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Recent historiography has shown that Descartes remains a prominent figure in philosophical discourse and that a multitude of prejudices have arisen around his persona, which have contributed over time to the creation of an often stereotyped and, in some cases, distorted image of him and his most famous and influential doctrines. It is therefore essential to take stock of the state of historiographical research on Descartes in recent years. In this context, I have tried to draw attention to some recently published volumes, with the aim of enabling the reader to approach the study of this great philosopher with greater awareness. This can be achieved both through the author’s internal analysis of his work and the comparison with other philosophers and scholars who were his contemporaries.

We prove that a plactic monoid of any finite rank has decidable first order theory. This resolves other open decidability problems about the finite rank plactic monoids, such as the Diophantine problem and identity checking. This is achieved by interpreting a plactic monoid of arbitrary rank in Presburger arithmetic, which is known to have decidable first order theory. We also prove that the interpretation of the plactic monoids into Presburger Arithmetic is in fact a bi-interpretation, hence any two plactic monoids of finite rank are bi-interpretable with one another. The algorithm generating the interpretations is uniform, which answers positively the decidability of the Diophantine problem for the infinite rank plactic monoid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although complex analysis is part of the study programs of many mathematics undergraduates, little research has been done on how individuals interpret basic concepts from complex analysis. To address this gap, this paper investigates how experts individually think about complex path integrals. For this purpose, the commognitive framework is used to conceptualize experts' interpretations of mathematical concepts discursively, namely in terms of so-called intuitive mathematical discourses. A total of nine interpretations of complex path integrals, so-called discursive images, as well as eight sets of rules governing their construction, so-called discursive frames, are derived from expert interviews. These interpretations range from a rejection of intrinsic meaning to connections with real and vector analysis, mean values, and individual formulations of theorems. The paper also raises questions for the inclusion of the results into teaching and addresses further research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Palestine occupies a distinct geographical location, as it is the bridge that connects the three major continents of Asia, Africa, and Europe, which has given it great importance and made it a link between the countries of the Arab world. Despite its small geographical size, it is important in the Arab world. This is what called us to learn about the geography of the land of Palestine in ancient times, to clarify the truth about the names of ancient cities and sites and their geography according to what was stated in the texts of the Old Testament, to view the Old Testament interpretations of the geography of these cities and sites, and to monitor the changes that occurred in the geography of these sites in the modern era, as most of The names of places and locations have not remained constant over the ages. The study aims to address some geographical issues and dilemmas related to the Old Testament. It works on research and analysis of the geographical, historical, and comparative religious surroundings of the names of Palestinian cities and sites mentioned in the Old Testament and its interpretations, and knowledge of the changes that have occurred in these geographical locations in the current era. The study is divided into an introduction and five axes, followed by a conclusion that includes the most important results reached by the survey, then a list of sources and references. Axis One: Historical Geography of Palestine. Axis Two: Important Geographical Sites in Eastern Palestine. Axis Three: Important Geographical Sites in Western Palestine. Axis Four: Important Geographical Sites in Northern Palestine. Axis Five: Important Geographical Sites in Southern Palestine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It aims to highlight the efforts made by Tamil-speaking scholars in translating Tafsir books from Arabic and Urdu with an evaluation of them. I started it with an introduction, in which I mentioned the objectives of the research, its importance, previous studies and its limits, then followed it with three chapters and a conclusion that included the results and recommendations. I followed the descriptive and critical approach in the research, where I describe the common Tamil translations of a number of Tafsir books with a general critique of their contents. In each book, I