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22 results on '"International Space University (ISU)"'

1. Towards human exploration of space: the THESEUS review series on neurophysiology research priorities

Author

Jacques-Olivier Fortrat, Stéphane Blanc, William H. Paloski, Floris L. Wuyts, Anne Pavy-LeTraon, Jean-Louis Thonnard, Gilles Clément, Olivier White, UCL - SSS/IONS/COSY - Systems & cognitive Neuroscience, UCL - (SLuc) Service de médecine physique et de réadaptation motrice, Louvain Bionics - Center of Interdisciplinary Expertise, Cognition, Action, et Plasticité Sensorimotrice [Dijon - U1093] (CAPS), Université de Bourgogne (UB)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), International Space University (ISU), Biologie Neurovasculaire et Mitochondriale Intégrée (BNMI), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université d'Angers (UA), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Département de Neurologie, Institute of Neuroscience [Bruxelles], Université Catholique de Louvain = Catholic University of Louvain (UCL), Département Ecologie, Physiologie et Ethologie (DEPE-IPHC), Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien (IPHC), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), AUREA-BIMEF University of Antwerp, University of Houston, Cognition, Action, et Plasticité Sensorimotrice [Dijon - U1093] ( CAPS ), Université de Bourgogne ( UB ) -Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale ( INSERM ), International Space University ( ISU ), Biologie Neurovasculaire et Mitochondriale Intégrée, Université d'Angers ( UA ) -Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale ( INSERM ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Université Catholique de Louvain ( UCL ), Département Ecologie, Physiologie et Ethologie ( DEPE-IPHC ), Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien ( IPHC ), Université de Strasbourg ( UNISTRA ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Université de Strasbourg ( UNISTRA ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), University of Houston Health and Human Performance, Gaillard, Brigitte, Université d'Angers (UA)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Département Neurologie [CHU Toulouse], Pôle Neurosciences [CHU Toulouse], Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse (CHU Toulouse)-Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse (CHU Toulouse), Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and University of Antwerp (UA)

Subjects
[SDE] Environmental Sciences, 0301 basic medicine, Physics and Astronomy (miscellaneous), Operations research, Materials Science (miscellaneous), media_common.quotation_subject, Medicine (miscellaneous), Context (language use), Review Article, Space (commercial competition), Key issues, Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (miscellaneous), Field (computer science), Space exploration, [ SDE ] Environmental Sciences, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Perception, Human space exploration, Relevance (information retrieval), media_common, Agricultural and Biological Sciences (miscellaneous), 030104 developmental biology, Geography, 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, Engineering ethics, Engineering sciences. Technology, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery
Abstract

The THESEUS project (Towards Human Exploration of Space: a European Strategy), initiated within the seventh Framework Programme by the European Commission, aimed at providing a cross-cutting, life-science-based roadmap for Europe’s strategy towards human exploration of long space missions, and its relevance to applications on Earth. This topic was investigated by experts in the field, in the framework of the THESEUS project whose aim was to develop an integrated life sciences research roadmap regarding human space exploration. In particular, decades of research have shown that altered gravity impairs neurological responses at large, such as perception, sleep, motor control, and cognitive factors. International experts established a list of key issues that should be addressed in that context and provided several recommendations such as a maximal exploitation of currently available resources on Earth and in space.

Published
2016

2. Feasibility of additive manufacturing processes for lunar soil simulants

Author

Danijela Ignjatović Stupar, Grégoire Robert Chabrol, Abdoul Razak Ibrahim Baraze, Sylvain Lecler, Alexandre Tessier, Cutard Thierry, Jocelyne Brendle, IMT Mines Albi, IMT Mines Albi, International Space University (ISU), ECAM Strasbourg-Europe, Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Strasbourg (INSA Strasbourg), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA), Institut Clément Ader (ICA), Institut Supérieur de l'Aéronautique et de l'Espace (ISAE-SUPAERO)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Toulouse (INSA Toulouse), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-IMT École nationale supérieure des Mines d'Albi-Carmaux (IMT Mines Albi), Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT), Institut de Science des Matériaux de Mulhouse (IS2M), Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Matériaux et Nanosciences Grand-Est (MNGE), Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Réseau nanophotonique et optique, Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-IMT École nationale supérieure des Mines d'Albi-Carmaux (IMT Mines Albi), Laboratoire des sciences de l'ingénieur, de l'informatique et de l'imagerie (ICube), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École Nationale du Génie de l'Eau et de l'Environnement de Strasbourg (ENGEES)-Réseau nanophotonique et optique, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Matériaux et nanosciences d'Alsace (FMNGE), Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), École Nationale du Génie de l'Eau et de l'Environnement de Strasbourg (ENGEES)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Strasbourg (INSA Strasbourg), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Matériaux et nanosciences d'Alsace (FMNGE), Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Réseau nanophotonique et optique, Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-IMT École nationale supérieure des Mines d'Albi-Carmaux (IMT Mines Albi), and Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Matériaux et nanosciences d'Alsace (FMNGE)

Subjects
[SPI]Engineering Sciences [physics], Lunar soil simulant, Additive manufacturing, [SPI] Engineering Sciences [physics], [SPI.OPTI]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Optics / Photonic, Laser, General Earth and Planetary Sciences, Multiphysics modelling, [SPI.MECA.GEME] Engineering Sciences [physics]/Mechanics [physics.med-ph]/Mechanical engineering [physics.class-ph], Regolith, [SPI.MECA.GEME]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Mechanics [physics.med-ph]/Mechanical engineering [physics.class-ph], General Environmental Science
Abstract

Article tiré d'une communication du congrès MMA 2021 - 14th International scientific conference MMA 2021 - Flexible technologies; International audience; Combination of In-situ Resource Utilization (ISRU) and on-site Additive Manufacturing (AM) is one of the “outer space applied technologies” candidates where free shape fabrication from micro (e.g., tools) to mega scale (e.g. lunar habitats) will allow in coming future to settle the Moon or potentially other celestial bodies. Within this research, Selected Laser Melting (SLM) of lunar soil (regolith) simulants (LHS-1 LMS-1 and JSC-2A) using a continuous wave 100 W 1090 nm fiber laser was applied. The resulting samples were mechanically and optically characterized. A numerical multiphysics model was developed to understand the heat transfer and optimize the SLM process. Results obtained are in good agreement with the numerical model. The physical and chemical characteristics of the various materials (granulometry, density, composition, and thermal properties) have a strong impact on the AM parameters.

