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Background: Earlier research on internet addiction (IA) in the adult population in India has concentrated on isolated prevalence surveys conducted nationwide. A systematic grasp of pooled prevalence necessitates a meta-level evaluation of all prior literature. This study aims to investigate the prevalence of IA and its correlates among adults in India. Methods: We searched EBSCOhost, PubMed, PsycInfo, PsycArticles, and ProQuest for the studies published from 1990 to 2022 and included studies using Young's Internet Addiction Test criteria (age range 18–40 years). The authors obtained a total of 358 non-duplicate records after a thorough search, and they found 10 pertinent epidemiological studies involving 12,286 adults. Results: The pooled prevalence for mild, moderate, severe, and any level of IA was 36.33% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 30.72%–42.13%), 18.04% (95% CI: 13.49%–23.08%), 0.88% (95% CI:0.50%–1.36%), and 58.34% (95% CI:49.34%–67.07%), respectively. The review of correlates suggested psychosocial factors like male gender, single-parent families, co-morbidities like depression, stress, anxiety, interpersonal issues, andmediating factors like loneliness. Conclusions: Based on the synthesis of findings, this review underlines the common factors of IA and emphasizes the significance of psycho-social factors in IA; thus, to promote healthy use of technology and to manage IA, a multi-modal psychotherapeutic intervention module for mental health practitioners needs to be developed in line with this review. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study adapted and assessed a shortened version of the IAT (Internet Addiction Test) scale completed by young people aged 12 years and older regarding their online behaviors and risk of online addiction. The psychometric qualities of the reduced version (Screening IAT—youth) are presented in order to validate the use of this version in the early detection of online addiction. The total sample was composed of 3021 participants that were 55.9% female and 44.1% male, with a mean age of x = 15 years (σ = 3.028), attending junior high school (56.2%), high school (37.8%), and college (5.9%). The procedure included a factorial analysis in which the total sample was randomly divided into three samples. An exploratory factor analysis was performed with one part of the sample, and a confirmatory factor analysis was performed with the other parts, assessing internal consistency, construct reliability, and discriminant validity. The results indicate that this reduced version of the IAT for young people has good psychometric qualities and that it can be applied in research and clinical settings. With this version and the parent–teacher version, there is a direct contribution to a tripartite assessment of internet addiction risk.

Background Internet addiction disorder (IAD) is a condition characterized by excessive use of the internet to an extent that has detrimental consequences for a person's daily life. After the onset of Covid pandemic, our lifestyles have changed significantly and the reliance on gadgets for education and work has become the way of life. As teenagers are often in conflict with parental authority and norms of society, the developmental effects can lead to a series of defence mechanisms and an increased risk of emotional crises, mood changes and behavioural alteration, which they attempt to fight through by withdrawal from social contact, aggression and addictive behaviour. Our study is mainly to analyse on the prevalence of IAD among this vulnerable group of late adolescence. Aim To estimate the prevalence of internet addiction disorder among late adolescence aged 17 to 19 years. Methodology A Cross sectional descriptive study was conducted among students of a private college between the age group 17 to 19 years. After obtaining informed consent, the pre- defined validated standardised questionnaire (young's internet addiction test questionnaire) (11) was sent to the students as google forms and they were explained that the results would be expressed only as a group data. Around 1000 students were involved in the study. Statistical analysis was done with super version two software. Results: We received around 1143 responses, out of which only 1006 were identified to be satisfying the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Around 64.8%(n=652) were females and the remaining 354 were males. Among males, around 80% were using internet mainly for official purposes whereas around 78.4% of females used internet for official purposes. Based on the IAT (internet addiction test) scores, around 45.6%(n=459) of the study population had normal internet usage, 33.5%(n=337) had mild internet addiction, 19% (n=191) had moderate internet addiction and 1.9% (n=19) had severe internet addiction. Hence around 54% had internet addiction. Among 354 boys, 207(58.4%) of them had a IAT score more than 30, and among 652 girls enrolled in the study, 340(52.1%) of them had a score more than 30. Even among those who start using internet for official purposes, 55.5% (n=441) of them had internet addiction with a score more than 30. Among those who use internet for unofficial purposes, 50% of them had internet addiction. Conclusion: IAD is in increasing in the recent pandemic and post pandemic era. Our study found that around 55% of the study population had internet addiction. Among them around 2 % had severe internet addiction disorder. hence it is high time that we have to identify this population and provide proper counselling and seek psychiatric help at the right time to avoid complications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Internet addiction is characterized by excessive or poorly controlled preoccupations, urges or behaviors regarding computer use and internet access that lead to impairment or distress. The present study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of internet de-addiction programme on stress and autonomic functions in young adults. 500 young adults (age group 18-35 years), using smartphones and other gadget frequently were asked to answer Kimberley Young's Internet addiction test (IAT) questionnaire. As per their responses 31 moderates to severely addicted to internet addiction (IAT score 64.51 ± 16.94) were motivated to participate in a comprehensive internet de-addiction programme, based on repeated sessions of psychological counselling and behavioral therapy as advised by an expert clinical Psychologist. Baseline and follow up (after 6 weeks) recording of Heart rate, Blood pressure, Perceived stress scale, IAT, Autonomic functions based on frequency domain HRV were done. There was significant increase in total power of HRV whereas significant reduction in LF/HF ratio, Perceived stress scores (PSS), Internet addiction scores and average daily mobile usage time after 6 weeks of follow up. It can be concluded from this study that after six weeks of comprehensive sessions based on cognitive behaviour therapy and guiding for self-help approach there were significant decrease in the total daily mobile usages time, internet addiction score, perceived stress score and also simultaneous improvement in symptho-vagal tone and overall autonomic health of participants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Internet has become an indispensable part of our daily lives by being a means for socialization, entertainment and information, but recent dramatic increase in internet use has resulted in its addiction that can have a significant impact on sleep quality. Aim: This study attempt to understand the effect of internet addiction on sleep quality in postgraduate residents. Materials and Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted among 70 postgraduate residents of Rama Medical College, Kanpur by providing selfadministered questionnaire containing Internet Addiction Test (IAT) and Pittsburgh sleep quality index (PSQI). Descriptive statistics were used to analyse sociodemographic characteristics, internet addiction and sleep quality. The association between internet addiction and sleep quality was determined by Pearson correlation coefficient using SPSS. Results: Out of 70 students, 19 (27.1%), 32 (45.7%), 15 (21.4%), 4 (5.7%) reported normal, mild, moderate and severe internet addiction respectively. 23 (32.9%) had good sleep quality but 47 (67.1%) were poor sleepers. There was a positive correlation of internet addiction with sleep quality (p-value-0.005) and its components: subjective sleep quality (p-value 0.006), sleep latency (p-value 0.001), sleep duration (p-value <0.001), sleep efficiency (p-value <0.001), sleep disturbance (p-value 0.016) and daytime dysfunction (p value 0.003), but there was no positive relationship with use of sleep medication (p-value 0.551). Conclusion: Internet addiction was found to be a significant problem for postgraduate residents. Internet addiction was more prevalent among the males and unmarried residents. As the level of addiction increased, sleep quality worsened significantly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The earth has been conceptually changed by the internet into a town of high-dimensional information networks. The internet has greatly enhanced many elements of people's lives and has integrated seamlessly into daily life. Internet addiction disorder is becoming a potentially troublesome condition that coexists with behavioural issues that are already present, particularly in adolescents. Objectives: To adapt, translate and validate a tool for detecting internet addiction disorder in adolescents aged 15-19 years in Colombo District, Sri Lanka Methods: A cross-sectional validation study was conducted in which the Internet Addiction Test (IAT) was adapted, translated and validated into Sinhalese language (IAT-Sinhalese version). Statistical analysis was carried out with a sample size of 228 to test the construct validity using Principal Component Analysis (PCA). A total of 239 study participants were selected as the sample to test for Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA). Using LISREL 8.8, the statistical analysis was completed. Internal consistency and test-retest reliability methods were used to evaluate the reliability. Results: IAT-Sinhalese version demonstrated a four-factor model consisting of 20 items with the model indices of RMSEA of 0.06, CFI of 0.93, NNFI of 0.91, SRMR of 0.063 and GFI of 0.77. It had an acceptable internal consistency with Cronbach Alpha value of 0.782. Conclusions & Recommendations: IAT-Sinhalese version is a valid and reliable instrument to detect internet addiction disorder among 15-19-year-old adolescents in Sri Lanka.

