived cells, bone‐derived EVs, and inflammation. On the basis of the crosstalk between bone and the brain, we propose potential strategies for the management of AD with the hope of offering novel perspectives on its prevention and treatment. Highlights: The pathogenesis of AD, along with its consequent changes in the brain, may involve disturbing bone homeostasis.Degenerative bone disorders may influence the progression of AD through a series of pathophysiological mechanisms.Therefore, relevant bone intervention strategies may be beneficial for the comprehensive management of AD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To understand and treat juvenile delinquency, the study explores the relevance of psycho-physiological indicators. It also emphasizes the necessity for thorough research to minimize the gap existing between psycho-physiological measurements and conventional psychosocial components. The study focuses on the relevance of personality features, habituation, and autonomic arousal required to monitor the proper management of delinquent conduct. Through the integration of biological, psychological, and social elements into a multidimensional approach, researchers can uncover novel insights and create cutting-edge therapies for youths who are at risk of delinquent behavior. The study proposes to develop a comprehensive framework that considers biological antecedents in addition to conventional metrics to reach the root cause of delinquency; thereby drawing special attention to current literature and research that emphasizes the psycho-physiological correlates of delinquency. By examining the complex interactions between stress, physiology, emotions, behavior, and social structures, the study highlights the intricacy of delinquent conduct and the necessity for adopting a multifaceted strategy to fully address the problematic areas. Future research paths are emphasized, with a focus on the significance of longitudinal studies, moderating and mediating variables, and creative treatment techniques. By utilizing psycho-physiological markers and psychosocial traits, researchers can tailor intervention strategies to meet individual needs effectively. Early identification of psycho-physiological deficits in children is crucial for implementing successful behavior modification techniques and promoting the well-being of future generations. This is expected to help the government agencies to save time and public money. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using the Theoretical Domains Framework (TDF), this rapid review coded the barriers and facilitators to binge-watching and identified corresponding behaviour change techniques (BCTs) for intervention purposes. Twenty-nine studies reporting influences on binge-watching fulfilled the inclusion criteria and passed quality appraisal checks. Data were extracted and coded accordingly, as informed by the TDF. Findings indicate that most facilitators focused on the goals of binge-watching, such as escapism, and the social influences, such as companionship, while most barriers related to behavioural regulation, such as self-control and self-regulation. BCTs included ‘Goal setting (outcome)’, ‘Social comparison’, and ‘Self-monitoring of behaviour’. Results suggest intervention strategies targeting facilitators to binge-watching by incorporating the identified BCTs may succeed in inhibiting binge-watching behaviours. However, accounting for the intensity of binge-watching was not an objective of the present review; therefore, future research should take into account the varying levels of engagement in binge-watching when developing interventions.

This research investigates machine learning models for predicting mental health consequences using survey data. The study employs a two-phase approach first, it utilizes TensorFlow for initial Deep Neural Network (DNN) model building, and then it applies Random Forest (RF), Naive Bayes classifier, and decision tree methods for comparative analysis. The DNN model demonstrates strong performance, achieving high accuracy in mental health prediction. Metrics such as testing time, precision, mean absolute error, and accuracy are compared to provide insight into the advantages and disadvantages of each model. While the DNN model excels in accuracy and precision, other models offer trade-offs in computational efficiency. The results clarify the role of machine learning in mental wellness evaluation and intervention, providing guidance for further research and real-world applications. This research enhances the discourse on predictive modeling for mental health outcomes, facilitating advancements in leveraging machine learning to improve mental health assessment and intervention strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Teacher-led strategies targeting verbal prompting and demonstrated modeling can increase preschoolers' physical activity levels; however, it is unknown which strategy promotes higher levels. The purpose of this study was to explore whether teacher verbal prompting or demonstrated modeling elicits higher levels of physical activity among preschoolers. Methods: Participants included 117 (56 females and 61 males; mean = 3.77 y) preschoolers who were observed for 3 days during regular preschool instructions. The System for Observing Student Movement in Academic Routines and Transitions observation system assessed verbal prompting and demonstrated modeling of the teachers, and preschoolers wore an ActiGraph accelerometer to measure physical activity. Results: The multivariate analysis of variance results showed a significant difference for verbal prompting (P <.001), demonstrated modeling (P =.032), light physical activity (P <.001), and moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA; P <.001) between segments of the preschool day. A stepwise linear regression showed that preschooler's MVPA (P =.005) and light physical activity and MVPA (P =.036) were significantly related to demonstrated modeling, but not verbal prompting. During indoor time, light physical activity and MVPA were highest during large group, work time, and morning group, where teacher demonstrated modeling occurred the most. Conclusions: Teacher demonstrated modeling had a significant relationship to preschoolers' MVPA and light physical activity levels, while teacher verbal prompting did not. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Writing is a facet of learning and daily communication. However, many deaf and hard-of-hearing learners (DHHLs) struggle with writing despite teachers’ efforts to teach writing effectively. For decades, researchers have developed interventions and theories for improving writing instruction with limited implementation research to assess what works and what does not, for whom, where, and how. The international goal to achieve quality education through Sustainable Development Goal 4, with target 4.6 for improving literacy skills by 2030, has increased awareness of improving learners’ literacy skills in developing countries, including those with disabilities. However, there is limited research on evidence-based interventions in improving DHHLs’ literacy skills, particularly in writing. One of these interventions is the self-regulated strategy development model (SRSD). This study describes the implementation of SRSD in Lesotho with two Grade 6 DHHLs, specifically focusing on identifying the teacher’s instructional adaptations and learners’ development as writers during SRSD instruction. This study also considers the pedagogical implications of SRSD instruction when used with DHHLs with limited English backgrounds.

