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The rural governance community is an effective mechanism to solve the difficult problems of rural governance, and its formation and development have evolved over thousands of years of rural governance and village communities. In the context of the new era, the rural governance community is gradually moving towards new upgrading and transformation development in new ways, presenting an inherent logical unity of “theory, practice, and value”, realizing the transformation of construction methods from “regulatory” to “service-oriented”, the transformation of construction subjects from “single type” to “multiple type”, and the transformation of construction paths from “dependent type” to “innovative type”. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sport initiation through small-sided games in cooperative-oppositional sports has been shown to be an effective pedagogical strategy. Coaches or educators modify certain features of the internal logic, such as the playing space, in order to favour the adaptation of the sport to the players' potential and to develop specific playing principles. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of the dimensions of the playing space on the principle of continuity in gameplay during the initiation to small- sided volleyball. A total of 136 university students participated in an experimental study with a simple crossover design. The influence of wider courts (4.5 m x 6 m; 27 m²) compared to narrower courts (6 m x 4.5 m; 27 m²) on four variables in 3 x 3 situations was analysed: number of contacts, possessions, completed complexes and use of the overhead pass in the first action of each possession or complex of play. Mixed-effects multilevel linear regression models were constructed. The results revealed a significant increase in all variables analysed in favour of the wide court. The court size was found to significantly increase continuity in small-sided volleyball, respectively from highest to lowest were the variables of possessions, number of contacts, overhead passes in the first action and completed complexes. The importance of considering not only smaller playing spaces, but also the dimensions of the playing spaces in the initiation to volleyball was emphasised. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is of great practical significance to accurately understand the common prosperity effects of the development of the new rural collective economy. However, there remains a lack of systematic evidence on whether the development of the new rural collective economy can promote farmers' common prosperity. This study theoretically expounded the internal logic and mechanisms through which the new rural collective economy promoted farmers' common prosperity and empirically examined the common prosperity effects of the new rural collective economy by using panel data from 30 provinces in China from 2006 to 2022. The results indicated that: ① The development of the new rural collective economy played a significant role in promoting farmers' common prosperity. This conclusion remained consistent after addressing endogeneity issues and conducting robustness tests. ② The mechanism test showed that the development of the new rural collective economy facilitated farmers' achievement of common prosperity through four mechanisms: the interest linkage mechanism, the production input mechanism, the rural construction mechanism, and the welfare guarantee mechanism. ③ The common prosperity effects of the development of the new rural collective economy also had pronounced heterogeneity, affected by the disparities in human capital, economic development, and geographical location. ④ Further discussion showed that the common prosperity effects of the development of the new rural collective economy were more significant among farmer groups with lower levels of common prosperity compared to those with higher levels of prosperity. This result revealed that developing the new collective economy could bridge the gap in achieving common prosperity among farmer groups and promote their overall common prosperity. Therefore, to promote farmers' common prosperity, it is necessary to continuously develop and strengthen the new rural collective economy and leverage its role in connecting interests, expanding production, supporting rural development, and ensuring welfare security. This study is conducive to the understanding of how the internal mechanisms of the new rural collective economy promote farmers' common prosperity while providing theoretical support and empirical evidence for the high-quality development of the new rural collective economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Journal of Shenzhen University Humanities & Social Sciences is the property of Journal of Shenzhen University (Humanities & Social Sciences) Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Cultivating the digital literacy of all citizens, especially for college students, would contribute to the construction of a 'Learning Society' where everybody loves learning and would offer a powerful impetus for building a modern country. First, this paper reviews the origins and general definitions of computer literacy, network literacy, media literacy, information literacy and digital literacy. Compared with similar terminologies, digital literacy features the subjective initiatives to actively improve one's and others' skills, competence, awareness and thinking mode for adapting to, qualifying for and creating a new digital age and society. Second, the internal logic in the Digital Literacy Framework of College Students (DLFCS) can be summarized as 'Skills-Competencies-Awareness' attributing to the evolution progress of 'digital technologies utilization, actual