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According to the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), the mortality rate due to brain tumors is 76%. It is required to detect the brain tumors as early as possible and to provide the patient with the required treatment to avoid any fatal situation. With the recent advancement in technology, it is possible to automatically detect the tumor from images such as Magnetic Resonance Iimaging (MRI) and computed tomography scans using a computer-aided design. Machine learning and deep learning techniques have gained significance among researchers in medical fields, especially Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN), due to their ability to analyze large amounts of complex image data and perform classification. The objective of this review article is to present an exhaustive study of techniques such as preprocessing, machine learning, and deep learning that have been adopted in the last 15 years and based on it to present a detailed comparative analysis. The challenges encountered by researchers in the past for tumor detection have been discussed along with the future scopes that can be taken by the researchers as the future work. Clinical challenges that are encountered have also been discussed, which are missing in existing review articles.

El objetivo de la presente disertación es comprender la agencia internacional de los Estados africanos a la luz de la teoría decolonial y del pensamiento panafricanista. Para lo cual se procurará: a) poner en cuestión la aplicabilidad y utilidad teórica de conceptos fundamentales de las teorías de las relaciones internacionales occidentales en África, por no ajustarse a dicha realidad; b) proponer un acercamiento teórico que enlace la praxis internacional africana con los intereses y valores de los actores estudiados; y, una vez hecho ello, c) poner a prueba tal enfoque con el accionar de la Unión Africana frente al Cambio Climático. O objetivo desta dissertação é compreender a agência internacional dos Estados africanos à luz da teoria descolonial e do pensamento pan-africanista. Para tal, serão envidados esforços no sentido de: a) questionar a aplicabilidade e utilidade teórica de conceitos fundamentais das teorias ocidentais de relações internacionais em África, uma vez que não se conformam com a referida realidade; b) propor uma abordagem teórica que articule a práxis internacional africana com os interesses e valores dos atores estudados; e, uma vez feito isso, c) testar tal abordagem com as ações da União Africana contra a Mudança Climática. The aim of this dissertation is to understand the international agency of African States in the light of decolonial theory and pan-Africanist thinking. To this end, efforts will be made to: a) question the applicability and theoretical usefulness of fundamental concepts of Western international relations theories in Africa, as they do not conform to said reality; b) propose a theoretical approach that links African international praxis with the interests and values of the actors studied; and, once this is done, c) test such an approach with the actions of the African Union against Climate Change.

Air pollutants are in the spotlight because the human body can easily be exposed to them. Among air pollutants, the particulate matter (PM) represents one of the most serious toxicants that can enter the human body through various exposure routes. PMs have various adverse effects and classified as severe carcinogen by International Agency for Research on Cancer. Their physical and chemical characteristics are distinguished by their size. In this review, we summarized the published information on the physicochemical characteristics and adverse effects of PMs on the skin, including carcinogenicity. Through comparisons of biological networks constructed from relationships discussed in the previous scientific publications, we show it is possible to predict skin cancers and other disorders from particle-size-specific signaling alterations of PM-responsive genes. Our review not only helps to grasp the biological association between ambient PMs and skin diseases including cancer, but also provides new approaches to interpret chemical-gene-disease associations regarding the adverse effects of these heterogeneous particles.

Now a days, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) in December 2020 states that Breast cancer is the number one common cancer around the world and it has surpassed lung cancer occurrence. WHO and IARC in 2020 have decided to join hands in eradicating or minimising deaths caused due to breast cancer by creating an awareness of breast health, early diagnosis and providing quality care to everyone in need. The occurrence of cancer has not gone down but doubled in the last 20 years. It was estimated to be 10 million in 2000 but has raised to an alarming 19.3 million in 2020. Currently it is projected that 20% of the world population will develop cancer. It is an utmost significant fact that Breast among other cancers can be cured if detected well in advance. The present study aimed to analyse the awareness about self- examination to find out the breast cancer among the female. The participants were patients and their relatives in a government hospital (n=100). Only, 24% of them had showed adequate knowledge on self-examination and 51% having known about it but, not on practicing. The remaining, 25% of even did not know about such a method. This study showed that the important of creating awareness among women, especially, on the illiterates.

