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Butler’s TALC (Tourism Area Life Cycle Model) is a descriptive model that has become one of the most influential and widely referenced approaches in the analysis of tourism area development. However, from an empirical point of view, and despite many attempts, the model encounters difficulties when making it operational. This article advocates the use of statistical confidence intervals as a useful tool for determining the various stages through which destinations evolve.

The search for sustainable alternative food sources has led to the expansion of aquaculture, with the proliferation of marine farms in more and more places, some of them very touristic. The installation of these farms in the waters of consolidated Sun and Beach tourist destinations represents a planning challenge, which requires consideration of the potential environmental and economic impacts of those activities on tourism attractions. This article critically analyzes the implementation of marine farms in the Costa Blanca (Alicante), one of the most consolidated Sun and Beach tourist destinations in the Mediterranean. The case study shows that the environmental impact studies and other documentation accompanying these projects do not include tourism aspects, which represents a deficiency that jeopardizes the economic and social sustainability of the projects. This work was supported by Excelencia para el profesorado universitario de la Universidad de Alcalá [grant number EPU-INV-UAH/2021/003].

Este estudio analiza cómo la evolución del índice del Foro Económico Mundial ha cambiado el panorama turístico internacional, abordando las principales razones por las que España ha perdido el liderazgo en competitividad turística conforme al Travel & Tourism Development Index (TTDI). Este es una actualización del Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Index (TTCI), referente de medición de competitividad turística mundial, que ve modificada su metodología y composición, añadiendo la sostenibilidad como quinta y nueva dimensión. El análisis del desempeño del destino España en los distintos componentes del nuevo índice aporta información relevante para la construcción del futuro turístico español. Las necesidades actuales de los destinos, como la atención a los problemas de masificación o la volatilidad de la demanda, son aspectos que ahora computan para medir la competitividad. Este paso hacia la sostenibilidad acompaña a iniciativas de Naciones Unidas o del propio Gobierno de España, que han tratado de alinear el futuro del sector turístico a los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible. This study analyzes the main reasons why Spain has lost its leadership in tourism competitiveness according to the Travel & Tourism Development Index (TTDI) of the World Economic Forum. This is an update of the Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Index (TTCI), a benchmark for measuring global tourism competitiveness, which has modified its methodology and composition, adding sustainability as a fifth and new dimension. The analysis of Spain’s performance in the different components of the new index provides relevant information for the construction of Spain’s tourism future. The current needs of destinations, such as attention to the problems of over tourism or the volatility of demand, are aspects that are now considered in measuring competitiveness. This step towards sustainability accompanies initiatives by the United Nations and the Spanish government itself, which have sought to align the future of the tourism sector with the Sustainable Development Goals.

El artículo tiene un primer apartado donde se define y analiza el término urban penalty. La segunda parte ofrece información que demuestra que Linares sufrió “castigo urbano” tanto en sobremortalidad como en estatura. El tercer apartado está dedicado a la reforma sanitaria de la ciudad iniciada a principios de la década de 1890 y a sus efectos sobre la mortalidad. El cuarto documenta que la urban penalty de Linares fue menos grave que la de una ciudad “gemela” (La Unión), pero más grave y persistente que la de la zona minero – metalúrgica de la ría de Bilbao. El artículo termina con unas conclusiones donde sistematizamos las razones que explican la distinta gravedad y duración del “castigo urbano” en las tres zonas minerometalúrgicas. This article begins with a first section where the term urban penalty is defined and analyzed. The second part contains information showing that Linares suffered urban penalty both in excess mortality and height. The third section is focused on the study of the sanitary reform of the city, initiated in the early 1890s, and on its effects on mortality. The fourth section documents that the Linares urban penalty was less serious than the one of a "twin" city (La Unión), but more serious and persistent than the one of the miningmetallurgical zone of the Bilbao estuary. The article ends with some conclusions where we systematize the reasons that explain the different severity and duration of the urban penalty in the three miningmetallurgical zones. Para la elaboración de este artículo, los autores se han beneficiado del proyecto de I+D+i del Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación “Historia social de la minería española contemporánea”, PGC2018-097817-B-C31 a 33, del Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación.

Competitiveness, sustainability and innovation have been studied by the tourism literature at least since the 1990s. In spite of the advances made in the comprehension of these concepts, the dynamic nature of the industry continually generates new practical challenges for the public and private agents of the sector and scientific challenges for tourism researchers. Currently, globalization and digital progress, the emergence of new marketing platforms, the increased saturation of certain destinations and the COVID-19 pandemic are significantly affecting the competitiveness and sustainability of tourism activity. This calls for a scientific review of what we know about the competitiveness and sustainability of the sector and an analysis of its feasibility in this new competitive environment that is constantly and intensely transforming, even more so in the post-COVID19 era. The objective of this article is to conceptually analyze the state of this question, using Spain as a case study, as it has been the global leader in tourism competitiveness in recent years. The high level of consolidation of the Spanish tourism sector enables us to make a more in-depth analysis of the implications of these phenomena and to extract practical lessons for destinations that are in the more initial phases of their life cycles.

