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This article presents a cross-sectional study that examines the effects of long-term mobile phone use on the hearing of young healthy male adults. The study found that participants who used mobile phones for more than 5 years had significantly prolonged interpeak latencies in their right ear compared to those who used mobile phones for less than 5 years. However, there were no significant differences in absolute wave latencies between the two groups. The study suggests that prolonged mobile phone use may have an impact on brainstem auditory responses and recommends further research to understand the potential negative effects of electromagnetic radiation on hearing. [Extracted from the article]

Background: Ovarian hormones are known to influence central neuronal functioning. Many studies have established the brainstem auditory evoked potential (BAEP) pattern vis-à-vis the cyclical fluctuations of these hormones in young females; however, there is a paucity of research involving BAEP patterns among menopausal females. Aim: This study was conducted to provide normative values for various BAEP parameters in menopausal females from North India. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was done on 100 females aged 46-70 years. BAEP recording was done using a standardized protocol. The data were analyzed using SPSS software. It consisted of mean wave latencies I, II, III, IV, and V and interpeak latencies (IPL) I-V, I-III, and III-V. Student's unpaired t-test was used for statistical analysis. Results: The average value of means of wave latencies and IPL from both the ears was obtained. The latencies of waves I, II, III, IV, and V were 1.82 ± 0.27 ms, 2.81 ± 0.27 ms, 4.09 ± 0.35 ms, 4.87 ± 0.33 ms, and 6.19 ± 0.31 ms, respectively. The mean values of IPL I-V, I-III, and III-V were 4.37 ± 0.38 ms, 2.26 ± 0.33 ms, and 2.1 ± 0.32 ms, respectively. Conclusion: The study findings compared favorably with already existing data from similar studies conducted elsewhere. The data from the present study would prove useful to the clinicians to detect subtle neurodegenerative changes at an early stage within the central auditory pathways, even in the absence of any perceptible hearing loss, in this subset of population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Latent iron deficiency (LID) at birth is associated with prolonged latencies in auditory brainstem response (ABR), a surrogate for neural maturation. This study aimed to compare wave and inter-peak latencies of ABR at birth and at 4-6 months of age in infants ≥35 weeks of gestation with normal iron status (NIS) and LID. Methods: Neonates born at ≥35 weeks were screened. Cord ferritin value ≤ 75 ng/mL and >75 ng/mL were classified as LID and NIS, respectively. ABR was performed within 48 h of birth. The absolute latencies of waves I, III, and V, and inter-peak latencies I-III, III-V, and I-V were computed. Infants were reassessed at 4–6 months of age for hemoglobin, serum ferritin levels, and ABR latencies. Results: In total, 160 neonates were enrolled. The mean (SD) birth weight and gestational age of the study population were 2843 (384) g and 38.3 (1.1) weeks, respectively. Approximately 122 infants completed follow-up until 4–6 months of age: 37 in the LID group and 85 in the NIS group. Overall, the wave and interpeak latencies in both groups at birth were comparable. At 4–6 months, the absolute latencies of waves I, III, and V, and inter-peak latencies I-III, III-V, and I-V were decreased and were comparable in both groups. Among small-for-gestational-age neonates, inter-peak latencies in I-III and I-V at birth were significantly longer in the LID group than in the NIS group. Nine (24.3%) infants in the LID group and none in the NIS group were iron-deficient at 4–6 months of age. Conclusion: There was no difference in wave or inter-peak latencies at birth and at 4–6 months of age in neonates aged ≥35 weeks with or without LID. However, infants with LID at birth have a significant risk of iron deficiency at 4–6 months of age.CTRI/2017/08/009379 (www.ctri.nic.in).

Background: Ovarian hormones are known to influence central neuronal functioning. Many studies have established the brainstem auditory evoked potential (BAEP) pattern vis-à -vis the cyclical fluctuations of these hormones in young females; however, there is a paucity of research involving BAEP patterns among menopausal females. Aim: This study was conducted to provide normative values for various BAEP parameters in menopausal females from North India. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was done on 100 females aged 46–70 years. BAEP recording was done using a standardized protocol. The data were analyzed using SPSS software. It consisted of mean wave latencies I, II, III, IV, and V and interpeak latencies (IPL) I-V, I-III, and III-V. Student's unpaired t-test was used for statistical analysis. Results: The average value of means of wave latencies and IPL from both the ears was obtained. The latencies of waves I, II, III, IV, and V were 1.82 ± 0.27 ms, 2.81 ± 0.27 ms, 4.09 ± 0.35 ms, 4.87 ± 0.33 ms, and 6.19 ± 0.31 ms, respectively. The mean values of IPL I-V, I-III, and III-V were 4.37 ± 0.38 ms, 2.26 ± 0.33 ms, and 2.1 ± 0.32 ms, respectively. Conclusion: The study findings compared favorably with already existing data from similar studies conducted elsewhere. The data from the present study would prove useful to the clinicians to detect subtle neurodegenerative changes at an early stage within the central auditory pathways, even in the absence of any perceptible hearing loss, in this subset of population.