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) significantly influences children's language acquisition and usage. This theoretical study explores the multifaceted impact of ADHD on language development, specifically focusing on reading and writing challenges. Existing research reveals that approximately 30% of children with ADHD show significant delays in reading proficiency. Additionally, about 40% of these children struggle with phonological processing, which directly impacts their reading and writing skills. Interventions targeting executive function training combined with phonics-based instruction have been shown to significantly improve language outcomes. This study introduces a comprehensive framework connecting these challenges to specific interventions and collaborative strategies, emphasizing the importance of a multi-disciplinary approach. This work provides perspectives on the specific connections between ADHD symptoms and language difficulties, offering detailed potential solutions based on empirical data. Moreover, it features the necessity of adopting integrated intervention strategies to advance academic outcomes and communicative competencies for children with ADHD, providing new understandings into effective educational practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In serving college students with mental disorders, on-campus mental health professionals have been lacking integrative theoretical frameworks to guide their missions of prevention, remedy, and development facilitation. In the current paper, we propose the positive clinical psychology as a theoretically and practically valuable framework for these missions by narratively reviewing the preventive, remedial, and developmental mechanisms derived from the theory and summarizing the most recent empirical evidence that supports each mechanism. We further discuss why and how these mechanisms and findings can be applied to on-campus mental health services to facilitate the resilience and optimal development of college students with mental disorders. Particularly, the use of resilience-focused and strength-based intervention strategies are promoted for services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ongoing international study on the mental health implications of climate change has prompted a deeper exploration of ecological emotions such as eco-anxiety, eco-worry and eco-grief, which are associated with environmental degradation and the escalating climate crisis. Although psychological and mental health literature has mainly presented preliminary conceptual analyses, the understanding of ecological emotions remains unclear. This narrative review aims to clarify the definition, highlight precipitating factors, and outline the effects of ecological emotions on mental health, emphasizing the need for thorough research to shift the nonclinical intervention approach from merely promoting individual resilience to encouraging collective engagement. Our analysis of the literature reveals that the existing theoretical framework, which predominantly focuses on bolstering individual resilience, provides only temporary relief for acute symptoms without addressing the foundational social and environmental factors that trigger these ecological emotions. We conclude that it is crucial to overcome the limitations of Western anthropocentrism's human-tohuman interaction approach and embrace the unity of humans and nature to effectively manage the increasing ecological emotions. This perspective draws insights from the holistic and collective wisdom of indigenous cultures and traditional Chinese philosophy, offering a potential pathway toward maintaining a sustainable emotional balance amid the worsening global ecological turmoil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Young refugee populations continue to grow. This scoping review aims to identify and summarize studies of programs that provide linguistically responsive practices for children who are refugees. Secondary aims of this review are: (a) to identify the gaps in the literature, and (b) to suggest future research and policy directions. By studying key features of linguistically responsive practices for children who are refugees, we can better understand the important components of a high-quality inclusive and equitable environment for all children, including those with minority language backgrounds. We conducted an electronic database search and identified 14 studies. Studies varied in location, country of origin, and language support. The findings from this review revealed a critical need to develop, implement, and study linguistically responsive programs for children who are refugees in host countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study aimed to evaluate learning motivation and self-efficacy among seventh graders. The result of the findings was the low of confidence in public speaking, business writing, and the lack of interest in English culture, history and literature. A mixed-methods sequential explanatory design was utilized, involving 283 seventh grade learners from one of the schools in Cluster 1 Division of Pampanga. The result of the study showed that the respondents have low confidence in writing an English letter, are afraid of public speaking, and lack interest in English cultural content. On the other hand, they see English as a tool for their future when they seek jobs or travel abroad, and they also see English as their motivation to study hard for their future career. Furthermore, the study also discovered connection between the two variables. Learning