This article explores the determinants of tourist arrivals to Central Asia using traditional gravity models and panel data analyses of 108 countries for the period 2008–2018. The research focuses on relevant variables such as income, relative price, travel costs, or the so-called economic determinants. The results reveal that tourism in Central Asia is considered to be more distance elastic and price inelastic. Tourists from North and South America regions are more travel costs elastic compared with Asia and the Pacific. Sharing a common language and border greatly increases the volume of tourism in Central Asia. The political instability in the destination has a negative effect on tourism flows. Conversely, political instability at the country of origin in the case of Asia and the Pacific significantly increases outbound flows especially to Central Asia, suggesting a different reason for travel.

One of the most challenging tasks for tourism scientists is the prediction of potential overtourism situations in the tourist destinations. Until now, some efforts have been proposed for the purpose of establishing early warning systems. However, none of the attempts has tried to make use of a powerful prediction tool that is currently available: machine learning techniques. This article seeks to fill this gap in the existing literature by proposing the use of machine learning techniques in order to predict overtourism issues on a sample of Spanish tourist cities specialized in both, urban and sun and beach tourism products.

The most widely used indicator for measuring the COVID-19 pandemic is the 14-day rate, calculated as the ratio per 100.000 inhabitants between the number of confirmed cases in the last 14-day period and the registered population of a destination. However, this indicator is not appropriate for the reality of tourist destinations where, in the absence of mobility restrictions, seasonal fluctuations of the population are experienced. This article calls for the adaptation the indicator so that it contemplates the population increases that occur during the peak season.

This study takes the first step in analysing the impact of climate change on international tourist arrivals to Kazakhstan from 121 origin countries for the period 2000–2018. Despite this interest, little effort has been made to examine the relationship between time-variant climate variables and tourism demand. The study captures the destination choice of tourists based on temperature in the origin and destination countries over time by incorporating time-variant climate variables. The results reveal that the optimal temperature of international tourists visiting Kazakhstan is obtained at 7°C. Moreover, international tourists prefer to travel to Kazakhstan at a moderate temperature, that is neither too hot nor too cold.

La crisis de la COVID no solo ha supuesto un cambio de paradigma en los procesos de la docencia universitaria, sino también una oportunidad para reflexionar sobre las oportunidades que esta crisis ha podido generar para diseñar estrategias que incorporen enseñanza dual o híbrida, online, semipresencial, etc., en titulaciones oficiales. Dado que esta temática es una línea estratégica para el programa Redes de Investigación en Docencia Universitaria organizado por el ICE, la presente red de investigación tiene como objetivo principal analizar las oportunidades generadas como consecuencia de la COVID para conocer si es posible proponer una versión online, semipresencial o dual del máster que complemente la titulación oficial. The COVID crisis has not only meant a paradigm shift in the processes of university teaching, but also an opportunity to reflect on the opportunities that this crisis has generated to design strategies that incorporate dual or hybrid teaching, online, blended learning, etc., in official degrees. Given that this topic is a strategic line for the University Teaching Research Networks program organized by the ICE, the main objective of this research network is to analyze the opportunities generated as a result of the COVID in order to find out whether it is possible to propose an online, blended or dual version of the master’s degree that complements the official degree.

La pandemia ha tenido un gran impacto en el ámbito universitario. En la Universidad de Alicante la docencia de las asignaturas del segundo semestre del curso 2019-20 pasó a ser online, al igual que todas las pruebas de evaluación. Para el curso 2020-21 la docencia fue dual y se dio la opción al profesorado de elegir entre evaluación presencial u online. El objetivo de este trabajo es doble. Por un lado, analizar el impacto que ha tenido esta adaptación de la docencia universitaria sobre los resultados académicos del alumnado. Por otro lado, analizar la influencia del género en dichos resultados académicos a partir de dos modelos estimados. Para ello, se analizan en las cuatro asignaturas objeto de estudio los resultados académicos en cada una de las actividades de evaluación en los cursos 2018-19 (docencia normal), 2019-20 (docencia online desde el 14 de marzo de 2020) y 2020-21 (docencia dual). Los resultados revelan que en el curso 2019-20 el confinamiento afectó a las dos asignaturas impartidas en el segundo semestre con incidencia dispar. Por su parte, la docencia dual tuvo un efecto negativo en los resultados académicos del curso 2020-21. En relación a la influencia del género en las calificaciones finales del alumnado, los resultados difieren en función de las asignaturas analizadas.

Hightlights • This study analyzes for the first time for Spain the impact of the service offshoring on the employment of the service sector • The data drawn from the Input-Output Tables of Spain’s National Accounts • The empirical analysis is carried out by estimating a labour demand function with constant elasticity of substitution (CES), with panel data methods • The results show that the impact on employment of offshoring services by service industries is not significant and the values obtained are very small in all cases.

Catalonia is one of the most successful tourist regions in Spain. This article analyses the immediate impact that the instability associated to the recent political situation in Catalonia has had on the arrivals and spending of international tourists in the region using the classical Box-Jenkins method (ARIMA) and the more recent Bayesian Structural Time-Series Models. The results obtained indicate that during the final quarter of 2017, political events led to a reduction in the arrivals and spending of tourists in the region, although whether this impact reached statistical significance depends on the estimation method used.

