535 results on '"Internet legislation & jurisprudence"'
Search Results
2. Wedding Websites, Free Speech, and Adverse Drug Effects.
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Avorn J
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- Humans, Body Weight, Surveys and Questionnaires, United States, Legislation, Drug, Legislation as Topic, Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions, Internet legislation & jurisprudence, Speech
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- 2023
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3. The Scope and Legal Implications of Tracking Technologies on Hospital Websites.
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McCoy MS, Friedman AB, and Hoffman AK
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- Confidentiality, Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act, Hospitals, Privacy, United States, Internet legislation & jurisprudence, Legislation, Hospital, Technology legislation & jurisprudence
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- 2023
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4. What Sci-Hub's latest court battle means for research.
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Else H
- Subjects
- India, Periodicals as Topic economics, Research Personnel education, Societies, Scientific legislation & jurisprudence, Students, Copyright legislation & jurisprudence, Internet legislation & jurisprudence, Publishing legislation & jurisprudence, Research Report legislation & jurisprudence, Science education, Science legislation & jurisprudence
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- 2021
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5. Compliance With Cannabis Act Regulations Regarding Online Promotion Among Canadian Commercial Cannabis-Licensed Firms.
- Author
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Sheikhan NY, Pinto AM, Nowak DA, Abolhassani F, Lefebvre P, Duh MS, and Witek TJ Jr
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- Canada, Cross-Sectional Studies, Drug Industry legislation & jurisprudence, Humans, Internet legislation & jurisprudence, Licensure, Pharmacy legislation & jurisprudence, Drug Industry statistics & numerical data, Guideline Adherence statistics & numerical data, Legislation, Drug statistics & numerical data, Marketing legislation & jurisprudence, Medical Marijuana
- Abstract
Importance: As global jurisdictions shift toward cannabis legalization, 2 areas of public health importance relate to exposure to youth and to truthful promotion. Although Canada's Cannabis Act specifies many prohibitions related to cannabis promotion, no systematic monitoring or enforcement among licensed firms exists. Compliance with marketing regulations has effects beyond Canadian citizens because of the global outreach of websites and social media., Objectives: To evaluate compliance among licensed firms with the Cannabis Act and analyze trends among violations regarding promotional material., Design, Setting, and Participants: This cross-sectional study evaluated cannabis-licensed firms after cannabis legalization. Data were extracted from online public platforms, including company websites, Facebook, Instagram, and Twitter, from October 1, 2019, to March 31, 2020. Descriptive statistics, Poisson regression, and logistic regression were used to analyze the associations of covariates with promotion violations., Main Outcomes and Measures: The primary outcome was characterization of type and prevalence of promotion violations. Secondary outcomes were the role of various covariates (namely, licensed firm characteristics and online platforms) in the frequency and probability of violations. Hypotheses were formulated before data collection., Results: Among 261 licensed firms, 211 (80.8%) had an online platform, including 204 (96.7%) with websites, 128 (60.7%) with Facebook, 123 (58.3%) with Instagram, and 123 (58.3%) with Twitter. Of all licensed firms with an online platform, 182 (86.3%) had at least 1 violation. Compared with websites, the risk of violations was significantly higher on Facebook (rate ratio [RR], 1.24; 95% CI, 1.11-1.39) and Instagram (RR, 1.19; 95% CI, 1.05-1.34). The most common violations included lack of age restrictions, brand glamorization, and omission of risk information. With websites as the reference group, lack of age restrictions was approximately 15 times more likely to occur on Facebook (odds ratio [OR], 14.76; 95% CI, 8.06-27.05); the odds of an age restriction violation were also higher on Instagram (OR, 2.48; 95% CI, 1.43-4.32) and Twitter (OR, 4.03; 95% CI, 2.29-7.09). For unsubstantiated claims, the odds of violations were significantly decreased on Facebook (OR, 0.23; 95% CI, 0.11-0.48) and Instagram (OR, 0.28; 95% CI, 0.14-0.57). The odds of glamorization were associated with an increase on Instagram (OR, 2.90; 95% CI, 1.72-4.88)., Conclusions and Relevance: In this cross-sectional study, widespread violations were observed in online Canadian cannabis promotion. To protect public health and safety amid legalization, decision-makers should make explicit federal regulation and enforcement regarding promotional activities of cannabis retailers. These results suggest that policy and enforcement of cannabis promotion in Canada would have an international impact, from ease of access to online media and downstream consequences of unregulated promotion.
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- 2021
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6. Online availability of neurotoxin and injectable cosmetics.
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Li Y, Galimberti F, and Morrison B
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- Adolescent, Adult, Cosmetics legislation & jurisprudence, Drug Approval, Humans, Middle Aged, Young Adult, Advertising, Cosmetics economics, Dermal Fillers economics, Internet legislation & jurisprudence, Neurotoxins economics
- Published
- 2021
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7. Truth-in-Advertising Laws: Are They Working? A Cross-Sectional Analysis of a "Plastic Surgeon" Patient Search Simulation.
- Author
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Chattha A, Muste J, Chen AD, Lee BT, Lin SJ, and Roth MZ
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- Advertising legislation & jurisprudence, Certification statistics & numerical data, Cities statistics & numerical data, Computer Simulation, Cosmetic Techniques statistics & numerical data, Cross-Sectional Studies, Humans, Internet legislation & jurisprudence, Internet statistics & numerical data, Marketing of Health Services legislation & jurisprudence, Patient Safety, Surgeons legislation & jurisprudence, Surgeons standards, Surgery, Plastic statistics & numerical data, United States, Advertising statistics & numerical data, Marketing of Health Services statistics & numerical data, Specialty Boards standards, Surgeons statistics & numerical data, Surgery, Plastic standards
- Abstract
Background: Non-board-certified plastic surgeons performing cosmetic procedures and advertising as plastic surgeons may have an adverse effect on a patient's understanding of their practitioner's medical training and patient safety. The authors aim to assess (1) the impact of city size and locations and (2) the impact of health care transparency acts on the ratio of board-certified and non-American Board of Plastic Surgeons physicians., Methods: The authors performed a systematic Google search for the term "plastic surgeon [city name]" to simulate a patient search of online providers. Comparisons of board certification status between the top hits for each city were made. Data gathered included city population, regional location, practice setting, and states with the passage of truth-in-advertising laws., Results: One thousand six hundred seventy-seven unique practitioners were extracted. Of these, 1289 practitioners (76.9 percent) were American Board of Plastic Surgery-certified plastic surgeons. When comparing states with truth-in-advertising laws and states without such laws, the authors found no significant differences in board-certification rates among "plastic surgery" practitioners (88.9 percent versus 92.0 percent; p = 0.170). There was a significant difference between board-certified "plastic surgeons" versus out-of-scope practitioners on Google search between large, medium, and small cities (100 percent versus 92.9 percent versus 86.5; p < 0.001)., Conclusions: Non-board-certified providers tend to localize to smaller cities. Truth-in-advertising laws have not yet had an impact on the way a number of non-American Board of Plastic Surgery-certified practitioners market themselves. There may be room to expand the scope of truth-in-advertising laws to the online world and to smaller cities., (Copyright © 2020 by the American Society of Plastic Surgeons.)
