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This article seeks to discuss, within the scope of radio and audio media studies, how serendipity articulates discovery, memory and recognition, standing at the heart of current Music Streaming Platforms' rhetoric and musical culture. Fortuitous discovery mobilizes affections and helps to build bonds (either with platforms or radio stations), representing a major role in music innovation and circulation. Combining a range of current Global South references with critical theories on media and memory, we address similarities and differences between music programming and curation on radio and streaming, refuting computer scientists' ambition to engineer serendipitous experiences and highlighting that serendipity must be correlated with the listeners' sociocultural background. We conclude that acknowledging the complexity of serendipity opens doors for thinking of critical issues concerning musical consumption, conditions of listening, identity, representation and audio media agency. These are central themes in restructuring of the music industry, in a context of platformization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spectrum map is a database that stores multidimensional representations of spectrum situation information. It provides support for spectrum sensing and endows wireless communication networks with intelligence. However, the ubiquitous deployment of monitoring devices leads to huge costs of operation and maintenance. It indicates that an approach is needed to reduce the number of monitoring devices, but prevent the degradation of data granularity. Therefore, this paper focuses on the accurate construction of the spectrum map. It aims to infer the fine‐grained spectrum situation of the target region based on coarse‐grained observation. In order to solve this problem, an inference framework based on deep residual network is developed in this paper. In the case of rule deployment for sensing nodes, it adopts the idea of super resolution to improve the accuracy of the spectrum map. The framework is composed of two major parts: an inference network, which generates fine‐grained spectrum maps from coarse‐grained counterparts by using feature extraction module and upsampling construction module; and a fusion network, which considers the influence of environmental factors to further improve the performance. A large number of experiments on simulated datasets verify the effectiveness of the proposed method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Universal school-based socio-emotional learning (SEL) programs for adolescents have shown their efficacy in producing positive outcomes. The aim of the current study is to present an original school-based program and project for adolescents--Semear Valores On-air - and to assess the relationship between participation in the project and students' socio-emotional skills. Based on the character strengths and virtues model, this online school radio project aimed at promoting communication, creative thinking, adaptability, and resilience skills in adolescents and giving them the opportunity to become influential agents of well-being and citizenship. As part of the school curriculum, students were invited to create and record radio shows and podcasts. An online school radio was thus created, and it continues to broadcast all over the world, with music, daily shows, and interviews 24/7. It was developed within the framework of the Gulbenkian Academies for Knowledge, a nationwide Portuguese program, that seeks to prepare children and youth for change, to enable them to deal with complex problems, and to expand their opportunities for achievement. A quasi-experimental design, with a mixed qualitative-quantitative approach was used to analyze data collected from 112 adolescents in the second year of its implementation, in 2020-2021. Results suggest that (1) teachers' perceptions of student's socio-emotional skills in the post test showed more positive associations with the participation in the project, than participant's perceptions; (2) students identified eight types of lessons learned, the one most referred was the improvement of socio-emotional skills and learning about themselves; and (3) the combined opportunities for adolescents to learn more about themselves, to express themselves and to practice socio-emotional skills are important ingredients for their motivation and active engagement in the project. Overall, these results indicate that participation in the project is associated with positive outcomes for the adolescents and that both monitoring and evaluation data are very important to interpret the outcomes in a more comprehensive manner. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Computer und Recht is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The main objective of the wireless industry is to satisfy the ever-growing demands of next-generation communication systems such as higher data rates and high spectral efficiency. The prominent requirement of beyond-fifth-generation (B5G) communications is to connect millions of devices around the globe to the internet for smart radio access. Besides, the spectrum allocation and the data rate improvement for B5G networks is a challenging task. This manuscript focuses on the performance enhancement of the existing physical layer design framework for B5G networks. The proposed system exploits a hybrid combination of generalized frequency division multiplexing (GFDM) and non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) with the multiplexing scheme in space (MS) to improve the system performance. The simulation results validate the superior performance of the proposed system in terms of enhanced data rate, sum rate, and capacity compared to the conventional GFDM-NOMA systems. More specifically, the proposed GFDM-NOMA with MS achieves a performance improvement of around 1Gbps in data rate compared to the existing system. Finally, the proposed system performance proved to be a suitable candidate for the internet of things (IoT) and device-to-device (D2D) applications in B5G communications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyzes the community of patrons of the Internet radio station Radio 357, based on 13 in-depth interviews with the station’s listeners and a former station employee. Material from the online forum of the studied community is also analyzed. The text aims to present the members of a radio community who became involved in financing a new Internet radio station through online fundraising. An attempt is made to explain the listeners’ motivations for their unique scale of involvement in this new media initiative. The research questions relate to the characteristics of the Radio 357 audience community and the role that radio plays for them. The foundations built by many years of participation around the former station and the sense of injustice intensified by its symbolic collapse became the driving forces to fight for the continuation of their previously cultivated radio practices and traditions, already incorporated within the new station.