Aim: Measuring the phenomenon of gambling and Internet addiction, with analysis of attitudes and psychophysical consequences among nurses working in different care settings. Methods: An observational, cross sectional, multicenter study was conducted from April to September 2020. Participants' socio-demographic information, the "Internet Addiction Test" (IAT) scale, and the "South Oaks Gambling Screen" (SOGS) were collected in order to assess the overuse of and whether an individual has a problematic relationship with gambling, respectively. Results: 502 nurses were enrolled in the study. Significant correlations were found (p <.001) between the IAT score and gender, number of years of work experience, job role, educational qualification; and between the SOGS and gender, number of years of work experience, job role and regions of Italy. Conclusions: The study highlighted an emerging social problem, and the results may be just the tip of the iceberg. Given the lack of knowledge of these phenomena and a high percentage of people who suffer from them but are afraid to admit it and get help, this study could also be useful in expanding knowledge and allow more professionals to get help and learn about possible treatments and cures for the resolution of these addictions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Internet addiction is found to be a growing global problem and India is not exceptional. Adolescents are more over addicted to internet and suffering with mental confusions and deviation in behaviour. Several instruments have been developed for assessment of Internet addiction. Internet Addiction Test (IAT) is the most widely used tool to assess internet addiction, but psychometric properties of the IAT have not yet been examined in the Indian adolescence. The aim was to examine the validity and reliability of the 20-item Internet Addiction Test in Indian School Students. Methodology: Seven hundred fifty-two students from a CBSE school of Raipur, India was randomly selected in our study. The reliability and validity of IAT was examined. Confirmatory factor analysis was used to examine the structural validity of IAT. Results: It was found that the factor loading of the IAT varied between 0.40 and 0.82. Cronbach’s alpha coefficient for the scale was found to be 905. The total correlations were calculated and had a value range from 0.406 to 0.659 for the 20 items. The psychometric properties indicate that the factor loading reveal that the test revolve around six factors (Salience, Excessive Use, Neglected Work, Anticipation, Lack of Control, and Neglected Social Life). The Cronbach’s alpha is high for all the 6 components. IAT is a proper tool for evaluating internet addiction in Indian school students. Conclusions: The findings obtained in this study indicate that overall, IAT has adequate psychometric properties for the assessment of internet addiction in Indian school students.

Background: Problematic Internet use (PIU) remains a significant social concern in Japan and across the globe. Numerous studies have been conducted to examine the prevalence of PIU, and its association with lifestyle habits and mental health status. To the best of our knowledge, few studies have examined the association between parental attachment and PIU in Japan. Furthermore, preventive measures in Japan have primarily targeted adolescents via education. Therefore, in this study we explored the association between PIU and attachment styles among adolescents to seek a new approach for the development of appropriate, effective measures. Methods: A self‐administered survey was conducted at one private (in 2018) and two public junior high schools (in 2020) in Kagawa Prefecture, western Japan. We used the Internet Addiction Test (IAT), the Experiences in Close Relationships–Relationship Structures (ECR–RS) questionnaire, and the Birleson Depression Self‐Rating Scale for Children (DSRS‐C). Multiple regression analysis was performed to examine the association between IAT scores and attachment styles. Results: Of 1,413 participants (grades 7–9; 700 boys and 713 girls), 39% of the students showed possible PIU and 3% showed PIU. Students with PIU tended to sleep for shorter durations, access the Internet for long hours, and have a poor mental health status (p < 0.01). PIU was significantly associated with insecure attachment (p < 0.0001). Conclusions: The findings of our study imply that improving attachment styles and developing secure attachment between the child and parent might help mitigate and/or prevent PIU. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: This study examined undergraduate MBBS and nursing students' quality of life with internet addiction and the association of anxiety and stress. Aim: We aimed to partially replicate the participant's online activities, changes in behaviour by internet addiction, quality of life when internet access was not possible and frequency of internet use. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was applied in included university involving 400 MBBS and nursing students. World Health Organization Quality of Life-BREF Questionnaire (WHOQOL-BREF) scale for assessment of the personal quality of life. Scores of internet addiction test, Beck Anxiety Inventory and WHOQOL-BREF were compared by using the Mann–Whitney test or Kruskal–Wallis test. Results: The main findings revealed various risk factors associated with internet addictions, such as psychological distress, anxiety, mood disorders, suicidality, aggression, stress and sleep problems. Most of the intervention studies used an invariant behavioural therapy approach, although other interventions appeared effective in reducing addiction symptoms. Conclusion: Based on the students' addiction finding of an association between quality of life with internet addiction and anxiety and stress problems across combination with high prevalence rates amongst adolescents and university students, the individuals will use these tools. The implication of these findings is further discussed, and research is needed to develop and implement prevention strategies and treatment offers.

