Search

Resumo: O estudo referente ao período de 2016 a 2019 trata das agendas empresariais na saúde brasileira e suas interseções com as do Banco Mundial, a governamental (Temer) e o programa eleitoral e propostas de ações relativas aos três primeiros meses do governo Bolsonaro. Houve uma aceleração da contrarreforma do Estado na saúde no governo Temer e uma continuidade das diretrizes da política de saúde entre Temer e Bolsonaro, ambas alinhadas com as agendas empresariais e as propostas do Banco Mundial. Abstract: The study from 2016 to 2019 period deals with business agendas in Brazilian health, and their intersections with World Bank, Temer’s government and electoral program and related actions proposals of the first three months of government of Bolsonaro. There was an acceleration of the state’s counter-reform in health during Temer government and a continuity of health policy guidelines between Temer and Bolsonaro, and both are aligned with the business agendas and World Bank proposals.

O Banco Mundial tem influenciado os rumos do Sistema Único de Saúde ao longo desses quase 30 anos. Coube a este estudo analisar os projetos financiados pelo Banco Mundial para o setor saúde no Brasil entre 2003 e 2014. Empregou-se, aqui, a técnica da análise documental sobre os projetos financiados pelo Banco Mundial para o setor saúde brasileiro nas três esferas de governo, categorizados à luz da análise de conteúdo. Dos 174 projetos financiados no país, 31 contemplaram o setor saúde em sua composição, sendo 64,53% desses assinados com os governos estaduais. A maior parte dos projetos da saúde foram assinados no segundo governo Lula e os principais temas estruturantes foram: desenvolvimento humano e gênero, gestão do setor público e desenvolvimento do setor privado. Evidenciou-se o deslocamento estratégico do Banco Mundial, que se aproximou dos governos estaduais e municipais sobretudo a partir da segunda gestão do governo Lula. Esse movimento denota a habilidade do Banco Mundial de identificar as mudanças globais em andamento, sobretudo em relação ao cenário geopolítico e econômico. Conclui-se que o Banco Mundial aumentou seu interesse pelo setor de saúde brasileiro e que as propostas contribuíram para impulsionar os princípios da reforma do Estado no país. The World Bank has been influencing the direction of the Brazilian National Health System over the last 30 years. This study analyzed the projects funded by the World Bank for the health sector in Brazil between 2003 and 2014. A documentary analysis was conducted on projects financed by the World Bank for the Brazilian health sector in the three government spheres, categorized according to content analysis. Of the 174 projects financed in the country, 31 contemplated the health sector in their composition, with 64.53% of these being signed with the state governments. Most of the health projects were signed in the second Lula government and the main structuring themes were: Human Development and Gender, Public Sector Management and Private Sector Development. The strategic displacement of the World Bank, which approached the state and municipal governments, was evident since the second administration of the Lula government. This movement denoted the World Bank’s ability to identify global changes in progress, especially regarding the geopolitical and economic scenario. The results show that the World Bank increased its interest in the Brazilian health sector and that the proposals contributed to boost the principles of state reform in the country

The subject of the researchis the functioning of multilateral development banks in the world economy and prospects for their cooperation with Russia.The relevanceof the problem is due, firstly, to the need to make a revision of the Russian policy of cooperation with international financial organizations so as to use their practices in programs of socioeconomic transformations and expand the country’s presence in the global economy, and, secondly, to the availability of huge resources accumulated by the largest multilateral banks with prospects of their use for the domestic economy modernization.The purpose of the researchwas to consider the business specifics and prospects of cooperation of multilateral development banks with Russia with a focus on investment activities carried out by the World Bank divisions and three multilateral development banks — the African Development Bank, the Asian Development Bank and the Inter-American Development Bank — that are analyzed in terms of their functions at the regional level and in the world economy. The paper gives an assessment of the current state of Russia’s cooperation with multilateral development banks and examines its prospects.It is concludedthatRussia needs to develop an understanding of its own position with regard to the activities of the above organizations and build a cooperation system that would contribute to the realization of its national interests and be in line with the country’s economic development policies.

