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Neurodevelopmental disorder, communication problems, and repetitive/stereotypic behaviour are all characteristics of autism, a severe developmental disorder. Even though the pathophysiological causes of autism are still unclear and contested in many cases, genetic and environmental factors (and their interactions) have been identified as contributing factors. While it is widely acknowledged that various factors can cause autism, environmental factors have received a great deal of attention recently. A large part of the international debate has focused on neurotoxins such as Lead, Iron, and Cadmium, with some arguing that these and other toxic metals have a role in the development of the condition. Methods: Between March and December 2020, the study is being performed in Iraq's Al-Anbar province. 75 autistic children and 20 volunteers children served as controls in the study, all of whom had confirmed DSM-V diagnoses. An atomic absorption spectrophotometer is used to test hair samples. Two heavy elements (Lead and Iron) and one trace element (Cadmium) are measured. The results are shown as significant high in Lead ,and Iron concentrations in Autistic compared with Control, and International Normal Value, more than Lead, and Iron considered as risk environment factor for ASD, While a cadmium concentration is expressed significant high in autism and slightly in control compare with International Normal Value, and considered no risk environmental factor in Iraqi populations. It could be due to the pollution of the Iraqi environment.

Globally, one fifth of individuals aged 15–24 are ‘not in employment, education or training’ (NEET). NEETs have become an increasingly important notion in international debate, although criticisms ...

The period following the Second World War saw much international debate around African marriage, especially practices believed by Western observers to be coercive, and the emergence of international instruments ostensibly designed to counter these practices. Drawing on feminist readings of governmentalities, this article explores United Nations debates around the 1956 Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery, the Slave Trade, and Institutions and Practices Similar to Slavery, and the 1962 Convention on Consent to Marriage, Minimum Age for Marriage and Registration of Marriages. Despite the United Nations’s preferred impression of benign universality, neither the international debates around forced and early marriage, nor the instruments they generated, were the product of neutral ‘expertise’. Rather, they represented attempts to reframe and govern marriage and the family through knowledge production. The interventions produced did not – and were not intended to – produce tangible benefits in the lives of African women and girls. Instead, they served political ends in the adversarial atmosphere of the decolonization and Cold War-era United Nations, and also represented continuities with earlier colonial ideas. In the creation of these discursive framings, African women’s voices were largely ignored, excluding them from debates that concerned them and minimizing their contributions to international ‘knowledge’.

O argumento do presente texto defende que o “Novo Brutalismo”, sendo indiscutivelmente um debate arquitetónico de origem britânica, era movido por um princípio universal: a adesão intelectual aos problemas do seu tempo. A luta contra o academicismo e o historicismo, a aceitação da realidade e das diferentes formas de cada cultura construir o seu habitat, e a crescente importância atribuída aos utilizadores da arquitetura, constituem pontos essenciais para a revisão dos modelos arquitetónicos levada a cabo no pós-guerra. Estes princípios despertam o interesse de uma nova geração de arquitetos portugueses cada vez mais crítica e atenta ao debate internacional, que os assimila por coincidência de interesses, mais do que por conexão ou influência direta. A metodologia adotada passa por recuperar alguns argumentos dos textos de 1955 e de 1966 do crítico Reyner Banham, o principal ideólogo do Novo Brutalismo, com particular incidência nas propostas dos arquitetos Alison e Peter Smithson e o seu papel no grupo Team 10. Após se introduzirem as origens e o contexto do debate, esboça-se o panorama da situação portuguesa nesses anos, com especial incidência na difusão da “novíssima” geração de arquitetos (sensivelmente, os nascidos entre finais de 1920 e inícios de 1930) por iniciativa da revista Arquitectura. Finalmente, apresentam-se os argumentos de dois representantes dessa geração —Nuno Portas e Pedro Vieira de Almeida— cuja relação com o brutalismo não reside em questões estéticas, de forma ou de tratamento das superfícies, mas sim em questões éticas, ou seja, de compromisso com a “utilidade social da arquitetura”. Num primeiro momento, expõe-se um debate em torno à habitação coletiva centrado em métodos e posições críticas, que se complementa num segundo momento com uma breve abordagem a uma obra de arquitetura na qual ambos têm responsabilidade. The argument of the present text argues that the "New Brutalism", being arguably an architectural debate of British origin, was driven by a universal principle: the intellectual adherence to the problems of its time. The struggle against academicism and historicism, the acceptance of reality and the different ways each culture builds its habitat, and the growing importance given to the users of architecture, are essential points for the post-war revision of architectural models. These principles have awakened the interest of a new generation of Portuguese architects that is increasingly critical and attentive to the international debate, assimilating them through coincidence of interests, rather than through direct connection or influence. The methodology adopted involves recovering some arguments from the 1955 and 1966 texts of the critic Reyner Banham, the main ideologue of New Brutalism, with particular focus on the proposals of the architects Alison and Peter Smithson and their role in the Team 10 group. After introducing the origins and context of the debate, the panorama of the Portuguese situation in those years is outlined, with special focus on the diffusion of the "brand new" generation of architects (roughly those born between the late 1920s and early 1930s) through the initiative of the magazine Arquitectura. Finally, we present the arguments of two representatives of this generation -Nuno Portas and Pedro Vieira de Almeida- whose relationship with brutalism does not lie in aesthetic questions, of form or surface treatment, but in ethical questions, i.e., their commitment to the "social utility of architecture. In a first moment, a debate around collective housing centered on methods and critical positions is exposed, which is complemented in a second moment with a brief approach to a work of architecture in which both have responsibility.