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- 2021
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8. How Internet Contracts Impact Research: Content Analysis of Terms of Service on Consumer Product Websites.
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Weiger C, Smith KC, Cohen JE, Dredze M, and Moran MB
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- Access to Information legislation & jurisprudence, Contracts legislation & jurisprudence, Humans, Internet legislation & jurisprudence, Marketing methods, Marketing statistics & numerical data, Contracts standards, Internet instrumentation
- Abstract
Background: Companies use brand websites as a promotional tool to engage consumers on the web, which can increase product use. Given that some products are harmful to the health of consumers, it is important for marketing associated with these products to be subject to public health surveillance. However, terms of service (TOS) governing the use of brand website content may impede such important research., Objective: The aim of this study is to explore the TOS for brand websites with public health significance to assess possible legal and ethical challenges for conducting research on consumer product websites., Methods: Using Statista, we purposefully constructed a sample of 15 leading American tobacco, alcohol, psychiatric pharmaceutical, fast-food, and gun brands that have associated websites. We developed and implemented a structured coding system for the TOS on these websites and coded for the presence versus absence of different types of restriction that might impact the ability to conduct research., Results: All TOS stated that by accessing the website, users agreed to abide by the TOS (15/15, 100%). A total of 11 out of 15 (73%) websites had age restrictions in their TOS. All alcohol brand websites (5/15, 33%) required users to enter their age or date of birth before viewing website content. Both websites for tobacco brands (2/15, 13%) further required that users register and verify their age and identity to access any website content and agree that they use tobacco products. Only one website (1/15, 7%) allowed users to display, download, copy, distribute, and translate the website content as long as it was for personal and not commercial use. A total of 33% (5/15) of TOS unconditionally prohibited or put substantial restrictions on all of these activities and/or failed to specify if they were allowed or prohibited. Moreover, 87% (13/15) of TOS indicated that website access could be restricted at any time. A total of 73% (11/15) of websites specified that violating TOS could result in deleting user content from the website, revoking access by having the user's Internet Protocol address blocked, terminating log-in credentials, or enforcing legal action resulting in civil or criminal penalties., Conclusions: TOS create complications for public health surveillance related to e-marketing on brand websites. Recent court opinions have reduced the risk of federal criminal charges for violating TOS on public websites, but this risk remains unclear for private websites. The public health community needs to establish standards to guide and protect researchers from the possibility of legal repercussions related to such efforts., (©Caitlin Weiger, Katherine C Smith, Joanna E Cohen, Mark Dredze, Meghan Bridgid Moran. Originally published in JMIR Public Health and Surveillance (http://publichealth.jmir.org), 02.12.2020.)
- Published
- 2020
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9. Quo Vadis ? Where Is Censorship Going in Public Internet Communications? In Medical/Scientific Search Engines?
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Lambert WC and Parish LC
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- Humans, Health Education legislation & jurisprudence, Internet legislation & jurisprudence, Search Engine legislation & jurisprudence
- Published
- 2020
10. How behavioural sciences can promote truth, autonomy and democratic discourse online.
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Lorenz-Spreen P, Lewandowsky S, Sunstein CR, and Hertwig R
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- Democracy, Humans, Internet legislation & jurisprudence, Mass Media legislation & jurisprudence, Personal Autonomy, Social Media legislation & jurisprudence, Algorithms, Behavioral Sciences, Decision Making, Internet standards, Mass Media standards, Social Media standards
- Abstract
Public opinion is shaped in significant part by online content, spread via social media and curated algorithmically. The current online ecosystem has been designed predominantly to capture user attention rather than to promote deliberate cognition and autonomous choice; information overload, finely tuned personalization and distorted social cues, in turn, pave the way for manipulation and the spread of false information. How can transparency and autonomy be promoted instead, thus fostering the positive potential of the web? Effective web governance informed by behavioural research is critically needed to empower individuals online. We identify technologically available yet largely untapped cues that can be harnessed to indicate the epistemic quality of online content, the factors underlying algorithmic decisions and the degree of consensus in online debates. We then map out two classes of behavioural interventions-nudging and boosting- that enlist these cues to redesign online environments for informed and autonomous choice.
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- 2020
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11. Thousands of reptile species threatened by under-regulated global trade.
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Marshall BM, Strine C, and Hughes AC
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- Animals, Commerce economics, Endangered Species economics, Internet economics, Internet legislation & jurisprudence, Animals, Wild, Commerce legislation & jurisprudence, Endangered Species legislation & jurisprudence, Internationality legislation & jurisprudence, Reptiles
- Abstract
Wildlife trade is a key driver of the biodiversity crisis. Unregulated, or under-regulated wildlife trade can lead to unsustainable exploitation of wild populations. International efforts to regulate wildlife mostly miss 'lower-value' species, such as those imported as pets, resulting in limited knowledge of trade in groups like reptiles. Here we generate a dataset on web-based private commercial trade of reptiles to highlight the scope of the global reptile trade. We find that over 35% of reptile species are traded online. Three quarters of this trade is in species that are not covered by international trade regulation. These species include numerous endangered or range-restricted species, especially hotspots within Asia. Approximately 90% of traded reptile species and half of traded individuals are captured from the wild. Exploitation can occur immediately after scientific description, leaving new endemic species especially vulnerable. Pronounced gaps in regulation imply trade is having unknown impacts on numerous threatened species. Gaps in monitoring demand a reconsideration of international reptile trade regulations. We suggest reversing the status-quo, requiring proof of sustainability before trade is permitted.
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- 2020
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12. Regulatory, Legal, and Ethical Considerations of Telemedicine.