According to the International Agency for Research on Cancer, there were an estimated 19,292,789 new cancer cases in various localizations and 9,958,133 cancer deaths worldwide in 2020. These frightening figures clearly show that malignancies among the population is a pressing matter. The risk of post-transplant malignancy in solid organ recipients is 2–6-times higher than in the general population. Given the steadily increasing number of solid organ transplants worldwide and the gradual increase in life expectancy among organ recipients, studying the issues concerning risk factors and development mechanisms becomes a crucial task.

Due to the successful centralization efforts of the beginning of the 2000s, Russian governors almost lost their domestic as well as international agency. However, there is still a considerable vari...

The main mission of the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC/WHO) is to conduct research for cancer prevention worldwide. The strategies of the IARC to reduce the occupational cancer burden include enhancing cancer surveillance, evaluating and classifying potential human carcinogens, and conducting epidemiological research to fill gaps in knowledge on occupationally related cancers. Beyond the IARC work, it is essential to systematically monitor occupational exposures in workplaces, in order to effectively protect workers. There are multiple sources of information about occupational exposures in workplaces, but they are often not used for hazard surveillance or for research. The Russian Federation has great potential to advance research and worker protection due to their strong tradition to monitor and record exposure concentrations in workplaces. Currently most evidence regarding occupational cancer burden comes from Western Europe and North America. Estimation of the burden of occupational cancer requires accurate data from local settings as extrapolating data from other settings may be misleading due to major differences in exposures, exposure pathways and baseline cancer risks. To fill this knowledge gap, it is important to conduct exposure surveillance and epidemiological studies on occupational cancer in the Russian Federation.

This work presents a review of the available experimental and theoretical data on the effects of electromagnetic radiation from the global mobile communications system (GSM) on a living organism. Radiation exposure has long been a problem for the public, health policymakers, and researchers. Recently, the effect of radiofrequency radiation on biological objects has increased significantly. In 2011, the International Agency for Research on Cancer reviewed the published literature and classified this type of radiation as a potent (group 2B) carcinogen for humans. To date, research results indicate a wide range of adverse effects on human health associated with radiation in the radio range. Of particular concern is the effects of this factor on reproductive function and the nervous system, particularly in children’s developing brains. Radiation from a cell phone, leaning against the head of a child, has a more detrimental effect on brain structures than in the case of an adult. Experimental studies also show men wearing cell phones in their trouser pockets lead to a significant decrease in sperm cells and the deterioration of mobility and morphology. Based on the accumulated evidence, we suggest Federal Service on Customers’ Rights Protection and Human Well-being Surveillance (Rospotrebnadzor) and Federal Agency for the Supervision in Education and Science (Rosobrnadzor) introduce control over the use of cell phones by children under 16 years of age and pregnant women and review the place of radiofrequency radiation in the systematics of hazardous environmental factors.

According to the reports of the World Health Organization and the International Agency for Research on Cancer, cancer is the second leading cause of human death worldwide. However, early-stage detection of cancers can efficiently enhance the chance of therapy and saving lives. Metabolomics strategies apply a variety of approaches to discover new potential diagnoses, prognoses, and/or therapeutic biomarkers of various diseases. Metabolomics aims to identify and measure different low-molecular-weight biomolecules in physiological environments. In these studies, special metabolites are extracted from biological samples and identified using analytical techniques. Afterward, using data processing programs discovering significantly associated biomarkers is pursued. In the present review, we aimed to discuss recently reported analytical approaches on the metabolomics studies of gastrointestinal cancers including gastric, colorectal, and esophageal cancers. The gas- and liquid-chromatography with different detectors have been shown that are the main analytical techniques and for metabolites quantification, nuclear magnetic resonance has been utilized as a master method.

Acrylamide is an amide-type organic compound formed by the reaction of asparagine with reducing sugars (Maillard reaction) and is classified as a probable human carcinogen (Group 2A) by the International Agency for Research on Cancer. Potato chips are one of the foods that contribute most to dietary acrylamide intake, and despite a significant reduction in recent years thanks to changes in frying methods, many commercial samples show concentrations above the levels recommended by the European Commission Regulation 2017/2158. In this work, a high correlation (P

What is already known about this topic? Benzene is classified as a Class I human carcinogen by the International Agency for Research on Cancer. Long-term exposure to benzene increases the risk of chronic benzene poisoning and leukemia. However, benzene is still widely used in the manufacturing industry. What is added by this report? The scale of enterprises most exposed to benzene was small enterprises, and joint-equity enterprises had the highest number that exceeded the permissible concentration-time weighted average. What are the implications for public health practice? It is still necessary to strengthen the monitoring of benzene concentrations in the manufacturing industry, especially in small enterprises. The occupational exposure limit of benzene should be appropriately reduced.