Published
2022

3. N-graphene synthesized in astrochemical ices

Author

B. Sivaraman, K. K. Rahul, M. Ambresh, D. Sahu, J. K. Meka, S.-L. Chou, Y.-J. Wu, D. Gupta, A. Das, J.-I. Lo, B.-M. Cheng, B. N. Rajasekhar, Anil Bhardwaj, H. Hill, P. Janardhan, N. J. Mason, Physical Research Laboratory [Ahmedabad] (PRL), Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO), Indian Institute of Science [Bangalore] (IISc Bangalore), Academia Sinica, National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center (NSRRC), Institut de Physique de Rennes (IPR), Université de Rennes (UR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Universität zu Köln = University of Cologne, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC), Government of India, Department of Atomic Energy, International Space University (ISU), University of Kent [Canterbury], Horizon 2020 Framework Programme, H2020: 654208, 871149, Indian Space Research Organisation, इसरो, National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, NSRRC: IFA-11CH-11, Physical Research Laboratory, PRL, European Project: 654208,H2020,H2020-INFRAIA-2014-2015,EPN2020-RI(2015), and European Project: 8711495(1988)

Subjects
Synthesised, Aromatic compounds, Nitrogen, Vacuum ultraviolets, Graphene sheets, Laboratory experiments, Physics::Optics, FOS: Physical sciences, High resolution transmission electron microscopy, Energy dispersive spectroscopy, Physics::Atomic and Molecular Clusters, Semiconductor quantum dots, Physics::Chemical Physics, Condition, Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics (astro-ph.IM), [PHYS]Physics [physics], Side-chains, Carbon structures, Ice, Benzonitriles, Interstellar medias, Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics, Complex molecules, Irradiation, Graphene, Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics
Abstract

Icy mantles of benzonitrile, an aromatic with a cyanide side chain that has recently been detected in the interstellar medium, were subjected to vacuum ultraviolet photon irradiation and found to form a residue. The residue was removed from the substrate and placed on a Quantifoil grid for electron microscopy analysis. Transmission electron microscopy showed Quantum Dot (QD) and Nitrogen-doped Graphene (N-Graphene) sheets. Diffraction and Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy revealed the crystalline nature and carbon-nitrogen composition, of the observed graphene sheet. This is the first result showing QD and N-Graphene synthesis in ice irradiation at interstellar temperatures., Comment: 10 pages, 3 figures

Published
2023

4. Muscle atrophy phenotype gene expression during spaceflight is linked to a metabolic crosstalk in both the liver and the muscle in mice

Author

Geraldine Vitry, Rebecca Finch, Gavin Mcstay, Afshin Behesti, Sébastien Déjean, Tricia Larose, Virginia Wotring, Willian Abraham da Silveira, Institut de Mathématiques de Toulouse UMR5219 (IMT), Université Toulouse Capitole (UT Capitole), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Toulouse (INSA Toulouse), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Staffordshire University, International Space University (ISU), NASA Ames Research Center (ARC), University of Oslo (UiO), Baylor College of Medicine (BCM), and Baylor University

Subjects
Multidisciplinary, [MATH.MATH-ST]Mathematics [math]/Statistics [math.ST], [SDV.BBM.GTP]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biochemistry, Molecular Biology/Genomics [q-bio.GN], [SDV.MHEP.HEG]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Hépatology and Gastroenterology
Abstract

International audience; Human expansion in space is hampered by the physiological risks of spaceflight. The muscle and the liver are among the most affected tissues during spaceflight and their relationships in response to space exposure have never been studied. We compared the transcriptome response of liver and quadriceps from mice on NASA RR1 mission, after 37 days of exposure to spaceflight using GSEA, ORA, and sparse partial least square-differential analysis. We found that lipid metabolism is the most affected biological process between the two organs. A specific gene cluster expression pattern in the liver strongly correlated with glucose sparing and an energy-saving response affecting high energy demand process gene expression such as DNA repair, autophagy, and translation in the muscle. Our results show that impaired lipid metabolism gene expression in the liver and muscle atrophy gene expression are two paired events during spaceflight, for which dietary changes represent a possible countermeasure.

Published
2022

5. Continuous Daily Head and Trunk Acceleration Recording for the Assessment of Bone Stimulation in Astronauts

Author

Yoshino Sugita, Gilles Clément, Clement, Gilles, International Space University (ISU), Mobilités : Vieillissement, Pathologie, Santé (COMETE), Université de Caen Normandie (UNICAEN), and Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)

Subjects
Body acceleration, [SCCO]Cognitive science, Physical activity, Countermeasure, Astronauts, [SCCO] Cognitive science, Locomotion
Abstract

The acceleration of the head and hip along the x-, y-, and z-axis of 14 healthy subjects was recorded during two sessions of 12 consecutive hours. The magnitude, frequency content, and root mean square of the acceleration signals were used to determine the type of physical activity (sitting, standing, walking, etc.) during normal daily life on Earth. The acceleration signal slope (jerk) was also calculated to assess whether these activities were sufficient to maintain bone mineral density. These measurements indicated that the changes in vertical acceleration experienced by our subjects during normal daily life were presumably sufficient to maintain bone mineral density. However, these changes might not be sufficient for postmenopausal women and astronauts during long-term exposure to weightlessness during spaceflight.

Published
2022

6. Pyrolysis of Oxalate, Acetate, and Perchlorate Mixtures and the Implications for Organic Salts on Mars

Author

Melissa Guzman, Paul R. Mahaffy, A. Das, R. Williams, Cherie N. Achilles, C. A. Knudson, Slavka Andrejkovičová, Amy McAdam, J. M. T. Lewis, Brad Sutter, E. B. Rampe, Heather B. Franz, Maeva Millan, J. L. Eigenbrode, G. M. Wong, P. D. Archer, Department of Physics and Astronomy [Washington], Howard University, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), Center for Research and Exploration in Space Science and Technology [GSFC] (CRESST), Department of Geosciences [PennState], College of Earth and Mineral Sciences, Pennsylvania State University (Penn State), Penn State System-Penn State System-Pennsylvania State University (Penn State), Penn State System-Penn State System, Jacobs Technology ESCG, Department of Biology [Washington], Georgetown University [Washington] (GU), Center for Research and Exploration in Space Science and Technology [College Park] (CRESST), University of Maryland [College Park], University of Maryland System-University of Maryland System, PLANETO - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS), International Space University (ISU), NASA Johnson Space Center (JSC), NASA, Universities Space Research Association (USRA), Center for GeoBioSciences, GeoTechnologies and GeoEngineering (GEOBIOTEC), and Universidade de Aveiro

Subjects
chemistry.chemical_classification, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Evolved gas analysis, Inorganic chemistry, Salt (chemistry), 01 natural sciences, Oxalate, chemistry.chemical_compound, Acetic acid, Perchlorate, Geophysics, chemistry, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, Geochemistry and Petrology, Earth and Planetary Sciences (miscellaneous), Acetone, Organic matter, Pyrolysis, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract

International audience; Organic salts, such as Fe, Ca, and Mg oxalates and acetates, may be widespread radiolysis and oxidation products of organic matter in Martian surface sediments. Such organic salts are challenging to identify by evolved gas analysis but the ubiquitous CO2 and CO in pyrolysis data from the Sample Analysis at Mars (SAM) instrument suite on the Curiosity rover indirectly points to their presence. Here, we examined laboratory results from SAM‐like analyses of organic salts as pure phases, as trace phases mixed with silica, and in mixtures with Ca and Mg perchlorates. Pure oxalates evolved CO2 and CO, while pure acetates evolved CO2 and a diverse range of organic products dominated by acetone and acetic acid. Dispersal within silica caused minor peak shifting, decreased the amounts of CO2 evolved by the acetate standards, and altered the relative abundances of the organic products of acetate pyrolysis. The perchlorate salts scrubbed Fe oxalate CO releases and shifted the CO2 peaks to lower temperatures, whereas with Ca and Mg oxalate, a weaker CO release was observed but the initial CO2 evolutions were largely unchanged. The perchlorates induced a stronger CO2 release from acetates at the expense of other products. Oxalates evolved ∼47% more CO2 and acetates yielded ∼69% more CO2 when the perchlorates were abundant. The most compelling fits between our organic salt data and SAM CO2 and CO data included Martian samples acquired from modern eolian deposits and sedimentary rocks with evidence for low‐temperature alteration.