The aim of this work is to study the factorial structure of the IAT in a new Spanish sample of non-compulsory education students and to develop a shorter version of it based on empirical criteria. The paper also assesses the test's internal consistency reliability and validity with respect to the original IAT, to three other Internet addiction tests and to a clinical symptomatology test (CORE-OM: Clinical Outcomes in Routine Evaluation-Outcome Measure). A total sample comprising 1886 Spanish non-compulsory education students (average age: 21.04 years; SD = 4.72) was randomly divided into two halves. The first half (n = 932) was subjected to the IAT exploratory factorial analysis (EFA). In the second half, a confirmatory factorial analysis (CFA) was performed with 954 surveys. A subgroup of 209 randomly selected participants were given three independent internet addiction tests in addition to the IAT. Following the EFA and CFA, a new version of the test called IAT-12 was designed, with 2 factors (Control and management of time; Salience and neglect of social life) showing a very high correlation with the original (.97). IAT-12 also showed high internal consistency and a high capacity to predict Internet addiction in young Spaniards, and is able quickly and simply to differentiate individuals who really have a problem of Internet addiction from those who do not, with a high level of sensitivity and specificity. Its validity was demonstrated with respect both to Young's IAT itself and to external criteria for measuring Internet addiction and clinical symptomatology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The internet is an essential part of our daily lives. Studies have reported various impacts of internet addiction on humans, including anxiety, stress and depression. The current study explores the prevalence of internet addiction and its relationship with psychological distress among medical students in Malaysian public university. The current cross-sectional study was performed among second- to fifth-year Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM) medical students in the late 2019. The Internet Addiction Test (IAT) and the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS-21) were used to gather data. The data collected were analysed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 24.0. A Spearman correlation test and simple linear regression were used for the data analysis. A total of 386 medical students (96.5% response rate) participated in this study. Data analysis found that the prevalence of internet addiction among USM medical students was 6.7%. The results indicated a significant positive relationship between internet addiction and psychological distress. Extensive use of the internet was found to be associated with elevated levels of depression, stress and anxiety. Findings regarding the effects of internet addiction are similar to those in other studies conducted among Malaysian medical students. This study has provided essential insights into the relationship between internet addiction and psychological distress among medical students. Further investigation should be undertaken to explore other possibly addicted groups. Higher education providers should be aware of these internet addiction issues among their students and interventions should be introduced to tackle this problem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To assess the pattern of internet usage among preparatory school students in Beni-Suef Governorate, Egypt, and the Al Qassim Region, Saudi Arabia, and identify its associated factors. Methods: A cross-sectional study using a multistage proportionate sampling technique was conducted from October to December 2019 for 1537 preparatory school students from both countries; 772 from Beni-Suef Governorate, Egypt, and 765 students from the Al Qassim Region, Saudi Arabia. The Young's Internet Addiction Test (YIAT) was used. Results: Mean age of Egyptian and Saudi participants were 12.82 ± 0.81 and 13.8 ± 1.16 years, respectively. Mild to moderate IA was reported in 42.5% & 42.9%, among Egyptian students compared to 51.6% & 24.3% for Saudis, while severe IA was reported in 4.0% & 3.7% among Egyptian and Saudis, respectively. Internet searches were conducted by 43.5% among Egyptian students compared to online communication among Saudis (52.9%). Facebook was used by 42.0% of Egyptian students, while 52.4% Saudi students used Snap chat. In both samples, there was a statistically significant difference between internet addiction and gender, academic year, level of academic achievement, and purpose of internet use (p ≤ 0.05). Conclusion: Excessive use of the internet is a common finding among Egyptian and Saudi preparatory student internet users. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Internet addiction has become a serious problem in the world, especially for adolescents. Temperament plays an important role in influencing internet addiction in adolescents. Purpose: The aim of this study was to analyze the relationship between students’ characteristics and temperament with their internet addiction levels in one of the junior high schools in Surabaya, Indonesia. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study, which used primary data that was obtained from students who filled out a questionnaire. The study sample included 114 students in one of the junior high schools in Surabaya. The dependent variable was the internet addiction level; the dependent variables were gender, age, student grade, and temperament. An Internet Addiction Test (IAT) and an Early Adolescents Temperament Questionnaire-Revised (EATQ-R) were the tools used for data collection. Data was collected in November 2019. The sample selection was done through the stratified random sampling technique. The data was subsequently analyzed using the Fisher’s exact and Spearman correlation tests. Results: There was a significant positive correlation between age (p

Objective: In the current study, we intended to examine the association between affective states (depression, stress, and anxiety) and Internet addiction (IA). Methods: The study sample consisted of 291 individuals with the age of 18–40 years. We used an online survey on study participants with the IA Scale (20 items) and the Depression Anxiety Stress Scale-21. Results: The mean age ± standard deviation of the sample was 23.58 ± 4.40 years. The results of stepwise regression analysis indicated that depression (p < 0.001) and stress (p < 0.01) significantly contributed to IA. Anxiety did not significantly contribute to IA. Conclusion: This study showed that depression and stress were related to Internet use. This finding implies the need for early identifying depression and stress for giving an appropriate intervention for the individuals with IA.

