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The article defines the essence of the economic categories "domestic savings" - "gross capital formation". Analyzed the dynamics of changes in the macro-proportions of the SNA "domestic savings" - "gross capital formation" and "gross national savings" in the national economy for 2010-2020, and developed effective proposals to improve the level of internal balancing of Uzbekistan in the near future.

The socio-economic development of economic-territorial units subordinate to administrative-management institutions appears as one of the main tasks. The values of alternative indicators reflecting socio-economic development may differ, which makes it difficult to unambiguously assess the importance of the indicators. The applied available methods are either too receptive or does not provide sufficient accuracy. The proposed FARE-M methodology for determining the importance of indicators is the prolongation of the technique for establishing the importance of FARE (Factor Relationship) weights already used for research purposes. The employed technique is based on the internal balance of system elements that is the essential systemic feature. This allows, unlike in the case of the AHP method, the weights of the indicators to be determined with reference to the first row of the data matrix only.

Economic security can be ensured only if a logical system of timely detection, prevention and elimination of potential and real economic threats and risks of sustainable development of the enterprise, taking into account the needs of owners, is defined and built. The purpose of the article is to determine the basics of economic security management taking into account the needs of owners, the formation of the mechanism of the system of priority interests of the enterprise. In the course of the research general scientific research methods were used The main principles of economic security of the enterprise are legality and observance of balance of interests, mutual responsibility of the personnel and the management, interaction with bodies of legislative and executive power. The organization of economic security of the enterprise depends on how effectively it is able to avoid possible threats to certain components of the external and internal environment, the main of which are: financial, intellectual, technological, legal, information. The formation of the mechanism of economic security of the enterprise takes into account the needs of enterprise owners through appropriate management decisions, the formation of the information field, analytical and forecasting work, a number of economic calculations and evaluation of the results. The tasks which are solved by means of maintenance of economic safety of the enterprise are defined: maintenance of conformity of mission of the enterprise and the strategic purposes of its activity in system of the priority purposes of the enterprise; definition and operative adjustment of priorities in activity of the enterprise and creation of conditions for their realization; ensuring compliance of the company's sales volume with its resource potential and market capacity; ensuring internal balance in the activities of the enterprise; risk reduction in the enterprise; ensuring the interest of staff in the effective operation of the enterprise, etc. Mechanisms to ensure the economic security of the enterprise should allow to ensure the economic security of the enterprise depending on the characteristics of financial and economic activities of the enterprise. Therefore, one of the elements of the mechanism should be an assessment of the economic security of the enterprise, taking into account its main interests.

Health systems are changing continuously, due to powerful forces such as scientific and technical advances, social and economic conditions and demography. Change affects health systems by disrupting their internal balance, that is, the adjustment of supply and demand for healthcare. At a high level, the answer is to adopt a policy approach that covers and connects the three areas of patient experience, health outcomes and cost-effectiveness, similar to the "Triple Aim" or its numerous avatars. Closer to the action, at the level at which decisions about treatment or care are made, the current trend is to focus on the "value agenda."

The 33 countries that constitute Latin America and the Caribbean and the 11 countries of the former Soviet Union (not counting the Russian Federation and the three Baltic nations) conform 44 states which are, with a few exceptions, on the periphery of global geopolitical aff airs, with limited international infl uence or at the mercy of confl icts that have disrupted their internal balance and international image in the past decade. While the topic of how peripheral nations and regions interact with each other has been analyzed in academia, in-depth studies about relations between these specifi c regions are very limited and scarce. This paper seeks to fi ll in that gap by providing recent examples on issues like trade and high-profi le diplomatic visits between Latin American and Caribbean governments with their post-Soviet counterparts. Moreover, I will discuss the issue of the location (or lack thereof) of embassies, a topic not discussed in the consulted literature, as an example of how governments from peripheral states and limited budgets decide where to open an embassy. It is proposed here that the 44 states that make up Latin America, the Caribbean, and the post-Soviet world will remain cordial and friendly strangers for the foreseeable future. A lack of grand-strategy vision, with a few exceptions, is a major hindrance to stronger relations between these states. The most plausible scenario is bloc-to-bloc trade agreements; however, the COVID-19 pandemic and more pressing issues that these countries face mean that treaties with geographically distant states that are not trading partners or potential sources of fi nancial aid are not regarded as priorities.