motivation could result from the positive outcomes of the students' insight when it comes to English; they would motivate themselves to master English. Although self-efficacy will determine their beliefs about their ability to learn, these learning motivations and self-efficacy further contribute to improving the learning confidence of a student. Finally, the findings have significance for boosting confidence and improving the abilities of the learners. Providing opportunities for students to use English in supportive environments, making English learning relevant and engaging, and helping students develop positive self-efficacy beliefs about their ability to learn English should be the main goals of interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Contraception-use communication between sexual partners is important to reduce unwanted pregnancies and protect sexual and reproductive health. There is a dearth of research focused on developing countries where sexual and reproductive health conversations are often considered taboo. Using the Behaviour Change Wheel, this qualitative study examines the facilitators and barriers to having assertive contraception-use conversations with a male partner for Indonesian women and then identifies behaviour change techniques as potential intervention strategies. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with ten Indonesian women aged 18 to 29 years who had been sexually active and were currently in a committed dating relationship with a male partner. Using thematic analysis, 13 themes were identified. Facilitators of assertive contraception-use communication include knowledge about sexual and reproductive health and contraception, communication skills, closeness of the relationship with one's partner, other people's experiences of sex and contraception, and social media norms concerning the open discussion of sex and contraception. Fear of initiating the conversation about contraception was a barrier. Partner's attitude towards having contraception-use conversations and the taboos surrounding contraception in Indonesian culture acted as both facilitators and barriers. Suggested strategies to promote contraception-use communication include using social media to break the stigma surrounding sexual and reproductive health matters, normalising assertive conversations about contraceptive use with sexual partners, empowering women to be more assertive about their preferences for contraception, and teaching strategies to promote assertive contraception-use communication among young women and men in Indonesia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The first case of COVID-19 in Kenya was reported on March 13, 2020, prompting the collection of baseline data during the initial spread of the disease. Subsequently, the Kenyan government implemented non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) on April 9, 2020, to mitigate disease transmission over a two-month period. These measures were later gradually relaxed starting from June 9, 2020. Methods: We applied a deterministic mathematical model to simulate the dynamics of COVID-19 transmission in Kenya. Using baseline data, we estimated transmission and recovery rates and proposed a mathematical model of how NPIs affect disease transmission rates. The model extends to interventions that yield an increase in disease transmission, unlike previous models that were limited to a decrease in transmission. We computed the mitigation and relaxation fractions and hence deduced the impact of the interventions. Results: The mitigation measures imposed from April 9, 2020, reduced the disease transmission by 43.7% from the baseline level, while the relaxation from June 9, 2020, increased the transmission by 32% over the mitigation level. Without intervention, the model predicts that infections would have peaked at 30% by late May 2020. However, due to the combined effect of mitigation and relaxation, the epidemic peaked at 13% infection in mid-July 2020. Discussion: The model's projections closely align with observed data, providing valuable insights for planning. Ongoing research aims to refine the model to capture sub-waves and spikes, as well as simulate multiple waves of infection. These efforts will enhance our understanding of COVID-19 dynamics and inform effective public health strategies. The estimated basic reproduction number = 2.76, consistent with previous findings, underscores the validity of our model and its relevance in predicting disease transmission dynamics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dual cognitive and mobility impairments are associated with an increased risk of dementia. Recent studies examining temporal trajectories of mobility and cognitive function in aging found that dual decline is associated with higher dementia risk than memory decline or gait decline only. Although initial data show that individuals with dual decline or impairment have excessive cardiovascular and metabolic risk factors, the causes of dual decline or what underlies dual decline with a high risk of dementia remain largely unknown. In December 2021, the National Institute on Aging Intramural and Extramural Programs jointly organized a workshop on Biology Underlying Moving and Thinking to explore the hypothesis that older persons with dual decline may develop dementia through a specific pathophysiological pathway. The working group discussed assessment methods for dual decline and possible mechanisms connecting dual decline with dementia risk and pinpointed the most critical questions to be addressed from a translational perspective.

