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18 results on '"International Arctic Research Center (IARC)"'

1. Brief Communication: The reliability of gas extraction techniques for analysing CH4 and N2O compositions in gas trapped in permafrost ice wedges

Author: Yang, Ji-Woong, Ahn, Jinho, Iwahana, Go, Han, Sangyoung, Kim, Kyungmin, Fedorov, Alexander, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences [Seoul] (SEES), Seoul National University [Seoul] (SNU), Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), International Arctic Research Center (IARC), University of Alaska [Fairbanks] (UAF), Tohoku University [Sendai], North-Eastern Federal University, Melnikov Permafrost Institute, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (SB RAS), and Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)
Subjects: [SDU.STU.GL]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Glaciology
Abstract: Methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) compositions in ground ice may provide information on their production mechanisms in permafrost. However, existing gas extraction methods have not been well tested. We tested conventional wet and dry gas extraction methods using ice wedges from Alaska and Siberia, finding that both methods can extract gas from the easily extractable parts of the ice (e.g. gas bubbles) and yield similar results for CH4 and N2O mixing ratios. We also found insignificant effects of microbial activity during wet extraction. However, both techniques were unable to fully extract gas from the ground ice, presumably because gas molecules adsorbed onto or enclosed in soil aggregates are not easily extractable. Estimation of gas production in a subfreezing environment of permafrost should consider such incomplete gas extraction.
Published: 2020
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2. Inter-laboratory study for the certification of trace elements in seawater certified reference materials NASS-7 and CASS-6

Author: Lu Yang, Tomáš Matoušek, Géraldine Sarthou, Peter Streu, Juris Meija, Christian Schlosser, Enea Pagliano, Tomoharu Minami, Yoshiki Sohrin, Kenny Nadeau, Steven Crum, Patricia Grinberg, Ana M. Aguilar-Islas, Jingfeng Wu, Eric P. Achterberg, Robert Rember, Clara Turetta, Gedun Chen, Manon Tonnard, Hélène Planquette, Michael J. Ellwood, Marco Grotti, Zoltán Mester, Linjie Zheng, Francisco Ardini, National Research Council of Canada (NRC), University of Genoa (UNIGE), Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research [Kiel] (GEOMAR), Kyoto University [Kyoto], Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science (RSMAS), University of Miami [Coral Gables], Shenzhen University [Shenzhen], Australian National University (ANU), International Arctic Research Center (IARC), University of Alaska [Fairbanks] (UAF), Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Environnement Marin (LEMAR) (LEMAR), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer (IUEM), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies [Horbat] (IMAS), and University of Tasmania [Hobart, Australia] (UTAS)
Subjects: Environmental Risk Assessment, Standard addition calibration, Analytical chemistry, Dissolved trace metals, 010501 environmental sciences, Isotope dilution, 01 natural sciences, Biochemistry, Analytical Chemistry, Matrix (chemical analysis), HR-ICPMS, Flow injection analysis, Calibration, Seawater, Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, ACL, 010401 analytical chemistry, 0104 chemical sciences, Triple quadrupole mass spectrometer, Certified reference materials, Standard addition, Environmental science, Certified reference material, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology
Abstract: International audience; Certification of trace metals in seawater certified reference materials (CRMs) NASS-7 and CASS-6 is described. At the National Research Council Canada (NRC), column separation was performed to remove the seawater matrix prior to the determination of Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Pb, Mn, Mo, Ni, U, V, and Zn, whereas As was directly measured in 10-fold diluted seawater samples, and B was directly measured in 200-fold diluted seawater samples. High-resolution inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (HR-ICPMS) was used for elemental analyses, with double isotope dilution for the accurate determination of B, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Pb, Mo, Ni, U, and Zn in seawater NASS-7 and CASS-6, and standard addition calibration for As, Co, Mn, and V. In addition, all analytes were measured using standard addition calibration with triple quadrupole (QQQ)-ICPMS to provide a second set of data at NRC. Expert laboratories worldwide were invited to contribute data to the certification of trace metals in NASS-7 and CASS-6. Various analytical methods were employed by participants including column separation, co-precipitation, and simple dilution coupled to ICPMS detection or flow injection analysis coupled to chemiluminescence detection, with use of double isotope dilution calibration, matrix matching external calibration, and standard addition calibration. Results presented in this study show that majority of laboratories have demonstrated their measurement capabilities for the accurate determination of trace metals in seawater. As a result of this comparison, certified/reference values and associated uncertainties were assigned for 14 elements in seawater CRMs NASS-7 and CASS-6, suitable for the validation of methods used for seawater analysis.
Published: 2018
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3. The Transpolar Drift as a Source of Riverine and Shelf-Derived Trace Elements to the Central Arctic Ocean

