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Objective: This study aimed to investigate the effects of six weeks of interval aerobic training (IAT) and nano-selenium supplementation on laminin a5 and collagen IV expression in the extracellular matrix of alveolar epithelial cells in the lungs of cigarette smoke-exposed rats. Methods and Materials: This experimental laboratory study used thirty-five male Wistar rats weighing 180-220 grams. The rats were randomly divided into seven groups: Healthy control, COPD control, COPD IAT, Healthy IAT, Healthy Selenium, Healthy Selenium-IAT, and COPD Selenium-IAT. Cigarette smoke extract was used to induce lung injury. Nano-selenium particles were administered via gavage. Interval aerobic training was performed for six weeks, five days per week. The expression of laminin a5 and collagen IV in the extracellular matrix of alveolar epithelial cells was evaluated. Data were analyzed using the Shapiro-Wilk test, two-way ANOVA, and Tukey's post hoc test. Findings: Two-way ANOVA showed a significant difference in laminin a5 expression between the healthy control and COPD control groups (P=0.011), but no significant difference for collagen IV (P=0.971). There was also a significant difference in laminin a5 expression between the COPD control and COPD + IAT groups (P=0.011), but no significant difference for collagen IV (P=0.999). No significant differences in laminin a5 and collagen IV expression were found between the control and training or supplementation groups (P=0.999). Conclusion: The results suggest that six weeks of interval aerobic training may be beneficial for mitigating the negative effects of cigarette smoke on laminin a5 expression in the lungs of rats with induced COPD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aim: Sedentary lifestyle and physical fitness decline due to war-related complications lead to body composition changes in chemical warfare veterans and increase the risk of cardiovascular diseases. This study aimed to investigate the effect of eight weeks of interval aerobic training on body composition indices of chemical warfare veterans. Methods: This was a quasi-experimental study with a pre-test-post-test design. The sample consisted of 17 chemical warfare veterans with 35-25% disability percentage who were randomly assigned to either an experimental (10 subjects) or a control group (7 subjects). The chemical warfare veterans participated in an interval aerobic training program at 60-45% heart rate reserve intensity for eight weeks. Body composition indices were measured using a Body Composition Analyzer model 356 made in South Korea. Repeated measures ANOVA was used to compare pre-test and post-test means. Results: Interval aerobic training had a significant effect on body weight, body mass index, waist-to-hip ratio, body fat percentage, fat-free mass, visceral fat levels, and visceral fat area. The training intervention did not have a significant effect on total body water, soft lean mass, and body minerals (P<0.05). Conclusion: The reduction in body weight, body mass index, body fat percentage, and visceral fat levels following eight weeks of interval aerobic training leads to a favorable change in body composition and a decrease in overweight and obesity and potentially obesity-related cardiovascular disease risk factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective(s): It seems that regular exercise can have inhibitory effects on the progression of breast cancer. This study, therefore, aimed to investigate the influences of interval aerobic training on mesenchymal biomarker gene expression, muscle cachexia, and tumor volume changes in mice with breast cancer.Materials and Methods: Thirty-two female Balb/c mice were allocated to four groups: Exercise Tumor Exercise, Rest Tumor Rest (Control), Rest Tumor Exercise, and Exercise Tumor Rest. Interval aerobic training was done 6 weeks before and 4 weeks after tumor induction. Weight test and inverted screen test were carried out as muscle function tests. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and HSD post hoc.Results: The results showed a significant decrease in gene expressions of Twist, Vimentin, and TGF-β in Exercise Tumor Exercise group in comparison with the Control group (PConclusion: Considering final results, a period of interval aerobic training can be used not only as a prevention method, but also help cancer treatment and impede cachexia by tumor volume reduction, decrease mesenchymal biomarker gene expression, and increase muscle strength functions.

Introduction: Regular exercise training is a useful strategy to reduce inflammatory markers, but it is still unclear what type of training is better. Thus, this study compared the effects of 12-week of low-intensity resistance (Low-RT) and high-intensity interval aerobic training (High-IAT) on serum interleukin (IL)-6 levels and insulin resistance (IR) markers in obese and young men. Methods In this quasi-experimental study, 38 obese and young men (age = 28.4 ± 5.2 years and body fat% = 27.5 ± 1.5) randomly assigned into a low-RT (n=14), high-IAT (n=12) and control (CON, n=12) groups. An age-matched control group of non-obese men (age = 27.0 ± 5.9 years, body fat% = 15.5 ± 2.6 and n=15) were also recruited for baseline comparison. Subjects performed the training programs (Low-RT: 10 exercises at 30-50% of 1-repetition maximum, and High-IAT: 16-minute of interval running at 80-90% of maximum heartbeat with a 3-minute recovery between intervals) for 12 weeks and 3-day a week. Data analyzed using SPSS version 18. Results: The independent t-test showed that the concentrations of glucose (P = 0.01), insulin (P = 0.04) and IR-index (P = 0.02) in obese men was higher than the non-obese at baseline, but no significant difference was noted for IL-6 (P = 0.14). The 2-factor analysis of variance revealed that insulin and IR-index similarly and remarkably decreased in response to the training (P < 0.05), but remained unchanged with glucose and IL-6 (P > 0.05). Conclusion: In summary, insulin resistance markers in the obese men group were higher than in the non-obese men group, but no significant difference was detected in IL-6 in these groups. Insulin and IR-index decreased remarkably and similarly after training programs, but no significant changes were found in glucose and IL-6.