Objective There is little information about contributions of the well-known risk factors to the liver cancer burden. We conducted a comparative study to estimate the liver cancer burden attributable to major risk factors. Methods Liver cancer deaths for adults were estimated from 978 county-level surveillance points in China in 2014. Risk factors were identified from the International Agency for Research on Cancer and the World Cancer Research Fund International. Population attributable fraction (PAF) by age, sex, and province was calculated using multiple formulas. Results In total, 72.4% of liver cancer deaths could be attributable to the studied risk factors. Hepatitis B virus (HBV) was responsible for the largest fraction of liver cancer burden in both genders (PAF=55.6% in males, PAF=46.5% in females). PAFs for liver cancer burden attributable to smoking (15.7% vs. 4.8%), and alcohol drinking (10.3% vs. 1.6%) were significantly higher in males than in females. The burden of HBV-attributable deaths was the highest in Qinghai province. Conclusions HBV still contributes to the majority of liver cancer burden than any other risk factors. Targeted preventive measures should be implemented based on the degree of contributions of risk factors to liver cancer deaths.

Tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) is a brominated flame retardant that is used in a variety of consumer products such as electronic equipment, fire extinguishers, furniture, plastics, textiles, and kitchen hoods. Most studies show that the TBBPA production process and TBBPA in industrial and urban sewage waste result in extensive human exposure and environmental contamination. TBBPA can accumulate in organisms, particularly aquatic life, and is classified as a group 2A carcinogen (likely carcinogenic to humans) by the International Agency for Research on Cancer. This compound produces low acute toxicity, but chronic exposure may produce serious consequences. In this review, we focus on TBBPA toxicity by discussing results of various studies that were published in the last two decades. Studies show that TBBPA acts as an endocrine disruptor, causing neurobehavioral and immunotoxic effects, oxidative stress, and apoptosis. Although several experiments were performed in vitro and in vivo, human data are lacking, and thus, chronic toxic effects of TBBPA on humans are not well known, particularly in sensitive populations including pregnant women, newborns, children, and the elderly. Epidemiological studies that comprehensively assess TBBPA levels in biological fluids of different populations and in different pathological conditions are needed. Research on the impact of TBBPA, particularly regarding endocrine disorders and cancer, must also be performed.

Gasoline is the most common transportation fuel in Brazil, with up to 1% of benzene. Benzene is a health-damaging organic solvent that is extensively used worldwide, being classified as a human carcinogen by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (Group 1). Many workers at filling stations are exposed to benzene, present in gasoline. The main routes of exposure and absorption of benzene are inhalation, oral, and dermal routes. The penetration and maintenance of benzene and other chemicals on personal protective equipment and clothing of workers who manipulate these solvents may increase their levels of exposure and offer risks to their family members, since contaminated clothing is laundered at their homes, which goes against legislative framework (Annex 2, Regulatory Standard No. 9). This way, the objective of this work was to discuss the importance of periodic changes and cleaning of filling station attendant uniforms performed by employers as preventive measures against the deterioration of the health of workers and their family members. We performed a narrative review; no systematic criteria were used in the search for national and international studies. After critical reading, we observed a lack of consistent data on this theme. Laundering of uniforms worn by filling station attendants should take place outside the domestic environment in order to protect the health of workers and their family members and avoid possible cross-contamination.

Introduction: Fixation is the crucial step in the practice of diagnostic pathology. Formalin has been used as a general fixative for more than a century. The IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer) reported that there is a causal association between formalin exposure and leukemia and nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Hence this study was done to find an alternative fixative to minimize formalin exposure in histopathology laboratory. Materials and Methods: 100 specimens were fixed in 3 different minimal formalin containing compound fixatives composed of ethanol, glycerin, formalin (EFG fixatives)and hypotonic saline at fixation time of 10, 8 and 7 hours. The processed specimens were analyzed for fixation artifacts, staining characteristics and cytoarchitectural features and compared with conventional formalin fixation. Results: Cytoarchitectural features were well preserved as conventional formalin fixation in both EFG I and EFG II at 8 and 10 hours of fixation, and with inadequate fixation characters at 7 hours. EFG II was found to evaporate less formaldehyde vapor than 10% buffered formalin and fixation time reduced upto 8 hours. EFG III resulted in poor preservation of tissues in all three fixation times. Conclusion: As formaldehyde is a group 1 human carcinogen, it should be replaced by less toxic fixatives in histopathology laboratories. The present study highlights that minimal formalin containing EFG fixatives can be easily prepared in the laboratory and their effectiveness in routine histopathology examination is comparable with conventional formalin fixation. Keywords: Compound fixatives, Architecture, Fixation, Formalin toxicity, Histopathology.