Published
2021

7. Automatic detection and tracking of filaments for a solar feature database

Author

J. Aboudarham, I. Scholl, N. Fuller, M. Fouesneau, M. Galametz, F. Gonon, A. Maire, Y. Leroy, Laboratoire d'études spatiales et d'instrumentation en astrophysique (LESIA), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Ingénieurs, Techniciens et Administratifs, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Physique solaire, International Space University (ISU), Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Physique de Strasbourg (ENSPS), and Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Physique de Strasbourg

Subjects
Physics, Atmospheric Science, lcsh:QC801-809, Geology, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Astrophysics, Solar physics, Rotation, Tracking (particle physics), lcsh:QC1-999, Protein filament, lcsh:Geophysics. Cosmic physics, Space and Planetary Science, Position (vector), Region growing, Physics::Space Physics, Earth and Planetary Sciences (miscellaneous), Coronal mass ejection, Solar rotation, Astrophysics::Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, lcsh:Q, [PHYS.ASTR]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], lcsh:Science, lcsh:Physics
Abstract

A new method for the automatic detection and tracking of solar filaments is presented. The method addresses the problems facing existing catalogs, such as the one developed recently in the frame of the European Grid of Solar Observations (EGSO) project. In particular, it takes into account the structural and temporal evolution of filaments, differences in intensity as seen from one observation to the next, and the possibility of sudden disappearance followed by reappearance. In this study, the problem of tracking is solved by plotting all detected filaments during each solar rotation on a Carrington map and then by applying region growing techniques on those plots. Using this approach, the "fixed" positions of the envelopes in the Carrington system can be deduced. This is followed by a backward tracking of each filament by considering one full solar rotation. The resulting shifted Carrington map then enables one to follow any filament from one rotation to the next. Such maps should prove valuable for studies of the role of filaments in solar activity, notably coronal mass ejections (CMEs).

Published
2018

8. An Integrated 'Multi-Omics' Comparison of Embryo and Endosperm Tissue-Specific Features and Their Impact on Rice Seed Quality

Author

Galland, Marc, He, Dongli, LOUNIFI, IMEN, Arc, Erwann, Clément, Gilles, Balzergue, Sandrine, Huguet, Stéphanie, CUEFF, Gwendal, Godin, Béatrice, Collet, Boris, Granier, Fabienne, Morin, Halima, Tran, Joseph, Valot, Benoit, Rajjou, Loïc, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin (IJPB), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-AgroParisTech, Chinese Academy of Sciences [Wuhan Branch], Institut des Sciences des Plantes de Paris-Saclay (IPS2 (UMR_9213 / UMR_1403)), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Université d'Évry-Val-d'Essonne (UEVE)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Génétique Quantitative et Evolution - Le Moulon (Génétique Végétale) (GQE-Le Moulon), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-AgroParisTech-Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), French Ministry of Industry (FUI, NUTRICE) [092906334], Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université d'Évry-Val-d'Essonne (UEVE)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Université Paris-Saclay-Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-AgroParisTech-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin ( IJPB ), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique ( INRA ) -AgroParisTech, International Space University ( ISU ), UMR 1403 Institut des Sciences des Plantes de Paris Saclay, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique ( INRA ) -Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 ( UPD7 ), Centre National de Recherche sur les Sites et Sols Pollués, Processus d'Activation Sélective par Transfert d'Energie Uni-électronique ou Radiatif (UMR 8640) ( PASTEUR ), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 ( UPMC ) -Département de Chimie - ENS Paris, École normale supérieure - Paris ( ENS Paris ) -École normale supérieure - Paris ( ENS Paris ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Laboratoire Chrono-environnement ( LCE ), and Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté ( UBFC ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Université de Franche-Comté ( UFC )

Subjects
[SDV.BIO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biotechnology, [ SDV.AEN ] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Food and Nutrition, translation, embryo, [ SDV.BBM.BM ] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biochemistry, Molecular Biology/Molecular biology, Plant Science, [SDV.BC.BC]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Cellular Biology/Subcellular Processes [q-bio.SC], lcsh:Plant culture, endosperm, [ SDV.BBM.MN ] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biochemistry, Molecular Biology/Molecular Networks [q-bio.MN], [ SDV.BBM.BC ] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biochemistry, Molecular Biology/Biomolecules [q-bio.BM], glutelins, [SDV.BBM.GTP]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biochemistry, Molecular Biology/Genomics [q-bio.GN], lcsh:SB1-1110, [SDV.BBM.BC]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biochemistry, Molecular Biology/Biochemistry [q-bio.BM], [ SDV.BIBS ] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Quantitative Methods [q-bio.QM], ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Original Research, rice, starch, [ SDV.BC.BC ] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Cellular Biology/Subcellular Processes [q-bio.SC], [ SDV.BIO ] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biotechnology, food and beverages, [SDV.BBM.BM]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biochemistry, Molecular Biology/Molecular biology, [SDV.BBM.MN]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biochemistry, Molecular Biology/Molecular Networks [q-bio.MN], multi-omics, [SDV.BIBS]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Quantitative Methods [q-bio.QM], [SDV.BBM.BC]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biochemistry, Molecular Biology/Biomolecules [q-bio.BM], [ SDV.BV.AP ] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Vegetal Biology/Plant breeding, [SDV.BV.AP]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Vegetal Biology/Plant breeding, [ SDV.BBM.GTP ] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biochemistry, Molecular Biology/Genomics [q-bio.GN], seed, [SDV.AEN]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Food and Nutrition
Abstract

International audience; Although rice is a key crop species, few studies have addressed both rice seed physiological and nutritional quality, especially at the tissue level. In this study, an exhaustive “multi-omics” dataset on the mature rice seed was obtained by combining transcriptomics, label-free shotgun proteomics and metabolomics from embryo and endosperm, independently. These high-throughput analyses provide a new insight on the tissue-specificity related to rice seed quality. Foremost, we pinpointed that extensive post-transcriptional regulations occur at the end of rice seed development such that the embryo proteome becomes much more diversified than the endosperm proteome. Secondly, we observed that survival in the dry state in each seed compartment depends on contrasted metabolic and enzymatic apparatus in the embryo and the endosperm, respectively. Thirdly, it was remarkable to identify two different sets of starch biosynthesis enzymes as well as seed storage proteins (glutelins) in both embryo and endosperm consistently with the supernumerary embryo hypothesis origin of the endosperm. The presence of a putative new glutelin with a possible embryonic favored abundance is described here for the first time. Finally, we quantified the rate of mRNA translation into proteins. Consistently, the embryonic panel of protein translation initiation factors is much more diverse than that of the endosperm. This work emphasizes the value of tissue-specificity-centered “multi-omics” study in the seed to highlight new features even from well-characterized pathways. It paves the way for future studies of critical genetic determinants of rice seed physiological and nutritional quality.