problems solving, and digital awareness cultivation'. Following this logic, this paper develops the DLFCS through scene-based requirements analysis and professional consultations, including three areas (i.e. operational skills, applied competencies, thinking & awareness), identifying fifteen descriptors and their examples with key performances. Third, it measures the self-perception and actual performance of college students digital literacy by questionnaire, Q&A tests and task evaluation, and validates the completeness and validity of the DLFCS by Pearson correlation analysis of datasets collected in three modes. The results indicate that (a) the fifteen descriptors in DLFCS basically cover the essential areas of digital literacy with extremely weak correlations among them, (b) the relationships of progressive and intertwined 'Skills-Competencies-Awareness' demonstrate the validity of the internal logic and DLFCS itself, (c) to be digitally literate requires long-term and gradually-progressed cultivation and improvement, as achieving one descriptor of digital literacy proficiently does not guarantee good performance on the other descriptors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The new discussion on the three in one coordinated development of "education, science and technology, and human resources" in the report of the 20th National Congress of the Communist Party of China is the basic and strategic support for the comprehensive construction of socialist modernization. The three are closely connected and complement each other, and together constitute a strong joint force to realize the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation. In the process of Chinese style modernization, in order to promote the three - in one high quality development of "education, science and technology, and human resources", we must adhere to theoretical guidance, improve the policy system, optimize the development layout, give full play to the basic role of education, the dynamic role of science and technology, and the subjective role of human resources, so as to achieve the goal of improving people's well-being and creating a new form of human civilization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Retos: Nuevas Perspectivas de Educación Física, Deporte y Recreación is the property of Federacion Espanola de Asociaciones de Docentes de Educacion Fisica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Capital Institute of Physical Education is the property of Shoudu Tiyu Xueyuan and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Physical Education / Tiyu Xuekan is the property of Journal of Physical Education Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The aim of this systematic review was to analyze the scientific production on the effects of the application of comprehensive models on dimensions of Motor Conduct in net sports. Following the PRISMA criteria, this review only considered applied studies on net sports written in English, Spanish or Portuguese in SportDiscuss, Scopus, ERIC and Web of Science databases, published between 2011 and 2021. A total of 12 articles that met the inclusion criteria were included in this analysis. The studies encompassed affective, cognitive, and organic dimensions, but no articles were identified pertaining to the relational dimension. Findings revealed that comprehensive models positively influenced the cognitive dimension, enhancing decision-making and tactical understanding compared to traditional teaching methods. Additionally, in the organic dimension, comprehensive models demonstrated significant improvements in skill execution, while in the affective dimension, they fostered positive outcomes related to motivation and enjoyment. However, the link between affective, organic and relational dimensions with game understanding process and decision-making improvement in net sports remains unexplored. Keywords: TGfU. Game Sense. Tactical Games Approach. Teaching. Internal Logic. Motor Praxiology. Motor Conduct. Motor Action Theory.

Meteorological resources are not only fundamental but also strategic tourism resources, which are the important foundation for the integrated development of meteorology and tourism. With the intensification of global climate change, the urgent need for healthy tourism in China’s mass tourism market after the epidemic, and the rapid development of meteorological science and technology, the natural and inseparable relationship between meteorology and tourism activities and tourism economy has become more and more prominent, and “meteorology+tourism” has become a new field that is the most active and most directly perceivable by the people in the utilization of meteorological resources and innovation of meteorological services. Meteorology + Tourism” is becoming the most active and directly perceivable new field in the utilization of meteorological resources and innovation of meteorological services, and the fastest-growing and most energetic new development direction of the tourism economy in various places. Research shows that promoting “meteorology + tourism” can drive the positive coupling of the two; the deep integration and two-way empowerment of meteorology and tourism in “all-round, all-time, all-process, all-factor, all-field” is not only related to the high-quality development of tourism and meteorology but also related to the quality of tourism experience and life safety of tourists. Tourism experience quality and life safety, opportunities, and crises are surging; through seven major integration paths, “meteorology + tourism” can give rise to trillion yuan scale emerging industry clusters and should become the new focus of China’s meteorological services and tourism industry and economy synergistic and breakthroughs.