Author: Willard S. Moore, Carl H. Lamborg, Andrew R. Margolin, Tatiana Williford, Mak A. Saito, Elizabeth M. Jones, Randelle M. Bundy, Hans A. Slagter, Laramie T. Jensen, Robert F. Anderson, Jeroen E. Sonke, Sebastian M. Vivancos, Katlin L. Bowman, Benjamin Rabe, Mats A. Granskog, Alison M. Agather, Paul B. Henderson, Brian A. Haley, Chad R. Hammerschmidt, Frank J. Millero, Rob Middag, Jessica N. Fitzsimmons, Karl Kaiser, Aridane G. González, Rainer M. W. Amon, Mariko Hatta, Per Andersson, Lauren Kipp, Dennis A. Hansell, Robert Newton, Ryan J. Woosley, Micha J. A. Rijkenberg, Ole Valk, R. Lawrence Edwards, Laura M. Whitmore, Angelica Pasqualini, Jessica S. Dabrowski, Loes J. A. Gerringa, Yang Xiang, Matthew A. Charette, Ronald Benner, Martin Levier, Ronja Paffrath, David Kadko, Seth G. John, Jan van Ooijen, Michiel M Rutgers van der Loeff, Xianglei Li, Hélène Planquette, Dorothea Bauch, Robert Rember, Patrick Laan, Phoebe J. Lam, Colin A. Stedmon, Ursula Schauer, Katharina Pahnke, Heather E. Reader, Alan M. Shiller, Mariia V. Petrova, Adam Ulfsbo, Christopher I. Measures, Ruifeng Zhang, Peter Schlosser, Sandra Gdaniec, Robert M. Sherrell, Matthieu Roy-Barman, Lars Eric Heimburger-Boavida, Department of Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry (WHOI), Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI), Dalhousie University [Halifax], Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory (LDEO), Columbia University [New York], Texas A&M University [College Station], University of Southern Mississippi (USM), Department of Marine Sciences [Gothenburg], University of Gothenburg (GU), Tromsø department (IMR), Institute of Marine Research [Bergen] (IMR), University of Bergen (UiB)-University of Bergen (UiB), School of Oceanography [Seattle], University of Washington [Seattle], Department of earth and environmental sciences and the Lamont-Doherty earth observatory, Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment (ICBM), University of Oldenburg, Department of Earth Sciences [USC Los Angeles], University of Southern California (USC), Ocean Sciences Department, University of California [USA], University of California [Santa Cruz] (UC Santa Cruz), University of California (UC)-University of California (UC), Department of Oceanography [Honolulu], University of Hawai‘i [Mānoa] (UHM), Université de Toulon (UTLN), Institut méditerranéen d'océanologie (MIO), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Toulon (UTLN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research [Kiel] (GEOMAR), Department of Earth and Environmental Engineering [New York], Wright State University, Swedish Museum of Natural History (NRM), Department of Biological Sciences [Columbia], University of South Carolina [Columbia], University of California (UC), Department of Geology and Geophysics, University of Minnesota [Twin Cities] (UMN), University of Minnesota System-University of Minnesota System, Department of Geological Sciences [Stockholm], Stockholm University, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Géochimie Des Impacts (GEDI), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research (NIOZ), Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Environnement Marin (LEMAR) (LEMAR), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer (IUEM), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Instituto de Oceanografía y Cambio Global (IOCAG), Université de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria [Espagne] (ULPGC), Norwegian Polar Institute, College of Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences [Corvallis] (CEOAS), Oregon State University (OSU), Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science (RSMAS), University of Miami [Coral Gables], Florida International University [Miami] (FIU), Texas A&M University [Galveston], University of British Columbia (UBC), Alfred-Wegener-Institut, Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung (AWI), DTU Aqua, National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Danmarks Tekniske Universitet = Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Memorial University of Newfoundland = Université Memorial de Terre-Neuve [St. John's, Canada] (MUN), International Arctic Research Center (IARC), University of Alaska [Fairbanks] (UAF), Arizona State University [Tempe] (ASU), Max Planck Institute for Chemistry (MPIC), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Géosciences Environnement Toulouse (GET), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Center for Global Change Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research (AWI), Shanghai Jiao Tong University [Shanghai], Funding for Arctic GEOTRACES was provided by the U.S. National Science Foundation, Swedish Research Council Formas, French Agence Nationale de la Recherche and LabexMER, Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research, and Independent Research Fund Denmark, ANR-10-LABX-0019,LabexMER,LabexMER Marine Excellence Research: a changing ocean(2010), ANR-13-BS06-0014,GEOVIDE,GEOVIDE, Une étude internationale GEOTRACES le long de la section OVIDE en Atlantique Nord et en Mer du Labrador(2013), University of California [Santa Cruz] (UCSC), University of California-University of California, University of California, Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Technical University of Denmark [Lyngby] (DTU), Memorial University of Newfoundland [St. John's], Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), and Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)
Subjects: 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Geotraces, [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, Flux, Oceanografi, hydrologi och vattenresurser, Oceanography, 01 natural sciences, Oceanography, Hydrology and Water Resources, Geochemistry and Petrology, Dissolved organic carbon, Arctic Ocean, Earth and Planetary Sciences (miscellaneous), 14. Life underwater, Water cycle, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Transpolar Drift, [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, Trace elements, ACL, Lead (sea ice), Trace element, Nutrients, Carbon, Geophysics, GEOTRACES, Arctic, 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, Meteoric water, Environmental science, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology
Abstract: Data from GEOTRACES cruises GN01 (HLY1502) and GN04 (PS94) have been archived at the Biological & Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO; https://www.bco-dmo.org/deployment/638807) and PANGAEA (https://www.pangaea.de/?q=PS94&f.campaign%5B%5D=PS94) websites, respectively. The inorganic carbon data are available at the NOAA Ocean Carbon Data System (OCADS ; doi :10.3334/CDIAC/OTG.CLIVAR_ARC01_33HQ20150809). In addition to these national data archives, the data used in this paper is available as a supplementary downloadable excel file; International audience; A major surface circulation feature of the Arctic Ocean is the Transpolar Drift (TPD), a current that transports river‐influenced shelf water from the Laptev and East Siberian Seas toward the center of the basin and Fram Strait. In 2015, the international GEOTRACES program included a high‐resolution pan‐Arctic survey of carbon, nutrients, and a suite of trace elements and isotopes (TEIs). The cruises bisected the TPD at two locations in the central basin, which were defined by maxima in meteoric water and dissolved organic carbon concentrations that spanned 600 km horizontally and ~25‐50 m vertically. Dissolved TEIs such as Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Hg, Nd, and Th, which are generally particle‐reactive but can be complexed by organic matter, were observed at concentrations much higher than expected for the open ocean setting. Other trace element concentrations such as Al, V, Ga, and Pb were lower than expected due to scavenging over the productive East Siberian and Laptev shelf seas. Using a combination of radionuclide tracers and ice drift modeling, the transport rate for the core of the TPD was estimated at 0.9 ± 0.4 Sv (106 m3 s‐1). This rate was used to derive the mass flux for TEIs that were enriched in the TPD, revealing the importance of lateral transport in supplying materials beneath the ice to the central Arctic Ocean and potentially to the North Atlantic Ocean via Fram Strait. Continued intensification of the Arctic hydrologic cycle and permafrost degradation will likely lead to an increase in the flux of TEIs into the Arctic Ocean.
Published: 2020
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4. The North Pole Region as an Indicator of the Changing Arctic Ocean: The Need for Sustaining Observations

Author: Michael Karcher, Jacques Pelon, Matthew B. Alkire, William M. Smethie, James Morison, Igor V. Polyakov, Frank Nilsen, Craig Lee, Peter Schlosser, Christine Provost, Jeremy Wilkinson, Frédéric Vivier, Benjamin Rabe, Antonio Lourenço, Cecilia Peralta Ferriz, Applied Physics Laboratory [Seattle] (APL-UW), University of Washington [Seattle], Scottish Association for Marine Science (SAMS), The University Centre in Svalbard (UNIS), International Arctic Research Center (IARC), University of Alaska [Fairbanks] (UAF), Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory (LDEO), Columbia University [New York], Processus et interactions de fine échelle océanique (PROTEO), Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Développement Instrumental et Techniques Marines (DITM), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), TROPO - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Ocean Atmosphere Systems GmbH, Alfred-Wegener-Institut, Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung (AWI), Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Austral, Boréal et Carbone (ABC), and Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, North pole, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, Climate change, Geopolitics, 01 natural sciences, Atmosphere, Arctic Ocean, Sea ice, media_common.cataloged_instance, 14. Life underwater, European union, climate, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, [SDU.STU.OC]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Oceanography, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, media_common, geography, geography.geographical_feature_category, 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, Oceanography, Arctic, 13. Climate action, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], Hydrography, North Pole, Geology
Abstract: International audience; Sustained observations of environmental conditions in the North Pole region are critical to understanding the changing Arctic Ocean. The Transpolar Drift conduit of sea ice and freshened upper-ocean waters across the Arctic Ocean passes over the North Pole region on its way to the North Atlantic through Fram and Nares Straits. The exported ice and freshened water strati es the sub-Arctic seas and limits the vertical convection that ventilates the world ocean. Key variables such as ice thickness, bottom pressure, and hydrography in the North Pole region are thus sensitive indicators of changes over the whole Arctic Basin and how these affect the global ocean. Drifting buoys installed in the North Pole region by Great Britain, Canada, France, Germany, Japan, and the U.S. address what would otherwise be a dearth of ocean, ice, and atmosphere observations in the central Arctic. A suite of satellite remote sensing tools such as ICESat/ICESat-2 from the U.S., GRACE from the U.S. and Germany, and CryoSat2 from the European Union extend the conclusions from central Arctic Ocean in situ observations to other regions. Detecting and understanding climate change requires observations over decadal and longer scales. We propose an international program as the key to sustaining these observations in the North Pole region. Such an international program would help immeasurably by 1) facilitating nancial sharing of the burden of long-term measurements among several nations, (2) reducing logistics costs through economies of scale, and 3) providing a buffer against national funding, logistics, and geopolitical dif culties.
Published: 2018
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5. 8 million phenological and sky images from 29 ecosystems from the Arctic to the tropics: the Phenological Eyes Network