Published
2017

9. In-orbit Spacecraft Manufacturing: Near-Term Business Cases Individual Project Report

Author

Skomorohov, Ruslan, Welch, Chris, Hein, Andreas Makoto, International Space University (ISU), Initiative for Interstellar Studies, and International Space University / Initiative for Interstellar Studies

Subjects
[SPI]Engineering Sciences [physics]
Abstract

The recent developments in space commercialization and the entry of new private entities of various size has re-opened the question of in-space manufacturing. This report examines the viability of a broad set of initial use cases for in-orbit manufacturing around the Earth in particular, involving technologies with a time horizon of 3-5 years. These include large aperture spacecraft or components, components for traditional satellites, standards-based components and nano-satellites such as cubesats, and serial production commercial satellite use cases among others. The definition of manufacturing used extends to any activity involving some or all of three main parts of the value chain including fabrication, assembly, and integration. It also covers cases where testing, deployment, maintenance, repair, upgrades, recycling, and re-deployment have significant inclusion related to the mentioned areas. Pre-fabrication and 3D printing of components in orbit are considered across a number of sub-systems, including solar panels, support structures and truss elements, communication antennae, mirrors, radiation panels and other thermal components, propulsion and fuel elements, and standardized electronics, among others. A classification, evaluation, and selection methodology is provided. The initial broad set of use cases is analyzed and filtered based on factors such as technical feasibility, technology readiness level, potential market, costs, trade-offs and alternatives, and long term use case sustainability. The resulting short list is treated to a preliminary high-level business case analysis and existing project case studies are examined. Lastly, recommendations on the prospects for further investigation are provided.

Published
2016

10. Automatic Detection and Classification of Coronal Holes and Filaments Based on EUV and Magnetogram Observations of the Solar Disk

Author

Shadia Rifai Habbal, I. Scholl, International Space University (ISU), Laboratoire d'études spatiales et d'instrumentation en astrophysique (LESIA), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Physique solaire, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, and University of Hawaii, Hilo

Subjects
Physics, Solar minimum, Sunspot, Stellar magnetic field, Coronal hole, Astronomy, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Astrophysics, Coronal loop, Corona, Space and Planetary Science, Physics::Space Physics, Extreme ultraviolet Imaging Telescope, Coronal mass ejection, Astrophysics::Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, [PHYS.ASTR]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]
Abstract

International audience; A new method for the automated detection of coronal holes and filaments on the solar disk is presented. The starting point is coronal images taken by the Extreme Ultraviolet Telescope on the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO/EIT) in the Fe ix/x 171 Å, Fe xii 195 Å, and He ii 304 Å extreme ultraviolet (EUV) lines and the corresponding full-disk magnetograms from the Michelson Doppler Imager (SOHO/MDI) from different phases of the solar cycle. The images are processed to enhance their contrast and to enable the automatic detection of the two candidate features, which are visually indistinguishable in these images. Comparisons are made with existing databases, such as the He i 10830 Å NSO/Kitt Peak coronal-hole maps and the Solar Feature Catalog (SFC) from the European Grid of Solar Observations (EGSO), to discriminate between the two features. By mapping the features onto the corresponding magnetograms, distinct magnetic signatures are then derived. Coronal holes are found to have a skewed distribution of magnetic-field intensities, with values often reaching 100 200 gauss, and a relative magnetic-flux imbalance. Filaments, in contrast, have a symmetric distribution of field intensity values around zero, have smaller magnetic-field intensity than coronal holes, and lie along a magnetic-field reversal line. The identification of candidate features from the processed images and the determination of their distinct magnetic signatures are then combined to achieve the automated detection of coronal holes and filaments from EUV images of the solar disk. Application of this technique to all three wavelengths does not yield identical results. Furthermore, the best agreement among all three wavelengths and NSO/Kitt Peak coronal-hole maps occurs during the declining phase of solar activity. The He ii data mostly fail to yield the location of filaments at solar minimum and provide only a subset at the declining phase or peak of the solar cycle. However, the Fe ix/x 171 Å and Fe xii 195 Å data yield a larger number of filaments than the Halpha data of the SFC.

Published
2007

11. Secular architecture of giant-planet dominated binary star systems

Author

Bazsó, Á., Pilat-Lohinger, Elke, Funk, B., Eggl, Siegfried, International Space University (ISU), Institut de Mécanique Céleste et de Calcul des Ephémérides (IMCCE), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Planetology and Environments from Ground Astrometry and Space Exploration (PEGASE), and Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris

Subjects
[PHYS.ASTR]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]
Abstract

International audience; We present a study on S-type planets in binary star systems with separations a < 100 AU. For systems with at least one detected giant planet we determine the location of (linear) secular resonances with that planet by means of a semi-analytical method. We demonstrate that under some conditions, e.g. when the secondary star is at about 20 AU, the habitable zone can be perturbed or completely destabilized in these systems.

Published
2015

12. ETERNAL MEMORY : LONG - DURATION STORAGE CONCEPTS FOR SPACE

Author

Guzman, Melissa, Hein, Andreas Makoto, Welch, Chris, Hein, Andreas Makoto, International Space University (ISU), and Initiative for Interstellar Studies i4is

Subjects
[SPI]Engineering Sciences [physics], [SPI] Engineering Sciences [physics]
Abstract

International audience; Eternal memory is information encoded in some medium and capable of surviving in storage for a very long time This paper explores the rationales for an eternal memory concept for space and also develops three concepts for it using product development methodology. Historical development drivers for data storage are storage density and processing speed, while longevity of data has been limited to decades. Recent advances in storage technologies, such as optical storage and DNA storage, allow data storage for timescales of millions to billions of years. Eternal memory concepts for space are of interest to initiatives such as Lunar Mission One, the Long Now Foundation and the Human Document Project. The recent technological advances and the focused initiative of these projects produces a gap for the development of eternal memory concepts for space. The study first identifies potential stakeholders, such as Lunar Mission One, the Long Now Foundation and the Human Document Project, and categorizes stakeholders by motivation. Stakeholder needs are interpreted from statements of motivation. Stakeholders want an eternal memory concept to encourage global public engagement, to move humanity toward becoming a dual-planet species, to embrace and constrain the information age, and to allow storage of information for a very long time. These needs are arranged hierarchically for each stakeholder and the most prevalent needs are selected. Metrics are then assigned to each need. A suggested storage technology and storage location are recommended for each case study. Each storage concept attempts to add value to stakeholders, addressing financial, scientific, technological, and socio-cultural needs.