- Author
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Fields BG
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- Credentialing, Electronic Prescribing, Humans, Informed Consent, Internet legislation & jurisprudence, Telemedicine ethics, Telemedicine legislation & jurisprudence
- Abstract
Sleep telemedicine practitioners must ensure their practice complies with all applicable institutional, state, and federal regulations. Providers must be licensed in any state in which they provide care, have undergone credentialing and privileging procedures at outside facilities, and avoid real or perceived conflicts of interest while providing that care. Internet-based prescribing remains limited to certain circumstances. Whether or not a malpractice insurance policy covers telemedicine depends on the insurer, especially if interstate care is provided. All telemedicine programs must protect patient health information. Similarly, bioethical principles of autonomy, beneficence, nonmaleficence, and justice apply to both in-person and telemedicine-based care., Competing Interests: Disclosure The author has nothing to disclose., (Published by Elsevier Inc.)
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- 2020
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13. Managing Illicit Online Pharmacies: Web Analytics and Predictive Models Study.
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Zhao H, Muthupandi S, and Kumara S
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- Humans, Internet legislation & jurisprudence, Pharmaceutical Services, Online legislation & jurisprudence
- Abstract
Background: Online pharmacies have grown significantly in recent years, from US $29.35 billion in 2014 to an expected US $128 billion in 2023 worldwide. Although legitimate online pharmacies (LOPs) provide a channel of convenience and potentially lower costs for patients, illicit online pharmacies (IOPs) open the doors to unfettered access to prescription drugs, controlled substances (eg, opioids), and potentially counterfeits, posing a dramatic risk to the drug supply chain and the health of the patient. Unfortunately, we know little about IOPs, and even identifying and monitoring IOPs is challenging because of the large number of online pharmacies (at least 30,000-35,000) and the dynamic nature of the online channel (online pharmacies open and shut down easily)., Objective: This study aims to increase our understanding of IOPs through web data traffic analysis and propose a novel framework using referral links to predict and identify IOPs, the first step in fighting IOPs., Methods: We first collected web traffic and engagement data to study and compare how consumers access and engage with LOPs and IOPs. We then proposed a simple but novel framework for predicting the status of online pharmacies (legitimate or illicit) through the referral links between websites. Under this framework, we developed 2 prediction models, the reference rating prediction method (RRPM) and the reference-based K-nearest neighbor., Results: We found that direct (typing URL), search, and referral are the 3 major traffic sources, representing more than 95% traffic to both LOPs and IOPs. It is alarming to see that direct represents the second-highest traffic source (34.32%) to IOPs. When tested on a data set with 763 online pharmacies, both RRPM and R2NN performed well, achieving an accuracy above 95% in their predictions of the status for the online pharmacies. R2NN outperformed RRPM in full performance metrics (accuracy, kappa, specificity, and sensitivity). On implementing the 2 models on Google search results for popular drugs (Xanax [alprazolam], OxyContin, and opioids), they produced an error rate of only 7.96% (R2NN) and 6.20% (RRPM)., Conclusions: Our prediction models use what we know (referral links) to tackle the many unknown aspects of IOPs. They have many potential applications for patients, search engines, social media, payment companies, policy makers or government agencies, and drug manufacturers to help fight IOPs. With scarce work in this area, we hope to help address the current opioid crisis from this perspective and inspire future research in the critical area of drug safety., (©Hui Zhao, Sowmyasri Muthupandi, Soundar Kumara. Originally published in the Journal of Medical Internet Research (http://www.jmir.org), 25.08.2020.)
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- 2020
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14. An Internet for Some threatens health for All : What effects could the repeal of net neutrality in the USA have on individual and population health?
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Early J and Bustillos D
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- Evidence-Based Practice standards, Health Education ethics, Health Promotion methods, Health Services Accessibility statistics & numerical data, Healthcare Disparities trends, Humans, Internet statistics & numerical data, Policy, United States epidemiology, Health Education methods, Health Literacy statistics & numerical data, Internet legislation & jurisprudence, Population Health statistics & numerical data
- Abstract
In the United States of America, the Federal Communications Commission's repeal of the popular Open Internet Order (a.k.a 'net neutrality') has yielded pointed criticism from many different sectors, but it has yet to be examined for its potential effect on the public's health. In this commentary, we focus on the health implications of this policy change, considering expert opinion on the subject, past history, and global perspectives. We argue that the repeal of net neutrality has the potential to compromise health education and promotion efforts by widening the 'digital divide', thereby impairing health literacy and exacerbating health inequities. By negatively affecting people's ability to access, understand, and use unbiased, evidence-based health information to improve and maintain their health, the repeal of net neutrality may hinder the World Health Organization's vision of ' Health for All ' by dismantling public protections in the name of corporate profit.
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- 2020
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15. Major online retailers selling electronic cigarettes as smoking cessation products in the USA.
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Soule EK, Lee JGL, and Jenson D
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- Commerce legislation & jurisprudence, Crime, Humans, Smoking Prevention, Tobacco Products, United States, Advertising legislation & jurisprudence, Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems, Internet legislation & jurisprudence, Smoking therapy, Smoking Cessation, Tobacco Use Cessation Devices
- Abstract
Competing Interests: Competing interests: None declared.
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- 2020
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16. Analysis of Unregulated Sale of Lifesaving Prescription Drugs Online in the United States.
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Ahamed A, Kullmann KC, Frasso R, and Goldstein JN
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- Albuterol supply & distribution, Commerce legislation & jurisprudence, Cross-Sectional Studies, Drug and Narcotic Control legislation & jurisprudence, Epinephrine supply & distribution, Humans, Insulin supply & distribution, United States, Albuterol economics, Commerce economics, Drug and Narcotic Control economics, Epinephrine economics, Insulin economics, Internet legislation & jurisprudence
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- 2020
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17. [Problematic Online Gambling: Review of the Situation in Switzerland].
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Mühlebach O, Seifritz E, and Mutschler J
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- Behavior, Addictive prevention & control, Behavior, Addictive therapy, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Gambling prevention & control, Gambling therapy, Humans, Politics, Risk Factors, Switzerland epidemiology, Behavior, Addictive epidemiology, Gambling epidemiology, Internet legislation & jurisprudence
- Abstract
Problem gambling is a DSM-5-recognized behavioural addiction of growing concern through the emergence of the Internet with better availability and accessibility of gambling and a wider range of game offers. Thus, a new target group is approached through Online Gambling, which is leading to new issues in the prevention on problem gambling. In this study we discuss the differences in characteristics between Online and Offline Gamblers, the risk factors to develop a gambling problem as well as prevention methods and therapies. This review focuses on the situation in Switzerland with regard to the actual political occurrences and the new law on Online Gambling., Competing Interests: JM erhält Drittmittel vom Casino Interlaken., (© Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart · New York.)