This article examines recent Italian historiography on welfare, with a particular focus on gender-oriented research. It relates recent Italian studies to the international debate, in order to identify acquisitions, open problems and perspectives. Its aim is to show how these studies could improve if a transnational and, broadly speaking, global approach was adopted, and it discusses a series of possible themes and issues to be addressed.

Food concerns practices with material and discursive effects on bodies, involving, at the same time, relations of power and care. The international debate has widely analysed food in terms of biopo...

In line with international debate, there is a discussion in Norway on developing teacher education by moving from a more experience-based to a research-based approach. This ongoing change presents ...

Once on the periphery of international debate, today small islands are seen by many as key to unlocking new ways of thinking about climate change and developing new practices of adaptation in the epoch of the Anthropocene. These approaches differ starkly from modernist, linear, causal frameworks that construct islands as vulnerable objects that require ‘saving’ or ‘protecting’. Instead, islands become instruments of productive knowledge, laboratories for investigation and learning, fundamental to an alternative, correlational, epistemology. In analysing these approaches, we take the prolific trope of islands as the ‘canaries in the coalmine’ in order to draw out the ontological implications of instrumentalising islands as ‘correlational machines’ in the Anthropocene. We raise fundamental problems with this literal instrumentalisation of islands and islanders, drawing out how these logics reduce island life to merely sensing and attuning to the co-relational entanglements of the Anthropocene, rather than offering higher normative aspirations for political change.

A decretação de emergência tem sido uma prática recorrente da administração pública, a qual anuncia a existência de uma crise não manejável dentro das rotinas de gestão. Tal anúncio gera um lastro legal para a alteração do modo de captação e utilização dos recursos públicos bem como do tipo de relação sociopolítica entre a autoridade governamental e os cidadãos. Quando a decretação de emergência deixa de ser uma prática excepcional e se normaliza, a despeito de quais sejam os desastres que a justifiquem, abre-se uma preocupante brecha passível de ameaçar os pilares da vida democrática. Este ensaio sociológico focaliza a problemática acima analisando os principais aspectos salientados no debate internacional no assunto e ilustra com aspectos da dinâmica de desastres no Brasil. Os resultados apontam para os riscos que os dispositivos legais de emergência oferecem como mecanismo tríptico – ético, prático e lógico-operativo – passível de reorientar as instituições públicas para finalidades antidemocráticas.

Due to the innovative possibilities of digital technologies, the issue of increasing automation is once again on the agenda – and not only in the industry, but also in other branches and sectors of contemporary societies. Although public and scientific discussions about automation seem to raise relevant questions of the “old” debate, such as the replacement of human labor by introducing new technologies, the authors focus here on the new contextual quality of these questions. The debate should rethink the relationship between technology and work with regard to quantitative and qualitative changes in work. In this article, our example will be the introduction of automation in industry, which has been reflected in the widely recognized study by Frey and Osborne in 2013. They estimated the expected impacts of future computerization on US labor market outcomes as very high, specifically regarding the number of jobs at risk. Surprisingly, this study was the starting point of an intensive international debate on the impact of technologies on the future of work and the role of technological change in working environments. Thus, according to the authors, “old” questions remain important, but they should be reinterpreted for “new” societal demands and expectations of future models of work.Keywords: automation, technical unemployment, transformation of work, new models of work***Em virtude das possibilidades de inovação colocadas pelas tecnologias digitais, vem crescendo o debate sobre o aumento da automação – não apenas na indústria, mas também em outros ramos e setores das sociedades contemporâneas. Embora os debates público e científico sobre automação pareçam focar questões relevantes do “antigo” debate, como a substituição do trabalho humano pela introdução de novas tecnologias, os autores concentram-se, aqui, no novo aspecto contextual dessas questões. O debate precisa repensar a relação entre tecnologia e trabalho no que concerne às mudanças quantitativas e qualitativas no trabalho. Neste artigo, nosso exemplo será a introdução da automação na indústria, que se refletiu no estudo amplamente reconhecido de Frey e Osborne, de 2013. Eles estimaram impactos profundos da futura informatização sobre os desfechos do mercado de trabalho dos EUA, particularmente em relação ao número de empregos em risco. Surpreendentemente, este estudo foi o ponto de partida para um intenso debate internacional sobre o impacto das tecnologias no futuro do trabalho e o papel da mudança tecnológica nos ambientes de trabalho. Assim, de acordo com os autores, embora as “velhas” questões permaneçam importantes, elas devem ser reinterpretadas considerando as “novas” demandas sociais e expectativas de modelos futuros de trabalho.Palavras-chave: automação, desemprego técnico, transformação do trabalho, novos modelos de trabalho.