Coinciding with the onset of the economic crisis in 2007, a reshoring process, consisting in the return to the home country of part or all of the activities previously offshored abroad can be observed in all advanced economies. This study aims to analyse for first time whether this strategy has affected the tourism sector. The results show that between 2007 and 2010 a major reshoring process took place in the tourism sub-sectors, while in 2015, the levels of offshoring recovered slightly but did not compensate the previous strong decline. This reshoring strategy in tourism has basically been carried out through a replacement of foreign suppliers with national suppliers. Coincidiendo con el inicio de la crisis económica en 2007, se observa en todas las economías desarrolladas un proceso de reshoring, consistente en el retorno al país de parte o del total de actividades previamente deslocalizadas en el extranjero. Este estudio tiene como objetivo analizar por primera vez si esta estrategia ha afectado al sector turístico. Los resultados muestran que entre 2007 y 2010 se produjo un importante proceso de reshoring en todos los subsectores turísticos, mientras que en 2015 los niveles de offshoring se recuperaron levemente, aunque sin compensar el fuerte descenso anterior. Esta estrategia de reshoring en turismo se lleva a cabo básicamente mediante la sustitución de proveedores extranjeros por proveedores nacionales.

In recent years, tourism literature has been incorporating tourist satisfaction as a determinant of competitiveness and expenditure in destinations. It was expected a direct relationship between the variables: the better the experience, the greater the expenditure. However, previous literature has not found a strong relationship between them. This study attempts to address this gap by analysing a data survey from Calp, a consolidated destination on the Spanish Mediterranean coastline, using a static comparative exercise between different tourism seasons. As a novel theoretical contribution, seasonality and the different items of expenditure are included in the analysis. In accordance with the previous literature, the result obtained does not confirm a close relationship between satisfaction and expenditure. Some managerial implications are also suggested.

This note explores the immediate impact that the COVID-19 crisis has had on tourist and non-tourist employment in Spain as a result of the state of alarm and period of confinement decreed from March 14th. The employment and self-employment series drawn from the Social Security affiliation data corresponding to the period between January 2017 and April 2020 are examined using the classical Box–Jenkins method (ARIMA) and the more recent Bayesian Structural Time-Series Models. This work was supported by Universidad de Alcalá under [grant number 409194].

Para la elaboración de este artículo, los autores se han beneficiado de los proyectos de investigación de I+D+I PGC 2018-097817-B-31, PGC 2018-097817-B-32, PGC 2018-097817-B-33., Este trabajo consta de tres partes. En la primera, proponemos analizar la urban penalty desde la óptica de los fallos de mercado. En la segunda parte, ofrecemos datos que evidencian que la La Unión sufrió urban penalty entre 1870 y la Primera Guerra Mundial. En la tercera parte, cuantificamos el gasto que se invirtió en la reforma sanitaria de la ciudad y documentamos que no se instalaron cámaras de condensación en las fundiciones de plomo que existían en el casco urbano pese a que la legislación así lo exigía. Para terminar, sostenemos que La Unión sufrió urban penalty hasta la Primera Guerra Mundial porque el gasto en reforma sanitaria fue insuficiente y no se instalaron esas cámaras de condensación. Uno y otro hecho se explican por razones políticas. La ciudad estuvo gobernada por una oligarquía de empresarios dueños de minas y fundiciones poco sensibles a los problemas sociales que invirtió en salud pública menos que otras ciudades españolas de población similar y que utilizó recursos públicos para fines privados. Esa misma oligarquía no cumplió con la legislación que obligaba a introducir en las fábricas de plomo cámaras de condensación., PGC 2018-097817-B-31, PGC 2018-097817-B-32, PGC 2018-097817-B-33

This article provides a comprehensive analysis of the determinants of inbound tourism to Asia. The research will focus on a combination of economic and non-economic variables applying a gravity model to a panel of 46 Asian countries of destination and 197 countries of origin for the period 1995-2016. The findings show that moderate levels of corruption, good quality institutions, a shared common language, religion, and border could boost international tourist arrivals to Asia. Politically unstable Asian destinations are most likely to lose tourist arrivals from Europe. Good quality institutions, strong colonial ties, language closeness, common religion and borders increase the number of international tourist arrivals to Asia from Europe, Africa, North and South America and the Pacific. A surge in rainfall and temperature would not change the willingness of tourists to travel to Asia from Europe.

La situación provocada por la pandemia causada por el COVID-19 ha hecho replantearse todo el sistema educativo en muy poco tiempo. En el ámbito universitario en concreto, la transformación de las clases presenciales a un sistema online o dual, incluidos los procedimientos de evaluación, se han desarrollado por necesidad, en ocasiones sin una adecuada planificación. Como consecuencia de lo anterior, el trabajo que queremos analizar el sistema de evaluación de las asignaturas relativas a la economía del turismo en un escenario pre-COVID comparativamente con lo ocurrido a raíz de la pandemia y el paso a un sistema de evaluación online. Los datos nos permiten valorar los resultados de las adaptaciones tanto curriculares como de procedimiento que se han llevado a cabo como consecuencia del COVID-19, identificar fortalezas y debilidades tanto de uno como de otro sistema y proponer elementos de mejora y consolidación de las prácticas que hayan tenido mejores resultados, que redunden en un sistema de evaluación de competencias online justo, proporcionado y transparente, que garantice la medición de la adquisición de las competencias indicadas en cada una de las guías docentes.