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- 2020
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18. Non-consensual sharing of personal sexually explicit imagery among young people in Australia: results from an online survey.
- Author
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Douglass CH, Wright CJC, Davis AC, and Lim MSC
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- Adolescent, Adult, Australia, Female, Humans, Male, Social Media, Surveys and Questionnaires, Text Messaging, Young Adult, Crime Victims statistics & numerical data, Erotica, Internet legislation & jurisprudence, Sexual Behavior statistics & numerical data
- Abstract
Consensual sharing of personal sexually explicit imagery (SEI) is part of young people's sexual practise; however, harms arise if content is shared without consent. Australians aged 15-29 years were recruited for an online survey. Participants indicated if they had ever sent SEI of themselves to someone else, received SEI directly from the person in the imagery and whether they thought it was illegal to forward SEI without consent. Participants reported whether anyone shared their SEI without permission, if they told people, made official reports or if there were consequences for perpetrator(s). Logistic regression was used to identify associations between victimisation, gender, age group, sexual identity and knowledge of SEI-related law. In total, 1007 participants (65% female, mean age 23 years, 67% heterosexual) were recruited; 63% sent personal SEI to another person, 71% received SEI from the person pictured and 77% correctly identified it is illegal to forward SEI without consent. Thirteen percent (n = 126) indicated another person forwarded personal SEI without consent. In univariate analysis, victimisation was associated with identifying as non-heterosexual (odds ratio = 1.51, confidence interval = 1.03-2.22), but was independent from age group, gender and knowledge. In multivariate analysis, sexual identity, age group, gender and knowledge were not significantly associated with victimisation. Among participants who experienced non-consensual sharing of personal SEI, 63% told friends, 10% told family, 93% made no official report and 94% reported no consequences for perpetrator(s). Initiatives are needed to promote legal rights and enable young people to seek support.
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- 2020
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19. Alcohol Sponsorship and Esports: Reinforcing the Need for Legislative Restrictions on Alcohol Sponsorship.
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Chambers T
- Subjects
- Humans, Marketing legislation & jurisprudence, Industry legislation & jurisprudence, Internet legislation & jurisprudence, Sports legislation & jurisprudence, Underage Drinking prevention & control
- Abstract
Alcohol sponsorship in esports is on the rise. Many esports athletes and viewers are children and young people. Alcohol sponsorship of esports places millions of children and young people at risk of alcohol-related harm. Action on alcohol sponsorship in esports may provide policy makers an opportunity for greater restrictions on all alcohol sports sponsorship., (© The Author(s) 2020. Medical Council on Alcohol and Oxford University Press. All rights reserved.)
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- 2020
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20. This is not my beautiful house.
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The Lancet Psychiatry
- Subjects
- Adolescent, Female, Humans, Internet legislation & jurisprudence, Internet statistics & numerical data, Mental Health education, Mental Health standards, Self-Injurious Behavior prevention & control, Self-Injurious Behavior psychology, Social Media legislation & jurisprudence, Suicide, Completed psychology, Technology statistics & numerical data, Depressive Disorder psychology, Suicide psychology, Technology instrumentation
- Published
- 2020
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21. Digital sextortion: Internet predators and pediatric interventions.
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Hong S, Lu N, Wu D, Jimenez DE, and Milanaik RL
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- Child, Child Abuse, Sexual legislation & jurisprudence, Coercion, Correspondence as Topic, Crime Victims legislation & jurisprudence, Humans, Minors legislation & jurisprudence, Parent-Child Relations, Photography legislation & jurisprudence, Child Abuse, Sexual psychology, Crime Victims psychology, Cyberbullying psychology, Internet legislation & jurisprudence, Minors psychology
- Abstract
Purpose of Review: Sextortion is defined as the act of coercing people into sending explicit images of themselves and subsequently blackmailing victims with the public release of said images. Prosecutions of sextortion cases involving minors have increased almost two-fold in the past 5 years. The purpose of this review is to explore the literature regarding the behavior of both victims and perpetrators, the effects on victims, and the support resources available for clinicians, victims, and parents., Recent Findings: Sextortion begins as an unassuming request for personal pictures and quickly escalates. Minors targeted by predators fear both punishment by guardians and the social consequences that follow the release of their explicit pictures. This cycle of victimization endangers minors and may lead to mental health problems, such as anxiety and depression. Recently, sextortion cases have risen to the forefront of national attention through the mainstream media with celebrities revealed as both perpetrators and victims. This higher visibility of sextortion highlights the importance of reviewing recent research regarding minors and their online behavior and the tactics of perpetrators., Summary: Sextortion, an extreme form of cyber abuse, endangers minors and may lead to anxiety and depression. Pediatricians should be familiar with the concept of sextortion and discuss its dangers and available resources with parents and minors.
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- 2020
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22. Tackling gambling related harms as a public health issue.
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Goyder E, Blank L, Baxter S, and van Schalkwyk MC
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- Humans, Internet legislation & jurisprudence, United Kingdom, Behavior, Addictive prevention & control, Gambling psychology, Public Health, Public Policy
- Published
- 2020
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23. Evidence of Background Checks in an Online Firearms Marketplace.
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Drake C, Hernandez AM, Liu Y, Schwartz AH, and Sundaram ME
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- Commerce economics, Commerce statistics & numerical data, Firearms legislation & jurisprudence, Firearms statistics & numerical data, Homicide prevention & control, Humans, Internet economics, Internet statistics & numerical data, United States, Wounds, Gunshot prevention & control, Suicide Prevention, Commerce legislation & jurisprudence, Firearms economics, Internet legislation & jurisprudence
- Published
- 2019
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24. A physician's (and private citizen's) right to privacy against internet data brokers: Maintaining safety in an unsafe profession.
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Takakuwa KM
- Subjects
- Databases, Factual, Humans, Agonistic Behavior, Bullying, Confidentiality legislation & jurisprudence, Human Rights legislation & jurisprudence, Information Dissemination legislation & jurisprudence, Internet legislation & jurisprudence, Occupational Exposure statistics & numerical data, Physicians psychology
- Published
- 2019
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25. The Reliability of YouTube Videos Describing Stereotactic Radiosurgery: A Call for Action.