High quality development of agriculture is an essential requirement of modern agriculture, and the key to agricultural modernization is to achieve agricultural technological innovation, promote high-quality development of agriculture, and technological innovation is the fundamental driving force for agricultural progress. Faced with the era task of technological innovation and high-quality agricultural development, we should deeply integrate technological innovation with multiple fields such as industrial development, green agriculture, and food security. By constructing a full chain technical support system for the agricultural industry, developing diversified and sustainable agriculture, and cultivating agricultural specialty product brands, we can truly leverage the driving role of technological innovation in promoting high-quality agricultural development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Sixth Plenary Session of the 19th CPC Central Committee proposed to integrate the basic tenets of Marxism with fine traditional Chinese culture. This exposition condenses the party's experience in practice over the past 100 years, shines with the brilliance of Marxist truth, and meets the needs of the current era. It shows a strict historical, theoretical and practical logic. At present, China is at a critical moment of marching towards the Second Centenary Goal, so we must adhere to the leadership of the Party and the guidance of Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era. We should put the people in the first place and face the world. We should promote the profound integration of the basic principles of Marxism with fine traditional Chinese culture, promote the regeneration of the brilliance of fine traditional Chinese culture, enhance the people's cultural self-confidence, and gather great power for the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Electrónica Interuniversitaria De Formación del Profesorado is the property of Asociacion Universitaria de Formacion del Profesorado (AUFOP) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Cultura, Ciencia y Deporte is the property of Cultura, Ciencia y Deporte and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

IntroductionBrazilian jiu-jitsu (BJJ) was conceived to be an oppositional sociomotor practice with an emphasis on self-defense, but throughout the 20th century, BJJ gained sporting features, modifying its internal logic (IL). In BJJ, the richness of the motor itineraries can be revealed in the different sociomotor sub-roles. Considering the absence of research that identifies and describes the sub-roles and the Ludogram of BJJ, the following question was asked: how can the Ludogram of sociomotor sub-roles of Brazilian jiu-jitsu be systematized in accordance with its internal logic?MethodsThis work is characterized as theoretical research that is dedicated to rebuilding theories and concepts with a view, in immediate terms, to improving theoretical foundations. In this study, a theoretical reconstruction of BJJ’s operating dynamics was carried out, identifying roles and sub-roles, culminating in the construction of a Ludogram. The praxeological analysis was divided in two stages: (1) Description of the BJJ sub-roles based on sports rules and video analysis; (2) Systematization of the BJJ Ludogram. Eight public videos with unrestricted access were selected of fights from the 2018 BJJ World Championship. The sample was considered based on the following criteria: convenience, typicality, and saturation.Results and DiscussionThe 26 identified and described sub-roles of BJJ indicate the richness of choices and possible paths to be followed by fighters within this itinerary of motor interaction. These different BJJ sub-roles described in this research highlight the importance of the concept of praxis communication, specifically, motor counter-communication, since many of the dynamics between a fighter’s subroles refer to the choices that the opponent indicates for the motor dialogue. BJJ requires from fighters incessant activations on aspects related to sociomotor intelligence, such as the need for sociomotor empathy, motor strategy, to anticipate anticipations, pre-acting, developing the capacity to make motor decisions, to recognize the affective, cognitive, relational, and organic loads activated during the fight, and to develop their motor conduct. In this sense, the Ludogram was elaborated, which enables future praxeological analyses of the sub-roles and motor conducts of any subject who wants to assume the sociomotor role of a BJJ fighter according to the rules of this Brazilian combat sport.