The number of applications of low-power wide-area networks (LPWANs) has been growing quite considerably in the past few years and so has the number of protocol stacks. Despite this fact, there is still no fully open LPWAN protocol stack available to the public, which limits the flexibility and ease of integration of the existing ones. The closest to being fully open is LoRa; however, only its medium access control (MAC) layer, known as LoRaWAN, is open and its physical and logical link control layers, also known as LoRa PHY, are still only partially understood. In this paper, the essential missing aspects of LoRa PHY are not only reverse engineered, but also, a new design of the transceiver and its sub-components are proposed and implemented in a modular and flexible way using GNU Radio. Finally, some examples of applications of both the transceiver and its components, which are made to be run in a simple setup by using cheap and widely available off-the-shelf hardware, are given to show how the library can be used and extended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Digital technology has had a significant impact on radio stations in Indonesia. This makes radio more accessible and allows community involvement to listen to radio broadcasts online. In addition, digital technology speeds up the broadcast process and allows the use of simulcast. This research was conducted qualitatively, using observation and literature study to collect and process data from reliable sources. Research has found that radio stations use digital technology to promote their programs and communicate with their listeners. They also use social networks to learn about public issues and increase public engagement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Internet of Things (IoT) applications have massively increased in the last few years. Future‐generation IoTs are going to be massive in number, heterogeneous in nature, and extremely demanding in terms of computation and communication requirements. Therefore, effective techniques are needed to optimize the use of scarce communication resources. This work proposes a novel multi‐objective framework to investigate the channel assignment problem in cognitive radio network (CRN)‐based IoT applications. The multi‐objective optimization framework comprises three objective functions. The first objective aims to maximize the overall system throughput fairness, the second objective aims to maximize the overall system residual energy, and the third objective aims to increase the user satisfaction level by maximizing the overall priority index. The problem of channel assignment is modeled and solved using Mixed Integer Linear Programming (MILP) and ε‐constraint technique. This technique generates a set of Pareto efficient solutions, and an optimal solution among these solutions is selected using a fuzzy logic decision mechanism. Moreover, power level selection is incorporated by solving the problem multiple times for different power levels and obtaining a preferred solution for each power level. The simulations are conducted to unveil an interesting trade‐off between the conflicting system design objectives, that is, the overall throughput and the overall residual energy while incorporating the significance of primary user (PU) activity when preforming channel assignment in CRN. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the field of radio, licensees, managers, program directors and program-makers can be seen as agents, that is, choice making entities. From their work practices, these choice making agents have a "feel for the game," that is, an understanding of the conventions they operate within. Structure, agency, habitus and capital are terms that are used to describe practice and there is an understanding that underlying these terms is the way they both constrain and enable us. To integrate these dual actions together into one workable concept, this paper introduces the new term "constrabling" as a portmanteau word that combines the terms "constraining" and "enabling." This term, constrabling, encompasses the idea that the structures in which practice take place, the habitus that assists practice, the agency that affects the way we practice, and the various forms of capital that help us engage in practice, do not in fact constrain us at one point and enable us at another. Rather, we as practitioners are constrained and enabled by these structures at exactly the same point in time. In other words, we are constrabled by these structures. The notion of constrabling will be exemplified here through an auto-ethnographic study derived from the author's own work as a radio operative in the new field of Internet radio. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Environmental & Social Management Journal / Revista de Gestão Social e Ambiental is the property of Environmental & Social Management Journal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