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ReFaey K, Tripathi S, Bohnen AM, Waddle MR, Peterson J, Vazquez-Ramos C, Bondoc CM, Quiñones-Hinojosa A, and Trifiletti DM
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- Humans, Information Dissemination legislation & jurisprudence, Internet legislation & jurisprudence, Reproducibility of Results, Videotape Recording, Quality Control, Radiosurgery methods, Social Media, Video Recording
- Abstract
Background: Gamma Knife radiosurgery was introduced in the 1960s and is currently used worldwide. The internet has become a foremost source of information used by patients and their families. In this study, we aim to evaluate the accuracy and reliability of the Gamma Knife radiosurgery-related YouTube videos., Methods: We searched YouTube and the first 3 pages sorted according to "Relevance-Based Ranking" were included for analysis. Four independent health care workers from different disciplines evaluated the videos using the validated DISCERN tool., Results: Our search resulted in 65,774 videos, and 14 videos met inclusion criteria. Our study found that 50% (7 of 14) of the videos were uploaded by university-affiliated hospitals; 14% of videos scored 3. The search term "Radiosurgery for intraaxial brain lesions" had the highest percentage of moderate videos (DISCERN = 3) (50%)., Conclusions: Patients and caregivers turn to online sources to gather information about the disease. However, the available YouTube published videos are published without proper academic monitoring, as in such a free platform, published videos tend to catch a general audience for different purposes, which leads to diminishing quality control. Academic medical institutions should consider a proper monitoring process for videos to improve the accuracy of the published information for the patients., (Copyright © 2019 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)
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- 2019
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26. Nonstandard do-not-resuscitate orders.
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Holt GE, Goodman KW, Olvey SE, and Kett D
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- Facial Recognition, Humans, Internet legislation & jurisprudence, Online Systems legislation & jurisprudence, Software, Unconsciousness, United States, Advance Directives legislation & jurisprudence, Resuscitation Orders legislation & jurisprudence, Terminal Care legislation & jurisprudence
- Abstract
Purpose of Review: Tattoos and medallions are examples of nonstandard do-not-resuscitate (DNR) orders that some people use to convey end-of-life wishes. These DNR orders are neither universally accepted nor understood for reasons discussed within this manuscript., Recent Findings: Studies show both providers and patients confuse the meaning and implication of DNR orders. In the United States, out-of-hospital DNR orders are legislated at the state level. Most states standardized out-of-hospital DNR orders so caregivers can immediately recognize and accept the order and act on its behalf. These out-of-hospital orders are complicated by the need to be printed on paper that does not always accompany the individual. Oregon created an online system whereby individuals recorded their end-of-life wishes that medical personnel can access with an Internet connection. This system improved communication of end-of-life wishes in patients who selected comfort care only., Summary: To improve conveyance of an individual's wishes for end-of-life care, the authors discuss nationwide adoption of Oregon's online registry where a person's account could comprehensively document end-of-life wishes, be universally available in all healthcare institutions, and be searchable by common patient identifiers. Facial recognition software could identify unconscious patients who present without identification.
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- 2019
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27. Sharing Violent Thoughts on the Internet.
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Abukamil R and Piel JL
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- Humans, Intention, Jurisprudence, Law Enforcement, Paraphilic Disorders psychology, Police legislation & jurisprudence, United States, Fantasy, Internet legislation & jurisprudence, Violence psychology
- Abstract
The anonymity of the Internet enables people to explore and share certain thoughts they may not feel comfortable sharing through traditional means. This is true for socially unacceptable thoughts, including violent and sexually sadistic fantasies. Despite one's relative freedom to explore virtually any subject anonymously, some Internet activities can attract unwanted attention from the media and law enforcement authorities. The case of former New York City police officer Gilberto Valle is illustrative of the problems that can be generated by online activities. This article discusses the case of United States v. Valle , 807 F.3d 508 (2nd Cir. 2015) and the tension between First Amendment protections and criminal activity. Forensic mental health experts may be well suited to educate the trier of fact about violent fantasies and their associated risks., (© 2019 American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law.)
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- 2019
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28. [Web accessibility of Internet appointment scheduling in primary care].
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Casasola Balsells LA, Guerra González JC, Casasola Balsells MA, and Pérez Chamorro VA
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- Health Services Accessibility legislation & jurisprudence, Humans, Spain, Appointments and Schedules, Internet legislation & jurisprudence, Primary Health Care
- Abstract
Objective: To assess the accessibility level of Internet appointment scheduling in primary care and the fulfilment of the requirements of Spanish legislation., Method: Descriptive study of the accessibility of 18 web sites corresponding to the autonomic health services responsible for Internet appointment scheduling for primary health care services. The level of web accessibility was evaluated by means of five automated tools., Results: Only six websites self-declared to be in compliance with level AA of WCAG 2.0. The level of web accessibility according to the legal requirements in Spain is low. The evaluation tools identified the main errors to be corrected., Conclusions: Most of the autonomic health services responsible for Internet appointment scheduling in primary care need to improve their level of web accessibility and ensure that it complies with Spanish legislation., (Copyright © 2017 SESPAS. Publicado por Elsevier España, S.L.U. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
29. The effectiveness of voluntary policies and commitments in restricting unhealthy food marketing to Canadian children on food company websites.