Abstract Background Internet addiction is one of the fast-growing addictive behaviors and is a significant public health problem affecting a large number of people worldwide. Excessive use of the internet among university students increases their risk of internet addiction and related negative consequences. This study aimed to determine the prevalence and factors associated with internet addiction among medical and allied health sciences students in northern Tanzania. Methods This cross-sectional study was conducted at Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College (KCMUCo) from May to June 2018. A total of 500 consenting undergraduate students were sampled using the Simple Random Sampling technique proportional to the size of each class and a self-administered questionnaire used to collect data. Internet addiction was measured using a 20-item internet addiction test (IAT-20). Generalized linear model with Poisson family and log link function was used to estimate prevalence ratio (PR) and the corresponding 95% confidence intervals for factors associated with internet addiction. Results The prevalence of internet addiction was 31%. Undergraduate students using the internet at the college were less likely to be addicted to internet (PR = 0.45, 95%CI 0.23, 0.86, p = 0.02) compared to those using both at the hostel/home and college. Higher prevalence of internet addiction was among those who used internet for a long time, i.e., 5 h or more per day (PR = 1.84, 95%CI 1.30, 2.63, p = 0.001) and for social networking (PR = 1.64, 95%CI 1.17, 2.31, p = 0.004) compared to those who used for less than 5 h per day and academic purposes, respectively. Conclusions Thirty-one percent of undergraduate students in northern Tanzania were addicted to the internet. Internet addiction was associated with using the internet at the college, a long time using the internet per day, and social networking. The college administration should put effort into improving the accessibility, reliability, and regulation of college internet services to promote learning and academic productivity. We also recommend awareness creation intervention about the harmful consequences of excessive internet use in this population. More studies are needed to determine the burden of mental, psychological, and social problems associated with internet addiction in high-risk populations, and associated consequences.

Background: Internet is a tool that is evolving into an essential part of everyday life all over the world and its use is high among young people, not only in India but also worldwide in the last decade. Medical and engineering students in particular are the vulnerable group, considering that technology is incorporated into their education and they often have easy access to the internet at their respective campus. Aim: To compare severity of internet addiction among medical and engineering students. Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted among first year to final year M.B.B.S & engineering students. The students were recruited from a medical college and an engineering college in coastal Andhra Pradesh during 1st October 2016 to 31st March 2017. 100 medical students and 100 engineering students were selected for the study, after obtaining informed consent the subjects were subjected to a semi structured proforma wherein their demographic profiles were recorded and the main study tool Internet Addiction Test was used on the subjects. Results: Out of a sample of 200 undergraduate students, 52% were mildly addicted, 79(39.5%) were moderately addicted while 9(4.5%) were severely addicted to internet. 8% of engineering students and 1% of medical students were found to have severe internet addiction. Conclusion: Engineering students are severely addicted than medical students. Education curriculum also shows impact on severity of internet addiction.

Introduction: Internet overuse has emerged progressively and the pathological use of the internet- conceptualised as 'internet addiction'– a menace which disturbs the sleep quality in a community. There is not much evidence proving the association of internet addiction and sleep disturbances and the severity of this association remains unclear. Aim: To find out the association between internet addictions and sleep quality among undergraduates in a Government Medical College in West Bengal, India. Materials and Methods: This was cross-sectional observational study conducted among 211 undergraduate medical students from January 2019-March 2019 using a pre designed pre tested structured self-administered questionnaire, which consisted of information on the sociodemographic profile and lifestyle questions, Pittsburg Quality of Sleep Index (PQSI) scale and the Internet Addiction Test (IAT) scale. The participants were divided into two groups: PSQI score ≤5 (good sleep quality) and those with PSQI score >5 (poor sleep quality) and IAT scores. Statistical analysis was done using the statistical software of Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 23.0. Independent sample t-test (continuous variables) and Fisher’s-exact test (categorical variables) were used to analyse the significance of difference in demographic data and IAT scores and PSQI scores between the groups. Results: Students with poor quality of sleep were having high IAT scores compared to ones with good quality of sleep and this finding was statistically significant (p-value <0.001). Among all participants 33.2% were “moderate users or possible addicts” of internet. Approximately, 49.3% of all participants had poor sleep quality and rest of them had good quality of sleep as per PSQI scale. Mean IAT score was significantly higher among participants living on campus (p=0.006) as compared to ones residing off campus. As far as sleep quality was concerned, mean PSQI scores were significantly higher among participants who were aged more than 20 years and among those who were involved in “less than three times per week physical activity” (p=0.028 and 0.004, respectively). Conclusion: Quality sleep is a key to good health and internet addiction should not hamper it. Proper counseling if needed should be done to attain it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Introduction: Internet overuse has emerged progressively and the pathological use of the internet- conceptualised as 'internet addiction'– a menace which disturbs the sleep quality in a community. There is not much evidence proving the association of internet addiction and sleep disturbances and the severity of this association remains unclear. Aim: To find the association between internet addictions and sleep quality among undergraduates in a Government Medical College in West Bengal, India. Materials and Methods: This was cross-sectional observational study conducted among 211 undergraduate medical students from January 2019-March 2019 using a predesigned pretested structured selfadministered questionnaire, which consisted of information on the sociodemographic profile and lifestyle questions, Pittsburg Quality of Sleep Index (PQSI) scale and the Internet Addiction Test (IAT) scale. The participants were divided into two groups: PSQI score ≤5 (good sleep quality) and those with PSQI score >5 (poor sleep quality) and IAT scores. Statistical analysis was done using the statistical software of Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 23.0. Independent sample t-test (continuous variables) and Fisher’s-exact test (categorical variables) were used to analyse the significance of difference in demographic data and IAT scores and PSQI scores between the groups. Results: Students with poor quality of sleep were having high IAT scores compared to ones with good quality of sleep and this finding was statistically significant (p-value