"Radiophilia" by Carolyn Birdsall is a comprehensive study of the history and future of radio. The book explores the author's personal affection for radio and delves into the first hundred years of the medium, focusing primarily on analogue radio transmission and reception. Birdsall's research is situated at the intersection of studies of emotion and fandom, offering examples of fan creativity, performance, and community formations. The book also examines the transnational aspects of radio and incorporates non-Western sources and examples from diverse listening communities. It explores the dimensions of radiophilia, including the senses, intermediality, and the significance of material culture. The book is divided into four chapters that cover different facets of listeners' attachments to radio: loving, knowing, saving, and sharing. It highlights the importance of involving communities of fans and ordinary listeners in the preservation and expansion of radio archives. The final chapter explores the various ways in which an emotional attachment to radio can be shared, including broadcasts consumed in community settings and museum exhibits. Overall, "Radiophilia" makes important contributions to the fields of Radio Studies and Sound Studies, emphasizing transnational and interdisciplinary research and the need to continue remapping Sound Studies. The book also addresses questions of fandom in relation to radio and advocates for a more inclusive approach to the study and preservation of radio history. [Extracted from the article]

One important area of study in cognitive radio ad hoc networks is multi-channel path scheduling. Cognitive radio networks have trouble communicating and using the spectrum effectively because of weather and dispersion. Optimizing multichannel path scheduling enhances network performance and reliability in a cognitive radio ad hoc net. The Optimizing Multichannel Path Scheduling (OMPS) model methodically tackles various scheduling problems. For the OMPS model, this domain is new. It effectively resolves multichannel path scheduling. The computer method used in the study is called Differential Evolution. During optimization, several factors are carefully considered, including Channel Fade Margin, Cross-Correlation and Coherence Time, Spectral Efficiency, Interference Level, Power Consumption, Retransmission Rate, Access Probability, and Propagation Delay. To increase the scheduling efficiency of the DE algorithm, many steps are meticulously planned: initialization, mutation, crossover, fitness evaluation, selection for iteration evolution, and termination. Latency, Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR), Spectrum Utilization, Interference Level, Energy Efficiency, and Established Path Success Rate are all assessed by the OMPS model. These indicators assess the effectiveness and dependability of the network. OMPS performs better in crucial simulations than the existing model. The demonstration demonstrates decreased latency for real-time applications, greater packet delivery ratios (PDRs), improved spectrum efficiency, channel interference, energy efficiency, and connection formation odds, as well as increased throughput that enhances network resource utilization. To do this, a variety of multichannel path scheduling situations are simulated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cancer information in the media often contains ambiguous, conflicting, or contestable knowledge, which may lead to the cultivation of cancer fatalism. Many believe cancer fatalism poses a significant barrier to cancer prevention and detection behaviors in the population. This meta-analysis synthesized empirical results from 100 studies regarding the associations between cancer fatalism and four categories of communicative and behavioral correlates: (a) media exposure, (b) cancer beliefs, (c) cancer prevention and detection engagement, and (d) cancer information management. Our findings show that cancer fatalism is positively linked to TV exposure and negatively linked to radio or Internet exposure. Cancer fatalism is also positively associated with information avoidance and negatively associated with cancer detection behaviors. This study demonstrates the nature and magnitude of the relationships between cancer fatalism and its antecedents or outcomes and offers useful insights for future investigation and theoretical development in understanding the role of cancer fatalism in communication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Espaço da Diferença is part of the programming of the community web radio Revolution FM, and is produced collectively with users of public mental health services at the Nise da Silveira Municipal Institute (RJ), under the coordination of the Trilhos do Engenho Coexistence and Cultural Center. Based on this initiative, the relationship between the Brazilian Psychiatric Reform and art and culture, the tensions and possibilities of the concept of therapeutic workshop, and the benefits of working with media technologies in enhancing expressiveness, autonomy, and social exchanges are discussed in the context of psychological suffering. The Espaço da Diferença program is a media workshop, a project in line with a diversity of collective audiovisual achievements that are related to Psychiatric