Abstract Objective Clinician distress is a multidimensional condition that includes burnout, decreased meaning in work, severe fatigue, poor work–life integration, reduced quality of life, and suicidal ideation. It has negative impacts on patients, providers, and healthcare systems. In this three-phase qualitative investigation, we identified workplace-related factors that drive clinician distress and co-designed actionable interventions with inter-professional cardiovascular clinicians to decrease their distress and improve well-being within a Canadian quaternary hospital network. Methods Between October 2021 and May 2022, we invited nurses, allied health professionals, and physicians to participate in a three-phase qualitative investigation. Phases 1 and 2 included individual interviews and focus groups to identify workplace-related factors contributing to distress. Phase 3 involved co-design workshops that engaged inter-professional clinicians to develop interventions addressing drivers of distress identified. Qualitative information was analyzed using descriptive thematic analysis. Results Fifty-one clinicians (24 nurses, 10 allied health professionals, and 17 physicians) participated. Insights from Phases 1 and 2 identified five key thematic drivers of distress: inadequate support within inter-professional teams, decreased joy in work, unsustainable workloads, limited opportunities for learning and professional growth, and a lack of transparent leadership communication. Phase 3 co-design workshops yielded four actionable interventions to mitigate clinician distress in the workplace: re-designing daily safety huddles, formalizing a nursing coaching and mentorship program, creating a value-added program e-newsletter, and implementing an employee experience platform. Conclusion This study increases our understanding on workplace-related factors that contribute to clinician distress, as shared by inter-professional clinicians specializing in cardiovascular care. Healthcare organizations can develop effective interventions to mitigate clinician distress by actively engaging healthcare workers in identifying workplace drivers of distress and collaboratively designing tailored, practical interventions that directly address these challenges.

Financial toxicity adversely affects quality of life and treatment outcomes for patients with cancer. This scoping review examined interventions aimed at mitigating financial toxicity in adult patients with cancer and their effectiveness. We utilized five bibliographical databases to identify studies that met our inclusion criteria. The review included studies conducted among adult patients with cancer in the United States and published in English between January 2011 to March 2023. The review identified eight studies that met the inclusion criteria. Each of the studies discussed the implementation of interventions at the patient/provider and/or health system level. Collectively, the findings from this scoping review highlight both the limited number of published studies that are aimed at mitigating financial toxicity and the need to create and assess interventions that directly impact financial toxicity in demographically diverse populations of adult patients with cancer.

Stephen Ministry is a popular nondenominational Christian caregiving model, training lay persons in church congregations to care for fellow congregants in a quasi-therapeutic context without formal licensure requirements. It is argued that Stephen Ministry, based on the principles of person-centered psychotherapy, imposes a one-size-fits-all strategy for helping the client (i.e. clients receive empathy, validation, encouragement, and spiritual tools such as prayer). Stephen Ministry’s strengths and limitations in the context of attachment theory, as well as its applicability to individuals who display each of four attachment relationship models, are discussed. A case illustration of a Stephen Ministry caregiving relationship is offered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aging populace and dementia are strongly correlated as they seemingly increase every year. This effect has severe costs at patient and family levels. This narrative review presented a synopsis of biological evidence of preventing dementia. Three prevention actions were provided, including (i) the human body protecting the brain (treating cardiovascular morbidity); (ii) compensatory mechanisms that help prevent brain aging, for example brain stimulating occupations and education; and (iii) promotion of healthy lifestyle such as being physically active, smoking and alcohol consumption cessation, and eating balanced diets. Biological mechanisms were also examined, including vascular damage, neurodegeneration, brain resilience, oxidative stress, and neuroinflammation. Complex factors underlie dementia's origin and development, and they also play a part in the condition's rising prevalence. Evidence from the field of epidemiology today indicates that there are many knowledge gaps. There are several of these, including unclear causality, the disease's complex pathology, difficulties measuring environmental factors or way of life as potential risk factors, a lack of longitudinal data, the presence of multiple factors, and difficulties identifying and diagnosing dementia in its earliest stages. The review also noted pharmacological treatments that could help manage dementia and as well delay its progression. Dementia is on increasing prevalence worldwide, but multidomain prevention strategies may help to reduce the dementia epidemic. Filling these gaps is important for wide-reaching prevention of dementia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Clinician distress is a multidimensional condition that includes burnout, decreased meaning in work, severe fatigue, poor work–life integration, reduced quality of life, and suicidal ideation. It has negative impacts on patients, providers, and healthcare systems. In this three-phase qualitative investigation, we identified workplace-related factors that drive clinician distress and co-designed actionable interventions with inter-professional cardiovascular clinicians to decrease their distress and improve well-being within a Canadian quaternary hospital network. Methods: Between October 2021 and May 2022, we invited nurses, allied health professionals, and physicians to participate in a three-phase qualitative investigation. Phases 1 and 2 included individual