Problematic usage of the internet (PUI) describes maladaptive use of online resources and is recognized as a growing worldwide issue. Here, we refined the Internet Addiction Test (IAT) for use as a screening tool to measure generalized internet use problems in normative samples. Analysis of response data with parametric unidimensional item response theory identified 10 items of the IAT that measured most of the PUI latent trait continuum with high precision in a subsample of 816 participants with meaningful variance in internet use problems. Selected items may characterize minor, or early stages of, PUI by measuring a preoccupation with the Internet, motivations to use online activities to escape aversive emotional experiences and regulate mood, as well as secrecy, defensiveness, and interpersonal conflict associated with internet use. Summed scores on these 10 items demonstrated a strong correlation with full-length IAT scores and comparable, or better, convergence with measures of impulsivity and compulsivity. Proposed cut-off scores differentiated between individuals potentially at risk of developing PUI from those with few self-reported internet use problems with good sensitivity and specificity. Differential item function testing revealed measurement equivalence between the sexes, Caucasians and non-Caucasians. However, evidence for differential test functioning between independent samples drawn from South Africa and the United States of America suggests that raw scores cannot be meaningfully compared between different geographic regions. These findings have implications for conceptualization and measurement of PUI in normative samples. Public Significance Statement: We provide recommendations for measuring symptoms of problematic usage of the internet, which can be identified in a subset of the population using our refined version of the IAT and suggested cut-off scores. Relevant self-reported internet use problems include a preference for online over face-to-face social interactions, use of the internet to regulate emotions, excessive online engagement, interpersonal conflict, and emotional withdrawal following cessation of internet use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Everyday internet usage is particularly significant in the population of adolescents and young people. Besides numerous benefits, internet usage brings certain risks of addictive behavior. Internet Addiction Test (IAT) is the most spread scale for measuring internet addiction. The aim of this study was to investigate internet addiction on a sample of Croatian adolescents. Methods Overall, 352 students aged between 15 and 20 from randomly selected high schools participated in the study. We have collected the data on the Internet Addiction Test along with basic demographic information. The main analyses included the factorization of IAT test and the measurement of prevalence of internet addiction with the analysis of the gender differences. Results The results showed that 3.4% of high school students reported high levels of internet addiction, while 35.4% of respondents reported some signs of addiction. Three-factor structure of IAT was obtained with dimensions: Emotional and cognitive internet preoccupation, then Neglecting work and lack of self-control and the last one is Social problems. Although the first factor has the most significant role in internet addiction risk, gender differences were found only in the last two factors, where boys have higher scores on Social Problems, while girls have higher scores on Neglecting work and lack of self-control. Conclusions Based on our results, the prevention activities should be focused on the area of ​​emotional and social competence and the responsible use of internet. Since the result show that a third of the sample show moderate signs of addiction, programs of both indicated and selective prevention should be systematically planned for the general population of adolescents as well as for the groups in risk. The obtained gender differences indicate that the preventive and treatment programs should take into account gender specifics.

Introduction: Internet has been easily accessible to students living in urban areas. With its unprecedented development and many benefits, it also leads to Internet addiction (IA) among people. Though IA is a disorder in itself, there can be other disorders associated with it as well. One such association of IA is with depression. Objective: The aim of this paper is to show a potential relationship between internet addiction and depression among students belonging to the urban setting. Materials and Methods: The research sample consisted of 228 students aged between 11-27 doing their schooling or graduation. To assess the study, a self-administered questionnaire consisting of three parts was given to them. The first part comprised of socio-demographic information and pattern of internet usage. Second part consisted assessment of internet addiction using Young’s 20 item Internet addiction test (IAT) and the third module comprised of Birleson’s depression self-rating scale (DSRS) questionnaire. Results: The 228 study participants were classified based on their scores obtained on IAT and DSRS scales. They were divided into two class labels: Depression Yes and Depression No. 99 were classified to the “YES Depression class” and 129 were classified to the “No Depression class” and overall classification accuracy achieved was 85.5%. Conclusion: Students get addicted to the internet due to its easy availability and accessibility. The current study showed that this addiction is associated with depression. It also showed that internet addiction and depression is more prevalent above the age of 19.

Background: Internet use has become an indispensable part of our lives. Adolescents are the ones who are particularly vulnerable to internet addiction. Problematic Internet use (PIU) or internet addiction is that manner of using internet which can lead to psychological, social, educational, or vocational problems in one’s life. In today’s world as computer and Internet use has become a staple of everyday life, there runs a risk of overuse and dependence, which has lead to addiction and moreover, may lead to personality problems and other psychopathologies. Method: A non-experimental study was conducted among adolescents between the age of 15-17 years having access to internet facility in daily routine(n=100). Big Five Personality Inventory was administered to assess the personality and Young’s Internet Addiction Test (IAT: Young, 1998) was self-administered by the students after being briefed with the instructions. Subjects were classified into mild users, moderate users and addicts for comparison. It was hypothesized that a significant negative correlation will exists between Internet addiction and Big Five Personality Traits. Result: Approximately 40% of the students were found to be addicted, 25% were moderate users and 35% were mild users. Users found addicted scored poorly on the Big Five Personality Traits as hypothesized indicating negative correlation. Conclusion: The findings from this study identified varied levels of internet usage among adolescents which could serve as a crucial factor in understanding its effects on the personality. The findings further imply that there is a need for early interventions such as setting boundaries or professional help in addition to detecting early warning signs of underlying psychopathologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BackgroundOver 40% of Taiwanese College students experience sleep problems that not only impair their quality of life but also contribute to psychosomatic disorders. Of all the factors affecting the sleep quality, internet surfing is among one of the most prevalent. Female college students are more vulnerable to internet-associated sleep disorders than their male counterparts. Therefore, this study aims to investigate (1) the relationship between internet addiction and sleep quality, and (2) whether significant variations in sleep quality exist among students with different degrees of internet use.MethodsThis structured questionnaire-based cross-sectional study enrolled students from a technical institute in southern Taiwan. The questionnaire collected information on the following three aspects: (1) demography, (2) sleep quality with Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), and (3) severity of internet addiction using a 20-item Internet Addiction Test (IAT). Multiple regression analysis was performed to examine the correlation between PSQI and IAT scores among the participants. Logistic analysis was used to determine the significance of association between PSQI and IAT scores.ResultsIn total, 503 female students were recruited (mean age 17.05 ± 1.34). After controlling for age, body mass index, smoking and drinking habits, religion, and habitual use of smartphone before sleep, internet addiction was found to be significantly associated with subjective sleep quality, sleep latency, sleep duration, sleep disturbance, use of sleep medication, and daytime dysfunction. Worse quality of sleep as reflected by PSQI was noted in students with moderate and severe degrees of internet addiction compared to those with mild or no internet addiction. Logistic regression analysis of the association between scores on IAT and sleep quality, demonstrated significant correlations between quality of sleep and total IAT scores (odds ratio = 1.05:1.03 ∼ 1.06, p < 0.01).ConclusionThe results of this study demonstrated significant negative association between the degree of internet addiction and sleep quality, providing reference for educational institutes to minimize adverse effects associated with internet use and improve students’ sleep quality.