Author: Runi Anak Sylvester Pungga, Hiroyuki Oguma, Ruslan Shakhmatov, Kentaro Takagi, Tomoko Akitsu, Koji Kajiwara, Tae Kyung Yoon, Masayuki Matsuoka, Tomoki Morozumi, Mitsunori Yoshimura, Rikie Suzuki, Tomoaki Ichie, Trofim C. Maximov, Sinkyu Kang, Seikoh Sekikawa, Satoshi Tsuchida, Roman E. Petrov, Keisuke Ono, Hiroki Ikawa, Satoru Takanashi, Lisa Wingate, Takeshi Ohta, Takeshi Motohka, Toshiya Yoshida, Tomoaki Miura, Toshie Mizunuma, Shinpei Yoshitake, Koki Iwao, Alexander V. Kononov, Shin Nagai, Kenlo Nishida Nasahara, Eri Yamasaki, Annette Menzel, Hirokazu Yamamoto, Hirohiko Nagano, Shunsuke Tei, Christian Schunk, Akira Iwasaki, Karibu Fukuzawa, Reiko Ide, Hiroyuki Muraoka, Matthew Wilkinson, Tatsuro Nakaji, Atsuko Sugimoto, Rei Sakai, Kho Lip Khoon, Robert Busey, Yoshiaki Honda, Wataru Mamiya, Taro Nakai, Taku M. Saitoh, Yoshiko Kosugi, Megumi Yamashita, Yongwon Kim, Yowhan Son, Takahisa Maeda, Research and Development Center for Global Change, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), Université de Tsukuba = University of Tsukuba, Gifu University, International Arctic Research Center (IARC), University of Alaska [Fairbanks] (UAF), Hokkaido University [Sapporo, Japan], Chiba University, Kochi University, National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES), Institute for Agro-Environmental Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), The University of Tokyo (UTokyo), Geological Survey of Japan, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Kangwon National University, Tropical Peat Research Institute, Partenaires INRAE, Russian Academy of Sciences [Moscow] (RAS), Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University [Kyoto], Institute for Advanced Study (IAS), Princeton University, Technische Universität Munchen - Université Technique de Munich [Munich, Allemagne] (TUM), University of Hawaii, Department of Botany, National Museum of Nature and Science, Graduate School of Environmental Science, Earth Observation Research Center, National Space Development Agency of Japan (NASDA), Nagoya University, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Forest Department, Tamagawa University, Korea University, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute (FFPRI), Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology (TUAT), Korea Environment Institute, (Office of Research and Development), Centre for Sustainable Forestry and Climate Change, Forest Research [Great Britain], Interactions Sol Plante Atmosphère (UMR ISPA), and Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Sciences Agronomiques de Bordeaux-Aquitaine (Bordeaux Sciences Agro)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, Forest floor, Tree canopy, Ground truth, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Phenology, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Taiga, Temperate forest, 15. Life on land, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, 13. Climate action, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, Environmental science, Terrestrial ecosystem, Ecosystem, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Remote sensing
Abstract: We report long-term continuous phenological and sky images taken by time-lapse cameras through the Phenological Eyes Network ( http://www.pheno-eye.org . Accessed 29 May 2018) in various ecosystems from the Arctic to the tropics. Phenological images are useful in recording the year-to-year variability in the timing of flowering, leaf-flush, leaf-coloring, and leaf-fall and detecting the characteristics of phenological patterns and timing sensitivity among species and ecosystems. They can also help interpret variations in carbon, water, and heat cycling in terrestrial ecosystems, and be used to obtain ground-truth data for the validation of satellite-observed products. Sky images are useful in continuously recording atmospheric conditions and obtaining ground-truth data for the validation of cloud contamination and atmospheric noise present in satellite remote-sensing data. We have taken sky, forest canopy, forest floor, and shoot images of a range of tree species and landscapes, using time-lapse cameras installed on forest floors, towers, and rooftops. In total, 84 time-lapse cameras at 29 sites have taken 8 million images since 1999. Our images provide (1) long-term, continuous detailed records of plant phenology that are more quantitative than in situ visual phenological observations of index trees; (2) basic information to explain the responsiveness, vulnerability, and resilience of ecosystem canopies and their functions and services to changes in climate; and (3) ground-truthing for the validation of satellite remote-sensing observations.
Published: 2018
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6. Adaptation of the SMOS soil moisture retrieval algorithm for organic-rich soils and its validation over various Northern sites