IARC Monographs are globally-recognized assessments of carcinogenicity published by International Agency for Research on Cancer and directed to national authorities as a contribution to public health. Currently, though not constraining the scope of studies examined, Monographs are declared to involve only hazard identification: a scenario which then dictates that overall evaluations involve a single sentence referencing only the likelihood of carcinogenicity. Consequently, for notable evaluations, commentators explain what particular Monographs encompass, sometimes indicating which national authority might act. However, upon examination, IARC Monographs cannot be recognized as only hazard identification because they include assessment of specified circumstances of exposure, document levels of exposure to particular agents and identify organ site(s) for tumours. Comparisons with assessments of carcinogenicity made by US National Toxicology Program and by World Cancer Research Fund indicate that Monographs represent a singular methodology, not precisely aligned with hazard identification or risk assessment. Hence, all key findings relevant to public health in particular Monographs may be prominently and accessibly communicated. Where currently documented, these findings specifically include situation(s) resulting in highest exposure and known or likely tumour site(s). Correspondingly-less reliance on commentators, and greater insight by the wider community, may be further achieved by WHO, in consultation with IARC, describing the type of national authority relevant to particular evaluations, this information being complementary to relevant Monographs. No changes in the scope, structure or content of Monographs are necessitated by such proposals. Examples of key findings, and the relevant national authority, are provided in respect of several notable Monographs.

Diesel exhaust emissions and exposure of workers in occupational settings are topics which have attracted increased attention after IARC classification as a group 1 carcinogen (IARC. Agents classified by the IARC monographs, Vols. 1–120. International Agency for the Research on Cancer. http://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Classification/ . Accessed 21 Feb 2018; 2018). There is ongoing debate over appropriate exposure limits for occupationally exposed workers. This review consolidates recent research findings relevant to setting appropriate exposure limits, with a specific focus on newer engine and after-treatment technologies. Appropriate online databases were searched for studies published since 2005 focussing on the health effects of whole diesel exhaust exposure. Engines that used exhaust after-treatment devices including both a diesel oxidation catalyst and a diesel particulate filter were classified as new technology engines. All other studies were classified as using older technology engines. Exposure to diesel exhaust from both engine classifications resulted in negative health impacts on the lungs, heart and brain. Study participants with asthma, allergy or respiratory disease were more at risk of negative effects caused by diesel exhaust exposure than healthy subjects. Based on the published literature, an occupational limit of an average diesel exhaust concentration below 50 μg/m3 of diesel exhaust particles, 35 μg/m3 of elemental carbon, is appropriate to limit health effects. To meet this limit, many diesel engines will need to be equipped with after-treatment technology such as a DPF. However, the use of a DPF had little to no impact on measured health effects despite the removal of over 90% by weight of particles. This negates the feasibility of using particle mass-based limits.

In today’s world, most children are exposed to various manmade electromagnetic fields (EMFs). EMFs are electromagnetic waves less than 300 GHz. A developing child’s brain is vulnerable to electromagnetic radiation; thus, their caregivers’ concerns about the health effects of EMFs are increasing. EMF exposure is divided into 2 categories: extremely low frequencies (ELFs; 3–3,000 Hz), involving high-voltage transmission lines and in-house wiring; and radiofrequencies (RFs; 30 kHz to 300 GHz), involving mobile phones, smart devices, base stations, WiFi, and 5G technologies. The biological effects of EMFs on humans include stimulation, thermal, and nonthermal, the latter of which is the least known. Among the various health issues related to EMFs, the most important issue is human carcinogenicity. According to the International Agency for Research on Cancer’s (IARC’s) evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans, ELFs and RFs were evaluated as possible human carcinogens (Group 2B). However, the World Health Organization’s (WHO’s) view of EMFs remains undetermined. This article reviews the current knowledge of EMF exposure on humans, specifically children. EMF exposure sources, biological effects, current WHO and IARC opinions on carcinogenicity, and effects of EMF exposures on children will be discussed. As well-controlled EMF experiments in children are nearly impossible, scientific knowledge should be interpreted objectively. Precautionary approaches are recommended for children until the potential health effects of EMF are confirmed.