mention the name of the book in Arabic, then I mention the title mentioned in the translation in Tamil, then I introduce the original book and its content, then I introduce the translator, then I describe the edition, then I conclude it with an evaluation of the translation. The study concluded with a number of results, the most important of which are: • The presence of scientific, methodological and technical notes in the Tamil translations of some books of interpretation. • The need to retranslate some translated books due to the poor quality of the current translation and its poor coordination. • The absence of specialists in Quranic studies within the translation team, which led to some unsuccessful choices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The digital platform-based sharing economy has become ubiquitous all over the world. In this paper, we explore how market actors' conflicting interpretations of digital platforms' business models give form and shape value co-creation and capture practices in contexts marked by weak institutions and underdeveloped markets. Design/methodology/approach: Integrating insights from the broader literature on digital platforms and the contemporary turn to "meaning-making" in social theory, we adopt a problematization method to unpack the collective contest over the interpretation of value co-creation and capture from ridesharing platforms in contexts marked by weak institutions and underdeveloped markets. Findings: Collective contest over the interpretation of digital business models may give rise to competing meanings that may enable (or impede) digital platform providers' ability to co-create and capture value. We present an integrative framework that delineates how firms caught up in such collective contests in contexts marked by weak institutions and underdeveloped markets may utilise such conditions as marketing resources to reset their organising logic in ways that reconcile the conflicting perspectives. Practical implications: The paper presents propositions constituting a contribution to a meaning-making perspective on ridesharing digital platforms by offering insights into how digital business models could potentially be localised and adapted to address and align with the peculiarities of contexts. It goes further to present a theoretical model to extend our understanding of the different sources of contestation of meaning of digital platforms. Originality/value: The meaning-making perspective on digital platforms extends our understanding of how the collective contest over interpretations of value co-creation and capture may offer a set of contradictory frames that yield possibilities for ridesharing platform providers, and their users, to assimilate the organising logic of digital business models into new categories of understanding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Beta coefficients for linear regression models represent the ideal form of an interpretable feature effect. However, for non-linear models such as generalized linear models, the estimated coefficients cannot be interpreted as a direct feature effect on the predicted outcome. Hence, marginal effects are typically used as approximations for feature effects, either as derivatives of the prediction function or forward differences in prediction due to changes in feature values. While marginal effects are commonly used in many scientific fields, they have not yet been adopted as a general model-agnostic interpretation method for machine learning models. This may stem from the ambiguity surrounding marginal effects and their inability to deal with the non-linearities found in black box models. We introduce a unified definition of forward marginal effects (FMEs) that includes univariate and multivariate, as well as continuous, categorical, and mixed-type features. To account for the non-linearity of prediction functions, we introduce a non-linearity measure for FMEs. Furthermore, we argue against summarizing feature effects of a non-linear prediction function in a single metric such as the average marginal effect. Instead, we propose to average homogeneous FMEs within population subgroups, which serve as conditional feature effect estimates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ontology behind quantum mechanics has been the subject of endless debate since the theory was formulated some 100 years ago. It has been suggested, at one time or another, that the objects described by the theory may be individual particles, waves, fields, ensembles of particles, observers, and minds, among many other possibilities. I maintain that these disagreements are due in part to a lack of precision in the use of the theory's various semantic designators. In particular, there is some confusion about the role of representation, reference, and denotation in the theory. In this article, I first analyze the role of the semantic apparatus in physical theories in general and then discuss