Reform and the role of the Coexistence and Cultural Center in the development of these meetings [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Foco (Interdisciplinary Studies Journal) is the property of Revista Foco and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper examines journalistic role performance in coverage of the COVID-19 pandemic, based on a content analysis of newspaper, television, radio and online news in 37 countries. We test a set of hypotheses derived from two perspectives on the role of journalism in health crises. Mediatization theories assume that news media tend to sensationalize or to politicize health crises. A contrasting perspective holds that journalists shift toward more deferential and cooperative stances toward health and political authorities in a health crisis, attempting to mobilize the public to act according to the best science. Hypotheses derived from these perspectives are tested using the standard measures of journalistic roles developed by the Journalistic Role Performance Project. Results show that the deference/cooperation/consensus perspective is better supported, with media moving away from the Watchdog and Infotainment, and toward performance of the Service and Civic roles. We also explore differences in the pattern by country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Throughout its history, radio in the US has reflected and reproduced dominant racial ideologies. This article highlights the experiences of individuals who shared their stories for the 2016 "Radical Listening" equity-focused podcasting project. As part of this project, participants recorded stories of racism and resistance from the larger Seattle area. Some participants chose to broadcast edited segments from their stories on the local public radio station. Their experience working with producers to broadcast their clips exposed the sonic centering of whiteness within public radio. The musical choices and stylistic norms of the station catered to the predominantly white listening audience, leaving contributors of color to accept these terms or keep their stories off the airwaves. Moments of suffering packaged and made public are inherently risky. Through mapping a particular instance of failed listening and its reverberations, this article traces the complicated ethical entanglements that can arise between storytellers and producers when editing audio for broadcast. How personal stories are disseminated and by whom impacts how these stories are then taken up and understood as meaningful by listeners. Listening occurs within gendered and raced bodies, and our positionality impacts how we understand the significance of the stories we hear. As their narratives traveled farther from the recording studio through radio and online spaces, participants contended with their inability to control the soundtrack of their experiences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This work aims to assess the effects of information and communication technology (ICT) on inequalities in access to professional training (PT) in Cameroon. Design/methodology/approach: This study used data from the fourth Cameroonian Household Survey (ECAM 4), the concentration index (CI) calculations and the Wagstaff et al. (2003) decomposition. Findings: The preliminary results show that the CI calculations by groups of individuals reveal the existence of significant inequalities in favour of the poor. This is the case for all groups of individuals who use ICT tools, namely radio, internet, telephone and television. The results of the Wagstaff et al. (2003) decomposition reveal that an equitable distribution of income between those who use and those who do not use the telephone, radio and internet reduces inequalities in access to FP in favour of the poor. Originality/value: Despite the wealth of literature devoted to the study of inequalities in access to education, the consideration of PT is still very marginal. In Cameroon, the literature devoted to the study of inequalities in access to PT is still almost non-existent, probably because of a low level of interest in the scientific community. However, as just seen, PT is a tool for combating unemployment, particularly in economies where the informal sector is important, insofar as the proportion of unemployed and inactive people is very low amongst the ones that have taken a PT course. Moreover, studies on the effects of ICT on inequalities in access to PT are still rare in the literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study focuses on the recently emerged Internet of Vehicles (IoV) concept to provide an integrated agricultural vehicle/machinery tracking system through two leading low power wide area network (LPWAN) technologies, namely LoRa and NB-IoT. The main aim is to investigate the theoretical coverage limits by considering the urban, suburban, and rural environments. Two vehicle tracking units (VTUs) have been designed for LoRa and NB-IoT connectivity technologies that can be used as reference hardware in coverage analysis. On this basis, the closed-form explicit analytical expressions of the maximum