By using the methods of literature review, text analysis and logic analysis, this paper thinks about the internal logic of "double reduction" policy and school physical education reform, and discriminates the problems existing in the previous studies. It has shown that the problems of previous studies are as follows: the research scope of "school physical education" under the policy of "double reduction" is too broad; the research content of "physical education teaching" under the policy of "double reduction" is too far-fetched; under the background of "double reduction", it is difficult for off-campus sports institutions to relate to school physical education; under the policy of "double reduction", the professional development direction of physical education teachers has deviated already; under the policy of "double reduction", there is a lack of practical research on "co-education between home, school and community" in sports. Based on the analysis of the internal logic and existing problems of the "double reduction" policy and school physical education reform, this paper puts forward the promotion mode of "one body, two wings and six guarantees" promoted by the "double reduction" policy: taking "five independent choices" as the main body to seek the individualized development; taking two key links of "extracurricular sports activities" and "off-campus sports training" as two wings; and the safeguard measures including "changing the principal's concept, implementing service remuneration, promoting model innovation, regulating external training, optimizing hardware resources, and breaking through barriers between home and school". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Basketball is a sport of deceptions, but also of numbers, and the knowledge of its internal logic has benefited for decades from the contributions of colleagues such as Sampaio and Ibáñez-Godoy. Accepting that NBA playoffs are the most demanding competition in our sport, we set two complementary goals for this study: to provide the a priory probabilities associated with field shots based on space and time, and to show the way we followed to calculate them in the R environment. Our analyses allow us to provide the probability distributions associated with field shots based on clock-time and court position, as shown in Table1. In addition, by simple logit models we can see and messure the impact that distances and moments dring the match (period and minute) have on the probability of success. The best basketball players in the world maximize the utility of their shots without being able to escape the space-time logic of the game: the balance between attack and defense comes to light in the form of probabilistic functions with high linearity, especially in terms of space, and points to interesting forward-looking questions. In this sense, our study provides general statistical basis for understanding this logic, allowing in the future to advance in better informed, bayesian study models.

Dans les situations sociomotrices, l'engagement des participants n'est pas seulement réductible aux communications directes (impliquant un rapport à l'objet ou un corps-à-corps). Il est surtout lié à l'émergence de systèmes de signes assurant la dynamique globale du jeu. Nous proposons d'appréhender la communication comme un système d'interaction global constitué de plusieurs canaux. On y retrouve les communications directes mais aussi quatre systèmes de signes : celui des praxèmes, des gestèmes, des gestes et des communications verbales. Ce travail interroge la place de chaque canal communicationnel dans deux sports (football, handball) et deux jeux traditionnels (Balle assise et Trois camps). Nous recrutons trois groupes de 20 étudiants pour participer aux jeux mentionnés. Les communications sont filmées, décryptées, triées et catégorisées. On constate une forte prévalence des praxèmes dans les sports collectifs, tandis que la répartition des communications est plus équilibrée dans les jeux traditionnels (p < 0.01). La quantité, la variabilité et l'organisation des signes sont sensibles à la logique interne. Globalement, cette recherche tend à montrer que les jeux sont un formidable laboratoire in vivo pour comprendre l'organisation des systèmes de signes. Spécifiquement, elle apporte des informations sur le pouvoir socialisant de la sémiotricité de chaque jeu et sur le renouvellement des pédagogies qu'elle peut engendrer. In sociomotor situations, the engagement of the participants is not only related to direct communications (involving a relationship to the object or a body-to-body relationship), but mainly to the emergence of sign systems ensuring the global dynamics of the game. We propose to understand this communication as a global interaction system made up of several channels. It includes direct communications but also four systems of signs: praxemes, gestemes, gestures and verbal communications. This work focuses on the part of each communication channel in two team sports (football and handball) and two traditional games ("Seated ball" and "Three camps"). We formed three groups of 20 students to participate in the mentioned games. Communications were video recorded, decrypted, sorted and categorized. There was a high prevalence of praxemes in team sports, while the distribution of communications is more balanced in traditional games (p < 0.01). The amount, the variability, and the organization of the signs are sensitive to the internal logic. Overall, this research shows that games and sports are interesting in vivo laboratories for the understanding of the organization of sign systems. Specifically, they provide information on the socializing power of the semioticity of each game and on the renewal of pedagogies that this implies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose. The aim of this study is to find the aspects that identify the self-organization cycle of beach handball and to compare these between genders. Methods. Overall, 13 elite matches of each gender were analysed. We observed each team during the game, considering the following variables: offensive phase, ball possession, and attack outcome. Results. A self-organization cycle was identified, characterized by a predominance of attack over defence. We found that ball possession changed constantly (> 84%) and the same behaviour occurred in both genders. The difference between genders was that male teams were more likely to throw (81% vs. 74%, p < 0.001) and score a spectacular goal (49% vs. 39%, p < 0.001) when compared with female teams. Conclusions. The self-organization cycle of beach handball involves a prevalence of attack over defence, with a higher probability of the offensive phase ending with a spectacular throw, and with a constant change of ball possession during the match (system attractors). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using text mining and instrument qualification techniques based on 605 policy instrument texts issued by the China government from 1985 to 2019, this study quantitatively analyzes the total number, type structure, specific composition, and evolution of policy instruments for food safety risks governance. Overall, 1,193, 459, and 95 of these instruments were compulsory, mixed, and voluntary, respectively. The results found that the evolution of these instruments in China exhibits a strong similarity to those in Western countries. They both started with compulsory instruments alone, then turned to a combination of compulsory and mixed instruments, and eventually progressed to a mixture of compulsory, mixed, and voluntary instruments. The internal logic of this evolution is that the instrument type structure changes continuously in response to the changes in the stakeholder relationships among government, market, and society. However, unlike Western countries, China still relies heavily on the role of government, which results in the dominance of compulsory instruments and insufficiency of mixed and voluntary instruments, reflecting high path dependence. Implications are discussed.