the corresponding ontological implications for quantum mechanics. Subsequently, I consider the extension of the theory to quantum fields and then analyze the semantic changes of the designators with their ontological consequences. In addition to the classical arguments to rule out a particle ontology in the case of non-relativistic quantum field theory, I show how the existence of black holes makes the proposal of a particle ontology in general spacetimes unfeasible. I conclude by proposing a provisional pluralistic ontology of fields and spacetime and discussing some prospects for possible future ontological economies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We propose terminology to classify interpretations of quantum mechanics and models that modify or complete quantum mechanics. Our focus is on models which have previously been referred to as superdeterministic (strong or weak), retrocausal (with or without signalling, dynamical or non-dynamical), future-input-dependent, atemporal and all-at-once, not always with the same meaning or context. Sometimes, these models are assumed to be deterministic, sometimes not, the word deterministic has been given different meanings, and different notions of causality have been used when classifying them. This has created much confusion in the literature, and we hope that the terms proposed here will help to clarify the nomenclature. The general model framework that we will propose may also be useful to classify other interpretations and modifications of quantum mechanics. This document grew out of the discussions at the 2022 Bonn Workshop on Superdeterminism and Retrocausality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Jurisprudence Faculty Journal / Magallaẗ Kulliyyaẗ Al-fiqh is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Based on an authorized archival copy, an article about Gogol by medievalist historian Vasily Trofimovich Sirotenko (1915–2006), a professor at Perm, Dnepropetrovsk and Armavir universities, is being published. The article by V.T. Sirotenko, “The Early Middle Ages in the light of N.V. Gogol,” was written in 1978 and deposited in 1990 but is currently inaccessible to the reader. A professional historian notes Gogol’s extensive knowledge of the history of the European Middle Ages and evaluates the writer’s significant contribution to the study of world history. The article is a continuation of the works of numerous researchers and historians, F.A. Vitberg, S.A. Vengerov, G.P. Georgievsky, S.I. Mashinsky, M.P. Alekseev, V.F. Semenov and others, who noted, despite the cartoonish reviews of Gogol by some of his students at St. Petersburg University (in 1834–1835), the writer’s thorough historical erudition, the high scientific level of his university lectures, as well as works of art from world and national history. The publication contributes to the return into scientific circulation of an article by Professor V.T. Sirotenko, unknown to modern researchers, and can serve as a supplement to our article “The Unknown Book of N.V. Gogol 1834: Plan, Context, Reminiscences,” published in the first issue of the journal “Literary Fact” for 2022.

The article discusses examples of strong (SV > 0.7) simplest nonlinear dependencies in a problem for 114 indicators of 9 psychodiagnostic techniques, which represent exceptions in the context of many specific problems for studying statistical relationships, when two reciprocal dependencies, Y(X) and X(Y), are strong. There were only four such dependencies in the model for quintas of the independent variable within the framework of very weak and weak correlations (a total of 180 strong simplest nonlinear dependencies). The author quantitatively analysed and qualitatively interpreted the dependencies for three pairs of variables: “16PF-E: Submissive – Assertive” of R.B. Cattell’s questionnaire and “Competition” of K.W. Thomas’s methodology (SV = 0.78 and SV’ = 0.72 at r = 0.15); “16PF-Q3: Low self-control – High self-control” and “16PF-L: Trusting – Suspicious” of R.B. Cattell’s questionnaire (SV = 1.17 and SV’ = 0.91 at r = 0.28); “Psychasthenia” of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory and “Suspicious type” of T.F. Leary’s methodology (SV = 0.84 and SV’ = 0.73 at r = 0.19). For the pair of variables “Low self-control – High self-control” and “Trusting – Suspicious”, models of linear regression are also considered. It is built on the basis of a dependence that is far from linear, as shown by Pearson’s coefficient of weak correlation equal to 0.28. At the same time, founded on the rule for interpreting the absolute value of the correlation coefficient for a sample of 120 subjects (widely used in the psychological community), it indicates the significance of the relationship at the p = 0.01 level, which inevitably requires a linear interpretation. For clarity, the information discussed in the article is illustrated by graphical representations of the dependencies under consideration.