Author: Bircher, Simone, Richaume, Philippe, Mahmoodi, Ali, Demontoux, François, Ikonen, Jaakko, Rautiainen, Kimmo, Vehviläinen, Juho, Moreaux, Virginie, Kim, Yongwon, Lee, Bang-Yong, Suzuki, Rikie, Ikawa, Hiroki, Oechel, Walter, Belelli Marchesini, Luca, Dolman, Han, Berg, Aaron, Jonard, François, Weihermüller, Lutz, Andreasen, Mie, Schwank, Mike, Wigneron, Jean-Pierre, Kerr, Yann H., Centre d'études spatiales de la biosphère (CESBIO), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de l'intégration, du matériau au système (IMS), Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1-Institut Polytechnique de Bordeaux-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Finnish Meteorological Institute (FMI), Ecologie et Ecophysiologie Forestières [devient SILVA en 2018] (EEF), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Lorraine (UL), International Arctic Research Center (IARC), University of Alaska [Fairbanks] (UAF), Arctic Research Centre of Finnish Meteorological Institute, Korea Polar Research Institute (KOPRI), Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), Agro-Meteorology Division, National Institute of Agro-Environmental Sciences (NIAES), Global Change Research Group, South African National Biodiversity Institute, VU University Amsterdam, University of Guelph, Institute of Bio- and Geosciences Agrosphere (IBG-3), Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management [Copenhagen] (IGN), Faculty of Science [Copenhagen], University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (KU)-University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (KU), Swiss Federal Institute for Forest Snow and Landscape Research (WSL), Interactions Sol Plante Atmosphère (ISPA), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Sciences Agronomiques de Bordeaux-Aquitaine (Bordeaux Sciences Agro), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Vrije universiteit = Free university of Amsterdam [Amsterdam] (VU), Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Interactions Sol Plante Atmosphère (UMR ISPA), and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Polytechnique de Bordeaux-Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1
Subjects: remote sensing, sol organique, permittivité diélectrique, télédétection, modèle de transfert radiatif, [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, projet smos, radiometer, radiomètre, permittivity, donnée satellite, [SPI.SIGNAL]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Signal and Image processing, humidité de surface
Abstract: From the passive L-band microwave radiometer onboard the Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (SMOS) space mission global surface soil moisture data is retrieved every 3 days. Thus far, the empirical L-band Microwave Emission of the Biosphere (L-MEB) radiative transfer model applied in the SMOS soil moisture retrieval algorithm is exclusively calibrated over test sites in dry and temperate climate zones and the included dielectric mixing model relating soil moisture to permittivity accounts only for mineral soils. However, soil moisture monitoring over the higher northern latitudes is crucial since these regions are especially sensitive to climate change and a considerable feedback is expected due to carbon liberated from thawing ground of these extremely organic soils. Due to differing structural characteristics and thus varying bound water fractions, the permittivity of organic material is lower than the one of most mineral soils at a given water content. This assumption was verified by means of measurements in organic and mineral substrates from various sites in Denmark, Finland, Scotland and Siberia. For this purpose, conventional soil moisture sensors were used as well as weak perturbation and waveguide techniques in order to infer effective soil permittivity at the microwave L-band (1-2 GHz). Based on these data, a generic L-band soil moisture – permittivity relation for organic soils was derived and validated with dielectric mixing model runs as well as literature data. Furthermore, the derived function was tested in the L-MEB model. Results showed that modeled data agreed with measurements from a tower-based passive L-band microwave radiometer observing organic-rich soil over a 2 months period in a highly controlled set-up. The generic «organic» empirical model was then implemented in the SMOS Prototype Algorithm to retrieve soil moisture over a site in Northern Finland. The validation with in situ soil moisture observations calibrated for organic soils showed a distinct improvement in the agreement between the satellite and ground datasets when using the «organic» instead of the operational SMOS processor version. This analysis is to be continued in more detail and the validation effort needs to be expanded over as many regions with abundant soil organic matter content as possible. Appropriate in situ observations are currently available from various sites in Alaska, Canada, and the Netherlands. In this communication, first the derivation of the generic L-band «organic» soil moisture-permittivity model will be presented. Focus will then be on the comparison of «organic» SMOS soil moisture retrievals with corresponding operational SMOS products as well as in situ observations over all available sites.
Published: 2016

7. Arctic Ocean Warming Contributes to Reduced Polar Ice Cap

Author: Igor V. Polyakov, Sheldon Bacon, Igor A. Dmitrenko, Donald K. Perovich, Vladimir Sokolov, John M. Toole, Koji Shimada, Jean-Claude Gascard, Vladimir A. Alexeev, Edmond Hansen, Seymour W. Laxon, Louis Fortier, Ivan E. Frolov, Leonid Timokhov, Vladimir Ivanov, Harper L. Simmons, Michael Steele, Cecilie Mauritzen, Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), International Arctic Research Center (IARC), University of Alaska [Fairbanks] (UAF), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), and Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, geography, geography.geographical_feature_category, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, [SDU.STU.GP]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Geophysics [physics.geo-ph], 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, Effects of global warming on oceans, Halocline, Stratification (water), [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-GEO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Geophysics [physics.geo-ph], Shoaling and schooling, Oceanography, 01 natural sciences, Arctic, 13. Climate action, Climatology, Sea ice, Environmental science, Oceanic basin, Thermocline, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract: Analysis of modern and historical observations demonstrates that the temperature of the intermediate-depth (150–900 m) Atlantic water (AW) of the Arctic Ocean has increased in recent decades. The AW warming has been uneven in time; a local ∼1°C maximum was observed in the mid-1990s, followed by an intervening minimum and an additional warming that culminated in 2007 with temperatures higher than in the 1990s by 0.24°C. Relative to climatology from all data prior to 1999, the most extreme 2007 temperature anomalies of up to 1°C and higher were observed in the Eurasian and Makarov Basins. The AW warming was associated with a substantial (up to 75–90 m) shoaling of the upper AW boundary in the central Arctic Ocean and weakening of the Eurasian Basin upper-ocean stratification. Taken together, these observations suggest that the changes in the Eurasian Basin facilitated greater upward transfer of AW heat to the ocean surface layer. Available limited observations and results from a 1D ocean column model support this surmised upward spread of AW heat through the Eurasian Basin halocline. Experiments with a 3D coupled ice–ocean model in turn suggest a loss of 28–35 cm of ice thickness after ∼50 yr in response to the 0.5 W m−2 increase in AW ocean heat flux suggested by the 1D model. This amount of thinning is comparable to the 29 cm of ice thickness loss due to local atmospheric thermodynamic forcing estimated from observations of fast-ice thickness decline. The implication is that AW warming helped precondition the polar ice cap for the extreme ice loss observed in recent years.
Published: 2010
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8. Synchronicity between ice retreat and phytoplankton bloom in circum-Antarctic polynyas

Author: Yun Li, Julienne Stroeve, Stéphanie Jenouvrier, Meibing Jin, Rubao Ji, College of Marine Science [St Petersburg, FL], University of South Florida [Tampa] (USF), Biology Department - Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI), Biology Department (WHOI), Centre d'Études Biologiques de Chizé - UMR 7372 (CEBC), Université de La Rochelle (ULR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), International Arctic Research Center (IARC), University of Alaska [Fairbanks] (UAF), Center for Polar Observation and Modelling, University College of London [London] (UCL), National Snow and Ice Data Center (NSIDC), University of Colorado [Boulder], University of South Florida (USF), and Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de La Rochelle (ULR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, Katabatic wind, geography, Krill, geography.geographical_feature_category, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, biology, 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, Climate change, biology.organism_classification, 01 natural sciences, Algal bloom, Geophysics, Oceanography, Water column, Climatology, Phytoplankton, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, Sea ice, General Earth and Planetary Sciences, Environmental science, 14. Life underwater, Bloom, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract: International audience; Phytoplankton in Antarctic coastal polynyas has a temporally short yet spatially variant growthwindow constrained by ice cover and day length. Using 18-year satellite measurements (1997–2015) of seaice and chlorophyll concentrations, we assessed the synchronicity between the spring phytoplankton bloomand light availability, taking into account the ice cover and the incident solar irradiance, for 50 circum-Antarcticcoastal polynyas. The synchronicity was strong (i.e., earlier ice-adjusted light onset leads to earlier bloom andvice versa) in most of the western Antarctic polynyas but weak in a majority of the eastern Antarctic polynyas.The west-east asymmetry is related to sea ice production rate: the formation ofmany eastern Antarctic polynyasis associated with strong katabatic wind and high sea ice production rate, leading to stronger water columnmixing that could damp phytoplankton blooms and weaken the synchronicity.
Published: 2016
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9. Spatial analysis of the French Pleistocene permafrost by a GIS database