- Author
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Vergeer L, Vanderlee L, Potvin Kent M, Mulligan C, and L'Abbé MR
- Subjects
- Canada, Child, Child Nutritional Physiological Phenomena, Government Regulation, Humans, Nutritive Value, Pediatric Obesity diagnosis, Pediatric Obesity physiopathology, Pediatric Obesity psychology, Risk Assessment, Risk Factors, Volition, Child Behavior, Diet adverse effects, Direct-to-Consumer Advertising legislation & jurisprudence, Feeding Behavior, Food Industry legislation & jurisprudence, Internet legislation & jurisprudence, Nutrition Policy legislation & jurisprudence, Pediatric Obesity prevention & control, Policy Making
- Abstract
Marketing unhealthy foods and beverages to children (M2K) fosters poor dietary patterns, increasing obesity and noncommunicable disease risk. Federal restrictions on M2K have been under development in Canada since 2016; however, at present, M2K is mostly self-regulated by food companies. This study aimed to compare M2K on Canadian websites of food companies with and without voluntary policies or commitments in this area. A systematic content analysis of company websites was conducted in spring/summer 2017 for major packaged food (n = 16), beverage (n = 12), and restaurant chain (n = 13) companies in Canada. M2K policies were sourced from company websites and published corporate documents. Sixteen companies (43%) reported national and/or global M2K policies, while 21 companies (57%) had no published policies. The websites of Canadian companies (n = 154) were scanned for child-directed products and marketing; type and frequency of marketing techniques were recorded. Child-directed marketing appeared on 19 websites of 12 companies (32%), including 9 companies with M2K policies. Websites featured products with unconventional flavours, colours, shapes, or child-oriented packaging, and used promotional characters, contests, games, activities, or lettering and graphics appealing to children. The nutritional quality of products marketed to children was evaluated using a nutrient profile model developed by Health Canada for proposed M2K regulations. Of the 217 products marketed to children, 97% exceeded Health Canada's proposed ∼5% Daily Value threshold for saturated fat, sodium, and/or sugars, 73% of which were products from 9 companies with policies. These findings highlight the limitations of self-regulation in restricting M2K on food company websites, reinforcing the need for government regulations.
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
30. Prevalence of Publicly Available Expanded Access Policies.
- Author
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Jung E, Zettler PJ, and Kesselheim AS
- Subjects
- Compassionate Use Trials standards, Databases, Factual, Drug Industry standards, Guideline Adherence, Guidelines as Topic, Health Services Accessibility standards, Humans, Internet legislation & jurisprudence, Policy Making, Time Factors, United States, United States Food and Drug Administration standards, Access to Information legislation & jurisprudence, Compassionate Use Trials legislation & jurisprudence, Drug Industry legislation & jurisprudence, Health Policy legislation & jurisprudence, Health Services Accessibility legislation & jurisprudence, United States Food and Drug Administration legislation & jurisprudence
- Abstract
The Food and Drug Administration's expanded access program allows patients with serious or immediately life-threatening conditions to seek access to experimental drugs and treatments from their manufacturers. The 21st Century Cures Act of 2016 sought to increase the transparency of manufacturers' approaches to expanded access by requiring public listing of five key pieces of information about their expanded access programs: 1) relevant contact information, 2) procedures for making requests, 3) general criteria used to evaluate requests, 4) length of time anticipated to acknowledge receipt of requests, and 5) a reference to pertinent information on ClinicalTrials.gov. Manufacturers were given 60 days from the Act's enactment, or until February 11, 2017, to post this information. We reviewed a sample of pharmaceutical manufacturers' expanded access policies to determine what information is readily available to patients online, including assessing whether the information described in the Act is available., (© 2017 American Society for Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics.)
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
31. Policy responses to problematic video game use: A systematic review of current measures and future possibilities.
- Author
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Király O, Griffiths MD, King DL, Lee HK, Lee SY, Bányai F, Zsila Á, Takacs ZK, and Demetrovics Z
- Subjects
- Humans, Internet legislation & jurisprudence, Behavior, Addictive prevention & control, Behavior, Addictive therapy, Health Policy, Video Games legislation & jurisprudence
- Abstract
Background and Aims: Empirical research into problematic video game playing suggests that overuse might cause functional and psychological impairments for a minority of gamers. Therefore, the need for regulation in the case of video games (whether governmental or self-imposed) has arisen but has only been implemented in a few countries around the world, and predominantly in Asia. This paper provides a systematic review of current and potential policies addressing problematic gaming., Methods: After conducting a systematic search in the areas of prevention, treatment, and policy measures relating to problematic Internet and video game use, papers were selected that targeted problematic gaming policies (N = 12; six in English and six in Korean). These papers served as the basis of this review., Results: Policies were classified into three major groups: (i) policy measures limiting availability of video games (e.g., shutdown policy, fatigue system, and parental controls), (ii) measures aiming to reduce risk and harm (e.g., warning messages), and (iii) measures taken to provide help services for gamers. Beyond the attempt to classify the current and potential policy measures, the authors also tried to evaluate their efficiency theoretically and (if data were available) empirically., Discussion and Conclusions: Overall, it appears that although several steps have been taken to address problematic video game playing, most of these steps were not as effective as expected, or had not been evaluated empirically for efficacy. The reason for this may lie in the fact that the policies outlined only addressed or influenced specific aspects of the problem instead of using a more integrative approach.
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
32. How the Internet Risks Widening Health Inequalities.
- Author
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McKee M and Stuckler D
- Subjects
- Humans, Policy Making, Politics, Power, Psychological, United States, Health Status Disparities, Internet legislation & jurisprudence
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
33. Turning the Tables - The New European General Data Protection Regulation.
- Author
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Haug CJ
- Subjects
- Europe, Health Records, Personal, Computer Security legislation & jurisprudence, Databases as Topic legislation & jurisprudence, Government Regulation, Internet legislation & jurisprudence, Privacy legislation & jurisprudence
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
34. Internet for child mental health: Boon or bane.
- Author
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Aggarwal S and Karande S
- Subjects
- Adolescent, Child, Female, Humans, India, Internet legislation & jurisprudence, Male, Education, Distance statistics & numerical data, Internet statistics & numerical data, Mental Health, Public Policy
- Abstract
Competing Interests: There are no conflicts of interest
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
35. The effectiveness of self-regulation in limiting the advertising of unhealthy foods and beverages on children's preferred websites in Canada.