Latent iron deficiency (LID) at birth is associated with prolonged latencies in auditory brainstem response (ABR), a surrogate for neural maturation. This study aimed to compare wave and inter-peak latencies of ABR at birth and at 4-6 months of age in infants ≥35 weeks of gestation with normal iron status (NIS) and LID. Neonates born at ≥35 weeks were screened. Cord ferritin value ≤ 75 ng/mL and >75 ng/mL were classified as LID and NIS, respectively. ABR was performed within 48 h of birth. The absolute latencies of waves I, III, and V, and inter-peak latencies I-III, III-V, and I-V were computed. Infants were reassessed at 4–6 months of age for hemoglobin, serum ferritin levels, and ABR latencies. In total, 160 neonates were enrolled. The mean (SD) birth weight and gestational age of the study population were 2843 (384) g and 38.3 (1.1) weeks, respectively. Approximately 122 infants completed follow-up until 4–6 months of age: 37 in the LID group and 85 in the NIS group. Overall, the wave and interpeak latencies in both groups at birth were comparable. At 4–6 months, the absolute latencies of waves I, III, and V, and inter-peak latencies I-III, III-V, and I-V were decreased and were comparable in both groups. Among small-for-gestational-age neonates, inter-peak latencies in I-III and I-V at birth were significantly longer in the LID group than in the NIS group. Nine (24.3%) infants in the LID group and none in the NIS group were iron-deficient at 4–6 months of age. There was no difference in wave or inter-peak latencies at birth and at 4–6 months of age in neonates aged ≥35 weeks with or without LID. However, infants with LID at birth have a significant risk of iron deficiency at 4–6 months of age. CTRI/2017/08/009379 (www.ctri.nic.in). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: As per the World Health Organization, in 2005, more than 180 million people had diabetes worldwide. This figure will be more than double by 2030. Neuropathy is common and late complication of diabetes mellitus (DM). Sensory neural hearing loss which is severe at higher frequencies has been reported in Type 2 DM patients. Auditory nerve tract damage increases the latency and reduces the amplitude of the response. Evoked potential recordings evaluate the neural pathways in the central nervous system. Brainstem auditory evoked potentials (BAEP) localize anatomic structures using different waves and detect acoustic and central neuropathy (CN). Hence, brainstem evoked response of audiometry (BERA) is used widely in clinical set up. Aims: Primary: 1. To record BERA waves in normal subjects with normal blood sugar levels (hemoglobin A1C [HbA1C] <5.4. 2. To record BERA waves in Type 2 DM patients. (HbA1C >6.5). Secondary: To study the BERA parameters with the normal subjects with blood sugar subjects and compare them with Type 2 DM patients. Materials and Methods: n = 30, Type 2 DM patients between the age of 35–50 years of either sex were chosen from the Diabetic Clinic of GMC, Aurangabad, Maharashtra. HbA1C test for glycemic control and BERA waves to assess CN were recorded. n = 30 normal subjects with normal blood sugar with age and sex-matched above tests were performed. Statistical Analysis: Unpaired Student's t-test. Results: Mean ± Standard deviation of the absolute latency and interpeak latency of BERA waves at 2, 4, and 6 KHz at 80 dB in Type 2 DM patients were delayed and found to be significant as compared to control group. Conclusion: The above study explains that if BAEP is recorded at higher frequencies like 6 KHz and at 80 dB, CN involvement can be detected earlier in diabetic patients. Hence, it is recommended to carry out BERA in diabetic patients at least once in a year. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Loud noise is a global occupational health hazard with substantial social and physiological impacts, especially pronounced in traffic policemen who are engaged at heavy traffic junctions. Apart from its overt effect on sensorineural hearing, loud noise has been also implicated, albeit covertly, as a causative factor for disturbances in sleep, learning and depression. Due to the insidious nature of hearing impairment, manifestations are often masked and hence testing through Auditory Brainstem Evoked Response (ABER) should be resorted to, for assessment of functional status of auditory pathway objectively. Aim: To assess and compare the effect of traffic noise in traffic policemen with age-matched apparently healthy males using ABER. Materials and Methods: The present study was a cross-sectional, comparative type of observational research conducted in the Department of Physiology, SMS Medical College, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India, from June 2019 to May 2020, on 45 apparently healthy male traffic policemen, aged 25-40 years, engaged at heavy traffic junctions of Jaipur city, with an average field posting of five years or more. An equal number of age and sex matched apparently healthy subjects living in Jaipur city, were recruited as controls. Before commencing with the test procedure, ethical clearance was obtained from the Institute's Ethics Committee and Research review board and written informed consent was obtained from all the participants. ABER assessment was done via RMS EMG SALUS 2C machine on each subject using click stimuli presented mono-aurally via an overhead headphone resulting in harvest of variables in form of absolute wave latencies (I-V) and Interpeak Latencies (IPL) (I-III, I-V and III-V). Unpaired Student's t-test was used to derive the level of significance using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 16.0. Level of significance was set at p-value <0.05. Results: The results obtained in the present study demonstrated pronounced delay (p-value <0.01) in all absolute wave latencies (I-V) in both ears in traffic policemen. A statistically significant delay was also observed in IPL I-V (p-value <0.01) when a comparison of left ABER was made between traffic policemen and controls. Conclusion: The findings of the present study indicate that the hidden footprints of loss in auditory acuity in traffic policemen exposed to traffic noise can be unearthed objectively via using ABER assessment and therefore periodic ABER assessment along with usage of preventive equipment should be the strategy for prevention of imminent hearing loss. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Loud noise is a global occupational health hazard with substantial social and physiological impacts, especially pronounced in traffic policemen who are engaged at heavy traffic junctions. Apart from its overt effect on sensorineural hearing, loud noise has been also implicated, albeit covertly, as a causative factor for disturbances in sleep, learning and depression. Due to the insidious nature of hearing impairment, manifestations are often masked and hence testing through Auditory Brainstem Evoked Response (ABER) should be resorted to, for assessment of functional status of auditory pathway objectively. Aim: To assess and compare the effect of traffic noise in traffic policemen with age-matched apparently healthy males using ABER. Materials and Methods: The present study was a cross-sectional, comparative type of observational research conducted in the Department of Physiology, SMS Medical College, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India, from June 2019 to May 2020, on 45 apparently healthy male traffic policemen, aged 25-40 years, engaged at heavy traffic junctions of Jaipur city, with an average field posting of five years or more. An equal number of age and sex matched apparently healthy subjects living in Jaipur city, were recruited as controls. Before commencing with the test procedure, ethical clearance was obtained from the Institute’s Ethics Committee and Research review board and written informed consent was obtained from all the participants. ABER assessment was done via RMS EMG SALUS 2C machine on each subject using click stimuli presented mono-aurally via an overhead headphone resulting in harvest of variables in form of absolute wave latencies (I-V) and Interpeak Latencies (IPL) (I-III, I-V and III-V). Unpaired Student’s t-test was used to derive the level of significance using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 16.0. Level of significance was set at p-value

Introduction: Various studies suggest a significant impact of gonadal hormones on many neuronal functions, including auditory processing. Although a few researchers have independently investigated the brainstem auditory evoked potential (BAEP) patterns during various phases of menstrual cycle and also during menopause, there is an acute paucity of comparative data between their BAEP patterns. This study was conducted to compare the BAEP patterns between normally menstruating females and menopausal females from North India. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was done on 90 females aged 17–21 years who were in the follicular phase of their menstrual cycle and 100 menopausal females aged 46–70 years. BAEP recording was done using standardized protocol. The data were analyzed using SPSS software. It contained mean wave latencies I, II, III, IV, V, and Interpeak Latencies (IPL) I-V, I-III, and III-V. Results: The mean values of latencies of waves I, III, and V and also of IPL I-III, I-V, and III-V were significantly higher (P > 0.05) in menopausal females. However, the difference between mean values of wave latencies II and IV of both groups was statistically non-significant (P > 0.05). Conclusion: The increased latencies in menopausal females indicate subtle degenerative changes that start appearing within the central auditory pathway after menopause and are probably due to a decline in ovarian hormones, especially estrogen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Iron is crucial for fetal brain development; however, there are insufficient data regarding the effects of maternal iron deficiency anemia (IDA) on auditory neural maturation.Aim: We evaluated the effect of maternal IDA on auditory brainstem response (ABR) in full-term neonates.Methods: Out of 223 pregnant women, 50 were diagnosed as having IDA and 50 healthy mothers were enrolled as controls. ABR test was done for the studied neonates within 48 hours after birth and at 3 months.Results: We found that hemoglobin and iron profile were lower in neonates born to anemic mothers compared with controls. Of 100 neonates screened for ABR, 25 failed the test (all of them were born to anemic mothers). The majority of neonates who failed the screening ABR test (88%) had latent iron deficiency (cord blood ferritin 11-75 µg/L). After 3 months, 85 neonates underwent diagnostic ABR test which revealed significantly prolonged interpeak latencies I-III, III-V, and I-V among neonates born to IDA mothers compared with the control group. Within the IDA group, all interpeak latencies were more prolonged in neonates with latent iron deficiency and in those born to mothers with serum ferritin <15 µg/L. Logistic regression analysis showed that maternal hemoglobin and mean corpuscular volume could predict neonatal ABR results.Conclusions: IDA during late pregnancy adversely affects cord blood iron and hearing status. ABR results are closely related to the severity of maternal and neonatal iron status. Antenatal screening of pregnant mothers is needed to improve fetal iron status and prevent abnormal auditory maturation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Mobile phones are undoubtedly one of the most revolutionizing inventions of the 21st century and are indispensable communication tools. Concomitantly, there has also been a potential increase in the health risks associated with prolonged mobile phone usage. Electromagnetic radiations emitted from telecommunication systems absorbed by the recipient's body may bring about changes in the brain electrical activity. Brainstem evoked response audiometry allows quantifying the activity of auditory pathway, and hence, the present study was undertaken to evaluate the auditory evoked potentials in the MBBS students who have been long-term mobile users. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted using Evoked Potential Recorder (RMS EMGEP MARK-II) in the Neurophysiology unit, Department of Physiology, Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences. This was an observational noninterventional study design incorporating a total of 50 MBBS students, from institutional campus using mobile phones for >1 year. 25 students who used mobile phones for <30 min/day formed the controls whereas, 25 students who used mobile phones for >30 min/day formed the test group. Results: The mean age among the test group was 17.5 ± 1.4 years and among controls was 16.2 ± 2.0 years. The average latency (both the right and left ear) of waves I–V and interpeak latencies (IPLs) I–III, III–V, and I–V waves were found to be prolonged (P > 0.001) in the test group when compared to controls. The mean latencies of the left ear were significantly (P < 0.05) prolonged as compared to the right ear in the test group. Conclusion: This study revealed that there is a significant prolongation in the absolute latencies and IPLs in mobile phone users associated with the duration of usage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