Author: Andrieux, Eric, Bertran, Pascal, Saito, Kazuyuki, De la Préhistoire à l'Actuel : Culture, Environnement et Anthropologie (PACEA), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Bordeaux (UB), International Arctic Research Center (IARC), University of Alaska [Fairbanks] (UAF), and PACEA, UMR5199
Subjects: [SHS.ARCHEO] Humanities and Social Sciences/Archaeology and Prehistory, [SHS.ARCHEO]Humanities and Social Sciences/Archaeology and Prehistory, pleistocene and GIS, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS
Abstract: International audience
Published: 2016

10. Net primary productivity estimates and environmental variables in the Arctic Ocean: An assessment of coupled physical-biogeochemical models

Author: Lee, Younjoo J., Matrai, Patricia A., Friedrichs, Marjorie A.M., Saba, Vincent S., Aumount, Olivier, Babin, Marcel, Buitenhuis, Erik T., Chevallier, Matthieu, de Mora, Lee, Dessert, Morgane, Dunne, John P., Ellingsen, Ingrid H., Feldman, Doron, Frouin, Robert, Gehlen, Marion, Gorguess, Thomas, Ilyina, Tatiana, Jin, Meibing, John, Jasmin G., Lawrence, Jon, Manizza, Manfredi, Menkes, Christophe E., Perruche, Coralie, Le Fouest, Vincent, Popova, Ekaterina E., Romanou, Anastasia, Samuelsen, Annette, Schwinger, Jörg, Séférian, Roland, Stock, Charles A., Tjiputra, Jerry, Tremblay, L. Bruno, Ueyoshi, Kyozo, Vichi, Marcello, Yool, Andrew, Zhang, Jinlun, Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences, Virginia Institute of Marine Science (VIMS), NOAA National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), NOAA Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL), Nucleus for European Modeling of the Ocean (NEMO R&D ), Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Takuvik Joint International Laboratory ULAVAL-CNRS, Université Laval [Québec] (ULaval)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), School of Environmental Sciences [Norwich], University of East Anglia [Norwich] (UEA), Centre national de recherches météorologiques (CNRM), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Plymouth Marine Laboratory (PML), Laboratoire d'Océanographie Physique et Spatiale (LOPS), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), SINTEF Fisheries and Aquaculture, NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies (GISS), NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), Scripps Institution of Oceanography (SIO - UC San Diego), University of California [San Diego] (UC San Diego), University of California (UC)-University of California (UC), Modelling the Earth Response to Multiple Anthropogenic Interactions and Dynamics (MERMAID), Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Max Planck Institute for Meteorology (MPI-M), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, International Arctic Research Center (IARC), University of Alaska [Fairbanks] (UAF), National Oceanography Centre [Southampton] (NOC), University of Southampton, PaleoEnvironnements et PaleobioSphere (PEPS), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Mercator Océan, Société Civile CNRS Ifremer IRD Météo-France SHOM, Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER), LIttoral ENvironnement et Sociétés (LIENSs), La Rochelle Université (ULR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Nansen Environmental and Remote Sensing Center [Bergen] (NERSC), Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research (BCCR), Department of Biological Sciences [Bergen] (BIO / UiB), University of Bergen (UiB)-University of Bergen (UiB), Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences [Montréal], McGill University = Université McGill [Montréal, Canada], Department of Oceanography [Cape Town], University of Cape Town, Applied Physics Laboratory [Seattle] (APL-UW), University of Washington [Seattle], Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Laval [Québec] (ULaval), Météo France-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Scripps Institution of Oceanography (SIO), University of California-University of California, Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), LIttoral ENvironnement et Sociétés - UMRi 7266 (LIENSs), Université de La Rochelle (ULR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Naval Postgraduate School (U.S.), and Oceanography
Subjects: Arctic models underestimated net primary productivity (NPP) but overestimated nitrate, mixed layer depth, and euphotic depth, [SDU.STU.GC]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Geochemistry, Arctic NPP model skill was greatest in low production regions, Arctic NPP model skill was constrained by different environmental factors in different Arctic Ocean regions, Article, [SDU.STU.OC]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Oceanography
Abstract: The article of record as published may be found at http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2016JC011993 Upon publication, the in situ data will be available for academic purposes through the NASA SeaWiFS Bio-optical Archive and Storage System (http:// seabass.gsfc.nasa.gov/), including NPP, NO3, and Zeu. The relative skill of 21 regional and global biogeochemical models was assessed in terms of how well the models reproduced observed net primary productivity (NPP) and environmental variables such as nitrate concentration (NO3), mixed layer depth (MLD), euphotic layer depth (Zeu), and sea ice concentration, by comparing results against a newly updated, quality-controlled in situ NPP database for the Arctic Ocean (1959–2011). The models broadly captured the spatial features of integrated NPP (iNPP) on a pan-Arctic scale. Most models underestimated iNPP by varying degrees in spite of overestimating surface NO3, MLD, and Zeu throughout the regions. Among the models, iNPP exhibited little difference over sea ice condition (ice-free versus ice-influenced) and bottom depth (shelf versus deep ocean). The models performed relatively well for the most recent decade and toward the end of Arctic summer. In the Barents and Greenland Seas, regional model skill of surface NO3 was best associated with how well MLD was reproduced. Regionally, iNPP was relatively well simulated in the Beaufort Sea and the central Arctic Basin, where in situ NPP is low and nutrients are mostly depleted. Models performed less well at simulating iNPP in the Greenland and Chukchi Seas, despite the higher model skill in MLD and sea ice concentration, respectively. iNPP model skill was constrained by different factors in different Arctic Ocean regions. Our study suggests that better parameterization of biological and ecological microbial rates (phytoplankton growth and zooplankton grazing) are needed for improved Arctic Ocean biogeochemical modeling. National Aeronautics and Space Agency (NASA) Ocean Biology and Biogeochemistry (OBB) The project ‘‘Green Mercator’’ National Program CNRS/LEFE/INSU. NSF Office of Polar Programs FP7 MyOcean2 PAVE (Polish-Norwegian Research Program) Norwegian Supercomputing Project (NOTUR2) Research Council of Norway funded project ORGANIC NASA Cryosphere program CNRM-CM climate model Météo-France/DSI supercomputing Ocean Biology and Biogeochemistry (OBB) NNX13AE81G NSF Office of Polar Programs PLR- 1417925 NSF Office of Polar Programs PLR-1416920 FP7 MyOcean2 (project number 283367) Research Council of Norway funded project ORGANIC (239965/RU) NASA Cryosphere program (NNX15AG68G).
Published: 2016
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11. Towards an improved soil moisture retrieval for organic-rich soils from SMOS passive microwave L-band observations