The aim of this study was to design a tool to evaluate the level of specificity of Preferential Simulation Situations (PSS) in football. The level of specificity was evaluated from the own structural variables of the PSS themselves. One hundred PPS performed by a professional football team were analyzed during the 2016-17 and 2017-18 seasons. The statistical model generated a vector with 28 numerical components, then the distances of each vector with respect to the reference, in this case the match, was calculated, in order to normalize this value in a range between 1 and 10 (1 being low and 10 being high specificity related to the match). The results indicate that the specificity level assessment tool allows categorizing and grouping the PSS studied according to its internal logic. The use of this tool allows to objectify the level of specificity of the PSS, which could help coaches with programming, design and analysis intervention programs to optimize the players’ performance in formative and professional football.

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Topos quantum mechanics, developed by Döring (2008); Döring and Harding Houston J. Math. 42(2), 559–568 (2016); Döring and Isham (2008); Flori 2013)); Flori (2018); Isham and Butterfield J. Theoret. Phys. 37, 2669–2733 (1998); Isham and Butterfield J. Theoret. Phys. 38, 827–859 (1999); Isham et al. J. Theoret. Phys. 39, 1413–1436 (2000); Isham and Butterfield J. Theoret. Phys. 41, 613–639 (2002), creates a topos of presheaves over the poset V (N) of Abelian von Neumann subalgebras of the von Neumann algebra N of bounded operators associated to a physical system, and established several results, including: (a) a connection between the Kochen-Specker theorem and the non-existence of a global section of the spectral presheaf; (b) a version of the spectral theorem for self-adjoint operators; (c) a connection between states of N and measures on the spectral presheaf; and (d) a model of dynamics in terms of V (N) . We consider a modification to this approach using not the whole of the poset V (N) , but only its elements V (N) ∗ of height at most two. This produces a different topos with different internal logic. However, the core results (a)–(d) established using the full poset V (N) are also established for the topos over the smaller poset, and some aspects simplify considerably. Additionally, this smaller poset has appealing aspects reminiscent of projective geometry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The aim of this study was to interpret university students' affective experiences while taking part in two practical sessions based on cooperative and psychomotor games with and without competition. Six students of physical education and sport took part in the study. The validated Games and Emotions Scale (GES) questionnaire was used, which was completed at the beginning and at the end of each session. Two individual interviews were then conducted with each participant (one per session). The data were analyzed using ATLAS.ti v.62 software. We would highlight the following findings: a) both types of games trigger individual and group affective wellbeing in the participants; b) individual wellbeing is conditioned by aspects of the games' internal logic (motor relationships, and the presence or absence of competition) whereas group wellbeing is triggered mainly by aspects external to the group (social relationships between the participants, and sports background or personal perceptions). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The so-called traditional motor games are group situations that function like small-scale societies, full of emotionally rich vicissitudes and proper objectives, alliances, and antagonisms. Traditional games have certainly been the object of many dispersed, really interesting studies, but no general conception of them, based on a scientifically supported methodological approach, has been developed so far. How do these games work? Does their development depend on sheer chance? Does it respond to any underlying structures? Is this development anyhow related to the socio-emotional dynamics of the group of players? As a whole, do these games, so different from each other, have any common characteristics that generate similar effects on the personality of the players? In the end, is what we know about a given game comparable and generalisable to any other one?