Objective The International Agency for Research on Cancer has classified 13 infectious agents as carcinogenic or probably carcinogenic to humans. We aimed to estimate the percentage (ie, population-attributable fraction) and number of incident cancer cases in Texas in 2015 that were attributable to oncogenic infections, overall and by race/ethnicity. Methods We calculated population-attributable fractions for cancers attributable to human papillomavirus (HPV), Helicobacter pylori, hepatitis C virus (HCV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), and human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8) infections using prevalence estimates from National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey laboratory data and relative risks associated with infection from previous epidemiological studies. The Texas Cancer Registry provided cancer incidence data. Results We estimated that 3603 excess cancer cases, or 3.5% of all cancers diagnosed in 2015, among adults aged ≥25 in Texas were attributable to oncogenic infections. Hispanic adults had the highest proportion of cancer cases attributable to infections (5.6%), followed by non-Hispanic Black (5.4%) and non-Hispanic White (2.3%) adults. HPV infection caused the highest proportion of all cancer cases (1.8%) compared with other oncogenic infections (HCV, 0.8%; H pylori, 0.5%; HBV, 0.3%; HHV-8, 0.1%). Hispanic adults had the highest proportions of all cancers caused by HPV infection (2.6%) and H pylori (1.1%), and non-Hispanic Black adults had the highest proportions of all cancers caused by HCV infection (1.7%), HBV infection (0.7%), and HHV-8 (0.3%). Conclusion Preventable oncogenic infections contribute to cancer incidence in Texas and may affect racial/ethnic minority groups disproportionately. Infection control and prevention should be stressed as an important component of cancer prevention.

Firefighting is classified as a 2B-possibly carcinogenic profession by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). Firefighters are exposed to a host of toxic fireground contaminants su...

BACKGROUND: 1, 3-Butadiene is an important industrial compound. Based on sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in laboratory animals and humans, the International Agency for Research on Cancer, in 1999, classified 1, 3-Butadiene as a probable carcinogen to humans (group 2A). The potential for exposure to vehicle exhaust containing these chemical compounds is very noticeable in urban locations. Exposure to incomplete combustion of gasoline has been a long time concern in many occupational fields, including policemen, service stations, and the petroleum industry but in Iran has rarely been studied. METHODS: This study designed to determine the exposure levels for traffic policemen and gas station workers during routine work shift, by biological monitoring. With this aim, 25 policemen engaged in traffic control, 25 gas station workers and 25 occupationally non-exposed persons were investigated. Spot urine samples were obtained prior to and at the end of the work shift from each subject. The urinary levels of selected urinary metabolites (MHBMA and DHBMA) were determined by using LC–MS/MS. RESULTS: There were significant differences among the mean urinary concentrations of DHBMA in pre-shift samples of policemen, gas station workers and occupationally non-exposed persons. The mean urinary concentrations of DHBMA differed significantly among post-shift samples of policemen and gas station (ANOVA: p

© The Author(s), 2020. Published by Cambridge University Press. The recent reauthorisation of glyphosate in the European Union is a uniquely suitable opportunity to study the relationships between law and science because, unlike many other controversies that are commonly perceived through the science/democracy dichotomy, in this case the disagreement was between the “scientific” assessments of two purely “expert” bodies, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) and the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA). This paper takes a close look at some details of the two assessments to show how scientific assessments are shaped by the legal environment to such an extent that it is impossible to separate “legal” from “technical” issues at any level; they are entangled together “all the way down”. Furthermore, it identifies three side effects of this entanglement that were previously unnoticed. First, obscure legal rules may provide (usually unintended) leverage to some of the parties. In turn, this forces everybody into proxy wars on the issue where the leverage is, at the expense of all other concerns that they may legitimately have. Finally, despite the strict legal regimentation of the scientific assessment, significant space for judgment remains, and discretion is never removed, only shifted to different places or levels.