- Author
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Potvin Kent M and Pauzé E
- Subjects
- Canada, Child, Child, Preschool, Female, Humans, Internet legislation & jurisprudence, Male, Advertising legislation & jurisprudence, Food Industry legislation & jurisprudence, Internet statistics & numerical data, Nutrition Policy legislation & jurisprudence, Professional Autonomy
- Abstract
Objective: To assess the effectiveness of the self-regulatory Canadian Children's Food and Beverage Advertising Initiative (CAI) in limiting advertising of unhealthy foods and beverages on children's preferred websites in Canada.Design/Setting/SubjectsSyndicated Internet advertising exposure data were used to identify the ten most popular websites for children (aged 2-11 years) and determine the frequency of food/beverage banner and pop-up ads on these websites from June 2015 to May 2016. Nutrition information for advertised products was collected and their nutrient content per 100 g was calculated. Nutritional quality of all food/beverage ads was assessed using the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) and UK Nutrient Profile Models (NPM). Nutritional quality of CAI and non-CAI company ads was compared using χ 2 analyses and independent t tests., Results: About 54 million food/beverage ads were viewed on children's preferred websites from June 2015 to May 2016. Most (93·4 %) product ads were categorized as excessive in fat, Na or free sugars as per the PAHO NPM and 73·8 % were deemed less healthy according to the UK NPM. CAI-company ads were 2·2 times more likely (OR; 99 % CI) to be excessive in at least one nutrient (2·2; 2·1, 2·2, P<0·001) and 2·5 times more likely to be deemed less healthy (2·5; 2·5, 2·5, P<0·001) than non-CAI ads. On average, CAI-company product ads also contained (mean difference; 99 % CI) more energy (141; 141·1, 141·4 kcal, P<0·001, r=0·55), sugar (18·2; 18·2, 18·2 g, P<0·001, r=0·68) and Na (70·0; 69·7, 70·0 mg, P<0·001, r=0·23) per 100 g serving than non-CAI ads., Conclusions: The CAI is not limiting unhealthy food and beverage advertising on children's preferred websites in Canada. Mandatory regulations are needed.
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
36. Online Sales of Marijuana: An Unrecognized Public Health Dilemma.
- Author
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Caputi TL, Leas EC, Dredze M, and Ayers JW
- Subjects
- Commerce statistics & numerical data, Controlled Substances supply & distribution, Internet legislation & jurisprudence, Internet statistics & numerical data, Postal Service legislation & jurisprudence, Postal Service statistics & numerical data, United States, Cannabis, Commerce legislation & jurisprudence, Controlled Substances economics, Internet economics, Public Health
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
37. Fake medicines: fighting on all fronts.
- Author
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The Lancet Respiratory Medicine
- Subjects
- Global Health, Humans, Internet legislation & jurisprudence, Pharmaceutical Services, Online, World Health Organization, Counterfeit Drugs supply & distribution, Patient Safety
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
38. Net Neutrality Repeal and the Potential Harm to Medical Education.
- Author
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Cuk N and Robinson CL
- Subjects
- Information Dissemination, United States, United States Government Agencies, Education, Distance, Education, Medical, Government Regulation, Internet legislation & jurisprudence
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
39. "Whales can be deadly too".
- Author
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Mirza T and Gooding J
- Subjects
- Adolescent, Child, Humans, Adolescent Behavior, Child Behavior, Internet legislation & jurisprudence, Suicide, Video Games legislation & jurisprudence
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
40. Introduction to this Special Issue: The Internet, cybertechnology and the law.
- Author
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Recupero PR and Felthous AR
- Subjects
- Humans, Internet trends, Mental Health ethics, Mental Health legislation & jurisprudence, United States, Internet ethics, Internet legislation & jurisprudence
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
41. Searching online to buy commonly prescribed psychiatric drugs.
- Author
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Monteith S and Glenn T
- Subjects
- Humans, Internet legislation & jurisprudence, Internet standards, Pharmaceutical Services, Online legislation & jurisprudence, Pharmaceutical Services, Online standards, Internet statistics & numerical data, Pharmaceutical Services, Online statistics & numerical data, Prescription Drugs supply & distribution, Psychotropic Drugs supply & distribution
- Abstract
The use of online pharmacies to purchase prescription drugs is increasing. The patient experience when searching to buy commonly prescribed psychiatric drugs was investigated. Using the search term "buy [drug name] online" in Google, 38 frequently prescribed drugs, including 13 with a high potential for abuse, were searched by brand and generic names. The first page of results were analyzed, including with pharmacy certification checkers and ICANN WHOIS. Search results for all drugs yielded 167 pharmacies, of which 147 (88%) did not require a prescription. Considering all searches, the average number of pharmacies requiring a prescription was 2.7 for a brand name drug and 2.4 for a generic name. A phrase like "buy without a prescription" usually appeared on the search results page. All results for drugs with a high potential for abuse were for illegal pharmacies. Information from certification agencies was often conflicting. Most pharmacies were registered internationally. Patients searching online to purchase prescription psychiatric drugs are presented predominantly with illegal pharmacies, and find conflicting certification data. Patient education should address typical search results. Societal pressures may increase the use of online pharmacies including prescription drug costs, stigma, loss of trust in expert opinion, and the changing patient role., (Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
42. China needs to listen to its researchers to become a scientific superpower.
- Subjects
- Artificial Intelligence economics, Artificial Intelligence trends, China, Humans, International Cooperation, Internet legislation & jurisprudence, Internet statistics & numerical data, Investments trends, Medicine, Chinese Traditional, Research economics, Research instrumentation, Research standards, Research trends, Research Personnel supply & distribution
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
43. [Information quality and health risks in Spanish-language retail websites for Chinese herbal medicine].
- Author
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Tejedor-García N, García-Pastor C, Benito-Martínez S, and de Lucio-Cazaña FJ
- Subjects
- Advertising, Commerce legislation & jurisprudence, Communication, Dietary Supplements adverse effects, Drug Contamination legislation & jurisprudence, Humans, Language, Patient Medication Knowledge, Risk, Safety-Based Drug Withdrawals, Spain, Drug Information Services, Drugs, Chinese Herbal adverse effects, Internet legislation & jurisprudence, Marketing legislation & jurisprudence
- Abstract
Objective: The growing use of purchase online via Internet retailers favours the access to potentially toxic natural products. It also contributes to the quick dissemination of the claims made by the retailers on efficacy and safety, these claims being not always based upon reliable information. Here, we have conducted an online search to find Spanish-language retail websites for Chinese herbal medicine and we have analysed them for the quality of product information and the potential health risks., Methods: i) Online search in Google España to find Spanish-language retail websites for Chinese herbal medicine in which we analysed both the claims regarding possible health benefits and adequate safe use indications ii) Identification of potentially toxic herbs in the websites iii) Quantification of Chinese herbal medicines withdrawn by the Agencia Española de Medicamentos y Productos Sanitarios (AEMPS)., Results: 1) Only one third of the 30 Spanish-language retail websites found which sell Chinese herbal medicine observe the law, given that the other websites include illegal Western disease claims as marketing tools, 2) Five websites provide some safety information, 3) Two websites offer potentially toxic herbs and 4) Chinese herbal medicine adulterated with sibutramine, silfenafil or their analogues make a considerable percentage of the total products withdrawn by the AEMPS., Conclusion: Online health seekers should be warned about misinformation on retail websites for Chinese herbal medicine and directed to a Spanish government Web site for guidance in safely navigating the Internet for buying Chinese herbal medicine., (Copyright © 2017 SESPAS. Publicado por Elsevier España, S.L.U. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
44. Loss of net neutrality could harm research.
- Subjects
- Canada, Europe, Information Dissemination, Internet instrumentation, Telemedicine trends, Time Factors, Uncertainty, United States, Internet economics, Internet legislation & jurisprudence, Models, Economic, Research trends
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
45. [Impact of European e-commerce liberalisation on pharmaceutical crime : The ALPhA research project].