Published
2015

13. CANABIC: CANnabis and Adolescents: effect of a Brief Intervention on their Consumption - study protocol for a randomized controlled trial

Author

Bruno Falissard, Paul Frappé, Gilles Clément, D. J. Costa, Gilles Tanguy, Philippe Vorilhon, Catherine Laporte, Mélanie Badin, Yoann Gaboreau, Claude Dubray, Laurent Marty, Bruno Pereira, Pierre-Michel Llorca, Olivier Blanc, Hélène Vaillant-Roussel, CHU Gabriel Montpied [Clermont-Ferrand], CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Neuro-Psycho Pharmacologie des Systèmes Dopimanégiques sous-corticaux (NPsy-Sydo), CHU Clermont-Ferrand-Université d'Auvergne - Clermont-Ferrand I (UdA), Direction de la recherche clinique et de l’innovation [CHU Clermont-Ferrand] (DRCI), Service de psychiatrie adulte - B, Département de médecine générale, Université Jean Monnet - Saint-Étienne (UJM), Université de Montpellier (UM), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF), Health anthropologist, Centre d'Investigation Clinique [CHU Clermont-Ferrand] (CIC 1405), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Direction de la recherche clinique et de l’innovation [CHU Clermont-Ferrand] (DRCI), CHU Clermont-Ferrand-CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Troubles du comportement alimentaire de l'adolescent (UMR_S 669), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Université Paris Descartes - Paris 5 (UPD5)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Périnatalité, grossesse, Environnement, PRAtiques médicales et DEveloppement (PEPRADE), This study was supported by a grant from the French Ministry of Health (PHRC-Hospital Program of Clinical Research, n°0505, 2011)., Etablissement National d'Enseignement Supérieur Agronomique de Dijon (ENESAD), Département de Médecine Générale, Faculté de Médecine, Université Clermont Auvergne, Unité de Biostatistiques [CHU Clermont-Ferrand], Département de Médecine Générale [Clermont-Ferrand], Faculté de Médecine - Clermont-Auvergne (FM - UCA), Université Clermont Auvergne [2017-2020] (UCA [2017-2020])-Université Clermont Auvergne [2017-2020] (UCA [2017-2020]), Université Jean Monnet [Saint-Étienne] (UJM), Techniques pour l'Evaluation et la Modélisation des Actions de la Santé (TIMC-IMAG-ThEMAS), Techniques de l'Ingénierie Médicale et de la Complexité - Informatique, Mathématiques et Applications, Grenoble - UMR 5525 (TIMC-IMAG), VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF), Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire [Montpellier] (CHRU Montpellier), International Space University (ISU), CHU Clermont-Ferrand-Université Clermont Auvergne [2017-2020] (UCA [2017-2020]), BMC, Ed., Biostat Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Clermont-Ferrand, Université Clermont Auvergne (UCA)-Université Clermont Auvergne (UCA), CHU Gabriel Montpied (CHU), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP)-IMAG-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP)-IMAG-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), CIC - Clermont Ferrand, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Université Paris Descartes - Paris 5 (UPD5)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11), Neuro-Psycho Pharmacologie des Systèmes Dopimanégiques sous-corticaux - Clermont Auvergne (NPsy-Sydo), CHU Clermont-Ferrand-Université Clermont Auvergne (UCA), CHU Gabriel Montpied ( CHU ), Neuro-Psycho Pharmacologie des Systèmes Dopimanégiques sous-corticaux ( NPsy-Sydo ), CHU Clermont-Ferrand-Université d'Auvergne - Clermont-Ferrand I ( UdA ), Délégation à la Recherche Clinique et à l'Innovation ( DRCI ), Université Jean Monnet [Saint-Étienne] ( UJM ), Université de Montpellier ( UM ), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 ( UJF ), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale ( INSERM ), Troubles du comportement alimentaire de l'adolescent ( UMR_S 669 ), Université Paris Descartes - Paris 5 ( UPD5 ) -Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale ( INSERM ) -Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 ( UP11 ), Périnatalité, grossesse, Environnement, PRAtiques médicales et DEveloppement ( PEPRADE ), and Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
Research design, Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice, Marijuana Abuse, Time Factors, General Practice, 030508 substance abuse, Medicine (miscellaneous), law.invention, Study Protocol, 0302 clinical medicine, Randomized controlled trial, Clinical Protocols, law, Medicine, Pharmacology (medical), 030212 general & internal medicine, Young adult, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, biology, [ SDV.SPEE ] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Santé publique et épidémiologie, General medicine, Brief intervention, 3. Good health, Treatment Outcome, Research Design, France, 0305 other medical science, Adult, medicine.medical_specialty, Automobile Driving, Adolescent, Alcohol Drinking, MEDLINE, Marijuana Smoking, 03 medical and health sciences, Young Adult, Humans, Psychiatry, Cannabis, Consumption (economics), business.industry, biology.organism_classification, Adolescents and young adults, Clinical research, [SDV.SPEE] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Santé publique et épidémiologie, Adolescent Behavior, [SDV.MHEP.PSM]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Psychiatrics and mental health, Psychotherapy, Brief, Perception, [SDV.SPEE]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Santé publique et épidémiologie, business
Abstract

International audience; BACKGROUND: Cannabis is the most consumed illegal substance in France. General practitioners (GPs) are the health professionals who are most consulted by adolescents. Brief intervention (BI) is a promising care initiative for the consumption of cannabis, and could be a tool for GPs in caring for adolescents who consume cannabis. The aim of the CANABIC study is to measure the impact of a BI carried out by a GP on the consumption of cannabis by adolescents of 15 to 25 years of age. METHODS: A randomized clustered controlled trial, stratified over three areas (Auvergne, Languedoc-Roussillon, and Rhone-Alps), comparing an intervention group, which carries out the BI in consultation, and a control group, which ensures routine medical care. The main assessment criterion is the consumption of cannabis by amount of joints per month, at 12 months. The amount necessary to highlight a significant difference between the two groups of 30 % of consumption at 12 months is 250 patients (50 GPs, 5 patients per GP; risk alpha = 5 %; power = 90 %; intra-cluster correlation coefficient rho = 0.2; Hawthorne effect = 15 %; lost to follow-up rates for GPs = 10 % and for patients = 20 %). This plan is replicated for the three areas, and therefore a total of 750 patients are expected.The secondary criteria for judgment are the associated consumption of tobacco and alcohol, the perception of the consequences of consumption, and the driving of a vehicle following consumption. DISCUSSION: Research about BI for young cannabis users is underway. The aim of the CANABIC study is to validate a BI suited to adolescents who consume cannabis, which may be performed in the general practice. This would provide a tool for their treatment by a GP, which could be widely distributed during initial or further medical training.Trial registration: CANABIC is a randomized clustered trial (NCT01433692, registered 2011 Sept 12), PHRC funded: Clinical Research Hospital Program (Governmental Fund, Health Ministry). Date first patient randomized: March 2012.