Cancer is a serious public health problem in the world and the prevention and control of cancer has become one of the health strategies of governments around the world. According to the data of the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), about 8 million people die of cancer every year in the world. With the continuous progress of medical technology, there are many methods to treat cancer at present. However, many treatment methods have achieved different therapeutic effects, some of them have obvious toxic and side effects. Therefore, it is necessary to study simpler and more effective new therapies for alleviating pain and prolonging lifetime of patients. In this view, we focus on the application progress of CRISPR system in some major cancers and its potential in cancer treatments.

In 2017 the World Health Organization revised the criteria for classification of pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms (pNENs) after a consensus conference at the International Agency for Research on Cancer. The major change in the new classification was to subclassify the original G3 group into well-differentiated pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors G3 (pNETs G3) and poorly differentiated pancreatic neuroendocrine carcinomas (pNECs), which have been gradually proven to be completely different in biological behavior and clinical manifestations in recent years. In 2019 this major change subsequently extended to NENs involving the entire digestive tract. The updated version of the pNENs grading system marks a growing awareness of these heterogeneous tumors. This review discusses the clinicopathological, genetic and therapeutic features of poorly differentiated pNECs and compare them to those of well-differentiated pNETs G3. For pNETs G3 and pNECs (due to their lower incidence), there are still many problems to be investigated. Previous studies under the new grading classification also need to be reinterpreted. This review summarizes the relevant literature from the perspective of the differences between pNETs G3 and pNECs in order to deepen understanding of these diseases and discuss future research directions.

Objectives The aim of this study is to specify the reasons and extents of illicit Roll-Your-Own (RYO) and waterpipe tobacco (WPT) markets which broke out in Turkey and to determine the destruction of these markets over the effectiveness of main tobacco control measures, the effect of this destruction on increase in tobacco use and the measures that can be taken. Materials and methods Reliable data about illicit trade are quite limited. This study was prepared through using the recommended methods on illicit trade in "Methods for Evaluating Tobacco Control Policies" published by the International Agency For Research On Cancer (IARC) and "Understand, Measure, and Combat Tobacco Smuggling" published by the World Bank. Results RYO and WPT markets are almost totally illicit in Turkey. These markets serve to tobacco outbreak by increasing total tobacco use far beyond the official data through its size surpassing 30% of total consumption and they have begun to invalidate all of the principle tobacco control measures by hindering and undermining them. Conclusion In order to implement tobacco control measures effectively in Turkey, these illicit markets must be included in system by doing necessary regulations promptly. It is strongly needed that illicit RYO and WPT production and trade should be described as newly emerged threat areas in tobacco control literature, since other countries may suffer from similar problems.

Biobank, defined as a functional unit for facilitating and improving research by storing biospecimen and their accompanying data, is a key resource for advancement in life science. The history of biobanking goes back to the time of archiving pathology samples. Nowadays, biobanks have considerably improved and are classified into two categories: diseased-oriented and population-based biobanks. UK biobank as a population-based biobank with about half a million samples, Biobank Graz as one of the largest biobanks in terms of sample size, and The International Agency for Research on Cancer biobank as a specialized the World Health Organization cancer agency are few examples of successful biobanks worldwide. The present review provides a history of biobanking, and after presenting different biobanks, we discuss in detail the challenges in the field of biobanking and its future, as well. In the end, ICR biobank, as the first cancer biobank in Iran established in 1998, is thoroughly described.

In 2012, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) classified diesel particulate matter (DPM) as a carcinogen to human. With the increased usage of diesel equipment in underground mines, miners have a high risk of over-exposure to DPM, which has drawn many concerns from the public. This study used computational fluid dynamics (CFD) to analyse the DPM dispersion and concentration distribution characteristics in an underground development face based on an onsite experiment. The DPM emitted from a moving loader under a forcing auxiliary ventilation system was simulated. The motion of the load-haul-dump (LHD) in the tunnel was represented by a dynamic mesh method. The species transport approach was applied to study the DPM behaviours. High DPM concentration zones were then identified based on the simulation results. The results could provide guidelines for work practices and be helpful to an optimum auxiliary ventilation design to reduce underground miner exposure.

The World Health Organization recently launched the Global Initiative for Childhood Cancer aiming to substantially increase survival among children with cancer by 2030. The ultimate goal concerns particularly less developed countries where survival estimates are considerably lower than in high-income countries where children with cancer attain approximately 80% survival. Given the vast gap in high-quality data availability between more and less developed countries, measuring the success of the Global Initiative for Childhood Cancer will also require substantial support to childhood cancer registries to enable them to provide survival data at the population level. Based on our experience acquired at the International Agency for Research on Cancer in global cancer surveillance, we hereby review crucial aspects to consider in the development of childhood cancer registration and present our vision on how the Global Initiative for Cancer Registry Development can accelerate the measurement of the outcome of children with cancer.