In recent years, the concept of ‘worldview’ has resurfaced into the forefront of the international debate among scholars of religious education. With this study, we aim to contribute to the discuss...

Background: This study adds to the international debate about the relationship between job satisfaction, non-nursing tasks and nursing tasks left undone andby assessing the variables at practical nurses and hospital unit level. This research aimed to explore the relationship between job satisfaction, non-nursing tasks and nursing tasks left undone among nurses at Zagazig University hospitals in Egypt. Subject and methods: A descriptive methodological design was used. The sample size was (320) staff nurses. A self-administered survey questionnaire was used to collectdata used for this research, Three tools were used: Tool I: It encompassed two major parts ; part one) Demographic characteristics of the nurses; Part two) Job satisfaction survey; Tool II: Non - nursing tasks scale; Tool III: Nursing tasks left undone scale. Results: more than half of the nurses were neutral meanwhile there was a low level of nurse job satisfaction. five non-nursing tasks were greatest frequently conducted by the studied nurses. There were nursing tasks left undone by the studied nurses. There was no a statistically significant difference between the studied nurses' job satisfaction and their work in non–nursing tasks, along with nurses' job satisfaction, and their tasks left undone. Conclusions: nurses were less satisfied with their job; the nurses often perform non-nursing tasks and leave some essential nursing tasks undone. there was a high statistically significant positive correlation between studied nurses' non–nursing tasks, and their nursing tasks left undone. While there were no significant correlations between studied nurses' job satisfaction, and their non–nursing tasks, into the bargain; nurses' job satisfaction, and their nursing tasks were left undone. Recommendation: Nurse managers at Zagazig University Hospitals should develop and implement strategies to improve job satisfaction levels for nurses. Work environments should be structured to minimize nurses' performance of non-nursing tasks; this is in the form of allocating adequate and efficient support services to get rid of their workload. This in turn decreases the frequency of nursing tasks left undone by them

An interesting international debate has been developed over the past 10 years (the last decade) surrounding the surgical procedure for recurrent anteroinferior instability and a definitive consensus is lacking on the factors which favor one technique over another, especially when bone loss is present (soft tissue vs. bone block). Glenoid bone loss is commonly observed in the shoulder with anterior instability, and it is difficult to evaluate the shape of the glenoid using plain radiograph, therefore, computed tomography or intraoperative observation is recommended for accurate assessment of glenoid bone loss and Hill-Sachs lesion. When we consider the bony defect of the glenoid as a risk factor for surgical failure, it is crucial to take into consideration the features of a concomitant Hill-Sachs lesion. However, all the previous reports focusing on the size of the Hill-Sachs lesion or on the glenoid bone loss in isolation, overlook the interaction of the 2 lesions through the arc of range of motion and how this may influence instability. The glenoid track is the first model to determine, in a dynamic way, how bone loss on both sides of the joint can lead to instability. The glenoid track is a zone of contact created by the glenoid on the humeral articular surface when the arm is moved along the end-range of motion (abduction and external rotation). The use of the glenoid track concept can potentially help guide surgical decision-making.

The increasingly severe environmental crisis has become one of the most important issues of international debate at present. The acceleration of environmental problems places considerable pressure on individuals, governments, and policymakers. Greenhouse gas emissions caused by fossil-based energy sources have made clean energy sources, such as renewable energy, a strategic choice. Although renewable energy is a key factor in mitigating environmental problems, analysis of its determinants has certain limitations. Despite studies that focus on macroeconomic and environmental determinants of renewable energy, political and institutional factors are neglected. Therefore, to fill the existing gap, the present study analyzes the connection between renewable energy and institutional quality in 38 countries during the period 1990–2015. Economic growth and CO2 emissions are included in the model as control variables. The findings of this study lead to the conclusion that the institutional quality positively affects renewable energy consumption in the long run. Furthermore, CO2 emission is a positive and important determinant of renewable energy consumption. However, economic growth negatively affects renewable energy. In this context, institutional quality is a key strategic choice in promoting the use of renewable energy and solving environmental problems.

In recent years, the issue of consent in relation to sexual offences on the island of Ireland has been brought to the foreground of international debate. In Northern Ireland, the ‘Rugby Rape Trial’...

A vivid regional and international debate on the significance of local politics and the respective actors came back to life after the Arab uprisings in 2011, which initiated decentralisation reform...