This note explores the differences existing in the level of per capita income and employment creation in residential and hotel-based tourist destinations. The exercise is conducted on a pool of 136 tourist destinations of the Spanish coastline, the Balearic Islands and the Canary Islands. The results point out that in terms of income and employment generation no model clearly outperforms the other.

This study establishes a classification of the tourist destinations of the Region of Valencia in Spain. A cluster analysis has been conducted on a wide range of indicators related to the tourism activity of the destinations, which has then been applied a set of 60 coastal destinations and 482 inland municipalities in the region. Spatial reference frameworks are essential for applying and developing tourism planning and promotion policies. The results obtained reveal their sensitivity to the configurations generated by these data analysis techniques, the variables used in the analysis and the group of destinations taken as a reference for the classification. They also confirm the exceptionality of the case of Benidorm and the existence of tourism dynamics and processes that are manifested unequally across the territory. The latest advances within this technique are applied which will improve the robustness of the results. This research has been carried out within the framework of the research Project: Analysis of planning processes applied to smart cities and tourist destinations. Balance and proposal of a new methodology: Smart Tourism Planning (CSO2017-82592-R) under the Spanish National R&D&I Plan financed by the Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (2018–2020).

The literature on the competitiveness of tourist destinations establishes as its ultimate objective the well-being of the resident population. In Spain, the principal tourism product (sun and beach) has given rise to two basic types of destinations - those where there is a clear predominance of registered accommodation (mainly hotels) and those that are characterised by a supply largely made up of rental apartments and housing (non-registered, or sometimes known as the residential or second home model). The debate on the issue has been focusing on the different economic, social, cultural or environmental impacts that the two tourism models have on the territory. This article explores the economic aspect of the debate, comparing the differences existing in terms of income and employment in a pool of coastal destinations in the Region of Valencia, one of the leading tourism regions of the sun and beach tourism product in Spain and Europe. This comparison is done by way of Null Hypothesis Significance Testing and regression analysis. The results obtained indicate the neutrality of the composition of the accommodation supply on income and employment of destinations.

The disruption in destinations caused by the emergence of new forms of tourist distribution within the framework of the sharing economy gives rise to new challenges in terms of competitiveness, regulation and even investment. This article studies the determining factors that influence consumer decisions in the choice of rental accommodation using both ordinary least square models (OLS) and quantile regression (QR) estimation techniques. The results show the greater interpretative capacity of the QR, which reveals certain overlooked patterns of the relationship between some of the characteristics of the properties, the hosts or the socioeconomic environment and the price paid by the users. These results can facilitate decision making in the destinations by companies, society and the public sector. Funding for this work was provided by the Generalitat Valenciana-Turisme programme for research in tourism area, in coordination with the University Institute of Tourist Research (University of Alicante).

The tourism industry is undergoing accelerated changes that pose significant challenges for both destination and business managers as well as for researchers of the tourism phenomenon. Two of these challenges that are particularly relevant are the emergence of the sharing economy and its influence on the degree of overtourism perceived in the tourist destinations. This paper addresses the subject through the use of machine learning techniques. The findings show that machine learning techniques are especially well-suited tools for dealing with these kinds of tourism issues. The findings also show that for the Spanish case, tourism competitiveness is a key predictor of overtourism.

La industria turística más tradicional está experimentando una penúltima revolución industrial que requiere no solo de un proceso de adaptación continua por parte de los agentes implicados, sino también de un análisis de sus consecuencias. El sector turístico en España supone un pilar fundamental en su economía y empleo, sin embargo, nos encontramos ante un sector que no crea su propia innovación, haciendo que la especialización turística española sea vulnerable y dependiente. Este trabajo tiene por objetivo analizar el estado actual del turismo español y el reto tecnológico al que se enfrentan sus ventajas comparativas cuando se ven amenazadas por los nuevos competidores disruptivos que basan su modelo de negocio en las nuevas tecnologías de inteligencia artificial y en la economía de plataforma, siendo estos agentes disruptivos los que tienen la capacidad de cambiar la oferta y la demanda del sector. The traditional tourist industry is experiencing a penultimate industrial revolution that requires not only a process of continuous adaptation by the agents involved, but also an analysis of its consequences. The tourism sector in Spain is a fundamental pillar in its economy and employment. However, we are facing a sector that does not create its own innovation, making Spanish tourism specialization vulnerable and dependent. This work aims to analyse the current state of Spanish tourism and the technological challenge faced by its comparative advantages when threatened by the new disruptive competitors that base their business model on new artificial intelligence technologies and on the platform economy, having these agents the ability to change the supply and demand of the sector.