Nitrosamine is the class of synthetic compound which is a potent genotoxic agent and considered as probable plausible human cancer-causing agents by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC).N nitroso mixes are known as the potent carcinogenic and a global worry according to the various authorities and also from ICH M7, Assessment and Control of DNA Reactive (Mutagenic) Impurities in Pharmaceuticals to Limit Potential Carcinogenic Risk. Before June 2018, the presence of nitrosamine in the drug substance and also product was not known, however in June 2018, USFDA identified the presence of Nitrosamine impurities in one of the API producers of valsartan which is recognized as NDMA (N-Nitroso dimethylamine). Valsartan is a medication which is utilized for the treatment of hypertension, cardiovascular breakdown and diabetic kidney damage. From that point forward, FDA has discovered that different kinds of nitrosamine mixes, e.g., N-Nitrosodiethylamine (NDEA), are available at unsuitable levels in APIs from various API makers of valsartan and different medications in the ARB class. (Angiotensin receptor blocker). Then the Regulatory Authorities has stepped forward for educating the health care professional, manufacturers and also public about the adverse effect(carcinogenic)of the NDMA and NDEA consumption.

Aspergillus species influence human and animal health directly and indirectly with a significant economic impact on the society. A. flavus and A. parasiticus are the two major species that produce aflatoxins. Several mycotoxins are reported from several other mycotoxigenic fungi of which the aflatoxins are the most toxic and damaging polyketides. Economically important crops such as maize, rice, cotton seed, peanuts, and spices are all susceptible to contamination of aflatoxin. The aim of this review is to make an extensive review and come up with ways to curtail this global challenge on how to manage aflatoxin contamination in crops and other food products since the toxins have been classified as potent carcinogens and about 25% of food is being lost due to aflatoxin contamination annually. The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) conducted evaluation of several chemicals of their carcinogenic potential and classified aflatoxins as most potent natural, known human carcinogens. The methodology was by selecting the most recent researches conducted on new techniques to be employed in overcoming the issue of aflatoxin contamination both during the pre and post-harvest strategies. The Data gathered was subjected to appropriate statistical tool so as to come up with more improved techniques. It was found that both chemical and physical methods have certain drawbacks which may lead to drop in human and animal health, cause a significant decline in the quality of food products, losses of nutritional value, high cost and cause undesirable health effects, but biological methods using microorganisms seems more promising, they provide an attractive alternative tool for removing toxins and safeguarding the value of food and feed in an eco-friendly way. Key words: Aflatoxin, Contamination, Crops, Pre and Post-harvest.

Roundup, and other glyphosate-based herbicides, are the most heavily used pesticides in the history of the USA and globally. In March 2015, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) classified glyphosate as a “probable human carcinogen”. A portion of the 695,000 Americans then living in 2015 with non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) became aware of IARC’s decision. Several thousand Roundup–NHL lawsuits had been filed by the end of 2017, rising to 18,400 by July 2019 and 42,000 by November 2019. Three cases have gone to trial, each won by the plaintiffs. The author has served as an expert witness for the plaintiffs in this litigation and has been compensated for his time spent. The impact of the litigation on the independent assessment of the science useful in determining whether glyphosate and glyphosate-based herbicide exposures are linked to NHL is reviewed, as is why the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and IARC reached such different judgements regarding glyphosate human cancer hazard and risk. Two important “lessons learned” regarding the EPA versus IARC assessment of glyphosate cancer hazard and risk are highlighted. The first arises from differences in the magnitude of applicator risks from mostly dermal exposures to formulated glyphosate-based herbicides compared to just dietary exposures to technical glyphosate. The second relates to missed opportunities to markedly lower applicator exposures and risks with little or no impact on sales via reformulation, added warnings and worker safety provisions, company-driven stewardship programmes and greater determination by the EPA in the 1980s to compel Monsanto to add common-sense worker protection provisions onto Roundup labels (eg “wear gloves when applying this product”). Policy reforms designed to alleviate systemic problems with how pesticide hazards, exposures and risks are analysed, regulated and mitigated are described.