The article analyzes the concepts of determining the essence of enterprise economic safety. It was underlined that the enterprise economic safety provided branching, diversification and expansion of structural elements, connections and relations of its resource space, their protection from internal and external threats, whose actions can greatly reduce or ruine its environment, slow down or restrain the development of the enterprise, transform its path to the defined strategic goal. It was grounded that the main functional components of economic safety are: financial, human resources, technical and technology, politico-legal, innovation-investment, environmental and informational. The main features of determination of functions of the enterprise economic safety management are identified. On the basis of weighted analysis of the management tools we made a conclusion that the management of the economic safety of the MTE (motor-transport enterprise) in the event of the appearance of information signaled about the danger of an enterprise efficiency reduction, the imperfection of the methods of planning, correction, organization of production, mismatch of the existing objectives of the enterprise and the requirements of the environment should include such an efficient subsystem of information-analytical service, which would be aimed at improving the quality and management effectiveness by prioritizing. It was conducted that the modern quality management model for most domestic enterprises should be based on the basic principles, namely: a systematic approach to management; orientation of business on management of «organizational culture» as a system of values of the enterprise personnel; scientific approach to the formation and substantiation of managerial decisions; dynamism and variability of utilization of technology, methods and tools of enterprise management; the importance and diligence of the inability to make managerial decisions of information; promotion of activation of innovative management; using script approach to develop specific managerial decisions; orientation on the strategic goals of an enterprise development. The theoretic and methodical approach to construction of a structural model of an enterprise economic safety management is proposed, which will make possible to identify clearly functional and essential links, provide internal balance in the enterprise activity and correspondence of its mission and the strategic direction of the system of its priority interests. According to the proposed scheme the object of management (controlled system) is the very economic safety, which, in its turn, decomposed into seven subsystems of various functional components of the enterprise economic safety (financial, technical and technological, personnel, political, legal, environmental, information, innovation and investment). And under the proposed approach in the system of economic safety management the subsystem of enterprise economic safety plays the role of control (managing) subsystem (coordinator), which provides for the overall EES management.The necessity of further, more in-depth study of the influence of such destructive and destabilizing phenomena that may cause irreversible consequences and threaten the functioning of the organization is substantiated. The next stage of the study should be a comprehensive assessment of the interconnection of such destructive and destabilizing phenomena as threats, risks and dangers that may cause irreversible consequences and, in general, threaten the organization functioning.

Why do parties change their policy positions? A growing literature suggests that the internal balance of power between leaders and activists affects how a party responds to changing environmental i...

El equilibrio interno de poder de las órdenes federales es un tema importante en el pensamiento constitucional de Kelsen. Su teoría de los conflictos federales está en deuda tanto con los logros de sus investigaciones sobre la teoría del derecho como con su participación directa en los debates de política constitucional en los años veinte y treinta. Al hacerlo, adoptó una postura firme en el momento del golpe prusiano, una importante crisis constitucional en cuya gestión Carl Schmitt también desempeñó un papel importante. En mi ensayo, me basaré en el análisis de Paolo Carrozza sobre la contribución de Kelsen a la teoría constitucional de las federaciones. Se trata de resaltar su relevancia para una comprensión adecuada de los desarrollos más recientes en los sistemas federales, incluidas las consecuencias de las crisis secesionistas en Europa.Recibido: 11 mayo 2019Aceptado: 21 junio 2019Publicación en línea: 31 julio 2019

In recent months, the importance of anti-system political and cultural forces have progressively been gaining ground. The internal balance within the Italian Republic has shifted, taking on...

The stress wave force balance is used to measure forces in aerodynamic facilities like shock tunnels and wind tunnels. For accurate measurement of forces, the shape and size of the model and the balance are of importance. The dimensions of the balance mounted inside the model (internal balance) depend on the internal diameter of the model. However, the effect of the length of the stress bar is independent of the model dimensions. This paper describes the variation in transient strain responses at various locations of the stress bar with the variation of the length of the stress bar. Impulse force of 10 N magnitude with 1 ms duration was applied at the tip of a hemispherical model, and the strain responses were observed at various locations along the stress bar. Impulse forces of various magnitudes were applied at the tip of the model, and the strain responses were observed. From the simulation results, it was observed that as the length of the stress bar increases, the strain increases. The strain response was also found to be steady with the increase in length of the stress bar.

This paper provides microfoundations to the Salter-Swan policy framework, a graphical apparatus designed to ascertain the exchange-rate and fiscal stance of a policymaker with internal and external economic targets. The environment is an infinite-horizon small open economy producing tradable and nontradable goods that takes world prices and world interest rates as given and is populated by optimizing households and firms. The economy is subject to terms of trade, interest rate, and discount factor shocks. The internal target of the government is the unemployment rate and the external target is the current account. Downward nominal wage rigidity and financial frictions serve as the rationale for meaningful policy intervention.