RESUMO O QualiSUS-Rede buscou qualificar a atenção e a gestão em saúde via organização das redes de atenção. O objetivo do estudo foi analisar o processo de formulação e implementação do QualiSUS-Rede relacionado à gestão. Trata-se de estudo qualitativo, de base documental. Fez-se uso da análise estratégica, considerando suas três dimensões: pertinência do problema priorizado; pertinência do objetivo e das soluções propostas; pertinência das parcerias. Aplicou-se a análise estratégica de forma hibridizada com a teoria de mudança em seus três eixos: cadeia de efeitos e seus condicionantes, modo de funcionamento e as interações entre os atores. Elaborou-se a linha do tempo do QualiSUS-Rede, identificando os eventos críticos. Como resultado, verificou-se que o QualiSUS-Rede obteve pertinência nas três dimensões da análise estratégica. No entanto, as evidências apontam que, em intervenções futuras, os seguintes aspectos precisam ser observados: i) a agilização dos tempos institucionais; ii) a fragilidade do modelo institucional de monitoramento e avaliação; e iii) dificuldade das instâncias envolvidas com a gestão de riscos, especialmente daqueles originários das transições governamentais. O uso de múltiplas estratégias metodológicas, com base na teoria da intervenção, considerando a cadeia de efeitos e causalidades, mostrou-se potente para explicitar a teoria e o modelo de gestão no QualiSUS-Rede. ABSTRACT QualiSUS-Network sought to qualify management and health care by means of organization of health networks. The objective of our study is to analyze the process of formulation and implementation of QualiSUS-Network related to management. This is a qualitative study, on a documentary basis. Strategic analysis was used, by considering its three dimensions: relevance of the problem prioritized; relevance of the proposed objectives and solutions; relevance of partnerships. Strategic analysis was used in a hybrid way together with the theory of change considering its three axes: chain of results and its conditioners, operation mode and interactions among actors. A timeline of QualiSUS-Network was also developed, identifying critical events. As a result, it was verified that QualiSUS-Network achieved relevance in the three dimensions of the strategic analysis. However, the evidences point out that, in future interventions, the following barriers need to be observed: i) the streamlining of institutional times; ii) the weakness of the institutional model for monitoring and evaluation; iii) difficulty of the bodies involved with risk management, especially those originating from government transitions. The use of multiple methodological strategies, based on the intervention theory, considering the chain of outcomes and causalities, have proved to be potent in explaining the theory and management model in the QualiSUS-Network.