Sterigmatocystin (STC) is a possible human carcinogen (2B) according to the International Agency for Research on Cancer classification and has been associated with the immunotoxic and immunomodulatory activity, together with mutagenic effects. It might be found in numerous substrates, from foods and feeds to chronically damp building materials and indoor dust. Although the European Food Safety Authority concluded that the exposure to STC to be of low concern for public health, reinforces the need of data concerning exposure of European citizens. Climate change can represent an increased risk of exposure to STC since it is a crucial factor for agro-ecosystem powering fungal colonization and mycotoxin production This aspect can represent an increased risk for European countries with temperate climates and it was already reported by the scientific community. info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

SUMMARY: In June 2019, the Purine and Pyrimidine Society (PPS) organized the 18th biennial symposium on Purine and Pyrimidine Metabolism at the International Agency for Research on Cancer in Lyon, France. This meeting went over 3 days and gathered students and researchers working in various specialties such as inborn errors, hyper- and hypouricemia and gout, cancer, enzymology, and cardiovascular diseases to exchange and discuss recent advances in the field of purine and pyrimidine metabolism. Here, we give an overview of oral presentations given during the symposium.

Gastric cancer is a global health problem, with more than 1 million people newly diagnosed with gastric cancer worldwide each year. Despite its worldwide decline in incidence and mortality over the past five decades, gastric cancer remains the third leading cause of cancer-related death. Knowledge of global as well as regional epidemiology and risk factors for gastric cancer is essential for the practicing gastroenterologist to make personalized decisions about risk stratification, screening and prevention. In this article, we review the epidemiology of gastric cancer as well as screening and prevention efforts to reduce global morbidity and mortality from gastric cancer. First, we discuss the descriptive epidemiology of gastric cancer, including its incidence, mortality, survival, and secular trends. We combine a synthesis of published studies with an analysis of data from the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) GLOBOCAN project to describe the global burden of gastric cancer and data from the United States Cancer Statistics (USCS) registry to discuss the change in incidence of gastric cancer in the U.S. Next, we summarize current knowledge of risk factors for gastric cancer. Finally, we discuss prevention strategies and screening efforts for gastric cancer.

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), which are used as flame retardants, are widely used additives so many different kind of materials that are consumed by public. Current researches reveal a significant increase in the levels of PBDEs in human biological fluids all around the world. According to International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), PBDEs are declarated as carcinogenic agents and additionally a considerable risks have been shown in animal studies such as liver damage, alteration of thyroid hormone levels, neurotoxicity and hazardous effects on development of fetus. Due to the simplicity of human exposure routes such as ingestion, inhalation or dermal contact, it gains high importance to quantify PBDEs in biological fluids. The exposure to PBDEs is critic aspecially during pregnancy, fetus development and infancy. Excretion of PBDEs in human milk is the focus area for researchers in recent years. In this study, we reviewed current methodologies for the determination of PBDEs in human milk including sample preparation step, analytical procedure, validation parameters and observed levels of PBDEs in human milk. Because of the high physico-chemical stability of PBDEs, they have long persistence in human body. Besides, they reside in the lipid fractions of tissues because of their hydrophobic characteristics. Human breast milk has high lipid level, so that it is a suitable matrix for the accumulation and determination of PBDEs. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), which are used as flame retardants, are widely used additives so many different kind of materials that are consumed by public. Current researches reveal a significant increase in the levels of PBDEs in human biological fluids all around the world. According to International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), PBDEs are declarated as carcinogenic agents and additionally a considerable risks have been shown in animal studies such as liver damage, alteration of thyroid hormone levels, neurotoxicity and hazardous effects on development of fetus. Due to the simplicity of human exposure routes such as ingestion, inhalation or dermal contact, it gains high importance to quantify PBDEs in biological fluids. The exposure to PBDEs is critic aspecially during pregnancy, fetus development and infancy. Excretion of PBDEs in human milk is the focus area for researchers in recent years. In this study, we reviewed current methodologies for the determination of PBDEs in human milk including sample preparation step, analytical procedure, validation parameters and observed levels of PBDEs in human milk. Because of the high physico-chemical stability of PBDEs, they have long persistence in human body. Besides, they reside in the lipid fractions of tissues because of their hydrophobic characteristics. Human breast milk has high lipid level, so that it is a suitable matrix for the accumulation and determination of PBDEs.