En Abstract Context Age, hearing loss, sex, BMI, and head size are very important parameters that influence auditory evoked potential (AEP) variables. Although the correlation of BMI and head size with AEP parameters has been studied recently, there is no common consensus on it. A few studies show a positive correlation, whereas others report a weaker correlation. Further, normative values of the V/I ratio also show a wide range of normative values from different studies. Aims and objectives This study aimed to evaluate the association of AEP variables with BMI and head size in healthy young male participants and to collect normative data for the V/I amplitude ratio. Materials and methods This is a cross-sectional study in which 30 young healthy male participants with age range 19–25 years and BMI range 15–26 kg/m2 underwent AEP testing. All were screened for inclusion and exclusion criteria established for the study. Informed consent was obtained and the data obtained were stored in an Excel sheet. A simple correlation regression coefficient was obtained between physical parameters and different AEP variables. Results We observed a strong positive correlation between head size and V wave latency (r = 0.5) and a weaker positive correlation between head size and AEP interpeak latencies (IPLs) I–V and III–V (r = 0.3). No correlation was observed between BMI and AEP variables. The V/I amplitude ratio was 0.98 ± 0.68 and 0.93 ± 0.7 for the left and the right ear, respectively. Conclusion We concluded that BMI had no influence, and head size showed an association with AEP outcome, especially V wave latency and the AEP-IPL difference. The V/I ratio needs to be examined further in studies with larger sample sizes as values were different from those of previous studies.

Auditory brainstem responses (ABR) are a high-throughput assessment of auditory function. Many studies determine changes to the threshold at frequencies that span the normal hearing range of their test subjects, but fewer studies evaluate changes in waveform morphology. The goal of developing this program was to make a user-friendly semiautomatic peak-detection algorithm to encourage widespread analysis of the amplitudes and latencies of the ABR, which may yield informative details about the integrity of the auditory system with development, aging, genetic manipulations, or damaging conditions. This method incorporates automated peak detection with manual override and inter-rater validation to calculate the amplitude and latency for waves 1-5, as well as interpeak latencies and amplitude ratios between waves. The output includes raw data and calculations in a format compatible with graphical and statistical software.•The method yields a high-throughput peak-detection algorithm with manual override and inter-rater capabilities to streamline ABR waveform analysis.•Data output includes amplitudes, latencies, amplitude ratios, and interpeak latencies for generation of input-output curves.•While complete automation of peak detection with this tool is dependent on good signal-to-noise ratios, relevant amplitude and latency calculations are fully automated, and manual spot-checking is simplified to significantly reduce the time to analyze waveforms., (© 2023 The Authors.)

Background Auditory brainstem response across preterm infants help in understanding difference if any in auditory maturation. Objective: To analyze and compare absolute and interpeak latencies of ABR in very preterm, moderate preterm and late preterm infants at term age. Method ABR traces were obtained from 148 ears of preterm infants (52 of very preterm, 44 of moderately preterm & 52 of late preterm) at term age. ABR was recorded with 11.1/s clicks at different intensity levels. Results Absolute latencies of peak I, III, V and interpeak latencies of peak I-V, I-III and III-V were analyzed and compared between three preterm groups. One way ANOVA was used to compare ABR parameters between three groups of preterm infants and also to compare ABR parameters across various gestation ages. There were no overall differences in absolute latencies, interpeak latencies and amplitude of ABR between preterm groups and across various gestation ages (P>0.05). Pearson correlation was used to find the correlation between gestation age and ABR parameters. However, no correlation was found. ABRs were similar among preterm groups at term age which reflects that the brainstem maturation is similar among preterm groups. Conclusion Gestational age at birth does not seem to influence absolute and interpeak latencies of ABR at term age. In preterm neonates, the findings lead to suggest that maturation of auditory pathway occurs in a similar manner in preterm infants regardless of gestational age at birth. We conclude that preterm birth alone as a risk factor does not appear to have any marked effect on the development of ABR at term age. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Hypothyroidism, a common endocrinological disorder is quite prevalent in its subclinical state in the adult population. Nervous system involvement is frequent in hypothyroidism with documentation of peripheral and central conduction delays as abnormal latency prolongations in Brainstem Auditory Evoked Potential (BAEP) records. Subclinical hypothyroidism however, has been less extensively studied for investigating the involvement of the auditory functions. Aim: To assess the auditory functions and Central Nervous System (CNS) involvement in the patients with subclinical hypothyroidism by recording BAEP. Materials and Methods: The study comprised of 50 females (25 females with subclinical hypothyroidism and 25 age-matched healthy females) in the age-group of 30-50 years. BAEP absolute and Interpeak Latencies (IPLs) (I, III and V, I-III, III-V and I-V) were compared between the two groups by unpaired t-test. The p

Objective Patients with Parkinson's disease ( PD) may have sensory dysfunction, and it can be more easily demonstrated through electrophysiologic testing. We aimed to explore whether the impairment of brainstem visual and auditory passageway exists in PD patients using visual evoked potential ( VEP) and brainstem auditory evoked potential ( BAEP) examinations. Methods Forty-two PD cases and thirty controls participated in the study. All subjects underwent the VEP and BAEP examinations. The N75, P100, N145 latencies and P100 amplitude of VEP, the latencies of waves I, III, V and the interpeak latencies ( IPL) of waves I- III, III-V, I-V were measured. Results The N75, P100, N145 latencies of VEP, but not the amplitude of P100, were significantly longer in patients with PD than the control group ( p < .05). The latencies of wave III and wave V, the IPL of III-V and I-V were all significantly increased compared with control subjects while no significant difference was noted in waves I and I- III IPL. Conclusion Our results found that brainstem visual and auditory passageway may be impaired in PD patients. Significance VEP and BAEP can be served as sensitive measurements in helping prognosis and assessment the severity of the disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a study on physiologic changes that occur due to aging, imparing the neurotransmission in the auditory pathways. Details regarding the use of brainstem auditory evoked potentials (BAEPs) for healthy older adults, which provide a window into the temporal nature of neural processing are discussed.