transmission range have been derived using the Hata path loss model. Besides, the computer simulation results have been validated via the maps from XIRIO online radio planning tool. In light of the obtained findings, several evaluations have been made to enhance the LPWAN-based agricultural vehicle tracking feasibility in smart farms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study seeks to determine the effectiveness of implementing OMR-Tele/RBI in the remote areas of the Municipality of Malungon. The research employed a qualitative case study method that utilized key informant interviews with the Junior High School learners and Focus Group Discussions (FGD) with home learning partners in Malungon, Sarangani Province. According to the findings, OMR-Tele/RBI benefits some learners, particularly junior high school learners, because they can study anywhere, anytime, and at their discretion. However, due to their short concentration span and inability to study independently, primary learners are unsuitable for OMR-Tele/RBI. Problems with OMR-Tele/RBI have also hindered remote learning. Most learners living in mountain areas have slow or even no access to radio or the internet. Moreover, the majority of learners lived in small houses with no subdivisions. Therefore, students were unable to find a peaceful place to study. As a consequence, students cannot concentrate while listening to or viewing the lessons. In addition, it was recommended that the teacher models and facilitators be equipped to construct age- and level-appropriate audio or video lessons. Additionally, the audio and video lessons should be quality-assured to ensure the program's effectiveness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Internet of things (IoT) has evolved as the internet of everything, and it has grabbed the interest of all the researchers in recent days. Almost all the objects, including nonelectronics devices, can also be connected with the internet through radio frequency identification (RFID) technology. The security of the perception layer is crucial to secure the entire IoT network. RFID-enabled IoT perception layer has secured reader-to-server channel and unsecured tag to reader channel. Hence, securing the unsecured communication channel between the reader and the tag is the need of the hour. This work proposes a simple yet secure permutation approximate adder (SYSPXA)-based RFID mutual authentication protocol to address the need. The proposed protocol dramatically reduces the tag's storage and computational overhead. It needs 40% less storage and 66.7% less permutation operation in comparison with the existing protocols. Nondisclosure of the key and freshness of key, IDS and random numbers at every mutual authentication process gives resistance to the protocol against de-synchronization attack, disclosure attack, tag tracking, replay attack. The SYSPXA protocol is validated for its security features using Burrows–Abadi–Needham (BAN) logic formal verification. The performance and security of the proposed protocol are contrasted with various futuristic permutation-based protocols, and its superiority over other protocols is highlighted. We have simulated the SYSPXA protocol with ModelSim tool for verifying its functionality. The protocol encoder architecture is implemented in the Intel cyclone IV Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) EP4CE115F29C7 device. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article offers a critical review of Brazil's Indigenous language broadcasting landscape, from traditional analogue transmission to podcasts and online radio. The study introduces Brazil's Indigenous linguistic diversity and locates the current vitality of Indigenous languages within Brazil's constitutional provisions and broadcasting legislation that both support and impede programming in languages other than Portuguese. Following an assessment of media penetration and uptake, and a contrastive review of four Brazilian radio stations that have either substantial Indigenous content or a dedicated focus on Indigenous issues, the article concludes with an assessment of the outlook and challenges for programming in this sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of podcast and Web radio episodes as a medium for delivery of course materials in educational institutions has attracted tremendous attention following the Covid-19 pandemic. In this paper, a Web application is written to facilitate the generation, editing, downloading and sharing of prerecorded lecture materials as a part of blended teaching and learning delivery in educational institutions. The podcast and Internet radio application receive live audio from an audio streaming server and play it out to the receiver or audience over the Web instead of over the air. The software automatically updates online multimedia content at set intervals as new and additional podcasts arrive from the originating source, and produce bespoke broadcasts, talks, discussions, messages, live music, news and entertainment activities throughout the day. The methodology adopted for the research is Component-Based