Purity is known as an ideal of proof that restricts a proof to notions belonging to the 'content' of the theorem. In this paper, our main interest is to develop a conception of purity for formal (natural deduction) proofs. We develop two new notions of purity: one based on an ontological notion of the content of a theorem, and one based on the notions of surrogate ontological content and structural content. From there, we characterize which (classical) first-order natural deduction proofs of a mathematical theorem are pure. Formal proofs that refer to the ontological content of a theorem will be called 'fully ontologically pure'. Formal proofs that refer to a surrogate ontological content of a theorem will be called 'secondarily ontologically pure', because they preserve the structural content of a theorem. We will use interpretations between theories to develop a proof-theoretic criterion that guarantees secondary ontological purity for formal proofs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Children's interpretations of parenting behaviors offer valuable insights into cultural meanings of parenting. This study examined how Chinese urban and rural children interpreted six different types of parental responses to children's negative emotions (PRCNE), which have traditionally been identified as supportive (e.g., emotion‐focused responses, problem‐focused responses, and expressive encouragement) versus nonsupportive ones (e.g., minimization, parental distress, punitive responses) in Western cultures. Based on surveyed samples of 976 children, demographically matched samples of 102 urban (Mage = 14.23 years) and 100 rural (Mage = 14.38 years) children were generated for analysis, using propensity score matching (PSM). Results revealed that compared with rural children, urban children rated problem‐focused responses as more normative, whereas parental distress and punitive responses as less normative. Additionally, urban children evaluated emotion‐focused responses, problem‐focused responses, expressive encouragement, and minimization as less negative, and parental distress as less positive than rural children. In urban communities, emotion‐focused responses, problem‐focused responses, and encouragement were evaluated most positively and least negatively, followed by minimization, and lastly parental distress and punitive responses. In rural communities, emotion‐focused responses and problem‐focused responses were evaluated most positively and least negatively, followed by encouragement and minimization, and lastly parental distress and punitive responses. The findings highlight the diverse interpretations children have towards PRCNE across different cultural contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent research observed 92% accuracy for age-at-death estimations by U.S. forensic anthropologists. The present study compares this case report level accuracy to method level accuracy for the most commonly used methods in U.S. casework, drawing from the Forensic Anthropology Database for Assessing Methods Accuracy (FADAMA). Method application rate (i.e., how often a method is used in casework) was analyzed for n= 641 cases and identified 15 methods with an application rate >45 cases, and the present study focused further analyses on these 15 methods. Of the 15, only four yielded accuracies greater than or equal to the 92% documented for case-report level accuracy. The other 11 methods produced accuracy rates ranging from 54% to 91%, with six of these below 70% This disconnect between highly accurate age estimations at the case report level compared to the poor performance at method level suggests that practitioner interpretation and synthesis of the methods' outcomes is a critical step for increasing the accuracy rates of the age estimations as reported on the final case report. This inference was further supported by the study's results which indicated that practitioner interpretations of frequently used method combinations improve accuracy and age range width of age estimation. The study also performed a Fisher's Exact test to assess whether case report-level accuracy differed with the number of aging methods used in a case, and found no significant differences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is officially believed that the ancient Turkic script, called runic for its resemblance to the Scandinavian runes, existed in the period from the VI century AD to the X century AD, after which it ceased to be used, and it was practically forgotten. The Runic script of the Turks is not a common Turkic script, since its area of distribution is limited to the Minusinsk basin, the upper reaches of the Yenisei, Altai, the upper reaches of the Orkhon River and the Tola River in Mongolia. It is also represented by Turfan manuscripts and a few monuments in the Talas River valley and in Ferghana. These monuments are not precisely dated in time, the interpretation of many of them is very difficult, and in many cases we are not dealing with full-fledged translations, but, often, with the translator’s own interpretation of the text. The good preservation of many monuments indicates their relatively late origin. Most likely, these monuments belong to the XV–XVI centuries. As for the largest group of monuments — the Yenisei and Altai, they belong to the period of existence of the tribal formation of the Yenisei Kyrgyz Khongorai of the XVI–XVII centuries, which ceased to exist in 1703, when its population was mostly forcibly resettled to Dzungaria by its ruler Tsevan-Rabdan

The adventures of a Warsaw-based drug dealer described in the narratives of Żulczyk’s Blinded by the Lights novel (2014) and Skonieczny’s streaming series (2018) obviously are drawn from the British hip-hop composition Blinded by the Lights by The Streets (2014), both from it’s musical and narrative structure. This, in turn, is undoubtedly derived from the archetype of the mythical journey of the hero described in Jonathan Campbell’s seminal work The Hero with a Thousand Faces (1949). Żulczyk’s prose may indeed be a kind of extended gloss to the piece by The Streets, which takes the hero’s story to a higher narrative level. At the same time, however, it becomes a pre-text for the series, which can already draw on both narratives and define itself in relation to them. The above analysis shows how this interpretative dependence can be defined by the use of different models of interpretation that are embedded in two cultural patterns: the archetypal narrative prototype of a monomyth and the narrative-musical form of a hip-hop storytelling based on the cultural framework of the mythical katabasis.