- Author
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Sinn A
- Subjects
- Europe, Humans, Counterfeit Drugs, Drug Trafficking legislation & jurisprudence, Drug and Narcotic Control legislation & jurisprudence, Fraud legislation & jurisprudence, Internet legislation & jurisprudence, Politics, Prescription Drugs
- Abstract
The trading of illicit and falsified pharmaceuticals is a growth market. Factors influencing this illegal market are high profit margins, a low risk of detection, low control density, an obscure legal situation, and lastly, the easy and anonymous ways of selling over the Internet, usually across national borders. This situation was the background for the research project on the impact of European e‑commerce liberalisation on pharmaceutical crime (ALPhA). The goal of the project was to develop concrete recommendations for action regarding the improved prosecution of internet-based pharmaceutical crime and to create a broad body of data for effective law-making by legislators.In this article the initial situation regarding pharmaceutical crime and its risk potential is described and some of the results from the comparative-law investigation of the ALPhA research project are presented along with its final recommendations. The latter are directed at policy-makers and law enforcement agencies in addition to industry and science and demonstrate the type of framework to be designed to increase safety for the public and to minimize risks when purchasing pharmaceuticals.
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
46. Let's Starve Down to the Bone: Pro-anorexia Websites and the Law.
- Author
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Bromberg M and Fitzgerald T
- Subjects
- Health Promotion, Humans, Social Control, Formal, Western Australia, Anorexia, Internet legislation & jurisprudence
- Abstract
Pro-anorexia websites promote anorexia as a positive lifestyle choice. They provide tips to become anorexic and maintain anorexia and diets that people who are anorexic can follow. France became the first country in the world to pass legislation that criminalises the publication of pro-anorexia websites. This article considers the ways that the civil and criminal law in Western Australia can deal with the publishers of pro-anorexia websites. It argues that the law in Western Australia would be unlikely to apply to publishers of pro-anorexia websites, except in the most extreme cases, and it generally cautions against legislative intervention in this area.
- Published
- 2017
47. Exposed online : why the new federal health privacy regulation doesn't offer much protection to Internet users
- Subjects
- Insurance, Health legislation & jurisprudence, Privacy legislation & jurisprudence, Confidentiality legislation & jurisprudence, Internet legislation & jurisprudence, United States
- Published
- 2001
48. Editorial: In Good Company.
- Author
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Perel ML
- Subjects
- Humans, Access to Information legislation & jurisprudence, Internet legislation & jurisprudence, Peer Review, Research, Periodicals as Topic legislation & jurisprudence, Publishing legislation & jurisprudence, Theft legislation & jurisprudence
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
49. Confronting online social aggression in Hong Kong: A wake-up call.
- Author
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Ong R
- Subjects
- Adolescent, Adult, Aggression, Australia, Child, Crime Victims psychology, Defamation legislation & jurisprudence, Defamation psychology, Female, Hong Kong, Humans, Male, School Health Services, Schools, Social Networking, Surveys and Questionnaires, United Kingdom, United States, Workplace, Young Adult, Bullying statistics & numerical data, Criminal Law legislation & jurisprudence, Internet legislation & jurisprudence
- Abstract
Online bullying as a form of online aggression is an increasingly growing phenomenon that is experienced by all age groups. Apart from the use of technology, online bullying shares the same attributes as conventional bullying. This includes a power imbalance vis-a-vis the bully and the victim and the victims' feeling of helplessness. Its impact however, is greater resulting in severe psychological, social and mental health problems. Because online bullying presents a new type of challenge for lawmakers, educators and parents, there may not be a single solution to this social problem. The paper examines the existing laws in Hong Kong that may apply to online bullying, assessing its effectiveness as a means in redressing the power imbalance. It also looks at non-legal measures that can be adopted in Hong Kong to tackle the problem., (Copyright © 2017. Published by Elsevier Ltd.)
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
50. Transparency of genetic testing services for 'health, wellness and lifestyle': analysis of online prepurchase information for UK consumers.
- Author
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Hall JA, Gertz R, Amato J, and Pagliari C
- Subjects
- Advertising economics, Advertising legislation & jurisprudence, Advertising methods, Direct-To-Consumer Screening and Testing economics, Direct-To-Consumer Screening and Testing ethics, Genetic Testing economics, Genetic Testing ethics, Internet ethics, Internet legislation & jurisprudence, Internet standards, United Kingdom, Advertising standards, Direct-To-Consumer Screening and Testing standards, Genetic Testing standards
- Abstract
The declining cost of DNA sequencing has been accompanied by a proliferation of companies selling 'direct-to-consumer genetic testing' (DTC-GT) services. Many of these are marketed online as tools for enabling citizens to make more informed decisions about their health, wellness and lifestyle. We assessed the 'information for consumers' provided by these companies at the prepurchase stage, which could influence initial decisions to part with money, data or tissue samples. A scoping exercise revealed 65 DTC-GT companies advertising their services online to consumers in the United Kingdom, of which 15 met our inclusion criteria. We benchmarked their consumer information against the good practice principles developed by the UK Human Genetics Commission (HGC). No provider complied with all the HGC principles and overall levels of compliance varied considerably. Although consent for testing was discussed by all but one company, information about data reuse for research or other purposes was often sparse and consent options limited or unclear. Most did not provide supplementary support services to help users better understand or cope with the implications of test results. We provide recommendations for updating the preconsumer transparency aspects of the HGC guidelines to ensure their fitness-for-purpose in this rapidly changing market. We also recommend improving coordination between relevant governance bodies to ensure minimum standards of transparency, quality and accountability. Although DTC-GT has many potential benefits, close partnership between consumers, industry and government, along with interdisciplinary science input, are essential to ensure that these innovations are used ethically and responsibly.
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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