Published
2014

14. Tackling the alcohol issue in France

Author

Laporte, Catherine, Vaillant-Roussel, Hélène, Pereira, Bruno, Blanc, Olivier, Tanguy, Gilles, Frappé, Paul, Costa, David, Gaboreau, Yoann, Badin, Mélanie, Marty, Laurent, Clément, Gilles, Dubray, Claude, Falissard, Bruno, Vorilhon, Philippe, Blanquet, Marie, Peyrol, Mme Fleur, Gerbaud, Laurent, Morel, Florence, Maradeix, Bernard, Llorca, Pierre-Michel, Morge, André, Neuro-Psycho Pharmacologie des Systèmes Dopimanégiques sous-corticaux (NPsy-Sydo), CHU Clermont-Ferrand-Université Clermont Auvergne [2017-2020] (UCA [2017-2020]), Département de Médecine Générale, Faculté de Médecine, Université Clermont Auvergne, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Departement Médecine Générale [Clermont-Ferrand], Université d'Auvergne - Clermont-Ferrand I (UdA), Département de Médecine Générale [CHU Saint-Etienne], Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Saint-Etienne [CHU Saint-Etienne] (CHU ST-E)-Université Jean Monnet - Saint-Étienne (UJM), Techniques pour l'Evaluation et la Modélisation des Actions de la Santé (TIMC-IMAG-ThEMAS), Techniques de l'Ingénierie Médicale et de la Complexité - Informatique, Mathématiques et Applications, Grenoble - UMR 5525 (TIMC-IMAG), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire [Montpellier] (CHRU Montpellier), Heidelberg Institute of Plant Sciences, Universität Heidelberg [Heidelberg] = Heidelberg University, International Space University (ISU), Centre d’Investigation Clinique (CIC), Centre de recherche en épidémiologie et santé des populations (CESP), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Hôpital Paul Brousse-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Département de Médecine Générale [Clermont-Ferrand], Faculté de Médecine - Clermont-Auvergne (FM - UCA), Université Clermont Auvergne [2017-2020] (UCA [2017-2020])-Université Clermont Auvergne [2017-2020] (UCA [2017-2020]), service de Santé Publique, Département de Médecine Générale [Saint-Etienne], Université Jean Monnet [Saint-Étienne] (UJM), VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF), Universität Heidelberg [Heidelberg], and Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Hôpital Paul Brousse-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)

Subjects
Alcohol Drinking, Attitude of Health Personnel, [SDV.NEU.NB]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Neurons and Cognition [q-bio.NC]/Neurobiology, General Practice, education, MEDLINE, Alcohol, chemistry.chemical_compound, Hazardous waste, Environmental health, Humans, Medicine, Letters, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, [SDV.NEU.PC]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Neurons and Cognition [q-bio.NC]/Psychology and behavior, business.industry, [SCCO.NEUR]Cognitive science/Neuroscience, [SDV.NEU.SC]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Neurons and Cognition [q-bio.NC]/Cognitive Sciences, Excessive alcohol consumption, 3. Good health, chemistry, General practice, Observational study, France, Family Practice, business
Abstract

Excessive alcohol consumption remains a significant problem around the world and in France, with a 30% prevalence of hazardous and harmful drinkers.1 GPs are a mainstay of the health organisation and can have a significant impact on alcohol misuse. A project conducted in 2007 revealed that French GPs questioned only 11% of their patients about their alcohol consumption.2 We performed a …

Published
2013

15. Medical survey of European astronauts during Mir missions

Author

B. Comet, D. Hamilton, Gilles Clément, L. Davenport, International Space University (ISU), Centre de recherche cerveau et cognition (CERCO), Institut des sciences du cerveau de Toulouse. (ISCT), Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-CHU Toulouse [Toulouse]-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-CHU Toulouse [Toulouse]-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Wyle Laboratories, NASA, Institut de Médecine et de Physiologie Spatiales (MEDES), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire d'Angers (CHU Angers), PRES Université Nantes Angers Le Mans (UNAM)-PRES Université Nantes Angers Le Mans (UNAM)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université de Bordeaux (UB)-CHU Toulouse [Toulouse]-Université Jean Monnet [Saint-Étienne] (UJM)-Université de Tours-Université de Clermont-Ferrand-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES), and Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université de Bordeaux (UB)-CHU Toulouse [Toulouse]-Université Jean Monnet [Saint-Étienne] (UJM)-Université de Tours (UT)-Université de Clermont-Ferrand-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)

Subjects
Atmospheric Science, education, Aerospace Engineering, Orthostatic intolerance, Manned spaceflight, Space exploration, 03 medical and health sciences, Astronaut selection, 0302 clinical medicine, Aeronautics, medicine, Space medicine, Remote sensing, business.industry, Human spaceflight, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Mir, 030229 sport sciences, Exercise capacity, medicine.disease, Radiation exposure, On board, Geophysics, Space and Planetary Science, General Earth and Planetary Sciences, [SDV.NEU]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Neurons and Cognition [q-bio.NC], business, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery
Abstract

International audience; This paper reviews the medical operations performed on six European astronauts during seven space missions on board the space station Mir. These missions took place between November 1988 and August 1999, and their duration ranged from 14 days to 189 days. Steps of pre-flight medical selection and flight certification are presented. Countermeasures program used during the flight, as well as rehabilitation program following short and long-duration missions are described. Also reviewed are medical problems encountered during the flight, post-flight physiological changes such as orthostatic intolerance, exercise capacity, blood composition, muscle atrophy, bone density, and radiation exposure.

Published
2010

16. Ram pressure stripping of tilted galaxies

Author

Joachim Köppen, Jan Palouš, Francoise Combes, Pavel Jáchym, Astronomical Institute, Academy of Sciences, Observatoire astronomique de Strasbourg (OAS), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Louis Pasteur - Strasbourg I-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), International Space University (ISU), Laboratoire d'Etude du Rayonnement et de la Matière en Astrophysique (LERMA), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Cergy Pontoise (UCP), Université Paris-Seine-Université Paris-Seine-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Galaxies et cosmologie, Laboratoire d'Etude du Rayonnement et de la Matière en Astrophysique et Atmosphères = Laboratory for Studies of Radiation and Matter in Astrophysics and Atmospheres (LERMA), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-CY Cergy Paris Université (CY)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), and Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-CY Cergy Paris Université (CY)

Subjects
Physics, Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics (astro-ph.CO), Stripping (chemistry), Momentum transfer, FOS: Physical sciences, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Context (language use), Astrophysics, Astrophysics::Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics, Galaxy, Ram pressure, Computational physics, Tilt (optics), Space and Planetary Science, Orbit (dynamics), [PHYS.ASTR]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], Galaxy cluster, Astrophysics::Galaxy Astrophysics, Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics
Abstract