In delivering an argument, several things must be known, such as the theme, the purpose, and the content of the argument in a debate. Since debate demands critical thinking, debaters need to consider their words’ choice in delivering their argument. In that case, this research aims to analyze the uses of interactional metadiscourse markers that are applied in the Bloomberg International Debate. In doing the analysis, the writers used the descriptive method and proposed Hyland’s theory (2005). As the result of the research, it shows that the most speaker who is producing interactional metadiscourse markers is Ella Cox, followed by John Allan and then Ndidie Okezie and finally Auday and Rus Ma. Although there are three speakers in each team (both proposition and opposition), it seems that the third person on each team only as support and the one who then summarizes the result of the debate for each team. Further, related to the uses of interactional metadiscourse, the most used of the interactional dimension markers is self-mention, followed by booster, hedges, and booster.Keywords: Bloomberg, critical thinking, debate, interactional metadiscourse, metadiscourse markers

Primary Care Management has been a pivotal issue in the national and international debate in the last years GP National contract has been focused on the introduction of managerial, organizational and clinical tools since early 2000 The paper is aimed at analysing the first implications of the pandemic and the lessons learnt This not just as a milestone for other issues in the future but to manage the needs of elderly people, mainly chronic patients Copyright © FrancoAngeli

Euthanasia or assisted dying (EAD) remains a highly contentious issue internationally. Although polls report that a majority New Zealanders support EAD, there are concerns about the framing of the polling questions, and that those responding to the questions do not know enough about the situations described, the options available and the potential implications of EAD policy. One way to address these concerns is through a citizens' jury, which is a method of learning how a group of people view an issue following informed deliberation. This citizens' jury was conducted to learn whether a group of 15 New Zealanders thought the law should be changed to allow some form of EAD and the reasons for their view, having been informed about the issue, heard arguments for and against, and having deliberated together. The jury met for two and a half days. They did not reach a consensus, but become polarized in their positions, with several changing their positions to either strong opposition or strong support. The reasons why people support or oppose EAD were not reducible to particular principles or arguments, but reflected an integrated assessment of a range of considerations, informed by personal priorities and experiences. These results suggest that views on EAD may change in response to informed deliberation that the EAD debate involves a range of value judgments and is not likely to be resolved through deliberation alone. These results may inform international debate on EAD policy.

The three-part German television drama Generation War (2013) created a national and subsequently international debate about the past and present of wartime memories. While these discussions were framed nationally as intergenerational dialogue, in the context of a unified Europe that is still struggling with its own self-perception and identity, the framework of international disputes about interpretation of the war was marked by conflicting memories. As a result, and within the increasingly interdependent network of popular television, transnational media and conflicting European memories, Generation War became a televised conflict zone. This article analyses the film as a historical event movie that borrows central aspects from the docudrama genre. It argues that the extra-textual dimension of such programmes is gaining more and more importance for creating resonance effects and thereby also delineates a model of media resonance that reflects the mainly overlooked role that resonance plays with regard to memory processes.

Zusammenfassung Warum sind aber Arbeitgeber in einigen Landern bereit, sich an Weiterbildungsmasnahmen ihrer Mitarbeiter zu beteiligen, wahrend dies in anderen Landern nicht der Fall ist? In diesem Artikel wird die tarifvertragliche Abdeckung als zentraler Mechanismus hierfur herausgearbeitet: Einerseits intendiert, durch vertraglich geregelte Weiterbildungsmasnahmen, und anderseits unintendiert, durch die Angleichung von Lohnen zwischen Firmen. Mithilfe von Mehrebenenregressionsanalysen auf Basis von Daten des European Social Survey kann gezeigt werden, dass Tarifvertrage einen postiven Effekt auf die Finanzierungsbeteiligung von Arbeitgebern haben, sowie auf individuelle Teilnahmen. Diese Ergebnisse legen nahe, dass institutionelle Faktoren gewichtige Einflussgrosen in Erklarungen von Firmeninvestitionen und Weiterbildungsbeteiligung sind. In einer abschliesenden Diskussion werden diese Funde im Kontext der internationalen Debatte um die Dezentralisierung korporatistischer Arrangements besprochen. Schlagworter: Industrielle Beziehung, Tarifvertrag, Humankapital, Lohnstruktur, Mehrebenenregression ----- The Political Economy of Further Training: The Impact of Collective Bargaining Contracts on Employer Investments and Participation Abstract Why are employers in some countries willing to pay for further training of their employees, but not in other countries. In this article, it is argued that the central mechanism for this is collective bargaining coverage. On the one hand, intentionally through contractual regulations regarding further training. On the other hand, unintentionally through equalization of wages between companies. Using multilevel-regression based on data from the European Social Survey, results indicate a positive effect of collective bargaining coverage on employer’s willingness to pay for further training, as well as on participation in further training. These results suggest institutions are significant factors in explanations of firm investments into skills and further training. In a concluding discussion, findings are reviewed in the context of the international debate about decentralization of corporatist arrangements. Keywords: industrial relations, collective bargaining contract, human capital, wage structure, multilevel regression ----- Bibliopgraphie: Andersen, Florian: Die Politische Okonomie Beruflicher Weiterbildung: Der Einfluss von Tarifvertragen auf Arbeitgeberinvestitionen und Teilnahmequoten, DNGPS Working Paper, 2020, S. 1-22. https://doi.org/10.3224/dngps.v6i1.01