Objective(s): It seems that regular exercise can have inhibitory effects on the progression of breast cancer. This study, therefore, aimed to investigate the influences of interval aerobic training on mesenchymal biomarker gene expression, muscle cachexia, and tumor volume changes in mice with breast cancer. Materials and Methods: Thirty-two female Balb/c mice were allocated to four groups: Exercise Tumor Exercise, Rest Tumor Rest (Control), Rest Tumor Exercise, and Exercise Tumor Rest. Interval aerobic training was done 6 weeks before and 4 weeks after tumor induction. Weight test and inverted screen test were carried out as muscle function tests. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and HSD post hoc. Results: The results showed a significant decrease in gene expressions of Twist, Vimentin, and TGF-ß in Exercise Tumor Exercise group in comparison with the Control group (P<0.05). Remarkable reduction of the rate of tumor volume was also observed in two training groups (Rest Tumor Exercise, Exercise Tumor Exercise) compared with the control group. According to function tests' results, muscle functions were diminished due to cancer, but interval aerobic training can keep muscles in a normally-functioning state in cancer (P<0.05). Conclusion: Considering final results, a period of interval aerobic training can be used not only as a prevention method, but also help cancer treatment and impede cachexia by tumor volume reduction, decrease mesenchymal biomarker gene expression, and increase muscle strength functions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The reasons that some of these studies have offered for aerobic training’s lack of tangible effect on the level of angiogenesis, are subjects’ readiness and the conditions of their diseases, while others have detected the intensity and the frequency of doing the aerobic trainings as the factors preventing the effectiveness of them on the level of angiogenesis. Thus, the present study studied the effects of taking interval and continuous aerobic trainings on the degrees of angiogenesis and nitric oxide. Materials and Methods: Sixty eligible old men in Kahrizak nursing home among volunteers were selected and studied in three groups (Continuous, Interval and Control). First, the initial blood samples were gathered to record of serum WEGF by ELISA kit. In the second stage NO in saliva were measured by conversion of nitrate to nitrite and by Griess reaction. After the 48 hours, experimental group in both continuous and interval carried out training for 6 weeks and the control group continued their daily activities. Post-test data measured and recorded in the same conditions with the pre-test. Obtained data were analyzed by using one-way ANOVA, Scheffe post hoc and dependent T-test. Results: The results showed that WEGF serum and salivary NO levels after performing the aerobic training to both continuous and interval methods was not any significantly different (P>0.05). However, the percentage change recorded data for the experimental group than in the control group despite the lack of significant difference of nearly a significant increase in the WEGF serum and saliva levels of NO were observed (No: Continuous and Interval≈ 0/05 increase, Control: 0/01 increase, VEGF: Continuous= 0/03 Increase, Interval= 0/05 Increase, Control= 0/02 Decrease). According to the paradox observed in obese and diabetes subjects can be said that apply the aerobic training in elderly subjects with such conditions requires specific design and likely to be that the implementation of traditional aerobic trainings will not have a significant effect on the WEGF serum and NO saliva levels. Conclusion: In the present study, we found that doing aerobics training in both continuous and interval courses had no significant effects on the level of angiogenesis and nitric oxide in the old men under study. However, we can maintain that taking aerobic trainings by subjects who suffer from diabetes, hypertension and obesity, based on results from previous studies has no positive effects. Patients suffering from diabetes, hypertension and obesity would see no significant change in their angiogenesis rate after doing continuous or interval aerobic trainings.