interviews and focus groups to identify workplace-related factors contributing to distress. Phase 3 involved co-design workshops that engaged inter-professional clinicians to develop interventions addressing drivers of distress identified. Qualitative information was analyzed using descriptive thematic analysis. Results: Fifty-one clinicians (24 nurses, 10 allied health professionals, and 17 physicians) participated. Insights from Phases 1 and 2 identified five key thematic drivers of distress: inadequate support within inter-professional teams, decreased joy in work, unsustainable workloads, limited opportunities for learning and professional growth, and a lack of transparent leadership communication. Phase 3 co-design workshops yielded four actionable interventions to mitigate clinician distress in the workplace: re-designing daily safety huddles, formalizing a nursing coaching and mentorship program, creating a value-added program e-newsletter, and implementing an employee experience platform. Conclusion: This study increases our understanding on workplace-related factors that contribute to clinician distress, as shared by inter-professional clinicians specializing in cardiovascular care. Healthcare organizations can develop effective interventions to mitigate clinician distress by actively engaging healthcare workers in identifying workplace drivers of distress and collaboratively designing tailored, practical interventions that directly address these challenges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Latin American families' history and life experiences impact the priorities and values the families have for their children with disabilities. It may be beneficial for early intervention (EI) providers to explore and integrate Latin American families' backgrounds to improve EI services. We completed a qualitative interview study using a collective case study analysis to (a) learn about Latin American families' parenting values and (b) explore families' experiences with a statewide early intervention model. Three mothers with young children who had received EI services completed two interviews. We found that each family had unique histories, compositions, support networks, and priorities that impacted their experiences with a statewide coaching model. Families revealed how their funds of knowledge were, at times, integrated into the EI they received. Our study describes a valuable method of learning about Latin American families' cultural backgrounds so that EI providers may sustain families' cultures within the services they provide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A family-capacity building approach to coaching, where providers support caregivers to embed identified strategies into daily routines and activities, is commonly embraced in Part C Early Intervention (EI). EI providers use several coaching strategies within this approach, yet few studies have reported process features, and coaching strategies are not well defined in the literature. We partnered in this Participatory Action Research (PAR) with current EI providers engaged in a year-long self-study process to provide an empirical account of one coaching strategy, joint planning, and related documentation. Our results indicate both providers and caregivers view documentation of joint planning as beneficial, highlight supports and challenges, and suggest that joint planning documentation holds significant promise for improving practice, data-based decision making, and progress monitoring of child and family outcomes including changes in caregiver capacity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Financial toxicity adversely affects quality of life and treatment outcomes for patients with cancer. This scoping review examined interventions aimed at mitigating financial toxicity in adult patients with cancer and their effectiveness. We utilized five bibliographical databases to identify studies that met our inclusion criteria. The review included studies conducted among adult patients with cancer in the United States and published in English between January 2011 to March 2023. The review identified eight studies that met the inclusion criteria. Each of the studies discussed the implementation of interventions at the patient/provider and/or health system level. Collectively, the findings from this scoping review highlight both the limited number of published studies that are aimed at mitigating financial toxicity and the need to create and assess interventions that directly impact financial toxicity in demographically diverse populations of adult patients with cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Global and country-specific mathematics performance constitutes a major challenge, both for educators and policymakers. Realisation of the African Union Agenda 2013 hinges significantly upon transformation of education. In this regard, mathematics and science education, specifically, are instruments for scientific and technological development to position Africa on the same level as the global league of continents in the future. It is, therefore, important to develop amongst learners a good understanding of a mathematical concept such as number sense from an early age, given that students who have a good sense of numbers can manipulate figures to simplify calculations and have the confidence to approach problems in a variety of ways. It is for this reason that the present study investigates the intervention strategies implemented by educators in enhancing learners’ understanding of number sense in the Ekurhuleni North District schools, Gauteng Province, South Africa. The study used a case study design and a qualitative research approach, both of which were supported by an interpretivist paradigm. The study made use of a semi-structured interview to gather data from mathematics teachers, learners, and a principal in the selected school. Research findings revealed that although mental computation, use of concrete props, use of the number line, and a counting strategy are some of the various strategies employed to enhance learners’ understanding of number sense, teachers need to develop a sound understanding of number sense and be flexible in their approaches in order to assist learners. Based on the findings, it was recommended that curriculum designers and teachers concentrate on teaching methods to help students develop learners’ number sense, as this can lead to potential mathematics success.