Objectives: In this study, we assessed the psychometric properties of the Hebrew version of the 20-item Internet Addiction Test (IAT). Methods: We had 180 Israeli-Arab male adolescents ranging in age from 12 to 16 (M = 13.92, SD = 1.42) complete the IAT and report their pornography viewing habits, their physical activity rate, and their grades at school. Results: We used exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses to determine the tool’s structure, resulting with one-factor and 2-factor solutions both accounting for at least 50% of the variance explained by the models (using EFA). Upon dropping item 12 and items 12 and 15 from the one-factor model and the 2-factor model, respectively, the models demonstrated adequate psychometric properties (.73 ≤ α ≤ .94) and fitted fairly with the data (using CFA). The IAT scores correlated significantly with concurrent reports of the participants’ pornography viewing, grades at school, and physical activity rate, reinforcing the tool’s construct validity. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that the IAT is a valid and reliable instrument for measuring Internet addiction among literate Israeli-Arab male adolescents for whom Hebrew is their second language and, presumably, other Israeli adolescents for whom Hebrew is the native language. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The problematic internet usage in academic youth is increassingly relevant for overall health and functioning, yet little studied and poorly defined to this date. Aim. To investigate the associations between the level of internet usage and self-reported well-being, and also the association between the level of internet usage and demographic parameters (age, gender, faculty, year of study, relationship status, country of permanent residence) in foreign medical students. Materials and method. In May 2019, 110 foreign students from the French and English section of medicine and dentistry faculties, from the "Iuliu Haţieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, signed the consent and filled in a self-reported questionnaire including demographic data, Internet Addiction Test, World Health Organization well-being questionnaire (WHO-5). Results. The higher levels of internet usage in medical university foreign students were associated with lower levels of self-reported well-being. The level of internet usage was significantly lower in students from EU and associated countries than in those from non-EU countries. The second year students reported the highest levels of internet usage, while those in years 4 and 5 reported the lowest levels. Men reported higher levels of internet usage than women. Discussion and conclusions. Further assessments, such as the type of internet activities of male and female students, cutoffs for problematic internet usage, cultural issues, perceived stress and coping mechanisms in relationship with internet usage level, can give us a better understanding of internet usage and of its health impact in academic youth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Over 40% of Taiwanese College students experience sleep problems that not only impair their quality of life but also contribute to psychosomatic disorders. Of all the factors affecting the sleep quality, internet surfing is among one of the most prevalent. Female college students are more vulnerable to internet-associated sleep disorders than their male counterparts. Therefore, this study aims to investigate (1) the relationship between internet addiction and sleep quality, and (2) whether significant variations in sleep quality exist among students with different degrees of internet use. Methods: This structured questionnaire-based cross-sectional study enrolled students from a technical institute in southern Taiwan. The questionnaire collected information on the following three aspects: (1) demography, (2) sleep quality with Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), and (3) severity of internet addiction using a 20-item Internet Addiction Test (IAT). Multiple regression analysis was performed to examine the correlation between PSQI and IAT scores among the participants. Logistic analysis was used to determine the significance of association between PSQI and IAT scores. Results: In total, 503 female students were recruited (mean age 17.05 ± 1.34). After controlling for age, body mass index, smoking and drinking habits, religion, and habitual use of smartphone before sleep, internet addiction was found to be significantly associated with subjective sleep quality, sleep latency, sleep duration, sleep disturbance, use of sleep medication, and daytime dysfunction. Worse quality of sleep as reflected by PSQI was noted in students with moderate and severe degrees of internet addiction compared to those with mild or no internet addiction. Logistic regression analysis of the association between scores on IAT and sleep quality, demonstrated significant correlations between quality of sleep and total IAT scores (odds ratio = 1.05:1.03 ∼ 1.06, p < 0.01). Conclusion: The results of this study demonstrated significant negative association between the degree of internet addiction and sleep quality, providing reference for educational institutes to minimize adverse effects associated with internet use and improve students' sleep quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays, excessive use of the Internet and addiction to it became constant concerns among researchers. The proliferation of this research stream came along with a constant need for valid operationalizations. Our study aimed to test the psychometric properties of the Internet Addiction Test (IAT) on a Romanian sample (n = 421 students). Exploratory factor analysis revealed a two-factor solution: Mental Disorder (α =.78); Time Management Disorder (α =.79). Also, the overall IAT had good reliability (α =.86). Confirmatory factor analysis supported the factorial structure and through multigroup comparisons revealed that the instrument is invariant across genders. Further proofs in support of the IAT's validity were given by the significant associations with social anxiety, social support, and dissociation. Moreover, each scale and also the overall IAT score correlated positively with participants' self-reported time spent online (both during a week's working days and during weekends), and the time spent on the Facebook messenger smartphone application. The study showed that the Romanian version of the IAT has promising psychometric properties and can be successfully used in research regarding excessive Internet use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study is to examine the loneliness and Internet addiction levels of college students in terms of demographic variables and to determine the variables that predict their Internet addiction level. Data were collected from college students studying at a public university in Turkey. The UCLA Loneliness Scale Version3 and Internet Addiction Test (IAT) were used as the data collection tools. College students were delivered an online survey and at the end 489 college students were voluntarily participated in the study. This survey study employed independent sample t-tests, ANOVA tests, correlation and multiple regression tests for data analysis. The results show that younger participants felt significantly more loneliness than older participants; similarly, students in lower classes felt more alone than those in upper classes. In terms of addiction, it is seen that the frequent use of computers, smartphones and social media increases the Internet addiction level of students. The study suggests a significant correlation between loneliness, Internet addiction, age, and Cumulative Grade Point Average (CGPA). Additionally, loneliness and CGPA significantly predict Internet addiction. This study may be important in terms of determining the psychological variables affecting today's increasing technology addiction (internet, smart phone, etc.). Thus, determining the effect of the level of loneliness of young people on internet addiction may be effective in terms of preventing this addiction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • We assessed psychometric properties of Internet Addiction Scale in Urdu. • We found 4 factors which were named; salience, conflict, tolerance and mood modification. • These factors showed strong correlation among them. • We found Young's IAT to be psychometrically sound for measuring internet addiction among Urdu speaking population. Abstract Internet Addiction Disorder is characterized by excessive or poorly controlled obsessions, cravings, or manners regarding Internet use that lead to real life conflicts. In this study assessed psychometric properties of Internet Addiction Scale in Urdu. Data were collected from 506 participants and were analyzed using SPSS v23. We found 4 factors which were named; salience, conflict, tolerance and mood modification. These factors showed strong correlation among them. Further the items in the factors are comparable to other studies. The IAT was found to be psychometrically sound for measuring internet addiction among Urdu speaking population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: During pandemic, as schooling moved online, it also increased adolescent internet use for non-academic purposes. Literature suggests that excessive internet use have been linked to emotional and behavioral issues. Hence, this study aims to assess the association of emotional and behavioral difficulties with problematic internet use among adolescents Methods: Using multi-stage sampling, 935 adolescents were recruited from schools. Data was collected online and offline through administering following surveys over 5-month period from October 2021-January2022: Socio-demographic sheet, Technology Use Datasheet, Internet Addiction Test (IAT), & Strength and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ). Results: The participants comprised of 24% male and 76% female, age range from 12 to 19 years, with a mean age and standard deviation of 15 and 1.5, respectively. According to IAT scores, 0.9% had severe addiction, 10% had moderate level of addiction, 18% mild addiction and 71% had no addiction at all. Among the participants who struggled with internet addiction, 42% showed emotional symptoms, 44% displayed hyperactivity, 41% had troubles with their peers, and 50% had conduct problems. Additionally, the SDQ's 'Total Difficulty Score' indicated that most internet addict participants (about 80%) had emotional and behavioral challenges. Also, the participants' scores on the SDQ scale's sub-domains for emotional symptoms, hyperactivity, conduct and Total Difficulties all showed a moderate level of positive correlation with their scores on internet addiction. Conclusion: The study suggests the necessity of designing intervention that strengthens adolescents' resilience to assist them cope with emotional and behavioral issues and lower their likelihood of internet addiction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Internet addiction is an emergent problem; yet, both a strong conception of the factors precipitating challenging activities and a gold standard tool for evaluating symptoms are deficient. The aim of this study was to carry out a psychometric analysis using the most commonly employed screening tool, the young Internet Addiction Test (IAT), comprising a sample of Lebanese University medical students. Two hundred and fifty-six undergraduate medical students from a university in Beirut, Lebanon were included in our IAT. Exploratory factor analysis was employed, and four factors were extracted. These four factors were named as Lack of Control, Social Withdrawal and Emotional Conflict, Time Management Problems, and Concealing Problematic Behavior. Furthermore, the selected factors explained 56.5% of the total variance. Cronbach's alpha coefficient for the internal reliability of the scale was found to be 0.91. For each subscale, the internal consistency score was approximated and detected as 0.76, 0.74, 0.69, and 0.63 for the first through fourth factor, respectively. Item total correlations were calculated and had a value range from 0.37 to 0.63 for the 20 items. IAT is a proper tool for evaluating internet addiction in Lebanese college students.