Before the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic, the problem of tourist destination saturation or overtourism was a hot research topic among tourism researchers. The debate was focused on the definition and measurement of the phenomenon and on establishing the conceptual models that explain it. The objective of this note is to propose the use of Newton's Second Motion Law to model the growth of destinations and its derivation in potential issues of overtourism. This theory allows to incorporate more adequately relevant concepts in this context such as resistance to growth than other standard theories in the existing literature.

Reshoring of services emerged in advanced economies barely a decade ago. It has hardly been analysed and there are no academic studies on its possible effects. This study addresses two objectives: The measurement of the reshoring of services in Spain for 2008 to 2010; and its impact on employment. The results reveal that there is a percentage reduction of imported services inputs per unit of product of over 29% in manufacturing sectors and of over 23% in service sectors. Its impact on employment for manufacturing and services is not significant.

En este proyecto se analiza el impacto económico del sector de la inteligencia artificial en la Comunidad Valenciana. Para ello se analizan los diferentes tipos de sub-sectores en los que puede dividirse esta tecnología. Se observa un déficit notable en las tipologías que más valor añadido representan, y se apuntan soluciones y propuestas de mejora para la Generalitat Valenciana. Generalitat Valenciana, Conselleria de Innovación, Universidades, Ciencia y Sociedad Digital, Dirección General para el Avance de la Sociedad Digital

This article discusses how the slowdown in the real estate market during the most recent economic and financial crisis has affected residential tourism destinations on the Spanish coast. The afore-mentioned crisis, which gave rise to a standstill in residential activity, coincided with the turbulences experienced in the competing destinations of Northern Africa, which brought about a record number of international tourist arrivals to Spain. The resulting situation enables us to explore the future scenario of all the Spanish destinations that, due to the depletion of available land, are reaching their maximum levels of urban growth. Examining the case of Calpe, a destination which is representative of the Spanish Mediterranean, the study analyses whether the foreseeable dynamics for the future are conceptualized in the favourable terms that characterize “sustainable development” or, on the contrary, exhibit negative implications which the classic economists refer to as the “steady state”. This work was supported by the Gobierno de España Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad [grant number PROYECTO CSO2014-59193-R].

Despite the importance of collaborative accommodation in practically every tourist destination, to date the majority of studies have focused on large cities and urban destinations. This article distinguishes the factors that explain the added value of Airbnb properties, differentiating between urban and sun-and-beach holiday destinations. To do this, nine destinations from one of the most important European tourism regions have been studied using a hedonic pricing model that includes some variables related to the characteristics of the properties and others that define the online reputation of the hosts and properties and the tourism environment. The results reveal that the sharing economy fosters the emergence of private rentals, expanding the overall size of the accommodation market with some clear differences between the two types of tourist destinations, which emphasize the idea that the decisions made by stakeholders should be considered from a local perspective. This research was carried out within the framework of the project 'Destinos inteligentes y economía colaborativa: un análisis aplicado a la Comunitat Valenciana', which received funding from the Agència Valenciana del Turismo. It also received financial support from the Instituto de Economía Internacional (University of Alicante).

En esta memoria se analizan los criterios de evaluación aplicados en el curso 2018-19 en asignaturas del grado en Economía, del grado en ADE y de las dobles titulaciones Turismo-ADE (TADE), Derecho-ADE (DADE) e Ingeniería Informática-ADE (I2ADE) que son objeto de este estudio. Se presenta un análisis de los resultados académicos obtenidos en cada asignatura. Asimismo, la investigación tiene como objetivo analizar cómo determinados factores influyen en los resultados académicos. En concreto, se analizan los resultados por género, por turno de mañana o tarde y según se trate de un grupo de titulación (ADE) o doble titulación (DADE, TADE e I2ADE). Los resultados ponen de manifiesto que en Introducción a la Política Económica y en Política Económica, los resultados son mejores entre las mujeres, mientras que en Economía Española, aunque con diferencias menos acusadas, los resultados son mejores entre los varones, no existiendo diferencias significativas en Estadística II. Con respecto al turno de mañana/tarde, se obtienen mejores resultados en los turnos de mañana. Por último, respecto a titulación, los resultados muestran mejores resultados en las dobles titulaciones en todos los casos.

En este trabajo se analizan los criterios de evaluación y los resultados académicos de tres asignaturas impartidas en la Facultad de Ciencias Económicas y Empresariales de la Universidad de Alicante a lo largo del curso académico 2017/2018. El objetivo es evaluar el impacto que, sobre los resultados académicos, tienen variables como el género, la nacionalidad, el número de cursos académicos en los que el estudiante se ha matriculado en la asignatura y el carácter de formación básica u obligatoria de la misma. Para tal fin, tras analizar las calificaciones de las diversas actividades docentes evaluadas, se presentan los estadísticos descriptivos de las variables analizadas, tanto a nivel agregado como comparado por asignaturas. Asimismo, se estudia, de manera comparada, la distribución de la nota final obtenida por los estudiantes y la distribución de los cursos académicos que llevan matriculados en la asignatura. A continuación, se lleva a cabo un análisis de datos mediante el uso de técnicas estadísticas de correlación y regresión para estudiar la relación entre las variables del estudio, tanto individuales (género y nacionalidad), como académicas (asignatura, nota final, asignatura superada o no, formación obligatoria/básica, cursos académicos por asignatura, presentado o no a examen final). Los resultados determinan que las variables académicas resultan más determinantes que el perfil del alumnado analizado, por lo que el diseño de las metodologías docentes resulta un proceso clave para lograr que aquellos estudiantes que siguen el proceso de evaluación continua obtengan un resultado adecuado.