The socialist system with Chinese characteristics is a great innovation made by the Chinese people under the leadership of the Communist Party of China (CPC) over the past 70 years, since the founding of the People’s Republic of China, and particularly during the past 40 years of reform and opening up. It is also a fundamental institutional support and guarantee for China to achieve the Two Centenary Goals① and realize the Chinese Dream of the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation. The formation and development of the socialist system with Chinese characteristics indicates profound theoretical, historical and practical logic and demonstrates the unique institutional advantage China enjoys. The socialist system with Chinese characteristics is an organic unity of the CPC spirit and its affinity to the people, demonstrating its unique institutional advantage by ensuring the position of the people as masters of the country and making development people-centered. It is an organic unity of reform and conventionalization, demonstrating its unique institutional advantage through self-revolution, establishment and optimization step by step. It is also an organic unity of tradition and modernity, demonstrating its unique institutional advantage by inheriting Chinese civilization while embracing world civilization

Copyright of RICYDE. Revista Internacional de Ciencias del Deporte is the property of Revista Internacional de Ciencias del Deporte and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In Vietnam, Physical education is mostly still taught in a traditional model. Volleyball, as one of the most practiced sport in Physical Education classes. The study of this article was to exploration students’ difficulties in the practice of volleyball in school Physical Education (PE) classes, according to the tactical principles of the sport, and to compare them with teachers’ understanding of the discipline. This qualitative study was developed in two stages: a) observation of 14 hours/class PE volleyball classes in two different schools and field diary records of students’ difficulties during the game according to the tactical principles of the sport, and b) application of a Linkert scale with active PE teachers to classify such problems (Thomás A.P, et al 2020). In the first stage, the following situations were identified as difficulties, in decreasing order of occurrence in the observations: building the attack, occupying spaces on the court, looking for empty spaces, intending to contact the ball, and directing serves. In the teachers’ view, however, difficulties in serves were indicated as students’ main problem and, on the other hand, occupying court spaces as the action they performed more easily. On this basis, it is concluded that there are differences between the researcher’s and the teachers’ views, possibly related to teachers' initial coaching and previous experiences based on the traditional model, whose focus is not on the teaching of tactical principles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Physical Education / Tiyu Xuekan is the property of Journal of Physical Education Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The so-called traditional motor games are group situations that function like small-scale societies, full of emotionally rich vicissitudes and proper objectives, alliances, and antagonisms. Traditional games have certainly been the object of many dispersed, really interesting studies, but no general conception of them, based on a scientifically supported methodological approach, has been developed so far. How do these games work? Does their development depend on sheer chance? Does it respond to any underlying structures? Is this development anyhow related to the socio-emotional dynamics of the group of players? As a whole, do these games, so different from each other, have any common characteristics that generate similar effects on the personality of the players? In the end, is what we know about a given game comparable and generalisable to any other one? [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Volleyball, as one of the most practiced sport in Physical Education classes in Brazil, is mostly still taught in a traditional model. In order to be teach through games, according to the approaches of Sport Pedagogy, it is understood as necessary analyze students' behavior during volleyball games in Physical Education (PE) classes. The purpose of this article was to diagnose students' difficulties in the practice of volleyball in school PE classes, according to the tactical principles of the sport, and to compare them with teachers' understanding of the discipline. This qualitative research was developed in two stages: a) observation of 14 hours/class PE volleyball classes in two different schools and field diary records of students' difficulties during the game according to the tactical principles of the sport; and b) application of a Lickert scale with active PE teachers to classify such problems. In the first stage, the following situations were identified as difficulties, in decreasing order of occurrence in the observations: building the attack, occupying spaces on the court, looking for empty spaces, intending to contact the ball, and directing serves. In the teachers' view, however, difficulties in serves were indicated as students' main problem and, on the other hand, occupying court spaces as the action they performed more easily. On this basis, it is concluded that there are differences between the researcher' and the teachers' views, possibly related to teachers' initial training and previous experiences based on the traditional model, whose focus is not on the teaching of tactical principles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Journal of Shenzhen University Humanities & Social Sciences is the property of Journal of Shenzhen University (Humanities & Social Sciences) Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)