Musical interpretations in the context of higher education can enhance creative thinking skills. This study primarily aims to provide the results of the influence of musical interpretation of Western music on the development of creative thinking skills among musician students through pre-tests and post-tests. The results of the post-test showed that the level of the development of the creative skills of the control group students has hardly changed, which confirmed that the classical music curriculum without additional musical practice does not lead to creativity improvement and development. The post-test results also demonstrated noticeable decrease in the number of participants with a low level of creativity development: in the "knowledge of genres" category, there was a decrease by 12%, "improvisation, composition and theory" – by 8.5%, "aspects of performance" – by 12.5%. The results of the research can help to shape the experience of using musical interpretations in the educational process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The need for governments across the globe to collaborate with religious leaders in the fight against COVID-19 has been emphasized by international organizations including the World Health Organization (WHO). However, there has not been much discernible scholarly effort to know what religious leaders think of COVID-19. The present study, therefore, explored the interpretations church leaders have about COVID-19 in Nigeria. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with eighteen leaders from Catholic, Anglican and Pentecostal churches in Nigeria. Using a thematic analytical approach, the study found that only few church leaders interpreted COVID-19 as a medical problem in line with science (33%). The rest interpreted the virus as a tool of conspiracies/political manoeuvrings (27%) and as a spiritual event (39%). The study discussed the implications of the findings for policy and research as well as how to address some of the harmful interpretations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sending down the iron for mankind, mentioned in verse 57:25 of AlQur’an, is one of the most significant blessings from Allah (SWT). Everything Allah (SWT) provided us, of course, for the needs, uses, and benefits of human beings. The mention of sending iron and its attributes (strong power and benefits for the people) in the Qur’an must have special significance, whether we comprehend it or not. The interpreters of Al-Qur’an explained the origin and the attributes of iron according to their contemporary pieces of knowledge. Modern scientific knowledge provides us the opportunity to uncover a better understanding of the origin of iron as well as its attributes. This research work aims to identify, explore, and demonstrate the findings regarding the origin and the attributes of iron mentioned in Al-Qur’an, through the study of modern scientific resources. All the required information & data, for this research, have been taken from the relevant and available online sources. The findings of this research demonstrate the superiority and uniqueness of iron compared to all available elements/materials. These findings may also give us a better understanding of mentioning “Iron” in the Holy Book of the Qur'an. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Argument (2067-4252) is the property of Universitatea de Arhitectura si Urbanism "Ion Mincu" Bucuresti and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study examines the impact of key audit matters (KAMs) on the quality of analysts' earnings forecasts in the emerging Chinese market. The nature of KAMs is auditors' interpretations of the risk of material misstatements. Based on a quasi‐natural experimental environment created by the phased adoption of communicating KAMs in the emerging Chinese market, we find that communicating KAMs can improve the quality of analysts' earnings forecasts by increasing forecast accuracy and decreasing dispersion. We also find that the extent of auditors' interpretations of the risk of material misstatements is positively related to the quality of analysts' earnings forecasts. The positive relationship between the extent of auditors' interpretations of the risk of material misstatements and the quality of analysts' earnings forecasts is more pronounced for firms with less information transparency and less skilled analysts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This contribution is positioned between what might be considered an artistic portfolio and a paper. It is perhaps best understood as a visual essay, in which a speculative correspondence with a prominent Ugandan chief and intellectual, the late Ham Mukasa (ca. 1870-1956), affords the activation of an ambiguous colonial legacy. It aims to complicate and question our relationship to- and understanding of archival materials and the web of privilege and precarity in which they were compiled and exist. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The technical aspect of managing the analyst's emotional responses to a patient has changed over the years, from Freud's position (1910, 1912, 1915), stating that emotions are a sign of an incomplete analysis from the analyst, to the recognition of this emotion as a communication between patient and analyst by Bion (1954). This recognition led to the acknowledgment of their importance as a diagnostic tool, while avoiding disclosure by Heiman (1950) and King (1978). More recently, consideration in the ways we can interpret these feelings during the analysis has been study (Winnicott, 1947; Little 1951; Casement 1986; Ogden 2018). This paper, advocates for the disclosure of such feelings (self‐disclosure) mainly when they are of a positive nature and the patient has a history of neglect. Also, there is a reflection on the advantages and disadvantages of doing so. Finally, there is consideration of the difference between a patient's need and a patient's desire before such disclosures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The technical aspect of managing the analyst's emotional responses to a patient has changed over the years, from Freud's position (1910, 1912, 1915), stating that emotions are a sign of an incomplete analysis from the analyst, to the recognition of this emotion as a communication between patient and analyst by Bion (1954). This recognition led to the acknowledgment of their importance as a diagnostic tool, while avoiding disclosure by Heiman (1950) and King (1978). More recently, consideration in the ways we can interpret these feelings during the analysis has been study (Winnicott, 1947; Little 1951; Casement 1986; Ogden 2018). This paper, advocates for the disclosure of such feelings (self‐disclosure) mainly when they are of a positive nature and the patient has a history of neglect. Also, there is a reflection on the advantages and disadvantages of doing so. Finally, there is consideration of the difference between a patient's need and a patient's desire before such disclosures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The major objective of this Research is to focus on the multiplicity of the interpretations in language, context, and themes of Edward Albee's The Zoo Story (1958) while applying Jacques Derrida's Theory of Deconstruction. The reason to apply Deconstruction to this play is to expose the American society in general and the characters in the play in particular. Characters of Jerry and Peter are the representatives of two different worlds and demonstrates opposing values to each other. This background will help the reader to understand the significance of language and diction used by these characters. This is a qualitive research as this involves different literary articles and books to expose the social chaos and psychological displacement of American society. The conclusion of this research would help the reader to explore and examine the multilayered interpretations of language used by Albee in The Zoo Story while applying the theory of Deconstruction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Post, axled and Łukasiewicz–Moisil algebras are important lattices studied in algebraic logic. In this paper, we investigate a useful interpretation between these algebras and some rings. We give a term equivalence between Post algebras of order |$p$| and |$p$| -rings, |$p$| prime and lift this result to the axled Łukasiewicz–Moisil algebra |$L \cong B_s \times P$| and the ring |$\prod ^s F_2 \times \prod ^l F_p$|⁠ , where |$B_s$| is a Boolean algebra of order |$2^s$|⁠ , |$P$| a |$p$| -valued Post algebra of order |$p^l$| and |$F_p$| is the prime field of order |$p$|⁠. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

According to Romanian folk beliefs, the soil suffers when man ploughs it. After the first humans had traced furrows, the soil shed blood and started to shout. To ease its pain, it is recommended to refrain from working at noon and at night, because the earth needs rest, like humans. This folkloric motif has known several interpretations in the Romanian ethnology. Specialists considered it, successively, as an expression of animism, a poetic image, a proof of deep respect for nature, an illustration of the sacred violence committed by the ploughman, etc. The motif of the pain of the soil has a special value nowadays when we confront a serious ecological crisis. Traditional wisdom, thus, offers us an impulse to reflect and reconsider our behaviour towards the environment.