International audience; Context: Ram pressure stripping of galaxies in clusters can yield gas deficient disks. Previous numerical simulations based on various approaches suggested that, except for near edge-on disk orientations, the amount of stripping depends very little on the inclination angle. Aims: Following our previous numerical and analytical study of face-on stripping, we extend the set of parameters with the disk tilt angle and explore in detail the effects of the ram pressure on the interstellar content (ISM) of tilted galaxies that orbit in various environments of clusters, with compact or extended distributions of the intra-cluster medium (ICM). We further study how results of numerical simulations could be estimated analytically. To isolate the effect of inclination, galaxies on strictly radial orbits are considered. Methods: A grid of numerical simulations with varying parameters is produced using the tree/SPH code GADGET with a modified method for calculating the ISM-ICM interaction. These SPH calculations extend the set of existing results obtained from different codes using various numerical techniques. Results: The simulations confirm the general trend of less stripping at orientations close to edge-on. The dependence on the disk tilt angle is more pronounced for compact ICM distributions, however it almost vanishes for strong ram pressure pulses. Although various hydrodynamical effects are present in the ISM-ICM interaction, the main quantitative stripping results appear to be roughly consistent with a simple scenario of momentum transfer from the encountered ICM. This behavior can also be found in previous simulations. To reproduce the numerical results we propose a fitting formula depending on the disk tilt angle and on the column density of the encountered ICM. Such a dependence is superior to that on the peak ram pressure used in previous simple estimates.

Published
2009

17. Impact of Active Regions on Coronal Hole Outflows

Author

Scott W. McIntosh, I. Scholl, Shadia Rifai Habbal, Institute for Astronomy, University of Hawaii, International Space University (ISU), Laboratoire d'études spatiales et d'instrumentation en astrophysique (LESIA), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and High Altitude Observatory, National Center for Atmospheric Research

Subjects
Physics, Solar minimum, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Coronal cloud, Astronomy, Coronal hole, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Coronal loop, Astrophysics, Helmet streamer, Corona, Nanoflares, Solar wind, Space and Planetary Science, Physics::Space Physics, Astrophysics::Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, Astrophysics::Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, [PHYS.ASTR]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], Astrophysics::Galaxy Astrophysics
Abstract

International audience; Establishing the sources of the fast and slow solar wind is important for understanding their drivers and their subsequent interaction in interplanetary space. Although coronal holes continue to be viewed as the main source of the fast solar wind, there is recent evidence that the quiet Sun provides other spatially concentrated sources. To identify the underlying physical characteristics of the outflow from coronal holes, solar disk observations from the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO) are considered. These observations encompass photospheric line-of-sight magnetic field measurements from the Michelson Doppler Imager (MDI), Fe X 171 Å passband imaging from the Extreme-ultraviolet Imaging Telescope (EIT), and Ne VIII 770 Å spectral observations with outflows inferred from their corresponding Doppler blueshifts, at solar minimum and maximum and at different latitudes, from the Solar Ultraviolet Measurement of Emitted Radiation (SUMER) instrument. The sharp variations of outflows within the SUMER field of view, referred to as velocity gradients, are introduced as a new diagnostic. It is shown that, in general, coronal holes are indistinguishable from the quiet Sun, whether in their outflows or their gradients. Surprisingly, however, when enhanced unbalanced magnetic flux from active regions extends into neighboring coronal holes, both outflows and their gradients become significantly enhanced within the coronal holes and along their boundaries. The same effect is observed in the quiet Sun, albeit to a lesser extent. These findings point to the possibility that active regions can lead to enhanced plasma outflows in neighboring coronal holes.

Published
2008

18. Gas stripping in galaxy clusters: a new SPH simulation approach

Author

Jan Palouš, Joachim Köppen, Francoise Combes, Pavel Jáchym, Henry, Florence, Astronomical Institute, Academy of Sciences, Observatoire astronomique de Strasbourg (OAS), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Louis Pasteur - Strasbourg I-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), International Space University (ISU), Laboratoire d'Etude du Rayonnement et de la Matière en Astrophysique (LERMA), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Cergy Pontoise (UCP), Université Paris-Seine-Université Paris-Seine-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Galaxies et cosmologie, Laboratoire d'Etude du Rayonnement et de la Matière en Astrophysique et Atmosphères = Laboratory for Studies of Radiation and Matter in Astrophysics and Atmospheres (LERMA), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-CY Cergy Paris Université (CY)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), and Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-CY Cergy Paris Université (CY)

Subjects
Physics, Spiral galaxy, Metallicity, Astrophysics (astro-ph), FOS: Physical sciences, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Astrophysics, Astrophysics::Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics, Galaxy, Ram pressure, Interstellar medium, Space and Planetary Science, Intracluster medium, Cluster (physics), [PHYS.ASTR]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], [PHYS.ASTR] Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], Galaxy cluster, Astrophysics::Galaxy Astrophysics
Abstract

The influence of a time-varying ram pressure on spiral galaxies in clusters is explored with a new simulation method based on the N-body SPH/tree code GADGET. We have adapted the code to describe the interaction of two different gas phases, the diffuse hot intracluster medium (ICM) and the denser and colder interstellar medium (ISM). Both the ICM and ISM components are introduced as SPH particles. As a galaxy arrives on a highly radial orbit from outskirts to cluster center, it crosses the ICM density peak and experiences a time-varying wind. Depending on the duration and intensity of the ISM-ICM interaction, early and late type galaxies in galaxy clusters with either a large or small ICM distribution are found to show different stripping efficiencies, amounts of reaccretion of the extra-planar ISM, and final masses. We compare the numerical results with analytical approximations of different complexity and indicate the limits of the Gunn & Gott simple stripping formula. Our investigations emphasize the role of the galactic orbital history to the stripping amount. We discuss the contribution of ram pressure stripping to the origin of the ICM and its metallicity. We propose gas accumulations like tails, filaments, or ripples to be responsible for stripping in regions with low overall ICM occurrence., 18 pages, 23 figures, accepted for publication in A&A

Published
2007

19. Expression and detection strategies for an scFv fragment retaining the same high affinity than Fab and whole antibody: Implications for therapeutic use in prion diseases

Author

Sosthène Essono, Fatima Dkhissi, Séverine Padiolleau-Lefevre, Jean-Yves Couraud, Coralie Alexandrenne, Anne Wijkhuisen, Didier Boquet, Gilles Clément, Celine A. Blache, Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), Institut de Biologie et de Technologies de Saclay (IBITECS), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay, INSERM CIC 0802 (INSERM - CHU de Poitiers), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre hospitalier universitaire de Poitiers (CHU Poitiers)-Université de Poitiers, International Space University (ISU), Laboratoire d'Etudes et de Recherches en Immunoanalyses (LERI), Service de Pharmacologie et Immunoanalyse (SPI), Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (MTS), Université Paris-Saclay-Direction de Recherche Fondamentale (CEA) (DRF (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Université Paris-Saclay-Direction de Recherche Fondamentale (CEA) (DRF (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (MTS), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Pari mutuel urbain (.) (PMU), Laboratoire d'Ingénierie des Anticorps pour la Santé (LIAS), and Université de Poitiers-Centre hospitalier universitaire de Poitiers (CHU Poitiers)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)