This study aimed to investigate the various influencing factors for intraoperative pressure sores in patients with craniocerebral microsurgery and provide nursing intervention strategies for surgical pressure sores in a clinical operating room. This was a case–control study on 2157 patients who underwent craniocerebral microsurgery in the craniocerebral department of the hospital between November 2021 and November 2022. Of these, 62 patients with intraoperative pressure sores were compared with 248 patients without pressure sores during the same period using a 1:4 case–control method. A logistic regression model was used to analyze the effect of possible factors on pressure sores in an operating room. The incidence of pressure sores in craniocerebral microsurgery was 2.87%. The logistic regression analysis showed that skin at the pressure site [odds ratio (OR) = 1.759, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.137–2.721], surgical position (OR = 1.727, 95% CI: 1.338–2.228), intraoperative body temperature (OR = 2.229, 95% CI: 1.229–4.042), and surgical time (OR = 2.009, 95% CI: 1.221–3.303) were independent factors for the occurrence of intraoperative pressure sores. The high-risk factors for pressure sores in craniocerebral microsurgery included fasting time, surgical position, intraoperative temperature, and skin at the pressure site. Targeted attention and protection had a positive effect in preventing intraoperative pressure sores in patients who underwent craniocerebral microsurgery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: People with disabilities in sheltered workshops are disempowered and face many barriers, adversely affecting their income-generating activities and weakening their competitiveness in the labour market. There is limited evidence on how to overcome these barriers. Objectives: This paper seeks to propose a framework to overcome the barriers experienced by people with disabilities participating in income-generating activities in a sheltered workshop. Method: The qualitative exploratory single case study was done with observations and semi-structured interviews as data collection methods. Purposive sampling was used to select 24 participants between ages 22 and 52 years, and content analysis was done of transcribed interviews. Community-based rehabilitation (CBR) guidelines were used to develop the framework. Results: A proposed framework was developed that outlined intervention strategies to address the barriers experienced by sheltered workshop participants to promote increased participation of people with disabilities in income-generation activities, thereby improving their quality of life. Conclusion: The participation of people with disabilities in income-generating activities is hindered by several barriers. However, the proposed framework overcomes the barriers to effective participation in income-generating activities. Contribution: People with disabilities will benefit from this framework as it will address their challenges and needs for empowerment. It would also inform stakeholders involved about these challenges and strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to understand the difficulties young Kurdish language learners face with developmental language disorder in bilingual settings and to evaluate their impact on English as a foreign language acquisition. Underscoring the significance of this research, the study's primary objective is to determine the characteristics of developmental language disorder in this context and their implications for academic assimilation. The Clinical Evaluation of Language Fundamentals assessment was selected to achieve this primary objective due to its suitability for assessing the British population's linguistic characteristics and age group. Seven subtests were chosen to comprehensively evaluate various aspects of language proficiency, allowing for a thorough evaluation of the participants' language skills. This research expands its significance. These initiatives include more extensive investigations, innovative participant recruitment methods, exploration of cultural influences, longitudinal studies to discover long-term effects, critical analysis of intervention strategies, examination of the complex relationship between emotional regulation and language development, investigation of genetic and environmental factors contributing to developmental language disorder, and evaluation of the far-reaching consequences. Upon analysis of the collected data, several significant findings shed light on the efficacy of individualised approaches in mitigating communication and academic difficulties in individuals with developmental language disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Major depressive disorder (MDD) represents a serious public health concern, negatively affecting individuals' quality of life and making a substantial contribution to the global burden of disease. Anhedonia is a core symptom of MDD and is associated with poor treatment outcomes. Variability in anhedonia components within MDD has been observed, suggesting heterogeneity in psychopathology across subgroups. However, little is known about anhedonia subgroups in MDD and their underlying neural correlates across subgroups. To address this question, we employed a hierarchical cluster analysis based on Temporal Experience of Pleasure Scale subscales in 60 first-episode, drug-naive MDD patients and 32 healthy controls. Then we conducted a connectome-wide association study and whole-brain voxel-wise functional analyses for identified subgroups. There were three main findings: (1) three subgroups with different anhedonia profiles were identified using a data mining approach; (2) several parts of the reward network (especially pallidum and dorsal striatum) were associated with anticipatory and consummatory pleasure; (3) different patterns of within- and between-network connectivity contributed to the disparities of anhedonia profiles across three MDD subgroups. Here, we show that anhedonia in MDD is not uniform and can be categorized into distinct subgroups, and our research contributes to the understanding of neural underpinnings, offering potential treatment directions. This work emphasizes the need for tailored approaches in the complex landscape of MDD. The identification of homogeneous, stable, and neurobiologically valid MDD subtypes could significantly enhance our comprehension and management of this multifaceted condition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current study examines the morphological knowledge (MK) and self-reported MK self-efficacy of speech-language pathologists (SLPs) and educators in an effort to inform professional development and preservice training related to MK and skills in implementing morphological instruction. This sample of 850 U.S. participants consisted of SLPs (n = 406), English language arts teachers (n = 178), special education teachers (n = 201), and reading specialists (n = 65). A survey elicited professional experience, self-efficacy related to the application of MK, and a MK measure. Correlations and analyses of variance (ANOVAs) between the groups that differed by disciplinary backgrounds were conducted to assess differences in MK and MK self-efficacy. The results yielded two key findings: (a) MK differs by profession, with SLPs performing with higher accuracy in morpheme counting and nonword derivation tasks and (b) MK self-efficacy differs by profession with reading specialists rating themselves significantly more confident than all other professions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

IntroductionThe first case of COVID-19 in Kenya was reported on March 13, 2020, prompting the collection of baseline data during the initial spread of the disease. Subsequently, the Kenyan government implemented non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) on April 9, 2020, to mitigate disease transmission over a two-month period. These measures were later gradually relaxed starting from June 9, 2020.MethodsWe applied a deterministic mathematical model to simulate the dynamics of COVID-19 transmission in Kenya. Using baseline data, we estimated transmission and recovery rates and proposed a mathematical model of how NPIs affect disease transmission rates. The model extends to interventions that yield an increase in disease transmission, unlike previous models that were limited to a decrease in transmission. We computed the mitigation and relaxation fractions and hence deduced the impact of the interventions.ResultsThe mitigation measures imposed from April 9, 2020, reduced the disease transmission by 43.7% from the baseline level, while the relaxation from June 9, 2020, increased the transmission by 32% over the mitigation level. Without intervention, the model predicts that infections would have peaked at 30% by late May 2020. However, due to the combined effect of mitigation and relaxation, the epidemic peaked at 13% infection in mid-July 2020.DiscussionThe model’s projections closely align with observed data, providing valuable insights for planning. Ongoing research aims to refine the model to capture sub-waves and spikes, as well as simulate multiple waves of infection. These efforts will enhance our understanding of COVID-19 dynamics and inform effective public health strategies. The estimated basic reproduction number R0=2.76, consistent with previous findings, underscores the validity of our model and its relevance in predicting disease transmission dynamics.