The aim of our paper is to analyze the role that a properly reformed public sociology can play in enhancing the perspective of southern European societies. The paper is organized in three parts. In the first part, we summarize the main aspects of Burawoy’s proposal, while in the second part we will focus on three dimensions (communication, ethical-political and epistemological dimensions), detecting the fundamental dualism that runs through them and which we will try to clarify. In the third part we emphasize the substantial analogy of the three forms of dualism that characterize Burawoy’s proposal and suggest hypotheses of the solutions that have been promoted in the international debate; we will introduce our work in progress hypothesis of solution in accordance with the solution proposed for the epistemological dimension.

This contribution to the sociology of food security as a globalised public issue highlights the importance of instruments of proof that underlie discourses on related matters. This article addresses the issue of the economic models that are used in the definition of the futures of food security. Through these models, the food security issue is centred on neo-liberal options which systematically and closely connect agricultural productivity and international agricultural trade. Over the last ten years, we have been witnessing the development of new kinds of foresight which construct alternative scenarios. Agrimonde (2008-2010) is one of them. This article highlights how this foresight attempts to open up the debate in instituted networks dedicated to food security in which economic models – and the International Model for Policy Analysis of Agricultural Commodities and Trade (IMPACT) model developed by IFPRI1in particular – exert a strong influence. Furthermore, it examines the way in which Agrimonde’s construction principles and its underlying axiology engage in a critique of economic models. The Agrimonde approach also includes the mobilisation of the strategic resources required to perform the international debate and to raise the visibility of alternative conceptions of food security.

RESUMO:O artigo propõe a análise da centralidade da terminologia “Direitos humanos para corporações transnacionais e outras empresas” adotada pela Organização das Nações Unidas - ONU, que renova os programas de regulação social. Esta terminologia pode ser considerada, no debate internacional, uma tentativa para superar e atualizar a difusão do lema “responsabilidade social” desde o final da década de 1990. Nos interessa fazer emergir sob quais proposições se estruturam e disseminam novas modalidades para corrigir as denúncias de violação dos direitos dos trabalhadores. As recentes metodologias de controle e de regulação social das empresas transnacionais se realizam sobretudo pela presença direta e ativa dos sindicatos dos trabalhadores em suas diferenciadas bases territoriais (local, nacional, global), introduzindo processos de diálogo social transnacional. ABSTRACT:The paper presents the analysis of the centrality of the UN terminology “Human rights for transnational corporations and other businesses,” renewing the programs of social regulation.This terminology can be considered, in the international debate, an attempt to overcome and update the diffusion of the slogan of “social responsibility” since the late 1990s. We are interested to emerge in which propositions are structured and disseminate new ways to address the complaints of violations of workers’ rights. Recent methodologies for control and social regulation of transnational corporations are held mainly by direct and active presence of labor unions in their different territorial base (local, national, global), introducing transnational social dialogue processes.

At a time of international debate about the value of tropical peatlands in Malaysia and Indonesia, this paper explores continuities and changes in colonial representations of peatlands over time. The principal aim is to understand how arguments for both development and conservation are framed and expressed in relation to wider narratives about the suitability or unsuitability of tropical peatlands for commercial development. Of particular interest is the ways in which scientific findings (both for and against peatlands development) are communicated in popular media. The substantive focus of the paper is Malaysian media; we undertake a qualitative content analysis of representations of tropical peatlands in English-language Malaysian media over a 20-year period. Close attention to a particular form of linguistic expression, namely textual metaphor, emerged from a combination of secondary reading and the evident presence of different metaphors within the data set itself. Informed by relevant studies, these are classified as ontological, cybernetic, organic and aquatic. As well as differences, we find similar metaphorical expressions criss-crossing lines of debate. Land container (ontological) metaphors that envision tropical peatlands as receptacles of economically valuable natural resources are by far the most common. We conclude that market-centred conservation is the principle alternative to mainstream, extractive development in Malaysia (as elsewhere). At a time when the value of peatlands is expressed mainly in terms of economic use and exchange value, the circulation of counternarratives that emphasise intrinsic and/or future value thus remain equally crucial.

The ageing of the countries’ populations, and in particular the growing number of the very old, is increasing the need for long-term care (LTC). Not surprisingly, therefore, the financing of LTC systems has become a crucial topic across the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). In the last three decades, various financing policies have been carried out in different countries and the related international debate has grown. The latter has so far focused mostly on the different alternatives to collect economic resources to pay for care. The international debate needs now to focus also on other issues, so far less discussed. One is the politics of LTC: the degree and nature of the political interest in LTC, that affects the size and profile of public financing. The other is resource allocation: how different services and benefits are distributed among people with different care needs, that determines if resources made available are optimized. If we do not pay more attention to these issues – inextricably connected to policies aimed to collect funds – our understanding of LTC financing will remain inevitably limited.