This paper is a theoretical study whose premise is the imposition made by the current stage of capitalism on poor countries, among them Brazil, which aims to make the structuring of its social policies more flexible, threatening important achievements, such as the Unified Health System. It was important, as a goal, to analyze the Brazilian social policies in the context of contemporary capitalism, in which the most fetishized form of capital, namely, the interest-bearing capital, and its unfolding for the SUS, predominates. We also sought to understand the role of international organizations, especially the World Bank, in this context. The first part shows a discussion about the crisis of the Welfare State and the reconfiguration of social policies according to the rationale of the current stage of capitalism. Furthermore, it discusses the dispute over public funds and its relevance to the process of accumulated and expanded interest-bearing capital. The second part shows the strategic role of international organizations, especially the World Bank, as the spokesperson for the neoliberal agenda. It addresses the influence of the World Bank on the domestic policy of the states so as to articulate international geopolitics according to “market interests”. Finally, some remarks are made regarding the future of the Brazilian health system, particularly for Primary Health Care. Este artículo se constituye en un estudio teórico, cuya premisa es la imposición hecha por la actual fase del capitalismo a los países pobres, entre ellos Brasil, y que pretende flexibilizar la estructuración de sus políticas sociales, amenazando logros importantes, como es el caso del Sistema Único de Salud. Como objetivo, importó analizar las políticas sociales en Brasil en el contexto del capitalismo contemporáneo, en el que predomina la más fetichizada forma del capital, cuál es, el capital portador de interés, y sus desdoblamientos para SUS. Además, se buscó comprender el papel de los organismos internacionales, especialmente el Banco Mundial, en este contexto. La primera parte presenta una discusión acerca de la crisis del Estado de Bienestar y de la reconfiguración de las políticas sociales, según la lógica de la fase actual del capitalismo. También se discute la disputa por los fondos públicos y su relevancia para el proceso de acumulación y expansión del capital portador de interés. La segunda parte expone el papel estratégico de los organismos internacionales, sobre todo el Banco Mundial, como portavoz de la agenda neoliberal. Trata de la influencia del Banco Mundial sobre la política interna de los Estados, para articular la geopolítica internacional según los “intereses de los mercados”. Por último, se hacen algunos apuntes para el futuro del sistema de salud brasileño, en particular para la Atención Primaria de Salud. Este artigo constitui-se em um estudo teórico, cuja premissa é a imposição feita pelo atual estágio do capitalismo aos países pobres, entre eles o Brasil, que visa flexibilizar a estruturação de suas políticas sociais, ameaçando conquistas importantes, como é o caso do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS). Como objetivo, importou analisar as políticas sociais no Brasil no contexto do capitalismo contemporâneo, em que predomina a mais fetichizada forma do capital, qual seja, o capital portador de juros, e seus desdobramentos para o SUS. Além disso, buscou-se compreender o papel dos organismos internacionais, especialmente o Banco Mundial, neste contexto. A primeira parte apresenta uma discussão acerca da crise do Estado de Bem-Estar e da reconfiguração das políticas sociais, segundo a lógica da fase atual do capitalismo. Além disso, discute a disputa pelo fundo público e sua relevância para o processo de acumulação e expansão do capital portador de juros. A segunda parte expõe o papel estratégico dos organismos internacionais, sobretudo o Banco Mundial, como porta-voz da agenda neoliberal. Trata da influência do Banco Mundial sobre a política interna dos Estados, de modo a articular a geopolítica internacional, segundo os “interesses dos mercados”. Por fim, fazem-se alguns apontamentos para o futuro do sistema de saúde brasileiro, principalmente para a Atenção Primária à Saúde.