With the development of the Internet, an increasing number of adolescents play online game excessively, which leads to adverse effects on individuals and society. Previous studies have demonstrated altered gray-matter volume (GMV) in individuals with Internet gaming disorder (IGD), but the relationship between the tendency to IGD and the GMV across whole brain is still unclear in adolescents. In the present study, anatomical imaging with high resolution was performed on 67 male adolescents who played online game; and Young’s Internet addiction test (IAT) was conducted to test the tendency to IGD. FMRIB Software Library (FSL) was used to calculate the voxel-based correlations between the GMV and the IAT score after controlling for the age and years of education. The GMVs of the bilateral postcentral gyri (postCG), the bilateral precentral gyri (preCG), the right precuneus, the left posterior midcingulate cortex (pMCC), the left inferior parietal lobe (IPL), and the right middle frontal gyrus (MFG) were negatively correlated with the IAT score. The correlation still existed between the IAT score and the GMVs of the bilateral postCG, the left preCG, the left pMCC, and the right MFG after controlling for the total time of playing online game. When the participants were divided into two groups according to the IAT score, the GMVs of these IAT-related brain regions were lower in high IAT score subgroup (IAT score >50) than in low IAT score subgroup (IAT score ≤50). Our results suggested that the GMVs of brain regions involved in sensorimotor process and cognitive control were associated with the IGD tendency. These findings may lead to new targets for preventing and treating the IGD.