The study reported here aimed to explore the Intervention strategies for challenges experienced when supporting learners from child-headed households in secondary schools. Children from child-headed households experience challenges that hinder them from receiving good quality education. It is, therefore important for schools to ensure that classroom teachers are aware of the challenges experienced by children from child-headed households. This study followed the qualitative approach to explore the intervention strategies to be used. The study consisted of 20 participants (principals, Departmental Heads, teachers and School Governing Bodies) in South Africa. Data were collected through individual semi-structured interviews and document analysis. The Bottom-up theory was the underpinning theory for our study. Thematical analysis was followed. This study revealed that children from child-headed households were not identified at schools. Therefore, schools do not have a database of children from child-headed households hence a lack of intervention strategies. We recommended that schools should establish the School Based Support Team and follow the collaborative model as an intervention to support children from child-headed households. The study provided insights on intervention strategies that schools and the Department of Education should implement for challenges experienced by schools when supporting learners from child-headed households.

BackgroundExperiencing financial insecurity and being underserved is often associated with low health literacy, i.e., the ability to identify, obtain, interpret and act upon health information, which may result in poor health outcomes. Little is known about effective interventions for promoting health literacy among underserved populations. The objective of this systematic review is to summarize the literature on such interventions and identify characteristics that differentiate more effective interventions.MethodsFollowing PRISMA guidelines we searched the databases SCOPUS, Pubmed, Web of Science core collection and CINAHL. We included primary studies with a quantitative study design and control groups testing interventions to increase health literacy or health knowledge in underserved populations between 18 and 65 years. Where possible, we converted effect sizes into Cohen’s d and compared mean differences of intervention and control groups. Albatross plots were created to summarize the results according to different health literacy and health knowledge outcomes.ResultsWe screened 3,696 titles and abstracts and 206 full texts. In total, 86 articles were analyzed, of which 55 were summarized in seven albatross plots. The majority of the studies (n = 55) were conducted in the United States and had a randomized controlled study design (n = 44). More effective intervention approaches assessed needs of participants through focus group discussions prior to conducting the intervention, used bilingual educational materials, and included professionals fluent in the first languages of the study population as intervention deliverers. Additionally, the use of educational materials in video and text form, fotonovelas and interactive group education sessions with role playing exercises were observed to be effective.DiscussionAlthough the outcomes addressed in the included studies were heterogeneous, effective intervention approaches were often culturally sensitive and developed tailored educational materials. Interventions aiming to promote health literacy in underserved populations should hence consider applying similar approaches.Systematic review registration: https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?RecordID=323801, PROSPERO registration ID: CRD42022323801.