The basis of Ismailia in facing the Quran is based on the interpretation of the verses. From the point that the application of interpretation without regard to the correct criteria and standards challenges the publication of the teachings and facts of the Qur'an; The present research has analyzed the Ismaili interpretations of the Infallible Imam (a.s.) with a descriptive-analytical method and using library tools, and has referred to two interpretations of al-Mizan and the nemoneh in order to clarify the slippages of Ismaili interpretations, and a correct interpretation of The findings of this study in criticizing the Ismaili interpretations about Imam Masoom (a.s.) indicate the existence of eight components of not paying attention to the meaning and meaning of Quranic words, context, rhetorical sciences, the appearance of the verse and scientific facts. Ismaili commentators do not pay attention to the literal meaning of Quranic words, hadiths, do not refer analogies to courts, and do not identify the audience of the verses. These components indicate Ismaili taste interpretations and lack of attention to the correct standards and criteria of interpretation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Justin Clarke-Doane offers what purports to be a stand-alone argument, relying on Gödel’s second incompleteness theorem, that if we hold that PA + Con(PA) and PA + ~ Con(PA) are equally true of their intended subjects, then there is no objective fact as to whether PA is consistent. It is shown that the argument is fallacious, although illuminating: The fallaciousness of the argument arises from a 20th-century shift in our understanding of interpreted languages from the view—derived from our experience of language—of sentences as intrinsically interpreted to one which sharply distinguishes syntax and semantics, and treats uninterpreted syntactic forms as endowed with interpretations by models. It is shown that this syntax/semantic distinction, because it is “unintuitive” induces fallacies such as the one that Clarke-Doane’s argument exemplifies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Critique and rectification mean to analyze and study the intellectual conclusions drawn by a person and make necessary correction and amendments to it. There are many examples of critique and correction found in Quranic interpretative text. Every interpreter of the Holy Quran have criticized old and contemporary interpretors and brought their interpretative quotes under discussion. Maulana Dhākir Ḥussain Sialvi wrote Jamāl ul Emān fi Tafseer-al-Qurān in Urdu in late 20th century. He is an eminent scholar, represents a school of thought. He has critrically evaluated translations of the Holy Qurān and tafseer works from other mufassreen. He criticized those who are not in line with his religious thoughts. He criticized many interprtations of the Holy Quran. In Tafseer Jamāl ul Emān, he discussed the interprtations of the Holy Quran by his contemporary as well as old interprtations of the holy Quran and pointed out their mistakes and misunderstandings. In this article some of these examples are discussed, moreover merits and demerits of Maulana Zakir Husain Sialvi's critical and evaluations method have been addressed in this article. He has marked weak, correctionable aspects in interpretations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Debates on human rights universality frame universality according to an anthropological view called Western universalism and consider that "cultural relativism" is equivalent to any other framework. Thus, the discussion on this topic has been reduced to who is the rights-holder and the concept of human rights itself. There is a third approach to universality that must be addressed: the universality of interpretations. Most critics of human rights universality do not contest internationally agreed human rights norms (as established in treaties). Rather, they react against interpretations or standards as have been developed by human rights mechanisms. Accordingly, this paper explores three positions that have been developed around this notion: flexible Westerns, dialogical perspectives, and bottom-up approaches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Büchi arithmetics BAn, , are extensions of Presburger arithmetic with an unary functional symbol denoting Presburger arithmetic the largest power of n that divides x. Definability of a set in BAn is equivalent to its recognizability by a finite automaton receiving numbers in their n-ary expansion. We consider the interpretations of in the standard model of BAn and show that each such interpretation has an internal model isomorphic to the standard one. This answers a question by A. Visser on the interpretations of certain weak arithmetical theories in themselves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The concept of bounded expansion provides a robust way to capture sparse graph classes with interesting algorithmic properties. Most notably, every problem definable in first-order logic can be solved in linear time on bounded expansion graph classes. Firstorder interpretations and transductions of sparse graph classes lead to more general, dense graph classes that seem to inherit many of the nice algorithmic properties of their sparse counterparts. In this paper, we show that one can encode graphs from a class with structurally bounded expansion via lacon-, shrub- and parity-decompositions from a class with bounded expansion. These decompositions are useful for lifting properties from sparse to structurally sparse graph classes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To overcome native-speakerism, we must acknowledge the present entanglements we are in, envisage a future that provides unrestricted agencies for all, and so finally release this historical shackle that binds us. Trans-speakerism is an alternative ideology to combat native-speakerism that champions diversity, equity, and inclusion while attempting to validate and empower all stakeholders in ELT—regardless of their speakerhoods. This article undertakes a holistic exploration of native-speakerism and trans-speakerism by researching how these ideologies are understood, observed in practice, and considered to impact the educational and professional lives of students, teachers, and researchers. Via narrative interviews, I gathered data from 26 participants in Japan, consisting of 2 junior high school teachers, 6 senior high school teachers, 7 master's students, 3 PhD students, 3 novice university professors, and 5 veteran university professors. Through an analysis of the data, I unearthed multifaceted interpretations of native-speakerism and trans-speakerism, a plethora of ways they are manifested in practice, and the complex ramifications these have had upon the participants' idiosyncratic identities, contexts, and careers. The findings urge us to adopt trans-speakerism as a catalyst for change within our ELT field. The article concludes by offering practical recommendations and empirical insights for how to do this. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Questo articolo ripercorre il tentativo di Chick, durato tutta la vita, di smascherare ciò che è stato ed è tuttora distorto nell’interpretazione e nell’applicazione della Teoria Generale. Per semplicità, ho elencato alcune delle distorsioni su cui Chick, insieme ad altri, ha richiamato l’attenzione nel corso degli anni. L’elenco non vuole essere esaustivo e alcune distorsioni sono correlate tra loro, ma spero che il mio catalogo catturi la maggior parte delle questioni che sono state al centro del dibattito e del confronto con la Teoria Generale che ha impegnato Chick per tutta la sua vita.