Tinnitus is thought to be an auditory phenomenon resulting from spontaneous neuronal activity somewhere along the auditory pathway either in the peripheral or central auditory system. The neural abnormalities underlying tinnitus are largely unknown. This study analysis the auditory brainstem responses in normal hearing patients with tinnitus. This study consisted of 100 patients divided into two groups. Group I (Control): 50 Normal hearing patients without tinnitus. Group II (Study): 50 Normal hearing patients complaining of tinnitus. Both groups were submitted to full audiological history taking, otological examination, basic audiologic evaluation and Auditory brainstem responses (ABR) followed by calculation of the absolute latencies of wave I, III and V and interpeak latencies between waves I-III, III-V and I-V. In the study group 20 patients showed abnormal results in at least 1 of the 6 parameters evaluated. The results of absolute latencies of wave I, III and V showed significant prolongation, but the interpeak latencies of waves I-III, III-V and I-V were not significantly prolonged when compared with control group. Our study data showed that there are changes in the central pathways in the study group. The significance of these changes must be investigated with further audiological and neurological tests. We also understand that ABR has to be included in the work up of tinnitus patients whose hearing is within normal parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Diabetes mellitus is a complex metabolic disorder whose detrimental effects on various organ systems, including the nervous system are well known. Aim: This study was conducted to determine the changes in the brainstem auditory evoked potentials (BAEP) in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Materials and Methods: In this case-control study, 116 females with type 2 diabetes and 100 age matched, healthy female volunteers were selected. The brainstem auditory evoked potentials (BAEP) were recorded with RMS EMG EP Marc-II Channel machine. The measures included latencies of waves I, II, III, IV, V and Interpeak latencies (IPL) I-III, III-V and I-V separately for both ears. Data was analysed statistically with SPSS software v13.0. Results: It was found that IPL I-III was significantly delayed (P = 0.028) only in the right ear, while the latency of wave V and IPL I-V showed a significant delay bilaterally (P values for right ear being 0.021 and 0.0381 respectively while those for left ear being 0.028 and 0.016 respectively), in diabetic females. However, no significant difference (P > 0.05) was found between diabetic and control subjects as regards to the latencies of waves I, II, III, IV and IPL III-V bilaterally and IPL I-III unilaterally in the left ear. Also, none of the BAEP latencies were significantly correlated with either the duration of disease or with fasting blood glucose levels in diabetics. Conclusions: Therefore, it could be concluded that diabetes patients have an early involvement of central auditory pathway, which can be detected quite accurately with the help of auditory evoked potential studies.

Introduction: Neuropathy is one of the commonest complications of Diabetes Mellitus (DM). Apart from having peripheral and autonomic neuropathy patients with type 2 DM may also suffer from sensory neural hearing loss, which is more severe at higher frequencies. However, few studies have done detailed evaluation of sensory pathway in these patients. In this study brain stem auditory evoked potential is used to detect the acoustic and central neuropathy in a group of patients with type 2 DM with controlled and uncontrolled blood sugar. Aim: To study brain stem auditory evoked potential in patients of type 2 DM with controlled and uncontrolled blood sugar and to correlate the various parameters e.g., age (years), weight (kilograms), height (meters), BMI (kg/m2 ), HbA1c (%) in patients with type 2 DM with controlled and uncontrolled blood sugar. Materials and Methods: Cross-sectional comparative study conducted from January 2014 to January 2015. Total 60 patients with type 2 DM of either sex, between age groups of 35-50 years were enrolled from the Diabetic Clinic of Medicine department, of a tertiary care hospital. Based on the value of HbA1c, patients were divided in two groups with controlled and uncontrolled blood sugar and with each group comprising of 30 patients. BERA (Brainstem Evoked Response Audiometry) was done in both the groups on RMS ALERON 201/401. Recordings were taken at 70dB, 80dB and 90dB at 2KHz frequency. Absolute latency of wave I, III, V and interpeak latencies I–III, III-V and I-V were recorded. Results: Mean±SD of the absolute latency of BERA waves I, III, V and interpeak latencies I–III, III-V and I-V at 2 KHz and at varying intensity of 70dB, 80dB and 90dB in uncontrolled group of DM were delayed and were significant as compared to controlled group of DM. Conclusion: If BERA is done in diabetic patients, central neuropathy can be detected earlier in uncontrolled groups of diabetic patients.