Internet addiction is a clinical phenomenon that has raised concerns about the addictive properties of the new information and communication technologies (ICTs). The study aimed to transculturally adapt Young's Internet Addiction Test (1998) and to assess its previously proposed factor structures. Given the test's antiquity, the study also aimed to develop a brief and valid version of it with good psychometric properties. The sample consisted of 425 participants between the ages of 18 and 68 years. Through a series of confirmatory factor analyses, none of the previously proposed factor structures achieved a good level of fitness to the data. A brief version of the instrument with two theoretically oriented dimensions was developed through a content analysis. The proposed structure achieved a good level of internal consistency and fitness to the data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Internet use has increased rapidly over the past 20 years, accompanied by a growing number of individuals whose Internet use has adverse effects on their lives. Yet no study to date has administered the Young's Internet Addiction Test (IAT) in the United States, nor has the reliability been assessed in a U.S. population. Thus, we aimed to: (a) assess the reliability of the instrument and (b) examine sociodemographic characteristics associated with the Internet addiction score. Participants included young adults 21–28 years of age, the third generation of a 50-year longitudinal cohort, the New England Family Study. The mean weighted kappa across all 20 items of the instrument was 0.45 and the median was 0.46. To examine correlates of the addiction score, we examined age, gender, race/ethnicity, education, partnership status, employment, social support, and depression diagnosis. In the fully adjusted model, those with social support had −3.96 (95% CI: −6.52 to −1.41) lower Internet addiction scores on average compared to those without social support. Also, those with a depression diagnosis had 3.28 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.03–5.84) higher Internet addiction scores on average compared to those without a depression diagnosis. Study findings suggest that Young's IAT had good reliability in a U.S. young adult population. Therefore, this measure can be a useful tool to measure Internet addiction in young adult populations in the United States. Future studies should examine the potential benefits of social support and depression treatment in Internet addiction among young adults in the United States. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Internet addiction is an increasingly worrying phenomena affecting people globally especially the youths. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of internet addiction among undergraduate students in a Malaysian public university and its associated factors. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study involving 322 undergraduate students, identified through cluster sampling was conducted using a pretested, self-administered questionnaire. The questionnaire includes socio-demography, use of information technology gadgets and internet usage. Internet Addiction test (IAT) was used to identify internet addiction. Data was analysed using SPSS version 22. Results: From 322 respondents, 25 (7.8%) were categorised as addictive internet users, while 182 (56.5%) were problematic internet users. The commonest online activity includes social networking (86.6%), entertainment (77.3%) and educational purposes (77.0%). From multivariate analysis, problematic and addictive internet use was significantly more common among male students (AOR=2.47, 95% CI [1.43, 4.26]), those who received study loan (AOR=1.93, 95% CI [1.10, 3.39]) and other types of funding (AOR=3.95, 95% CI [1.59, 9.80]) compared to those on scholarships, and those who spent between four to ten hours a day accessing the Internet (AOR=2.43, 95% CI [1.13, 5.23]) compared to those using the Internet for two hours or less a day. Conclusion: The prevalence of problematic and addictive internet use among respondents were higher compared to previous researches among Malaysian adolescents. It is recommended that an awareness programme on responsible use of the internet be conducted to prevent students from becoming addicted which may impact negatively on their educational performance and social life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article performs a systemic review of psychometric properties of Internet Addiction Test (IAT)--the most widely used tool for assessing Internet addiction in clinic and research field. Studies measuring psychometric properties of IAT (original version) were searched through MEDLINE, The Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), PsycINFO, and Embase. A total of 25 studies including 18,421 subjects were reviewed in our study. Based on meta-analysis for internal consistency, the pooled Cronbach's alpha coefficient from college/university students with a single department subgroup was 0.90 (95percent confidence interval [CI], 0.89-0.91), and that from middle-/high-school students (older than 15 years) subgroup was 0.93 (95 percent CI, 0.92-0.93). According to test-retest analysis, the pooled Spearman's correlation coefficient from college/university students with a single department subgroup was high at 0.83 (95 percent CI, 0.81-0.85), along with low publication bias. Convergent validity showed correlation coefficients of 0.62-0.84, as compared with major tools. For construct validity, the number of factors is believed to be 1-2, only considering studies that followed the guidelines. IAT appears to have acceptable internal consistency, test-retest reliability, and convergent validity in specific groups. To verify these values, well-designed evidence-based studies assessing psychometric properties of IAT across diverse populations are warranted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the development of the Internet, an increasing number of adolescents play online game excessively, which leads to adverse effects on individuals and society. Previous studies have demonstrated altered gray-matter volume (GMV) in individuals with Internet gaming disorder (IGD), but the relationship between the tendency to IGD and the GMV across whole brain is still unclear in adolescents. In the present study, anatomical imaging with high resolution was performed on 67 male adolescents who played online game; and Young's Internet addiction test (IAT) was conducted to test the tendency to IGD. FMRIB Software Library (FSL) was used to calculate the voxel-based correlations between the GMV and the IAT score after controlling for the age and years of education. The GMVs of the bilateral postcentral gyri (postCG), the bilateral precentral gyri (preCG), the right precuneus, the left posterior midcingulate cortex (pMCC), the left inferior parietal lobe (IPL), and the right middle frontal gyrus (MFG) were negatively correlated with the IAT score. The correlation still existed between the IAT score and the GMVs of the bilateral postCG, the left preCG, the left pMCC, and the right MFG after controlling for the total time of playing online game. When the participants were divided into two groups according to the IAT score, the GMVs of these IAT-related brain regions were lower in high IAT score subgroup (IAT score >50) than in low IAT score subgroup (IAT score ≤50). Our results suggested that the GMVs of brain regions involved in sensorimotor process and cognitive control were associated with the IGD tendency. These findings may lead to new targets for preventing and treating the IGD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

White matter (WM) integrity abnormalities had been reported in Internet gaming disorder (IGD). Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) tractography allows identification of WM tracts, potentially providing information about the integrity and organization of relevant underlying WM fiber tracts' architectures, which has been used to investigate the connectivity of cortical and subcortical structures in several brain disorders. Unfortunately, relatively little is known about the thoroughly circuit-level characterization of topological property changes of WM network with IGD. Sixteen right-hand adolescents with IGD participated in our study, according to the diagnostic criteria of IGD in DSM-5. Meanwhile, 16 age and gender-matched healthy controls were also enrolled. DTI tractography was employed to generate brain WM networks in IGD individuals and healthy controls. The 90 cortical and subcortical regions derived from AAL template were chosen as the nodes. The network parameters (i.e., Network strength, clustering coefficient, shortest path length, global efficiency, local efficiency, regional efficiency) were calculated and then correlated with the Internet addiction test (IAT) scores in IGD. IGD group showed decreased global efficiency, local efficiency and increased shortest path length. Further analysis revealed the reduced nodal efficiency in frontal cortex, anterior cingulate cortex and pallidium in IGD. In addition, the global efficiency of WM network was correlated with the IAT scores in IGD (r = -0.5927; p = 0.0155). We reported the abnormal topological organization of WM network in IGD and the association with the severity of IGD, which may provide new insights into the neural mechanism of IGD from WM network level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]