A discussão dos elementos políticos, econômicos e financeiros relacionados ao debate sobre bancos multilaterais de desenvolvimento (BMDs) se tornou ainda mais interessante com o surgimento de novas instituições multilaterais, como o Novo Banco de Desenvolvimento do BRICS (NBD). Apesar de ainda não ter realizado empréstimos, o NBD desperta expectativas com relação a mudanças tanto em termos de método operacional como também de resultados. No entanto, pouco se sabe a respeito do significado da criação e da possibilidade de crescimento de um novo BMD governado por esses países emergentes. Quais são os desafios que o NBD irá enfrentar? Qual a sua capacidade de superar essas dificuldades? Quão distinta do Banco Mundial esta nova instituição será? Essas são as questões que norteiam esta dissertação, cujo objetivo geral é identificar e analisar os principais dilemas e obstáculos políticos e institucionais que os BMDs em geral, e em particular o NBD, encontram em suas trajetórias e a capacidade de superação dessas instituições. Esta pesquisa é desenvolvida através de um método que combina elementos teóricos e históricos, e avalia informações extraídas de documentos oficiais e discursos dos líderes dos BMDs estudados. A pesquisa é estruturada em cinco capítulos, além da introdução e das conclusões. A dissertação inicia com uma discussão teórica a respeito dos propósitos e processo decisório dos BMDs. O segundo capítulo é dedicado às questões financeiras referentes à captação de recursos, gestão de riscos e concessão de crédito dos BMDs. No terceiro capítulo, o objetivo é descrever a evolução do capital, da governança e do crescimento do Banco Internacional para Reconstrução e Desenvolvimento (BIRD), mais conhecido como Banco Mundial, durante o período que se estende desde sua fundação até o presente. O quarto capítulo discute a forma como o BIRD administrou os riscos apresentando as principais características das suas políticas financeiras e de crédito ao longo da sua existência. O objetivo do quinto capítulo é analisar a criação do NBD, as características da sua estrutura de capital e de governança, as prováveis políticas financeiras e de crédito e as possibilidades de crescimento desta nova instituição, estabelecendo sempre um paralelo com a discussão anterior sobre os BMDs e com a história do BIRD. Na conclusão, são apresentados resultados que indicam potencial do NBD para crescer e contribuir com o financiamento do desenvolvimento a partir de um modelo diferente do que tem sido praticado historicamente pelo BIRD. The discussion regarding the political, economic, and financial aspects related to multilateral development banks (MDBs) has become more interesting with the appearing of new multilateral institutions, such as the New Development Bank (NDB). Despite still not having a history with lending, the NDB is expected to bring some changes in terms of operational method and results. Yet, the real meaning about the creation and possibility of growth of this new MDB, governed by emerging countries, is unknown. What are the challenges the NDB is going to face? What is its capacity to overcome the difficulties ahead? How different from the World Bank this new institution will be? These are the questions that guide this dissertation, whose general goal is to identify and analyse the main dilemmas and political and institutional obstacles that MDBs in general, and the NDB in particular, find in their trajectories and the capacity of these institutions to overcome the challenges. This research is developed through a method that combines theoretical and historical elements, and evaluates information gathered from official documents and speeches of leaders of the MDBs studied. The research is structured in five chapters, besides the introduction and the conclusions. The dissertation begins with a theoretical discussion about the purposes and decision process of MDBs. The second chapter is dedicated to financial questions regarding borrowing of resources, risk management, and lending. In the third chapter, the objective is to describe the evolution of the capital, governance, and loans growth of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD), more commonly known as the World Bank, during the period which extends since its origins until the present. The fourth chapter discusses the way the IBRD managed its risks, presenting the main characteristics of its financial and credit policies. The objective of the fifth chapter is to analyse the creation of the NDB, the characteristics of its capital and governance structure, its most probable financial and credit policies, and the chances of growth of this institution, always establishing a parallel with the previous discussion regarding the MDBs and the IBRD. In the conclusion, the results are presented indicating the NDB potential to grow and contribute to development finance with a model that has some differences in relation to the historical practices of the IBRD.

A portfolio based model (Credit Risk of Credit Suisse First Boston) and recent Central Bank of Argentina credit bureau data are used to estimate whether current capital and provisioning regulations match actual risks. Arguing that provisions should cover expected losses and that capital requirements should cover potential losses beyond expected losses subject to some statistical level of tolerance, the article assesses how well actual capital and provisioning requirements match the estimated requirements given by the model. Actual provisioning requirements were found to be close to implied levels of expected losses. The estimate of potential losses was found to be highly sensitive to the assumptions of the model, especially the parameter relating the volatility of a loan's rate of default to its mean value. This volatility parameter cannot be estimated accurately with the credit bureau data because of the short time span covered, so proxy data were used to estimate it, and two values around that estimate were tried. The difficulty of estimating this critical parameter implies that the results should only be regarded as suggestive. Moreover, the methodology only does not seek to estimate credit risk and not interest rate risk or exchange rate risk, nor does it fully take into account the indirect effects of interest rates and exchange rates on credit risk. As recent events in Argentina have demonstrated, estimating credit risk along these lines should be thought of as just one tool in attempting to assess the appropriate level of bank provisions and capital.