The United Kingdom constitutes the principal tourist source market for Spain. This research note analyzes the immediate impact of the Brexit on British tourism in Spain using the Bayesian structural time series models framework. The results obtained show that between July 2016 and September 2017, Brexit has not produced any initial negative effect on the arrival of British tourists or on their spending in Spain.

In recent decades, the air transport sector has experienced major changes, including the emergence of the low-cost airlines. The strategies adopted by these new companies have given rise to a revitalization of the sector, particularly in Europe and the USA. This article analyses the pricing strategy followed by the low-cost carriers based on Porter's analysis. The research is based on the study of a total of 90 traditional tourist routes between the UK and Spain. As in previous studies, the high level of concentration and advance purchase of fares are the most important components explaining the price dispersion. However, the methodology used (principal component analysis + panel) has generated another series of highly interesting results regarding the role of the Internet and tourism in price setting which require further in-depth study. This research has been carried out within the framework of the project ‘New approaches for tourism destinations planning and management: conceptualization, case studies and problems. Definition of smart tourist destinations models’ (CSO2014-59193-R) under the Spanish National R&D&I Plan financed by the Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness. It was made possible by the support of the Institute of International Economics (IEI) at the University of Alicante.

This paper analyzes the dynamic relationship between the degree of internationalization (DOI) and economic performance (P) in Spanish hotel firms. A longitudinal dataset for the period 2000–2013 measuring the variables DOI and P has been used to conduct a FGLS cross-section time-series regression analysis. The results pinpointed an inverted U-shaped curvilinear relationship between the variables DOI and P, suggesting that hotel firms face the costs of entering new countries and managing different portfolio of business. The analysis could indicate whether factors related to the development of the international strategic knowledge of hotel chains, the incorporation of new operators in the process or differences between international leisure and urban destinations, could affect this DOI-P relationship. This research was supported by the CSIC-UDELAR, 2014, “Programa Científicos Visitantes”. A preliminary version of this paper was presented at the workshop “MÉTODOS DINÁMICOS EN ECONOMÍA DEL TURISMO Y DEL TRANSPORTE”, CURE — UDELAR, Maldonado- Uruguay, 4–6 December 2014.

Many studies carried out on the evolution of the standard of living have shown that it is advisable to use several indicators as there is no single indicator that reflects all of the dimensions of well-being or that does so without incurring value judgements. Following this line of research, this study examines the well-being of the workers of Alcoy during the industrialisation process using four indicators: real wages, nutrition, life expectancy and height. As happened in other European industrialized regions some decades before, between 1870 and the end of the nineteenth century we can observe a “puzzle” as two indicators point to an increase in the standard of living and the other two reveal the opposite. The “puzzle” later disappears because from the beginning of the twentieth century to 1930 the four indicators show that well-being increased.

This paper analyses the effects of the recent Arab uprisings on tourism destinations located along the Mediterranean coastline. It uses time-series analysis to model international tourist arrivals. First, autoregressive integrated moving average models are estimated for the period 1980–2009 and predicted for 2010–2014 to establish suitable country controls. Second, Bayesian structural time-series models – designed primarily to determine causal impacts in on-line marketing campaigns – are used to establish the effects of the events in Tunisia, Egypt, Morocco, Turkey, Spain and Greece. The main conclusion is that the models clearly capture the negative impact of the uprisings in Tunisia and Egypt and their positive impacts on Morocco and Turkey. However, the effects on Spain and Greece are less clear and depend crucially on the set of controls used in the analysis.

Many studies carried out on the evolution of the standard of living have shown that it is advisable to use several indicators as there is no single indicator that reflects all of the dimensions of well-being or that does so without incurring value judgements. Following this line of research, this study examines the well-being of the workers of Alcoy during the industrialisation process using four indicators: real wages, nutrition, life expectancy and height. As happened in other European industrialized regions some decades before, between 1870 and the end of the nineteenth century we can observe a “puzzle” as two indicators point to an increase in the standard of living and the other two reveal the opposite. The “puzzle” later disappears because from the beginning of the twentieth century to 1930 the four indicators show that well-being increased. This work has been funded by the Ministry of Economy of the Spanish Government through the Projects HAR2014-56428-C3-1-P, HAR2014-56428-C3-2-P and by Santander Universidades through the Grants Programa Becas Iberoamérica, Jóvenes Profesores e Investigadores y Alumnos de Doctorado. Santander Universidades. España, 2014 and 2014.