The international debate about trade imbalances often puts the focus on the role of domestic GDP/foreign GDP and the role of real exchange rate changes – with respect to the latter adjustment channel, the standard question is whether or not the Marshall-Lerner condition is fulfilled. While recent trade literature has focused on exchange rate pass-through the role of FDI has not been much discussed. With outward foreign direct investment (FDI) and inward FDI becoming increasingly important, the question about the real exchange rate impact on the trade balance has to be restated as imports are proportionate to real gross national income and this indeed implies a new Marshall-Lerner condition. It is shown that with outward cumulated FDI, the modified condition is stricter than the traditional case and with both outward FDI and inward FDI, the elasticity requirement is ambiguous. “FDI globalization” might go along with unpleasant trade imbalance problems so that additional empirical research is needed as well as stronger international policy cooperation as high trade balance deficits/high trade balance surplus positions could be rather difficult to correct through exchange rate adjustments only. Looking at the import elasticities for all partner countries of the US – or country x – together is quite misleading for policymakers.

Del debate internacional surgen dos hipótesis sobre el origen del maltrato a la mujer en la pareja :1)la "benigna", que considera que éste siempre ha existido e incluso en mayor medida, y la diferencia es que actualmente las mujeres se muestran más dispuestas a denunciar y 2)la de la "escalada" subraya que el cambio de rol social de las mujeres y su proceso de empoderamiento incrementa la violencia masculina, por las dificultades de ciertos varones para adaptarse y tratar a sus compañeras de igual a igual, renunciando a sus ancestrales privilegios de género, y por tanto, al dominio y control sobre la vida de ellas. Probablemente ambas hipótesis son ciertas y conocer los datos es importante, pero lo urgente entre otras medidas, es educar a hombres y mujeres, niños y niñas,sobre Derechos Humanos y leyes sobre la Igualdad de Género y publicitar las Instituciones que protegen a las mujeres para tener acceso a una vida libre de violencia.

Tractor overturns are a major cause of death in agriculture. Many variables are involved. The Roll-Over Protective Structure (ROPS) has been invented to minimise the risks of driver injuries in a tractor overturn. Narrow-track tractors for orchard and vineyard operations are mainly available with two different ROPS types: an enclosed cab frequently fitted with filters and air-conditioning system or a simple two post ROPS designed to be folded down to allow the tractor to operate in a reduced surrounding space. Concerning stability, the tractor lateral stability angle is the result of the tractor configuration and its position with respect to the ground slope. The aim of the paper was to study the effect of ROPS type on tractor stability performance. The tractor stability parameters were evaluated on 22 modern narrow-track tractors measuring mass, track-width, wheelbase, Centre of Gravity (CoG) and Moments of Inertia (MoI). The evaluation considered pairs of tractors equipped with two post ROPS and cab ROPS. In the design of compact narrow-track tractors the cab fitment keeps the wheelbase and track-width of the tractor unchanged with respect to the front foldable ROPS but affects the mass, position of the CoG and longitudinal and transversal MoI. Data show an increase in tractor mass and higher CoG and MoI for the cab fitment with respect to the two post ROPS. A recent international debate on the safety performance of two post ROPS was consequent to the incorrect use of the foldable ROPS in field operations. Cab ROPS is thus often claimed to provide higher protection to the driver. This investigation denotes that on sloping fields narrow-track tractors fitted with a cab ROPS reach the lateral unstable state at a lower angle than two post ROPS tractors; consequently, the stability performance of the tractor worsens.

In this chapter, I argue that in translating ethical principles for digital technologies into ethical practices, even the best efforts may be undermined by some unethical risks. Five of them are already encountered or foreseeable in the international debate about digital ethics: (1) ethics shopping; (2) ethics bluewashing; (3) ethics lobbying; (4) ethics dumping; and (5) ethics shirking.

The international debate on public sociology has failed to increase our understanding of how we might engage with new publics, particularly potential research publics. Parallel literatures exploring over-research, research fatigue, non-response and public (mis)understanding of sociology can shed light on how underlying boundary disciplinary issues might influence willingness to participate in sociological research. This article explores the case study of parents of people with Rett syndrome, an over-researched group at the centre of competing research discourses following a breakthrough in genetic research. Data from a wider study was used to explore reasons for research participation, non-participation and dropout, including interviews ( n = 20) and a brief survey about reasons for non-response ( n = 58). An individualist perspective led to interpretations of social interventions as stigmatising and refusal to participate. Parent activists fundraising for and promoting genetic research challenged notions of voluntary groups as being receptive to organic public sociology. While individual benefits were experienced, there were signs of research fatigue from multiple approaches. Finally, the close link between social activism and research participation increased the risk of unwitting exploitation, an issue of concern for organic public sociology.