Introduction: Neuropathy is one of the commonest complications of Diabetes Mellitus (DM). Apart from having peripheral and autonomic neuropathy patients with type 2 DM may also suffer from sensory neural hearing loss, which is more severe at higher frequencies. However, few studies have done detailed evaluation of sensory pathway in these patients. In this study brain stem auditory evoked potential is used to detect the acoustic and central neuropathy in a group of patients with type 2 DM with controlled and uncontrolled blood sugar. Aim: To study brain stem auditory evoked potential in patients of type 2 DM with controlled and uncontrolled blood sugar and to correlate the various parameters e.g., age (years), weight (kilograms), height (meters), BMI (kg/m2), HbA1C (%) in patients with type 2 DM with controlled and uncontrolled blood sugar. Materials and Methods: Cross-sectional comparative study conducted from January 2014 to January 2015. Total 60 patients with type 2 DM of either sex, between age groups of 35-50 years were enrolled from the Diabetic Clinic of Medicine department, of a tertiary care hospital. Based on the value of HbA1C, patients were divided in two groups with controlled and uncontrolled blood sugar and with each group comprising of 30 patients. BERA (Brainstem Evoked Response Audiometry) was done in both the groups on RMS ALERON 201/401. Recordings were taken at 70db, 80db and 90db at 2KHz frequency. Absolute latency of wave I, III, V and interpeak latencies I-III, III-V and I-V were recorded. Results: Mean±SD of the absolute latency of BERA waves I, III, V and interpeak latencies I-III, III-V and I-V at 2 KHz and at varying intensity of 70db, 80db and 90db in uncontrolled group of DM were delayed and were significant as compared to controlled group of DM. Conclusion: If BERA is done in diabetic patients, central neuropathy can be detected earlier in uncontrolled groups of diabetic patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The interpeak latency is a crucial characteristic of upper limb somatosensory evoked potentials (USEPs). However, the existing research on the correlation between interpeak latency and consciousness disorders is currently limited. We aimed to investigate how USEPs can contribute to the diagnosis of consciousness disorders. A retrospective analysis was conducted on 10 patients who underwent repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) for consciousness disorders. The interpeak latency N13-N20, Glasgow coma scale (GCS), and Chinese Nanjing persistent vegetative state scale (CNPVSS) were evaluated before and after rTMS treatment, and the linear correlation between N13-N20, GCS, and CNPVSS was analysed. The scores of CNPVSS and GCS significantly increased in the first, second, and third months after rTMS. The N13-N20 was shorter in the second and third months after rTMS compared to before treatment. rTMS was found to shorten the N13-N20 latency, and there was a negative correlation between N13-N20 and the score of consciousness disorders. N13-N20 can serve as an objective index for evaluating consciousness disorders. This research provides potential insights for doctors in diagnosing patients with consciousness disorders.

Background Auditory neural myelination (ANM) as evaluated by auditory brainstem evoked response (ABR) during the neonatal period has been used as a surrogate outcome for long-term neurodevelopment. The validity of ANM as a surrogate outcome for long-term neurodevelopment has not been well studied. Aim Evaluate the association of ABR I–V interpeak latency (IPL), an index of ANM, at 35 week postmenstrual age (PMA) with language outcome at 3 years of age. Design Prospective study. Subjects 24–33 week gestational age (GA) infants were eligible if they did not meet exclusion criteria: craniofacial malformation, chromosomal disorders, deafness, auditory dys-synchrony, TORCH infection, or non-English speaking parents. Infants with malignancy, head injury, encephalopathy, meningitis, blindness, or who died or relocated were also excluded. Outcome measures ABRs were performed at 35 week PMA using 80 dB nHL and I–V IPL (ms) measured. Auditory Comprehension (AC) and Expressive Communication (EC) were evaluated by a speech-language pathologist at 3 years of age using Preschool Language Scale. Results Eighty infants were studied. The mean GA and birth weight of infants were 29.2 weeks and 1336 g, respectively. There was association of worse ear I–V IPL and better ear I–V IPL with AC (Coefficient − 5.4, 95% CI: − 9.8 to − 0.9 and Coefficient − 5.5, 95% CI: − 10 to−0.9, respectively) and EC (Coefficient − 5.6, 95% CI: − 9.5 to−1.8 and Coefficient − 6.7, 95% CI: − 10.6 to−2.7, respectively) after controlling for confounders. Conclusion The neonatal I–V IPL is a predictor of language development at 3 years of age in preterms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Auditory brainstem response is an objective electrophysiological method for assessing the auditory pathways from the auditory nerve to the brainstem. The aim of this study was to correlate and to assess the degree of involvement of peripheral and central regions of brainstem auditory pathways with increasing severity of hypertension, among the patients of essential hypertension. Method: This study was conducted on 50 healthy age and sex matched controls (Group I) and 50 hypertensive patients (Group II). Later group was further subdivided into - Group IIa (Grade 1 hypertension), Group IIb (Grade 2 hypertension), and Group IIc (Grade 3 hypertension), as per WHO guidelines. These responses/ potentials were recorded by using electroencephalogram electrodes on a rootmean- square electromyography, EP MARC II (PC-based) machine and data were statistically compared between the various groups by way of one-way ANOVA. The parameters used for analysis were the absolute latencies of Waves I through V, interpeak latencies (IPLs) and amplitude ratio of Wave V/I. Result: The absolute latency of Wave I was observed to be significantly