En esta memoria se analizan los resultados académicos de tres asignaturas impartidas en la Facultad de Económicas, concretamente en los grados de Economía, Administración y Dirección de Empresas (ADE) y doble grado en Turismo y ADE (TADE). Tras una descripción de las asignaturas objeto de estudio, así como de los sistemas de evaluación aplicados en las mismas durante el curso académico 2017-18, se presenta un análisis descriptivo para cada asignatura de las calificaciones obtenidas en la convocatoria ordinaria, diferenciando entre las distintas actividades de evaluación llevadas a cabo a lo largo del curso. A continuación, se hace un análisis agregado teniendo en consideración variables tales como género, nacionalidad (extranjero o no), años matriculados en la asignatura y formación obligatoria o básica.

The purpose of this article is to estimate a model of hedonic prices that is applied to apartments that are rented in the Spanish coastline, based on data that has been provided by Tecnitasa. The results confirm the relevance of the determinants that were previously identified by the literature and point to new determinants, such as tourism competitiveness and online reputation, as future drivers of prices in the new tourist environment.

En este trabajo se analiza el crecimiento de la economía valenciana desde finales del siglo pasado, a partir de la evolución de la renta pér cápita, incidiendo en el papel desempeñado por los factores determinantes del crecimiento económico, la productividad del trabajo y el empleo. Seguidamente, se analiza la evolución del sector exportador valenciano desde mediados de los noventa, poniendo de manifiesto cómo una región con una base económica fuertemente orientada al exterior, ha asistido a un deterioro en el dinamismo exportador mucho más acusado que en el resto de España, dando lugar a una notable pérdida de peso de los productos valencianos en la exportación nacional. Por último, se analizan las debilidades del tejido empresarial valenciano que suponen un obstáculo al crecimiento y al proceso de internacionalización y que derivan de su reducida dimensión, su baja productividad y su escaso esfuerzo inversor en I+D.

El objetivo de este estudio se sitúa, en primer lugar, en la identificación de la situación en la que se halla la vivienda pública en la Comunitat Valenciana, entendiendo por tal la vivienda que se encuentra gestionada por las administraciones públicas con competencias en la materia; y ello desde un doble punto de vista: tanto la situación de la oferta de vivienda pública, como el estado de la demanda de la misma. Se observa la vivienda pública como un instrumento más de la política social destinada a proteger a los sectores más desfavorecidos, por lo que se evalúa la demanda actual de vivienda pública, se estiman los niveles de demanda potencial de vivienda pública en caso de deterioro o colapso económico, con la finalidad de programar y ejecutar unos instrumentos de intervención y, en especial, un parque público de vivienda acorde a las necesidades de una vivienda, especialmente en los casos de extrema necesidad. El objetivo final del estudio es la comparación de las variables estudiadas (oferta y demanda) y la obtención de conclusiones útiles para el diseño, por parte de las administraciones competentes, de una política social de vivienda. El trabajo busca identificar las cuestiones transcendentales para la política social de vivienda, como es saber cuántos son los demandantes actuales y futuros de vivienda, qué tipología y necesidades en vivienda presentan, dónde se ubican y, por lo tanto, dónde se debe construir las viviendas sociales destinadas a satisfacer sus necesidades, cuál es el nivel exacto de pobreza en vivienda y pobreza asociada a la vivienda de los hogares valencianos, entre otras cuestiones relacionadas con este mercado, como son la identificación de los ciclos de edificación históricos, de las series de precios, la evaluación de la distribución de la renta a nivel provincial y en áreas locales, y la estimación de la pobreza energética asociada a los hogares en la Comunidad Valenciana.

The offshoring of services has steadily expanded in recent years and acquired growing importance in certain tourism subsectors. The present study analyses for the first time the offshoring indices and the trend seen in tourism services, based on input–output data (Spanish National Accounts) during the 2000–2007 expansive period. A distinction is made between offshoring associated with international fragmentation of production and offshoring due to a shift from domestic to foreign suppliers. The results point to a relocation of intermediate services to foreign countries in certain tourism subsectors (including travel agencies and air and maritime transport), involving both the international fragmentation of production and a substitution of the source of supply.

This study investigates the relationship between tourism destination competitiveness and the competitiveness of international hotel firms using an integrated approach based on Porter (1990). A mediation model is employed to link destination competitiveness, efficiency and firm competitiveness. Global technical efficiency, pure technical efficiency and scale efficiency are estimated through data envelopment analysis techniques. The results confirm a positive relationship between destination competitiveness and firm competitiveness, but efficiency does not play a mediating role linking both.

This paper compares the economic performance of holiday and residential tourism destinations in Spain, as measured by the level of retail activity, from a quantitative perspective. Differences between destinations are explored. A positive association between the economic development of destinations and their retail index was expected. However, no significant differences were found between residential/second-home tourism and holiday/leisure tourism destinations. The results obtained contradict the conventional assumptions that holiday destinations perform better economically than residential ones due to a higher level of tourist spending of people accommodated in hotels.