Author: Bircher, Simone, Richaume, Philippe, Mahmoodi, Ali, Mialon, Arnaud, FERNANDEZ MORAN, Roberto, Wigneron, Jean Pierre, Demontoux, François, Jonard, François, Weihermüller, Lutz, Andreasen, Mie, Rautiainen, Kimmo, Ikonen, Jaakko, Moreaux, Virginie, Kim, Yongwon, Lee, Bang-Yong, Suzuki, Rikie, Ichikawa, Hiroki, Oechel, Walter, Belelli Marchesini, Luca, Dolman, A J (Han), Su, Zhongbo, Schwank, Mike, Drusch, Matthias, Kerr, Yann H., Centre d'études spatiales de la biosphère (CESBIO), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Interactions Sol Plante Atmosphère (UMR ISPA), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Sciences Agronomiques de Bordeaux-Aquitaine (Bordeaux Sciences Agro), Laboratoire de l'intégration, du matériau au système (IMS), Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1-Institut Polytechnique de Bordeaux-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Bordeaux (UB), Institute of Bio- and Geosciences Agrosphere (IBG-3), Research Center Jülich, Germany, ∗Agrosphere (IBG-3), Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany, Institute of Bio- and Geosciences [Jülich] (IBG), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH | Centre de recherche de Juliers, Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft = Helmholtz Association-Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft = Helmholtz Association-Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH | Centre de recherche de Juliers, Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft = Helmholtz Association-Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft = Helmholtz Association-Institute of Bio- and Geosciences [Jülich] (IBG), Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft = Helmholtz Association-Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft = Helmholtz Association, Institute of Bio- and Geosciences Agrosphere (IBG-3), Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management [Copenhagen] (IGN), Faculty of Science [Copenhagen], University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (KU)-University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (KU), Finnish Meteorological Institute (FMI), Ecologie et Ecophysiologie Forestières [devient SILVA en 2018] (EEF), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Lorraine (UL), International Arctic Research Center (IARC), University of Alaska [Fairbanks] (UAF), Arctic Research Centre of Finnish Meteorological Institute, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), Laboratoire de Sciences de la Terre (LST), École normale supérieure - Lyon (ENS Lyon)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Global Change Research Group, South African National Biodiversity Institute, Vrije universiteit = Free university of Amsterdam [Amsterdam] (VU), Potsdam University, Universität Potsdam, European Space Research and Technology Centre (ESTEC), European Space Agency (ESA), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1 (UB)-Institut Polytechnique de Bordeaux-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (UCPH)-University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (UCPH), École normale supérieure de Lyon (ENS de Lyon)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam [Amsterdam] (VU), University of Potsdam = Universität Potsdam, Agence Spatiale Européenne = European Space Agency (ESA), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Interactions Sol Plante Atmosphère (ISPA), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH-Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH-Institute of Bio- and Geosciences [Jülich] (IBG), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH-Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-École normale supérieure - Lyon (ENS Lyon), and VU University Amsterdam
Subjects: [SPI.ELEC]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Electromagnetism, [SDE.IE]Environmental Sciences/Environmental Engineering, [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, [SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS
Abstract: International audience
Published: 2014

12. Coordinated Ocean-ice Reference Experiments (COREs)

Author: Markus Scheinert, Claus W. Böning, Anne-Marie Tréguier, Michael Winton, William G. Large, Gokhan Danabasoglu, Stephen M. Griffies, Alex Sen Gupta, Camiel Severijns, Wilco Hazeleger, Stephen Yeager, Bonita L. Samuels, Anna Pirani, Arne Biastoch, Johann H. Jungclaus, Rüdiger Gerdes, Robert Hallberg, Matthew H. England, Gurvan Madec, Frank O. Bryan, Eric P. Chassignet, Jianjun Yin, Harper L. Simmons, Helmuth Haak, NOAA Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Leibniz-Institut für Meereswissenschaften (IFM-GEOMAR), National Center for Atmospheric Research [Boulder] (NCAR), Center for Ocean-Atmospheric Prediction Studies (COAPS), Florida State University [Tallahassee] (FSU), Climate Change Research Centre [Sydney] (CCRC), University of New South Wales [Sydney] (UNSW), Alfred-Wegener-Institut, Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung (AWI), Max-Planck-Institut für Meteorologie (MPI-M), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute (KNMI), Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), International CLIVAR, Princeton University, International Arctic Research Center (IARC), University of Alaska [Fairbanks] (UAF), Laboratoire de physique des océans (LPO), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), and Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL)
Subjects: Atmospheric Science, Global ocean-ice modelling, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Meteorology, Flux, Oceanography, 01 natural sciences, Physics::Geophysics, Circulation stability, Analysis diagnostics, Computer Science (miscellaneous), Sea ice, Model development, 14. Life underwater, Model configuration, Atmospheric forcing, Physics::Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics, [SDU.STU.OC]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Oceanography, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, geography, Forcing (recursion theory), geography.geographical_feature_category, 010505 oceanography, Model comparison, Geotechnical Engineering and Engineering Geology, Annual cycle, Atmospheric research, Experimental design, World ocean, 13. Climate action, Climatology, Environmental science, Astrophysics::Earth and Planetary Astrophysics
Abstract: International audience; Coordinated Ocean-ice Reference Experiments (COREs) are presented as a tool to explore the behaviour of global ocean-ice models under forcing from a common atmospheric dataset. We highlight issues arising when designing coupled global ocean and sea ice experiments, such as difficulties formulating a consistent forcing methodology and experimental protocol. Particular focus is given to the hydrological forcing, the details of which are key to realizing simulations with stable meridional overturning circulations. The atmospheric forcing from [Large, W., Yeager, S., 2004. Diurnal to decadal global forcing for ocean and sea-ice models: the data sets and flux climatologies. NCAR Technical Note: NCAR/TN-460+STR. CGD Division of the National Center for Atmospheric Research] was developed for coupled-ocean and sea ice models. We found it to be suitable for our purposes, even though its evaluation originally focussed more on the ocean than on the sea-ice. Simulations with this atmospheric forcing are presented from seven global ocean-ice models using the CORE-I design (repeating annual cycle of atmospheric forcing for 500 years). These simulations test the hypothesis that global ocean-ice models run under the same atmospheric state produce qualitatively similar simulations. The validity of this hypothesis is shown to depend on the chosen diagnostic. The CORE simulations provide feedback to the fidelity of the atmospheric forcing and model configuration, with identification of biases promoting avenues for forcing dataset and/or model development.
Published: 2009
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13. Specific surface area, density and microstructure of frost flowers