The purpose of this research is to investigate the effect of High Intensity Interval Training and Resistance training (HIITR) on heart rate variability (HRV), blood glucose, and plasma biomarkers levels in adolescents with type 1 diabetes (T1D). Research design and methods : 24 boys with T1D (FBS: 274.66 ± 52.99, age: 15.2 ± 1.78 years, and BMI = 19.61 ± 1.11) and 12 healthy boys (FBS: 92.75 ± 5.22, age: 15.08 ± 1.67 years, and BMI = 20.26 ± 2.66) were divided into three groups: Diabetes Training (DT, n = 12), Diabetes Control (DC, n = 12), and Healthy Control (HC, n = 12). HRV (24 h) was computed in time and frequency domains, anthropometric, biochemical parameters at rest, and aerobic capacity (VO 2peak) obtained during a graded exercise testing (GXT). All variables were evaluated at the baseline and following 12 weeks of exercise training, done 3 days weekly. The statistical method used for data analysis was analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) test. HRV, Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) and Fasting blood sugar (FBS), VO 2peak , norepinephrine (NEP), and HDL-C indicated significant differences between both T1D groups compared to HC at baseline (p < 0.001). BMI, LDL-C, TC, and TG parameters were similar in all groups. HRV parameters, VO 2peak and HDL-C, and NEP were significantly improved by exercise training, and HbA1c and FBS levels were significantly reduced (p < 0.001). There is a negative and significant correlation between LF/HF Ratio Difference (post-test minus pre-test) and VO2Peak Difference variables (post-test minus pre-test) (p < 0.001). The present study suggests the importance of early screening for CVD risk factors in adolescent males with T1D. Also, it was revealed HIITR training compared to other training patterns, and cardiovascular health improves via enhancement of autonomic modulation, VO 2peak , plasma lipids, and catecholamine levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The reasons that some of these studies have offered for aerobic training's lack of tangible effect on the level of angiogenesis, are subjects' readiness and the conditions of their diseases, while others have detected the intensity and the frequency of doing the aerobic trainings as the factors preventing the effectiveness of them on the level of angiogenesis. Thus, the present study studied the effects of taking interval and continuous aerobic trainings on the degrees of angiogenesis and nitric oxide. Materials and Methods: Sixty eligible old men in Kahrizak nursing home among volunteers were selected and studied in three groups (Continuous, Interval and Control). First, the initial blood samples were gathered to record of serum WEGF by ELISA kit. In the second stage NO in saliva were measured by conversion of nitrate to nitrite and by Griess reaction. After the 48 hours, experimental group in both continuous and interval carried out training for 6 weeks and the control group continued their daily activities. Post-test data measured and recorded in the same conditions with the pre-test. Obtained data were analyzed by using one-way ANOVA, Scheffe post hoc and dependent T-test. Results: The results showed that WEGF serum and salivary NO levels after performing the aerobic training to both continuous and interval methods was not any significantly different (P>0.05). However, the percentage change recorded data for the experimental group than in the control group despite the lack of significant difference of nearly a significant increase in the WEGF serum and saliva levels of NO were observed (No: Continuous and Interval≈ 0/05 increase, Control: 0/01 increase, VEGF: Continuous= 0/03 Increase, Interval= 0/05 Increase, Control= 0/02 Decrease). According to the paradox observed in obese and diabetes subjects can be said that apply the aerobic training in elderly subjects with such conditions requires specific design and likely to be that the implementation of traditional aerobic trainings will not have a significant effect on the WEGF serum and NO saliva levels. Conclusion: In the present study, we found that doing aerobics training in both continuous and interval courses had no significant effects on the level of angiogenesis and nitric oxide in the old men under study. However, we can maintain that taking aerobic trainings by subjects who suffer from diabetes, hypertension and obesity, based on results from previous studies has no positive effects. Patients suffering from diabetes, hypertension and obesity would see no significant change in their angiogenesis rate after doing continuous or interval aerobic trainings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Chronic heart failure is a major public health problem in which supervised exercise programs are recommended as part of non-pharmacological management. There are various reports of the success of high-intensity aerobic interval training (HI-AIT) and inspiratory muscle training (IMT) in the management of chronic heart failure patients. This study tested the hypothesis that the combination of HI-AIT and IMT could result in additional benefits over the IMT and the HI-AIT alone in terms of inspiratory muscle function, exercise capacity, and quality of life in patients with chronic heart failure and inspiratory muscle weakness., Methods: Forty patients with ejection fraction ≤45% and inspiratory muscle weakness described by maximal inspiratory pressure <70% predicted, underwent three exercise training sessions per week for 12 weeks. Patients were randomly allocated to one of four groups: the HI-AIT group, the IMT group, the combined (HI-AIT & IMT) group, and the control group. Before and after completing their training period, all patients underwent different tests that are mentioned above., Results: No changes were detected in the control group. However, the combined group, when compared to HI-AIT and IMT groups, respectively, resulted in additional significant improvement in maximal inspiratory training (62%, 24%, 25%), exercise time (62%, 29%, 12%), the 6-minute walk test (23%, 15%, 18%), and the Minnesota Living with Heart Failure Questionnaire (56%, 47%, 36%)., Conclusion: In patients with chronic heart failure and inspiratory muscle weakness, the combination of the HI-AIT and the IMT resulted in additional benefits in respiratory muscle function, exercise performance, and quality of life compared to that of HI-AIT or IMT alone. Trial Registration number : NCT03538249.