Obliquity describes the process of achieving complex objectives indirectly. The recent emergence of the concept and paradigm of intelligent or smart tourist destinations has given rise to a proliferation of initiatives to convert many tourism destinations into smart tourism destinations. Such initiatives are often driven by publicly and privately financed technologically-based companies, In theory, the concept of the smart tourist destination includes different levels of action in the environmental, social and technological fields, directed at enhancing the satisfaction and experience of tourists. However, in many practical applications of the concept, only the latter level is addressed, and the other dimensions are neglected. This article argues that smart tourism destinations represent the first real opportunity to make the concept of sustainable tourism operational. This argument is based on the fact that, for the first time, the intensive use of technology involved in implementing a smart tourism destination will enable the continuous measurement of aspects related to sustainability which, until now, in the absence of this technology, were difficult or impossible to measure, and therefore, manage.

This article questions whether the innovation deficit observed in the tourism sector on a global scale also characterises the world’s leading power in terms of tourism competitiveness and whether Spain is taking the right steps so as to guarantee the future leadership of its destinations. Spain’s innovative framework will be analysed in its European context, placing emphasis on the innovative intensity of the most important tourist regions. Spanish tourism companies and their capacity for innovation will also be studied in relation to those operating in other sectors. Formulas for generating tourism industries capable of assimilating and creating innovation will be proposed as a way of tackling the transformations that the sector is currently experiencing with the emergence of smart tourism destinations, the sharing economy and other disruptive changes, such as artificial intelligence. It is important to take a long-term perspective of competitiveness in which innovation and digital transformation have become the centre of political, social and corporate action in the sector. Meeting these challenges will mean the implementation of a series of more specific policies and strategies that will foster Smart Tourist Destinations and the development of a more digitalised and responsible economy in which the collaboration between citizens and tourists within the destination is the frame of reference. Este artículo cuestiona si el déficit de innovación observado en el sector turístico a escala global también caracteriza la capacidad de liderazgo en lo que respecta a competitividad turística, y también si España está dando los pasos adecuados para garantizar el liderazgo futuro de sus destinos. El marco de referencia de la innovación española será analizado en su contexto europeo, haciendo énfasis en la intensidad de innovación de las regiones turísticas más importantes. Las empresas turísticas españolas y su capacidad innovadora también serán analizadas, en relación a otras que operan en sectores distintos. Se harán propuestas para estimular la generación de industrias turísticas capaces de asimilar y crear innovación, como una manera de abordar las transformaciones que el sector está experimentando en la actualidad con la emergencia de los destinos turísticos inteligentes, la economía colaborativa y otros cambios disruptivos, como la inteligencia artificial. Es importante adoptar una perspectiva de largo plazo de la competitividad en la cual la innovación y la transformación digital se conviertan en el eje de las acciones tanto políticas como sociales y corporativas del sector. Enfrentar este desafío supondrá la implementación de una serie de políticas y estrategias más específicas que, a su vez, fomentarán los Destinos Turísticos Inteligentes y el desarrollo de una economía más digitalizada pero también más responsable en la que la colaboración entre ciudadanos y turistas dentro del destino sea el marco de referencia.

Residential tourism and second homes are two closely related phenomena that constitute a growing research field, but the different names given to the concepts by researchers have led to a fragmented and disconnected literature. These two categories are essentially the same - or share many elements – but the research seems to be disjointed, which, in our opinion, has created a gap in the existing literature on this subject. Specifically, the research on "residential tourism" has expanded to integrate not only second home ownership issues, but the rental of holiday homes to tourists. This commercial use of second homes has been only occasionally referred to by second home authors. Mainstream literature, mainly focused on North American-Canadian and Scandinavian destinations, uses the term "second homes". Conversely, researchers in Mediterranean countries – e.g. Spain or France – prefer the term "residential tourism". Both phenomena are also related with a third concept, to take into account in this context, the visiting friends and relatives tourism (VFR). This note advocates an unified approach to studying this kind of tourism that will extend knowledge in the field and optimise future research efforts.

This study seeks to analyse the price determination of low cost airlines in Europe and the effect that Internet has on this strategy. The outcomes obtained reveal that both users and companies benefit from the use of ICTs in the purchase and sale of airline tickets: the Internet allows consumers to increase their bargaining power comparing different airlines and choosing the most competitive flight, while companies can easily check the behaviour of users to adapt their pricing strategies using internal information. More than 2500 flights of the largest European low cost airlines have been used to carry out the study. The study revealed that the most significant variables for understanding pricing strategies were the number of rivals, the behaviour of the demand and the associated costs. The results indicated that consumers should buy their tickets before 25 days prior to departure.

This paper analyses the application of the cluster concept to tourist destinations using Benidorm as a case study. A questionnaire was administered to tourism firms based in Benidorm in order to determine whether this destination currently constitutes a tourism cluster or whether it possesses the ideal characteristics to become a cluster with the private agents' collaboration, that is, whether it is a potential cluster. The results obtained from this research indicate that Benidorm's success is not derived from the presence of a cluster due to a series of elements that prevent its existence. In this destination there is a need to strengthen cooperation between public and private agents (especially in those areas that determine the competitive advantage of the destination) and to design a strategy based on shared goals. Both of these elements are fundamental for the characterisation of a cluster. This research has been carried out within the framework of the project “Methodology, criteria and implementation of the cluster theory in consolidated tourism areas: innovation, competitiveness and territorial synergies” under the Spanish National R&D&I Plan 2008–2011 and financed by the Ministry of Science and Innovation.