Author: Anne Sophie Taillandier, Ken Severin, Florent Domine, William R. Simpson, Laboratoire de glaciologie et géophysique de l'environnement (LGGE), Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG), Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Geophysical Institute [Fairbanks], University of Alaska [Fairbanks] (UAF), International Arctic Research Center (IARC), Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry [Fairbanks], Department of Geology and Geophysics, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG), and Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: Frost flower, geography, geography.geographical_feature_category, Materials science, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Mineralogy, 010501 environmental sciences, Microstructure, 01 natural sciences, Surface area, Geophysics, Adsorption, Fresh water, Brining, Specific surface area, Sea ice, General Earth and Planetary Sciences, [SDU.STU.GL]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Glaciology, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract: International audience; Frost flowers often grow on new sea ice. They are thought to have a high specific surface area (SSA) that provides sites for heterogeneous reactions. We have measured the SSA of frost flowers using CH4 adsorption at 77 K and obtained a value of 185 (+80 −50) cm2/g, much lower than inferred by others. Their density is 0.02 g/cm3. We calculate that the total surface area of frost flowers is 1.4 m2 per m2 of ice surface, so that they do not increase the ice surface area significantly. Their role as sites for enhanced heterogeneous reactions should be reconsidered. Frost flowers also commonly grow on fresh water and the saline brine seen on young sea ice is not necessary for their growth. Photo- and electro-micrographs reveal hollow and concave structures, typical of very fast growing crystals. The brine that wicks up frost flowers considerably perturbs their growth.
Published: 2005
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14. Responses in Arctic marine carbon cycle processes: conceptual scenarios and implications for ecosystem function

Author: Monika Orchowska, Alexey Pavlov, Agata Weydmann, Jean-Éric Tremblay, Christie L. Logvinova, Helen S. Findlay, Waldemar Walczowski, Monika Kędra, Anna Silyakova, Georgina A. Gibson, Nathalie Morata, Marit Reigstad, Plymouth Marine Laboratory (PML), International Arctic Research Center (IARC), University of Alaska [Fairbanks] (UAF), University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science (UMCES), University of Maryland System, Polska Akademia Nauk = Polish Academy of Sciences (PAN), Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Environnement Marin (LEMAR) (LEMAR), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer (IUEM), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Norwegian Polar Institute, Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute (AARI), Russian Federal Service for Hydrometeorology and Environmental Monitoring (Roshydromet), University of Tromsø (UiT), Department of Biology [Québec], Université Laval [Québec] (ULaval), Clark University, Plymouth Marine Laboratory, and Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: dissolved organic-matter, marginal ice-zone, copepod fecal pellets, Sea ice, food-web structure, Climate change, VDP::Matematikk og Naturvitenskap: 400::Geofag: 450::Oseanografi: 452, ocean acidification, Context (language use), carbon cycling, upper water column, Biology, Oceanography, Carbon cycle, lcsh:Oceanography, Food chain, VDP::Mathematics and natural science: 400::Geosciences: 450::Oceanography: 452, calcium-carbonate, ecosystem function, Earth and Planetary Sciences (miscellaneous), oceanography, cryosphere, biogoechemistry, Environmental Chemistry, Ecosystem, lcsh:GC1-1581, 14. Life underwater, lcsh:Environmental sciences, chukchi seas, General Environmental Science, lcsh:GE1-350, sea-ice, geography, geography.geographical_feature_category, business.industry, ACL, Environmental resource management, 15. Life on land, climate change, Productivity (ecology), Arctic, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], 13. Climate action, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, business, bering-sea
Abstract: The Arctic Ocean is one of the fastest changing oceans, plays an important role in global carbon cycling and yet is a particularly challenging ocean to study. Hence, observations tend to be relatively sparse in both space and time. How the Arctic functions, geophysically, but also ecologically, can have significant consequences for the internal cycling of carbon, and subsequently influence carbon export, atmospheric CO 2 uptake and food chain productivity. Here we assess the major carbon pools and associated processes, specifically summarizing the current knowledge of each of these processes in terms of data availability and ranges of rates and values for four geophysical Arctic Ocean domains originally described by Carmack & Wassmann (2006): inflow shelves, which are Pacific-influenced and Atlantic-influenced; interior, river-influenced shelves; and central basins. We attempt to bring together knowledge of the carbon cycle with the ecosystem within each of these different geophysical settings, in order to provide specialist information in a holistic context. We assess the current state of models and how they can be improved and/or used to provide assessments of the current and future functioning when observational data are limited or sparse. In doing so, we highlight potential links in the physical oceanographic regime, primary production and the flow of carbon within the ecosystem that will change in the future. Finally, we are able to highlight priority areas for research, taking a holistic pan-Arctic approach. Keywords: Sea ice; climate change; ecosystem function; carbon cycling. (Published: 15 April 2015) Citation: Polar Research 2015, 34 , 24252, http://dx.doi.org/10.3402/polar.v34.24252
Published: 2015
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15. CH 4 emissions from runoff water of Alaskan mountain glaciers.

Author: Konya K, Sueyoshi T, Iwahana G, Morishita T, Uetake J, and Wakita M
Abstract: Recent studies have observed high methane concentrations in runoff water and the ambient air at various glacier sites, including the Greenland Ice Sheet, the glacier forefield in Svalbard, and the ice cap in Iceland. This study extends these findings to smaller mountain glaciers in Alaska. Methane and carbon dioxide concentrations in the ambient air near the meltwater outlet, fluxes of these gases at the surface of runoff water and riverbank sediments, and dissolved methane content in the runoff water were measured at four glaciers. Three of the four glaciers showed conspicuous signals of methane emissions from runoff water, with the Castner Glacier terminus exhibiting a methane concentration three times higher than background levels, along with elevated dissolved methane levels in the runoff water. This study marks the detection of significant methane emissions from small mountain glacier runoff, contributing to the understanding that mountain glaciers also release methane into the atmosphere., (© 2024. The Author(s).)
Published: 2024
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16. The influence of sedimentation regime on natural radionuclide activity concentration in marine sediments of the East Siberian Arctic Shelf.