The International Estimated Short-Term Intake IESTI equations are used during the establishment of Codex Maximum Residue Limits. A recent proposal to revise the equations sparked international debate regarding selection of residue inputs and the appropriate level of consumer protection. The 49th Codex Committee on Pesticide Residues meeting recommended benchmarking the IESTI equations against distributions of actual exposures. Using publicly available data and models, this work compares dietary exposures for strawberries, tomatoes, and apples at five levels of refinement to place these equations into context relative to real-world exposures. Case studies were based on availability of robust USDA PDP monitoring data, which is uniquely suited to refine dietary exposures for a population. Benchmarking dietary exposure involves several decision points. Alternate methodology choices are not expected to impact the large margins observed between the probabilistic estimates and the IESTI equations or to change the overall conclusion that existing IESTI equations are conservative and health-protective.

Occupation is now recognised as a human need and inextricably linked to the social determinants of health. From its beginnings where it was considered merely a concept of diversional activity, occupational engagement and its many facets is now embedded in global health delivery (WORLD…, 2019). The focus on community provision reflects the contextual philosophy of occupational therapy. The individualised targeting of care reflects the person centred philosophy and the focus on self management and readiness for change reflects the empowerment which is core to our profession. It is therefore of no surprise to the global profession of occupational therapy that health and social care determinants are now speaking our professions language.Between countries, we share the same philosophical assumptions but our translation of the delivery of our practice varies. We are therefore a global profession with similar values and beliefs but with differences in its political, cultural, historical background, and interpretation. Such differences have been recently echoed by Marilyn Pattison, President of World Federation of Occupational Therapists (WFOT). In her editorial she compares a country with a dominant medical model to a country with a dominant social model of disability. She recognises the success of each model of delivery for the service users resident in that country and the flexibility which the occupational therapy philosophy enables. She recognises that occupational therapists have adapted to each countries health system (PATTISON, 2018). These adaptations were likely aided by the common theories that guide our occupational therapy practice.The effects of the Bologna Declaration, signed in 1999 by the ministers of education of 45 European countries, point to the establishment of common standards and guidelines that can give parameters to the global processes of qualification and unification of curricula, double diplomacy, exchanges and cooperation among universities, international student and professional mobility (MANGIA; BREGALDA, 2018). In Occupational Therapy, this process has been coordinated by European institutions and organizations such as the Council of Occupational Therapists for the European Countries (COTEC) and the European Network of Occupational Therapy in Higher Education (ENOTHE). It seeks to build flexible and quality training proposals that are comparable across countries and capable of responding to global needs and changes. It also aims to develop local and international partnerships that promote and give visibility to Occupational Therapy (COUNCIL..., 2008; MANGIA; BREGALDA, 2018). The World Federation of Occupational Therapists similarly provides a key function in ensuring quality pre-registration occupational therapy programmes globally by producing Minimum Standards for the Education of Occupational Therapists and an important accreditation function (WORLD…., 2018a).The three authors of this editorial have had the privilege to critically analyse each others occupational therapy delivery in the context of their country’s’ health and social care provision (CAREY; CRUZ; LAYNE, 2019). Brazil, the United States of America-USA, and the United Kingdom have significant differences in their political structure and hence significant differences in their organisation of health, education, and social care provision. There are therefore differences in the translation of the occupational therapy philosophy.Practice differences are evident in the focus of employment settings for occupational therapy. Whilst a high percentage of occupational therapists are employed within mental health in the UK and Brazil, it is significantly less so in the USA, whereas paediatrics is significantly higher an employment setting in the United States of America than for the UK. Occupational therapy in the United States is historically rooted in mental health, however currently less than 3% of occupational therapists work in mental health in the USA (AMERICAN…, 2015). Over half of Occupational Therapists in the USA work within the primarily private medical model (AMERICAN…, 2015). Whereas in Brazil and UK it is more a health delivery (DRUMMOND; CRUZ, 2018). Particularly in Brazil, occupational therapists are becoming more engaged in addressing issues of social injustice through the field of social care and education to promote social changes. These occupational therapists understand occupation as a collective, influencing life through historical and social contexts (MUNGUBA; MALFITANO; LOPES, 2018). Galheigo et al. (2018) defines this proposed direction as a movement towards fields of knowledge and intervention of occupational therapy based in the sociopolitical context, the theoretical-conceptual discussion, and the goal for emancipatory actions.In education there are significant differences in the entry level qualification and also the regulation of assistants. Education standards vary from country to country (WESCOTT; WHITCOMBE, 2003) and whilst WFOT provides overarching standards, especially in terms of placement delivery, there remains vast pre-registration differences globally (WORLD…, 2018b). The United States of America in April 2019 has decided to