Um die öffentlichen Haushalte in Zukunft auf eine nachhaltige Grundlage zu stellen und eine übermäßige Verschuldung fortan auszuschließen, haben sich die 17 Mitgliedstaaten der Eurozone beim EU-Gipfel am 8. Dezember 2011 darauf verständigt, dass alle in ihren Verfassungen oder auf einer gleichwertigen Ebene Regeln verankern, die eine strenge Haushaltsdisziplin gebieten und die Ziele und Anforderungen des Stabilitäts- und Wachstumspakts in die nationale Gesetzgebung übertragen. Damit ist die deutsche Bundesregierung ihrem Ziel einen Schritt näher gekommen, das Modell der Schuldenbremse in andere Mitgliedstaaten zu exportieren. Ob dies tatsächlich zur gewünschten Eindämmung der Verschuldung führt, bleibt hingegen abzuwarten. Denn Schuldenbremsen müssen nicht unbedingt für Nachhaltigkeit der öffentlichen Finanzen sorgen: Da eine starr wirkende Schuldenbremse die Staaten zu einer Reduzierung ihrer Haushaltsdefizite zwingt, kann sie unter Umständen die Konjunktur abwürgen und so ein sinkendes Steueraufkommen nach sich ziehen. In den meisten Mitgliedstaaten würde sie die Schuldenquote nur um den Preis einer Wirtschaftskrise schnell senken können. Dies wäre gerade für hochverschuldete Länder wie Griechenland oder auch Portugal fatal. Während nationale Schuldenbremsen also zu empfehlen sind, so doch unter der Voraussetzung, dass sie hinreichend flexibel sind. Vorgeschlagen wird eine Flexibilitätsregel, die sich am nominalen BIP-Wachstum orientiert. Die Absenkung der Schuldenstände würde zwar länger dauern, verliefe jedoch schockfrei. (Autorenreferat)

The first chapter describes the conditions of the establishment and development of international organizations, their characteristic and division. The second chapter is devoted to International Monetary Fund and the third one to International Bank for Reconstruction and Development. The fourth chapter deals with the World Trade Organization and the fifth one with the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development. Each chapter contains a description of the development of the goals and roles of particular organization till present.

In dem Papier soll überprüft werden, über welche materiellen Ressourcen zur Durchsetzung ihrer Entscheidungen und über welche diskursiven Ressourcen zur Überredung/ Überzeugung der Kreditnehmer oder anderer Kapitalgeber und zur Beeinflussung der entwicklungspolitischen Agenda die internationalen Finanzinstitutionen (IFIs) tatsächlich verfügen. Die Darstellung soll zeigen, dass die Macht der IFIs vielfach überschätzt wird und rückläufig ist. (GIGA)

The World Bank is a prestigious and large international financial institution. Since its foundation it has widened the scope and the size of its activities. One interpretation of what the World Bank is doing is the provision of public goods. If we take this interpretation seriously the comprehensiveness of the Bank's activity suggests that the Bank is assuming more and more the functions of a world government in the making. An alternative interpretation would look at the World Bank as a huge bureaucratic organization, acting on its own behalf. This interpretation can not be endorsed fully by the available information, but only in the sense of bureau-shaping. The Bank itself is proud of being a knowledge bank. But its actual activity is the popularization of ideas on development and not the application of research outcomes in its day-to-day operations. The most appropriate interpretation of the activity of the World Bank is that its changing scope and size is shaped heavily by pressure from different interest groups.

Der Zerfall der früheren Sowjetunion hatte als politische Folge den Verlust der russischen Vorherrschaft im 'inneren Imperium', in den Sowjetrepubliken, die nun den Weg der Öffnung und Integration in die Weltwirtschaft zu suchen begannen. Allerdings ist das Erlangen ihrer ökonomischen Eigenständigkeit aus eigener Kraft nicht sicher, denn eine Dominanz des großen Nachbarn ist in vielen Bereichen weiterhin vorhanden. Rußland selbst ist wirtschaftlich geschwächt und sucht die Zusammenarbeit mit den Internationalen Finanzorganisationen als Geldgeber und foreign constituency - Partner. Der Westen stand vor dem Problem sich in den Transformationsprozeß zu engagieren oder - um Rußland nicht zu reizen - den postsowjetischen Raum Moskau offen oder stillschweigend zu überlassen. In der Arbeit wird eingeschätzt, daß es nicht zu einer Neuauflage der Sowjetunion kam und die meisten Nachfolgestaaten die Transformation meistern, weil der Westen eine aktive wirtschaftspolitische Rolle im postsowjetischen Raum zu übernehmen bereit war. Der Mitteltransfer der internationalen Gemeinschaft hilft die Zahlungsbilanzen der früheren Sowjetrepubliken im Gleichgewicht zu halten und macht struktur- und haushaltspolitische Entscheidungen leichter. Die Kontakte mit den westlichen Vertretern senken die Schwellenangst in den früher isolierten Republiken und dienen dem know how - Import im Bereich der Staatsfinanzen und der volkswirtschaftlichen Gesamtrechnung. Dies erleichtert den Öffnungsprozeß und die Integration in die Weltwirtschaft.