increased in Group IIa and IIb hypertensives, while Wave V absolute latency was highly significantly prolonged among Group IIb and IIc, as compared to that of normal control group. All the hypertensives, that is, Group IIa, IIb, and IIc patients were found to have highly significant prolonged III-V IPL as compared to that of normal healthy controls. Further, intergroup comparison among hypertensive patients revealed a significant prolongation of Wave V absolute latency and III-V IPL in Group IIb and IIc patients as compared to Group IIa patients. These findings suggest a sensory deficit along with synaptic delays, across the auditory pathways in all the hypertensives, the deficit being more markedly affecting the auditory processing time at pons to midbrain (IPL III-V) region of auditory pathways among Grade 2 and 3 hypertensives. Conclusion: Hence, we conclude there has been greater involvement of pontomesenchymal region with the increasing severity of the disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To detect the latency and interpeak latency of trigeminal evoked potentials of trigeminal neuralgia patients and to compare the result with normal reference data obtained from healthy people in our laboratory. Methods The skin surface was stimulated; the latency and interpeak latency of brain trigeminal evoked potentials in 16 trigeminal neuralgia patients were recorded with multiplying channels of evoked potential instrument. Results The latency data of the affected side and the normal side in the patients' homobody showed no significant difference, so was the result of the interpeak latency (P>0.05). T2 wave latency on the affected side, T2-T1 interpeak latency on the affected side, T1 wave latency on the unaffected side, T2-T1 interpeak latency on the unaffected side, or T2 wave latency on the unaffected side did not differ significantly from their respective normal reference data (P>0.05). However, T1 wave latency on the patients' affected side differed significantly from the normal reference data (P<0.05). Conclusion Short latency wave changes obviously in the research on trigeminal neuralgia patients. It provides us with more evidence for further research on trigeminal evoked potential changes in trigeminal neuralgia patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Diabetes mellitus is a complex metabolic disorder whose detrimental effects on various organ systems, including the nervous system are well known. Aim: This study was conducted to determine the changes in the brainstem auditory evoked potentials (BAEP) in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Materials and Methods: In this case-control study, 116 females with type 2 diabetes and 100 age matched, healthy female volunteers were selected. The brainstem auditory evoked potentials (BAEP) were recorded with RMS EMG EP Marc-II Channel machine. The measures included latencies of waves I, II, III, IV, V and Interpeak latencies (IPL) I-III, III-V and I-V separately for both ears. Data was analysed statistically with SPSS software v13.0. Results: It was found that IPL I-III was significantly delayed (P = 0.028) only in the right ear, while the latency of wave V and IPL I-V showed a significant delay bilaterally (P values for right ear being 0.021 and 0.0381 respectively while those for left ear being 0.028 and 0.016 respectively), in diabetic females. However, no significant difference (P > 0.05) was found between diabetic and control subjects as regards to the latencies of waves I, II, III, IV and IPL III-V bilaterally and IPL I-III unilaterally in the left ear. Also, none of the BAEP latencies were significantly correlated with either the duration of disease or with fasting blood glucose levels in diabetics. Conclusions: Therefore, it could be concluded that diabetes patients have an early involvement of central auditory pathway, which can be detected quite accurately with the help of auditory evoked potential studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Diabetes mellitus represents a syndrome complex in which multiple organ systems, including the central nervous system, are affected. Aim: The study was conducted to determine the changes in the brainstem auditory evoked potentials in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Materials and Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted on 126 diabetic males, aged 35-50 years, and 106 age-matched, healthy male volunteers. Brainstem auditory evoked potentials were recorded and the results were analyzed statistically using student's unpaired t-test. The data consisted of wave latencies I, II, III, IV, V and interpeak latencies I-III, III-V and I-V, separately for both ears. Results: The latency of wave IV was significantly delayed only in the right ear, while the latency of waves III, V and interpeak latencies III-V, I-V showed a significant delay bilaterally in diabetic males. However, no significant difference was found between diabetic and control subjects as regards to the latency of wave IV unilaterally in the left ear and the latencies of waves I, II and interpeak latency I-III bilaterally. Conclusion: Diabetes patients have an early involvement of central auditory pathway, which can be detected with fair accuracy with auditory evoked potential studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aim: Blocking of the adenosine receptor in central nervous system by caffeine can lead to increasing the level of neurotransmitters like glutamate. As the adenosine receptors are present in almost all brain areas like central auditory pathway, it seems caffeine can change conduction in this way. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of caffeine on latency and amplitude of auditory brainstem response(ABR). Materials and Methods: In this clinical trial study 43 normal 18-25 years old male students were participated. The subjects consumed 0, 2 and 3 mg/kg BW caffeine in three different sessions. Auditory brainstem responses were recorded before and 30 minute after caffeine consumption. The results were analyzed by Friedman and Wilcoxone test to assess the effects of caffeine on auditory brainstem response. Results: Compared to control group the latencies of waves III,V and I-V interpeak interval of the cases decreased significantly after 2 and 3mg/kg BW caffeine consumption. Wave I latency significantly decreased after 3mg/kg BW caffeine consumption(p<0.01). Conclusion: Increasing of the glutamate level resulted from the adenosine receptor blocking brings about changes in conduction in the central auditory pathway. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Background: Auditory brainstem responses (ABRs) have been previously investigated in subjects with Down''s syndrome (DS), but the published data are generally from children with hearing loss. The aim of this study was to evaluate the hearing pathway in normal hearing adult DS patients. Methods: We used ABRs to analyze absolute and interpeak latencies in 19 adult DS patients aged 18–45 years whose pure tone audiometry (PTA) test results indicated thresholds within normal limits, and 19 normal controls. Results: The DS sample showed statistically significant gender-related differences in interpeak interval III–V (p =0.015). The latencies of waves III and V, and interpeak intervals III–V and I–V, were significantly shortened in the DS patients than in the controls. Conclusions: Our findings may be due to the smaller brain sizes and simpler afferent auditory pathways of DS subjects. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Caffeine is consumed in various forms like tea, coffee, chocolates and colas. The present study evaluated the effect of caffeine on auditory brainstem response (ABR), mid latency response (MLR) and slow vertex response (SVR) in 40 male volunteers. The recordings were done using a computerized evoked potential recorder by 10–20 electrode placement system. The subjects consumed 3mg/kg body weight of caffeine after 12h abstinence from caffeine in any form. The data obtained revealed that latencies of waves IV and V along with I–V interpeak interval of ABR decreased significantly. This was accompanied with significant increase in amplitude of wave V. MLR latencies and latency of P1 wave of SVR was significantly decreased following caffeine ingestion. The results indicated that caffeine improves transmission in the peripheral and central brain auditory pathways. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

To evaluate the neurophysiological differences between panic disorder (PD) and generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), 52 patients with PD and 34 with GAD were investigated using event-related potentials (ERP). The ERP were recorded using a tone discrimination task, and peak latencies for N1, P2, N2, and P3 at a Pz electrode site were measured. In addition to analyzing the peak latencies of the ERP, the interpeak latencies (IPL; N1–P2, P2–N2, and N2–P3) were also analyzed. The same analysis was performed in 28 age-matched healthy volunteers (controls). When compared to those of the GAD and control groups, the mean latencies of P2, N2, and P3 were shorter in the PD patients. With regard to the IPL in the PD patients, the N1–P2 IPL was shorter than that in the other groups, and no individual with PD had a longer N1–P2 IPL than 1 SD above the mean of the controls. These findings suggest that certain attention-related processes in the cerebrum that affect ERP data are accelerated in PD patients. These findings demonstrate that it may be useful to neurophysiologically distinguish PD from GAD by measuring ERP peak latencies and IPL. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Most studies on event-related potentials (ERP) in psychiatric illness or dementia have focused on the single-peak latency of ERP components. In the present study, not only peak latencies of ERP components (N1, P2, N2, and P3) but also interpeak latencies (IPL; N1–P2, P2–N2, and N2–P3) were analyzed using the auditory oddball task. Thirty-five senile depressed patients and 34 patients with dementia of the Alzheimer type (DAT) were compared to 39 age-matched healthy volunteers. The mean latencies of P2 and P3 were shorter in patients with senile depression than in controls. In DAT patients, the N2 and P3 latencies were longer. When the IPL was assessed, however, only the mean IPL of N1–P2 was shorter in patients with senile depression, while the P2–N2 IPL were longer in those with DAT. The IPL results suggest that in senile depression the early cognitive process is hastened and in DAT the middle process is disturbed. Based on these results, we conclude that IPL of the auditory ERP might be used to reveal the disturbed steps within the cognitive process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Influence of gender on auditory evoked potentials is contentious. Although there are quite a few studies documenting the gender as an influencing factor on auditory evoked potentials in younger subjects, but there is a lack of similar studies among elderly population. The present study was conducted to find out the pattern of gender based differences in auditory evoked potentials among healthy elderly subjects. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on age matched, healthy males (n = 35) and females (n = 34), aged 50-70 years. The measures included latencies of waves I-V and interpeak latencies (IPL) I-III, III-V and I-V separately for both ears. Data was analyzed statistically using Students unpaired t-test, using Statistical Package for Social Sciences software v13.0. Results: The values of all the latencies and IPL for both the ears were non-significantly higher (P > 0.05) in males as compared to females. These results may be attributed to the differences in head circumference between both the genders and to the changed hormonal milieu of sex hormones after menopause. Conclusions: Statistical insignificance of latencies among male and female elderly subjects excludes gender as an influencing factor on auditory evoked potentials in this age group.