Yi Jiang,1 Yanyan Song2 1Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, 710000, People’s Republic of China; 2Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, People’s Republic of ChinaCorrespondence: Yanyan Song, Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, No. 804 Shengli South Street, Xingqing District, Yinchuan, 750004, People’s Republic of China, Tel +86 951-6743014, Fax +86 951-6744302, Email nxfysyy@163.comObjective: To investigate the risk factors and intervention strategies for the development of acute kidney injury (AKI) after cardiac valve replacement with extracorporeal circulation.Methods: Retrospective analysis of the clinical data of a total of 106 patients diagnosed with heart valve disease and undergoing extracorporeal circulation heart valve replacement surgery from January 2021 to December 2021 in the Department of Cardiac and Major Vascular Surgery of our hospital. The two groups were divided into AKI and non-AKI groups according to whether acute kidney injury occurred after surgery, and the preoperative, intraoperative and postoperative clinical data were compared. Single-factor analysis and multi-factor logistic regression analysis were used to explore the risk factors for acute kidney injury after extracorporeal heart valve replacement, and to improve the prognosis by giving kidney function protection strategies as early as possible.Results: Univariate analysis showed that age, preoperative blood creatinine > 130umol/L, LVEF < 45%, presence of subacute infective endocarditis (SIE), concurrent coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG), time to extracorporeal circulation, time to surgery, MAP < 70mmHg, urine output < 0.5mL/(kg-h), pulmonary infection, low cardiac output, and bacteraemia were risk factors for postoperative AKI. Multi-factor regression analysis showed that preoperative blood creatinine > 130umol/l, LVEF < 45%, combined infective endocarditis, extracorporeal circulation time > 2h, intraoperative and postoperative hypotension, low cardiac output, and postoperative bacteremia were independent risk factors for postoperative AKI.Conclusion: Active intervention strategies in the perioperative period can reduce the occurrence of postoperative AKI and improve patient prognosis.Keywords: heart valve replacement surgery, acute kidney injury, risk factors, intervention strategies

Abstract Spillover of trypanosomiasis parasites from wildlife to domestic livestock and humans remains a major challenge world over. With the disease targeted for elimination by 2030, assessing the impact of control strategies in communities where there are human-cattle-wildlife interactions is therefore essential. A compartmental framework incorporating tsetse flies, humans, cattle, wildlife and various disease control strategies is developed and analyzed. The reproduction is derived and its sensitivity to different model parameters is investigated. Meanwhile, the optimal control theory is used to identify a combination of control strategies capable of minimizing the infected human and cattle population over time at minimal costs of implementation. The results indicates that tsetse fly mortality rate is strongly and negatively correlated to the reproduction number. It is also established that tsetse fly feeding rate in strongly and positively correlated to the reproduction number. Simulation results indicates that time dependent control strategies can significantly reduce the infections. Overall, the study shows that screening and treatment of humans may not lead to disease elimination. Combining this strategy with other strategies such as screening and treatment of cattle and vector control strategies will result in maximum reduction of tsetse fly population and disease elimination.

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) significantly influences children’s language acquisition and usage. This theoretical study explores the multifaceted impact of ADHD on language development, specifically focusing on reading and writing challenges. Existing research reveals that approximately 30% of children with ADHD show significant delays in reading proficiency. Additionally, about 40% of these children struggle with phonological processing, which directly impacts their reading and writing skills. Interventions targeting executive function training combined with phonics-based instruction have been shown to significantly improve language outcomes. This study introduces a comprehensive framework connecting these challenges to specific interventions and collaborative strategies, emphasizing the importance of a multi-disciplinary approach. This work provides perspectives on the specific connections between ADHD symptoms and language difficulties, offering detailed potential solutions based on empirical data. Moreover, it features the necessity of adopting integrated intervention strategies to advance academic outcomes and communicative competencies for children with ADHD, providing new understandings into effective educational practices.

General practitioners are medical personnel with high integrated degree, and are the "gatekeepers" of residents' health. Violent incidents affecting health care not only seriously harm the the physical and psychological health of general practitioners, also affect the quality and level of basic medical services, which increases the turnover of general practitioners and the economic burden on the health care system. Previous studies have shown that more than half of general practitioners had experienced workplace violence, with the most common types including verbal violence and threats, followed by physical violence, sexual harassment and assault, patients and their family members were the main perpetrators. The failure of the medical services quality to meet the demands of patients, alcohol abuse, drug abuse and mental disorders of perpetrators, poor physician-patient communication were important factors associated with workplace violence. It is suggested to improve policies and regulations, norms of conduct related to workplace violence of healthcare workers, establish and improve the reporting and punishment mechanisms, enhance the capacity of healthcare workers and health care institutions to provide medical services and prevent workplace violence, give proper play to the role of the public media, promote the establishment of "zero-tolerance" system for violence.

In contemporary European educational contexts, equal access to education and learning opportunities have become one of the main issues. Socio-economic factors and the surrounding environment are widely recognised as the main barriers to changing an individual’s social position in society, while the disparity between educational opportunities and learning outcomes is seen to be growing. This paper aims to address the ongoing challenges and opportunities to break down barriers to upward mobility and promote equal opportunities for all by looking at different intervention approaches, such as coaching and positive role models. International research involving participants from 6 European countries - Lithuania, Italy, Norway, Greece, Romania and the United Kingdom - was carried out to assess the effectiveness of the coaching method and its impact on unlocking learning potential in the educational setting. The research findings suggest that coaching effectively promotes learning and behavioural change in disadvantaged learners.