In ihrer Ausgabe 2000 der 'World Development Indicators' (WDI) hat die Weltbank ihre bisherigen Berechnungen für das Bruttoinlandsprodukt zu Kaufkraftparitäten von mehr als 140 Ländern revidiert. Demnach nimmt Rußland nun den zehnten Platz in der Liste der wirtschaftlich mächtigsten Staaten ein. Deutschland wird von Indien überrundet und steht auf Platz fünf. Innerhalb der GUS werden die Ukraine sowie Georgien erheblich höher eingestuft, während sich Usbekistan hinter Kasachstan und Belarus plaziert sieht. Bei den ost- und südost- europäischen Ländern ergeben sich keine Änderungen in der Reihenfolge. Für Rußland erscheint das Ziel des Einholens Westeuropas weniger unerreichbar als bisher. Für den Westen ist ein Überdenken seiner Hilfspolitik angebracht. (BIOst-Dok)

Die russischen Finanzen waren dabei zusammenzubrechen, nachdem deutlich geworden war, daß die Deckung der anhaltenden Haushaltsdefizite durch intensive Kreditaufnahme im In- und Ausland wegen hoher Anlagerisiken nicht mehr funktioniert. Die Investoren fürchteten um ihr Geld und verlangten eine immer höhere Verzinsung, was den Schuldendienst massiv erschwerte. Kapitalflucht und negative Leistungsbilanzsalden ließen die Devisenreserven der Zentralbank schmelzen und setzten den Wechselkurs des Rubels unter Druck. Eine drastische Abwertung schien unvermeidlich zu sein. Sie hätte jedoch deutlich nega- tive Effekte auf das Vertrauen in die russischen Reformanstrengungen gehabt und würde die Wachstumschancen noch verschlechtern. Instabilität und soziale Turbulenzen wären an der Tagesordnung. Deshalb wurde Moskau ein (ordnungspolitisch völlig umstrittenes) Hilfspaket in Höhe von 17,1 Milliarden Dollar angeboten. Diese Maßnahme entlastet kurzfristig den Wechselkurs, reicht jedoch nicht aus, um den realwirtschaftlichen Strukturwandel auf eine neue Grundlage zu stellen und hierdurch die Finanzen des Staates dauerhaft zu sanieren. Weitere westliche Finanzspritzen als 'Investition in die Stabilität' dürften notwendig werden. (BIOst-Dok)

This chapter discusses the political, economic and spatial encounters between transnational networks and national structures behind the raise of international tourist trade and local industry in the 1960s Spain. Through a cross-reading between the privatization-oriented transnational expertise of Kurt Krapf for the 1962 report of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development on Spain and the state-oriented policies of the Francoist regime, the essay expects to show how mass tourism development was structured in different scales among diverse institutions and national and international expertise. The intricate play between dual opposites at different levels, transnational vs. national, private vs. state, ideology vs. depoliticization, periphery vs. center, coastal landscapes vs. interior territories, international style vs. vernacular and historical, that transverses the period is analyzed through the role played by the two state-run companies devoted to the construction and management of touristic installations, Paradores Nacionales and ENTURSA. By focusing on the state policies as well as on selected architectural examples, the text aims to shed some light on the transformation of the country into the main mass tourism destination in Europe in the period.