Engineering (CBSE) model. The programming languages, components and tools used include HTML, Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) and JavaScript for front-end; MongoDb for database; Nodejs for Server side; Adobe audition and Aimp for recording input; streaming encoder; and a server side host. With this delivery medium, registered students, parents, families and community can download podcast episodes on-demand, and listen to scheduled radio broadcasts on their mobile devices, digital music players or computers at a time of their choice, thus improving instruction and learning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim This study sought to identify adolescents' health information sources and determine the gap between what adolescents want to hear and what they actually hear from their healthcare providers (HCPs), a proxy for unmet health needs. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted in four high schools conveniently selected in Jamaica to ensure adequate representation in rural and urban locales. Adolescents 11–19 years old with relevant assent/consent completed a paper-based self-administered questionnaire. Questions were adapted from the Young Adult Health Care Survey to determine proportion of adolescents receiving confidential care, the level of counselling offered and difference between location and unmet needs. Results Adolescents acknowledged multiple sources of information, with urban adolescents reporting television, radio and parents as sources more frequently than in rural setting (p  < 0.05). They most commonly wanted to discuss weight management (n  = 308, 64.2%), nutrition (n  = 418, 87.1%), exercise (n  = 361, 75.2%); and emotions they are experiencing (n  = 246, 51.3%). Unmet needs differed by location; more rural than urban adolescents found that their desire to discuss school performance (p  < 0.05) and sexual orientation (p  < 0.05) was unmet, while more urban youth felt their need for discussions about STIs was unmet (p  < 0.05), when compared to their rural counterparts. Conclusion This study highlights that while there is some access to health information in Jamaica, especially via television, radio and internet, the needs of the adolescent population remain unmet. HCPs need to employ a patient-centred approach where confidentiality is established and screening is done for unmet needs in an effort to optimize health outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Press Gallery journalists in Aotearoa New Zealand experienced a high level of scrutiny during the March – May 2020 nationwide lockdown. This can be largely attributed to their public role in the COVID-19 daily press briefings that featured the Prime Minister and other government officials speaking to the public and answering questions from Press Gallery journalists. The daily briefings were livestreamed directly to New Zealanders via television, radio and online media, with some journalists receiving heavy criticism by the public for asking 'aggressive' or 'irresponsible' questions. This paper explores the Press Gallery's perception of their journalistic role during the March-May 2020 daily briefings. Drawing upon semi-structured interviews with fourteen Press Gallery journalists, I find they perceived their journalistic roles at the daily briefings to be: 1) holding government decisions to account; 2) disseminating public information and educating audiences on public health issues and measures; 3) producing news or undertaking newsgathering practices. I discuss how the Press Gallery's perceived role(s) placed them in tension with audiences and complicates existing scholarly understanding of journalistic roles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the text is to analyze the model of communication with patrons of Radio 357 – an online radio station funded by listeners using digital patronage. Methodology: a qualitative analysis of the content found in the forum for patrons of the radio station was carried out. The empirical material consisted of 200 posts by the station, 21,081 comments by patrons, and videos lasting a total of 1,050 minutes. The analysis covered the period from October 2020 to January 2022. Results and conclusions: the analysis conducted indicates that Radio 357’s communication model is strongly determined by the way the radio station is fi nanced. The station communicates with all listeners in parallel (via its website and social media) and moderates separate forums for the most committed patrons. The communication is partly due to the individual model adopted by the radio station, and partly due to the framework and tools imposed by the technicalities of the crowdfunding platform on which the collection is conducted. Research value: the analysis provides insight into the characteristics and strengths and weaknesses of the described communication model. What is particularly important, given the last decades of rapid development of radio broadcasting, this model is signifi cantly different from the previous way of communication of traditional radio stations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]