Previous studies and policymaker remarks suggest that whether the policy mix in a great crisis or a big event is a simple accumulation of short-term temporary decisions or a series of long-term careful considerations could even lead the great crisis or the big event in completely different directions under government intervention. The UK-EU Membership Referendum in Jun-2016 which has officially kicked off the Brexit process and been considered as one of the biggest events in the world economy and politics makes the above theoretical and practical themes on policy mix return to the forefront amid concerns. This study first builds two diagram frameworks on the basis of improved Mundell Assignment Rule and modified Swan Model to help define the theoretical optimal policy path as the comparison standard for empirically assessing various types of policy mix in the Brexit process, subsequently the searching of the unique theoretical optimal policy path with the least distance from the actual evolution path driven by policy mix is converted into a classical primal-dual optimization problem, which can be solved through the collaboration of the GRG (abbreviation for generalized reduced gradient) nonlinear algorithm and the evolutionary algorithm. The assessment results can be generally described as only “expenditure-changing policies minus external balance related components of monetary policies” and “mix of expenditure-changing policies and expenditure-switching policies” during the Brexit process are assessed to be more like a series of long-term careful considerations, while fiscal policies, monetary policies, expenditure-changing policies (as mix of fiscal policies and monetary policies), expenditure-switching policies plus external balance related components of monetary policies, internal balance related overall policy mix, external balance related overall policy mix, and overall policy mix during the Brexit process could only be evaluated to be more like a simple accumulation of short-term temporary decisions. However, these assessment results are sensitive to specific rules set by specific scenarios, assessment results under either the scenario “limited-size backward step allowed” or the scenario “backward step allowed but punished” are significantly better than those under the above original scenario “only step in the target direction allowed”, while assessment results under the scenario “different target directions for different periods” are only slightly better than those under the above original scenario.

The issue of twin imbalances is at the forefront of fiscal policy concerns in the South Asian region, fuelled by an ever-going budget deficit and current account deficit over the last five decades. A standard approach is to assume a model in which budget balance influences the current account. We relax this assumption by using a panel data vector autoregression model comprising five South Asian countries. The results show that both budget deficit and current account deficit are mutually causative, which contrasts the unidirectional causality running from fiscal deficit to current account deficit found in prior studies. Further, this bi-causality relationship is also demonstrated in the impulse response analyses. Budget balance in South Asian economies responds positively to a one standard deviation positive shock in the current account balance. Likewise, external balance increases to a one standard deviation positive shock in internal balance. Higher fiscal debt impedes economic growth, which in turn impacts negatively on the budget balance. Our findings lead us to reject 'fiscal policy only' recommendations to address the twin deficits.

One of the key goals of the economic policy makers of every country is to achieve internal and external balance. An unavoidable segment of the analysis concerning the achievement of internal and external balance is certainly the influence of the exchange rate regime applied in a country. European transition countries, despite their similar initial problems and final objectives, applied different exchange rate regimes adapted to the economic circumstances and needs of the country. The paper aims to examine and demonstrate the impact of the applied exchange rate regime on the internal balance of the transition countries. The research encompasses 10 representative transition countries, in the period from 2000-2014. The results of the research, from the aspect of internal balance, confirmed the justification of the application of the floating exchange rate regime in more developed, but not in less-developed, European transition countries. The application of floating exchange rate regimes in less-developed transition countries is associated with a considerably higher average inflation rate, which may be explained by the higher import dependence of lessdeveloped countries and by the consequent transfer of depreciation to price growth.

The Eurocrisis displays an astonishing similarity to the causes of the Great Depression in the form of massive current account imbalances, destabilising capital flows, financial fragility, and the commitment to defending a fixed exchange rate arrangement by means of austerity and internal devaluation. From the interwar economic and political disaster Europe eventually drew the lesson that internal balance had to enjoy priority over external balance, giving rise to a three-decade long period of unprecedented economic growth after the Second World War. As Europe has again stumbled into many of the policy errors that caused the Great Depression, it will need to relearn some of these lessons. In particular, the paper suggests that Europeanisation has gone too far and that rather than completing the monetary Union, Europe’s prosperity and political stability would be better served by compartmentalisation of financial markets, vertical industrial policies and an escape clause in the common currency allowing for temporary exit in case of fundamental disequilibria.

The article identifies changes in Namibia’s society linked to China’s new role. To understand such changes, it is important to avoid isolating ‘Chinese actors’ from their host society. The author analyses links between Chinese and Namibian actors in three domains: ‘soft power’, Chinese traders and the construction industry. In all three, the presence of Chinese actors does not simply change Namibia’s relations with the world. It has important repercussions on Namibian society, it influences the distribution of capital within Namibia and it engenders shifts in the internal balance of power. Since Chinese influence does not remain external, the line between ‘Chinese’ and ‘Namibian’ actors has long become blurred – turning Namibian political elites into constituent parts of the ‘external’ dynamics they are charged with regulating.

For a long time, copyright and human rights took little account of each other. The emergence of digital technology, however, has forced a more intimate interaction. This interaction raises questions about both the nature of copyright and its relationship with other interests: is copyright a human right and, if so, how can clashes with other human rights be resolved? In the European context, the answer to the first question has so far been ‘yes’, raising the stakes as to the second. Both the CJEU and ECtHR have approached the matter as one requiring a ‘balance’. In this piece, three different balancing mechanisms are identified: the ‘internal balance’ approach, the ‘external balance’ approach and the ‘internalized balance’ approach. The first defers to the balance struck by the legislator, in the hope that this reflects the requirements of human rights. The second returns the balance to the courts, which apply copyright legislation to the facts of each case taking into account the law of human rights. The third reintegrates the balancing process within the interpretation of copyright terminology. Examples of all three can be found in the case law. How to improve the balance and what impact balancing case law should have on the legislator remain open questions.