Subjects
[SDV.BIO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biotechnology, medicine.drug_class, Prions, Immunology, Immunoglobulin Variable Region, Context (language use), Biology, Monoclonal antibody, law.invention, Prion Diseases, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Antigen, law, medicine, Escherichia coli, Animals, Humans, Avidity, [SDV.BBM.BC]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biochemistry, Molecular Biology/Biochemistry [q-bio.BM], Molecular Biology, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 030304 developmental biology, 0303 health sciences, Expression vector, Antibodies, Monoclonal, [SDV.BBM.BM]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biochemistry, Molecular Biology/Molecular biology, [SDV.IMM.IMM]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Immunology/Immunotherapy, Molecular biology, In vitro, Recombinant Proteins, 3. Good health, Biochemistry, [SDV.IMM.IA]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Immunology/Adaptive immunology, biology.protein, Recombinant DNA, Antibody, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery
Abstract

Since antibodies currently constitute the most rapidly growing class of human therapeutics, the high-yield production of recombinant antibodies and antibody fragments is a real challenge. Using as model a monoclonal antibody directed against the human prion protein that we prepared previously and tested for its therapeutic value, we describe here experimental conditions allowing the production of large quantities (up to 35 mg/l of bacterial culture) of correctly refolded and totally functional single chain fragment variable (scFv). These quantities were sufficient to characterize the binding properties of this small recombinant fragment through in vitro and ex vivo approaches. Interestingly, this scFv retains full binding capacity for its antigen, i.e. the human prion protein, when compared with the corresponding Fab or whole antibody, and recognizes soluble, solid-phase-adsorbed, and membrane-bound prion protein. This strongly suggests that from the mAb cloning step to the refolding of the recombinant fragment, each stage is well controlled, leading to almost 100% functional scFv. These results are of interest not only in view of possible immunotherapy for prion diseases, but also more generally in emphasizing the great promise of these small recombinant molecules in the context of targeted therapies.

Published
2006

20. Influence of the gravitational vertical on geometric visual illusions

Author

Gilles Clément, Jennie Eckardt, Marlot, Catherine, Centre de recherche cerveau et cognition (CERCO), Institut des sciences du cerveau de Toulouse. (ISCT), Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-CHU Toulouse [Toulouse]-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-CHU Toulouse [Toulouse]-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and International Space University (ISU)

Subjects
Adult, Visual perception, media_common.quotation_subject, MESH: Gravitation, Posture, Illusion, Aerospace Engineering, MESH: Orientation, Spatial Behavior, Geometry, MESH: Pattern Recognition, Visual, MESH: Optical Illusions, 050105 experimental psychology, Ponzo illusion, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, MESH: Depth Perception, Orientation (geometry), Perception, MESH: Spatial Behavior, Orientation, Contrast (vision), Humans, 0501 psychology and cognitive sciences, Computer vision, MESH: Form Perception, [SDV.NEU] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Neurons and Cognition [q-bio.NC], Mathematics, media_common, Depth Perception, MESH: Humans, MESH: Visual Perception, business.industry, Optical illusion, Optical Illusions, Perceived visual angle, 05 social sciences, MESH: Adult, MESH: Posture, Form Perception, Pattern Recognition, Visual, Visual Perception, [SDV.NEU]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Neurons and Cognition [q-bio.NC], Artificial intelligence, business, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery, Gravitation
Abstract

International audience; The occurrence of geometric orientation illusions and the perception of ambiguous figures were analyzed in 24 subjects during static body tilt relative to gravity on Earth. Results showed that illusions such as the Rock's diamond/square, the Ponzo illusion, and orientation contrast illusions occurred less frequently, and that depth reversal of ambiguous figures took more time when subjects were lying on their side or supine compared to upright, thus suggesting that the gravitational reference plays a significant role in these "visual" illusions. The structure of images, our representation of the environment, and orientation relative to gravity are all integral parts in interpreting visual images. In a weightless environment where no gravitational reference can be used, it is expected that similar alterations in visual perception will occur.

21. Exercise in space: the European Space Agency approach to in-flight exercise countermeasures for long-duration missions on ISS.

Author

Petersen N, Jaekel P, Rosenberger A, Weber T, Scott J, Castrucci F, Lambrecht G, Ploutz-Snyder L, Damann V, Kozlovskaya I, and Mester J

Abstract

Background: To counteract microgravity (µG)-induced adaptation, European Space Agency (ESA) astronauts on long-duration missions (LDMs) to the International Space Station (ISS) perform a daily physical exercise countermeasure program. Since the first ESA crewmember completed an LDM in 2006, the ESA countermeasure program has strived to provide efficient protection against decreases in body mass, muscle strength, bone mass, and aerobic capacity within the operational constraints of the ISS environment and the changing availability of on-board exercise devices. The purpose of this paper is to provide a description of ESA's individualised approach to in-flight exercise countermeasures and an up-to-date picture of how exercise is used to counteract physiological changes resulting from µG-induced adaptation. Changes in the absolute workload for resistive exercise, treadmill running and cycle ergometry throughout ESA's eight LDMs are also presented, and aspects of pre-flight physical preparation and post-flight reconditioning outlined., Results: With the introduction of the advanced resistive exercise device (ARED) in 2009, the relative contribution of resistance exercise to total in-flight exercise increased (33-46 %), whilst treadmill running (42-33 %) and cycle ergometry (26-20 %) decreased. All eight ESA crewmembers increased their in-flight absolute workload during their LDMs for resistance exercise and treadmill running (running speed and vertical loading through the harness), while cycle ergometer workload was unchanged across missions., Conclusion: Increased or unchanged absolute exercise workloads in-flight would appear contradictory to typical post-flight reductions in muscle mass and strength, and cardiovascular capacity following LDMs. However, increased absolute in-flight workloads are not directly linked to changes in exercise capacity as they likely also reflect the planned, conservative loading early in the mission to allow adaption to µG exercise, including personal comfort issues with novel exercise hardware (e.g. the treadmill harness). Inconsistency in hardware and individualised support concepts across time limit the comparability of results from different crewmembers, and questions regarding the difference between cycling and running in µG versus identical exercise here on Earth, and other factors that might influence in-flight exercise performance, still require further investigation.

Published
2016
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22. Macrolife and beyond.

Author

Richards RD

Subjects
Animals, Biological Evolution, Consciousness, Earth, Planet, Extraterrestrial Environment, Humans, Origin of Life, Life
Published
1997

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