The interpretation of figures of deities on the reverse of the coins of Asia Minor cities of the imperial period is usually done in several steps. The deity is generally quickly determined. It is difficult, however, to establish the superior intention behind the depiction. Does the figure refer to a real cult statue of the emitting city, is the image 'only' a reference to a local cult or was it chosen to symbolise, for instance, political connections of cities? The essay brings together opinions from 140 years of international numismatic scholarship and thus offers an overview of the changing patterns of interpretation as well as their range in general. In the end, a more conscious approach to the figures of the gods on coins and a more reflective methodological approach are recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background One of the current major factors of not following up on the abnormal test results is the lack of information about the test results and missing interpretations. Clinical decision support systems (CDSS) can become a solution to this problem. However, little is known how patients react to the automatically generated interpretations of the test results, and how this can affect a decision to follow up. In this research, we study how patients perceive the interpretations of the laboratory tests automatically generated by a clinical decision support system depending on how they receive these recommendations and how this affects the follow-up rate. Methods A study of 3200 patients was done querying the regional patient registry. The patients were divided into 4 groups who received: 1. Recommendations automatically generated by a CDSS with a clear indication of their automatic nature. 2. Recommendations received personally from a doctor with a clear indication of their automatic nature. 3. Recommendations from a doctor with no indication of their automated generation. 4. No recommendations, only the test results. A follow-up rate was calculated as the proportion of patients referred to a laboratory service for a follow-up investigation after receiving a recommendation within two weeks after the first test with abnormal test results had been completed and the interpretation was delivered to the patient. The second phase of the study was a research of the patients’ motivation. It was performed with a group of 789 patients. Results All the patients who received interpretations on the abnormal test results demonstrated a significantly higher rate of follow-up (71%) in comparison to the patients who received only test results without interpretations (49%). Patients mention a time factor as a significant benefit of the automatically generated interpretations in comparison to the interpretations they can receive from a doctor. Conclusion The results of the study show that delivering automatically generated interpretations of test results can support patients in making a decision to follow up. They are trusted by patients and raise their motivations and engagement.

The research is devoted to one of the many creative ideas of Gogol in 1834. The textual analysis shows the unity of the two historical works of the writer, which were previously published as separate works. These manuscripts testify that Gogol's “Bibliography of the Middle Ages” and the course of medieval history written at the same time (of ten lectures) represent a special edition that was being prepared for publication (which remained unpublished for unknown reasons). For the first time, the reader got acquainted with the “Bibliography of the Middle Ages” and Gogol’s ten university lectures in 1896, but until that moment these materials, published separately, have not been comprehended as a single whole prepared for publication. The publication of the book, which did not take place in 1834, is put in connection with Gogol's then cooperation with the Minister of Public Education S.S. Uvarov. During this period, thanks to the minister, Gogol entered the department of general history of St. Petersburg University and published four articles in the ministerial journal. The article analyzes the content of Gogol's lecture course and its relation to his other works. The author of the article proposes a possible title for the untitled book, based on the surviving Gogol lecture program.