Author: Charkin AN, Yaroshchuk EI, Dudarev OV, Leusov AE, Goriachev VA, Sobolev IS, Gulenko TA, Pipko II, Startsev AM, and Semiletov IP
Subjects: Carbon, Clay, Humans, Radioisotopes analysis, Geologic Sediments chemistry, Radiation Monitoring
Abstract: Transport and accumulation of radionuclides in the Arctic depends on many biogeochemical processes, which are changing at accelerated rates due to climate change and human economic activity. We present the results of a study on the features distribution of some natural radionuclides in the marine sediments on the East Siberian Arctic Shelf collected during several expeditions from 2008 to 2019. Average activity concentration of 232 Th, 40 K and 226 Ra under the influence of different sedimentation regime increases from 40.7, 418 and 30.8 Bq/kg to 41.6, 423 and 34.9 Bq/kg respectively from coastal shelf marine sediments (<50% clay) to outer shelf marine sediments (>50% clay). Sediment particle size has a greater impact on radionuclides in the coastal shelf. An increase in the activity concentrations of 232 Th and 226 Ra with the increasing clay particles were found. On the outer shelf with a change in the sedimentation regime, the influence of the size composition decreased, at the same time, there is a correlation between the organic carbon concentration and the radionuclide activity concentration. Absolute maximums of natural radionuclide activity concentration ( 232 Th = 70.9, 226 Ra = 70.4, 40 K = 591 Bq/kg) were detected in the Chaun Bay. The highest activity concentration of 226 Ra was found in paleo-river valleys marine sediments. A low 232 Th/ 226 Ra activity concentration ratio indicates the enrichment of paleo-river valleys marine sediments with 226 Ra. In the deep-sea sediments of the shelf slope on the contrary paleo-river valleys, this ratio is greatly increased., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)
Published: 2022
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17. Continuous measurement of soil carbon efflux with Forced Diffusion (FD) chambers in a tundra ecosystem of Alaska.

Author: Kim Y, Park SJ, Lee BY, and Risk D
Abstract: Soil is a significant source of CO2 emission to the atmosphere, and this process is accelerating at high latitudes due to rapidly changing climates. To investigate the sensitivity of soil CO2 emissions to high temporal frequency variations in climate, we performed continuous monitoring of soil CO2 efflux using Forced Diffusion (FD) chambers at half-hour intervals, across three representative Alaskan soil cover types with underlying permafrost. These sites were established during the growing season of 2015, on the Seward Peninsula of western Alaska. Our chamber system is conceptually similar to a dynamic chamber, though FD is more durable and water-resistant and consumes less power, lending itself to remote deployments. We first conducted methodological tests, testing different frequencies of measurement, and did not observe a significant difference between collecting data at 30-min and 10-min measurement intervals (averaged half-hourly) (p<0.001). Temperature and thaw depth, meanwhile, are important parameters in influencing soil carbon emission. At the study sites, we observed cumulative soil CO2 emissions of 62.0, 126.3, and 133.5gCm(-2) for the growing period, in sphagnum, lichen, and tussock, respectively, corresponding to 83.8, 63.7, and 79.6% of annual carbon emissions. Growing season soil carbon emissions extrapolated over the region equated to 0.17±0.06 MgC over the measurement period. This was 47% higher than previous estimates from coarse-resolution manual chamber sampling, presumably because it better captured high efflux events. This finding demonstrates how differences in measurement method and frequency can impact interpretations of seasonal and annual soil carbon budgets. We conclude that annual CO2 efflux-measurements using FD chamber networks would be an effective means for quantifying growing and non-growing season soil carbon budgets, with optimal pairing with time-lapse imagery for tracking local and regional changes in environment and climate in a warming Arctic., (Copyright © 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)
Published: 2016
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18. Effect of thaw depth on fluxes of CO₂ and CH₄ in manipulated Arctic coastal tundra of Barrow, Alaska.

Author: Kim Y
Abstract: Changes in CO₂ and CH₄ emissions represent one of the most significant consequences of drastic climate change in the Arctic, by way of thawing permafrost, a deepened active layer, and decline of thermokarst lakes in the Arctic. This study conducted flux-measurements of CO₂ and CH₄, as well as environmental factors such as temperature, moisture, and thaw depth, as part of a water table manipulation experiment in the Arctic coastal plain tundra of Barrow, Alaska during autumn. The manipulation treatment consisted of draining, controlling, and flooding treated sections by adjusting standing water. Inundation increased CH₄ emission by a factor of 4.3 compared to non-flooded sections. This may be due to the decomposition of organic matter under a limited oxygen environment by saturated standing water. On the other hand, CO₂ emission in the dry section was 3.9-fold higher than in others. CH₄ emission tends to increase with deeper thaw depth, which strongly depends on the water table; however, CO₂ emission is not related to thaw depth. Quotients of global warming potential (GWPCO₂) (dry/control) and GWPCH₄ (wet/control) increased by 464 and 148%, respectively, and GWPCH₄ (dry/control) declined by 66%. This suggests that CO₂ emission in a drained section is enhanced by soil and ecosystem respiration, and CH₄ emission in a flooded area is likely stimulated under an anoxic environment by inundated standing water. The findings of this manipulation experiment during the autumn period demonstrate the different production processes of CO₂ and CH₄, as well as different global warming potentials, coupled with change in thaw depth. Thus the outcomes imply that the expansion of tundra lakes leads the enhancement of CH₄ release, and the disappearance of the lakes causes the stimulated CO₂ production in response to the Arctic climate change., (Copyright © 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)
Published: 2015
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18 results on '"International Arctic Research Center (IARC)"'

1. Brief Communication: The reliability of gas extraction techniques for analysing CH4 and N2O compositions in gas trapped in permafrost ice wedges

2. Inter-laboratory study for the certification of trace elements in seawater certified reference materials NASS-7 and CASS-6

3. The Transpolar Drift as a Source of Riverine and Shelf-Derived Trace Elements to the Central Arctic Ocean

4. The North Pole Region as an Indicator of the Changing Arctic Ocean: The Need for Sustaining Observations

5. 8 million phenological and sky images from 29 ecosystems from the Arctic to the tropics: the Phenological Eyes Network

6. Adaptation of the SMOS soil moisture retrieval algorithm for organic-rich soils and its validation over various Northern sites

7. Arctic Ocean Warming Contributes to Reduced Polar Ice Cap

8. Synchronicity between ice retreat and phytoplankton bloom in circum-Antarctic polynyas

9. Spatial analysis of the French Pleistocene permafrost by a GIS database

10. Net primary productivity estimates and environmental variables in the Arctic Ocean: An assessment of coupled physical-biogeochemical models

11. Towards an improved soil moisture retrieval for organic-rich soils from SMOS passive microwave L-band observations

12. Coordinated Ocean-ice Reference Experiments (COREs)

13. Specific surface area, density and microstructure of frost flowers

14. Responses in Arctic marine carbon cycle processes: conceptual scenarios and implications for ecosystem function

15. CH 4 emissions from runoff water of Alaskan mountain glaciers.

16. The influence of sedimentation regime on natural radionuclide activity concentration in marine sediments of the East Siberian Arctic Shelf.

17. Continuous measurement of soil carbon efflux with Forced Diffusion (FD) chambers in a tundra ecosystem of Alaska.

18. Effect of thaw depth on fluxes of CO₂ and CH₄ in manipulated Arctic coastal tundra of Barrow, Alaska.

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