maintain both masters and doctoral level entry whilst Brazil and UK maintain the degree level as a minimum. The regulation of occupational therapy assistants is established practice in the USA requiring an associate’s degree and licensure, whilst in the UK remain steadfast in the flexible delivery of assistants in the professional delivery. In Brazil there were occupational therapy assistants in the beginning of the profession mainly in psychiatric hospitals. Some of them remain employed doing this work in a few hospitals, however, this position tend to be extinct.Research in Occupational Therapy in Brazil started during the seventies when the first lectures started their masters and later doctorate degree (CRUZ, 2019).The majority of research in the area comes from public universities. There is one PhD Program and two masters specific in Occupational Therapy in Brazil. The Brazilian Journal of Occupational Therapy is the only one indexed internationally in Scopus and Web of Science research database (LOPES; CRUZ; MALFITANO, 2017).The UK has a strong tradition in occupational therapy research but wants to ensure increased embedding of research activity and therefore Royal College of Occupational Therapists is facilitating this by presently constructing the Vision, Strategy and Action Plan for Research and Development (ROYAL…, 2019). The British Journal of Occupational Therapy started publishing research articles in 1960’s but these were small scale, local projects (CRAIK, 2018) and it has now developed to a strategy of internationally relevant research and reviews. Craik (2018) attributes such a development to the introduction of degree qualifications in United Kingdom in 1990’s. The profession in United Kingdom is now seeing a significant growth in occupational therapists gaining post registration PhD in occupational therapy relevant studies.The American Occupational Therapy Association was founded in 1917. The first OT journal published in the USA was the Archives of Occupational Therapy in 1922 (AMERICAN…, 2017). Articles for this journal were primarily written by medical doctors and were mostly descriptive. The American Journal of Occupational Therapy, a peer-reviewed research journal dedicated to examining the efficacy of occupational therapy was first published 72 years ago in 1947. The American Occupational Therapy Foundation was established in 1965 to increase the knowledge and science of occupational therapy (AMERICAN…,2017). In the 1960s and 1970s, OT literature primarily focused on pediatric and psychiatric occupational therapy, with emerging articles regarding geriatric OT in the 1970s (DIRETTE, 2017). In the 1980s with increased focus on measurement validity and reliability, there was a shift in practice to the medical model (DIRETTE, 2017). In the 1990s there was an increase in qualitative and quantitative research by OTs with doctorate degrees and resulting improved evidence based practice (DIRETTE, 2017). In 2007 post baccalaureate entry level was mandatory for occupational therapists in the USA and standards were written for an entry level doctorate (AMERICAN…, 2017). In 2012, The Open Journal of Occupational Therapy was first published and the first publication of the Journal of Occupational Therapy Education was in 2017 in the USA. One hundred years worth of effort and dedication by occupational therapy practitioners, educators, and researchers was validated by an independent study which revealed that occupational therapy was the only spending category in which additional spending resulted in a decrease in hospital readmissions increasing the quality of life for the clients that we serve and reducing cost to healthcare payer sources (ROGERS et al., 2017).Whilst such similarities and differences are recognised, the question is whether such critical analysis is important for the development of the profession. Globalisation is considered a concept of an ever decreasing world (GIDDENS, 2001) and social media has achieved a transparency and connectedness to each others practice. Lee (2004, p. 158) described global health as “[…] complex patterns of interconnectedness […]”.Does such interconnective communication have the potential to improve the quality of each countries occupational therapy delivery?The three authors have gained much in their understanding of practice, education and research from their collaboration - an understanding of others’ perspectives of occupational therapy priorities, a respect for differences in emphasis and a more steadfast understanding of the occupational therapy philosophy which binds us.Recommendations, from our experience, for learning through globalised occupational therapy are: For students and practitioners:1. Seize opportunities for social networking with peers globally;2. Collaborate with others internationally to discuss the benefits and challenges of service provisionin their respective countries;3. Discuss global solutions to healthcare challenges;4. Consider opportunities for overseas placement and secondment practitioner opportunities;5. Initiate practitioner networking with similar specialisms globally.For Leaders and educators:1. Produce partnerships which enable coproductive teaching and learning delivery for tutors and students;2. Increase opportunities for visiting professorships in Higher Education;3. Create social networking opportunities to encourage shared learning opportunities;4. Share best practice through specialist area blog delivery;5. Utilise case study approach as vehicle for understanding similarities and differences of provision;6. Place value on global secondment opportunities;7. Get engaged in research projects to understand how OT Philosophy is presented in different countries;8. Initiate mentorship schemes internationally rather than solely nationally.In conclusion, appreciating the similarities and respecting the differences provides us with a depth of understanding to which we can enhance our own countries occupational therapy delivery. Helen CareyWrexham Glyndwr University, Wrexham, United Kingdom.Daniel Marinho Cezar da CruzWrexham Glyndwr University, Wrexham, United Kingdom.Universidade Federal de São Carlos – UFSCar, São Carlos, SP, Brasil.Kelly LayneUniversity of St. Augustine for Health Sciences, St. Augustine, Florida, United States of America.