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Islamic source of human rights is one of the most basic sources. Throughout the paper researchers tried to focus on the basic aspects of human rights along with the three generation rights. Islam has fairly mentioned about Human Rights that, Islam is interrelated with humanity through Islamic Sharia. Universal Declaration of Human Rights has a great significance in recent times because it is the first document of human rights together. Right to life, right to freedom, right to justice, equality of human beings has been interpreted with the law of human rights. Human rights have also been resembled with Bangladesh legal system and it includes the law of crimes, Code of Civil Procedure, Code of Criminal Procedure and Constitutional law as well. Without the law of human rights it might not be possible to protect our human dignity and human life as well. The researchers also tried to explore the parallels between Islamic principles and Bangladesh's legislative framework regarding human rights, and to provide actionable recommendations for policymakers to integrate these principles effectively into policy-making processes, ensuring a harmonious alignment between religious values and legal norms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Intergenerational issues encompass various future concerns ranging from climate change to government debt, which can potentially harm the well-being of future generations. Scholars have discussed intergenerational equity and justice, and efforts to incorporate future generations in decision-making in society have been growing, including establishing future-regarding institutions. Nevertheless, democratic governance often prioritizes short-term gains over long-term benefits. This thematic issue aims to present the current state of progress and academic discourse on incorporating considerations for future generations into current decision-making. The issue comprises 10 articles with a varied focus, including on young people and those who are yet to be born. Challenges such as misrepresentation and negligence in democratic deliberation are explored, along with legal obligations grounded in human rights. Proxies for future generations in political decision-making are examined, revealing limitations in enforcing their interests. The impact of political short-termism on government responses is discussed, and the role of narratives in moral philosophy is explored. Diverse cases, including climate litigation in the German Federal Constitutional Court, highlight the complexity of addressing future generations. These articles explore and identify challenges in incorporating consideration of future generations, which could be used to catalyze studies on actions that will be taken in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The three pillars of society--democracy, the market, and science and technology--are not systems that guarantee survival. This is because they will cause "future failures" that will eventually impose heavy burdens on future generations. Therefore, we need to design mechanisms to reinforce these three systems. This is called future design. Its basic concept is "futurability," which is the ability of the current generation to prioritize the interests of future generations. This study examines the necessity of futurability, its background, and its relationship with intergenerational equity. In particular, using a simple numerical model in which the investment of the current generation affects the resources of future generations, this article shows that if each generation looks only to its own interests, humanity will face extinction. To ensure the survivability of humanity, each generation must demonstrate futurability, especially the importance of demonstrating futurability in a non-steady state. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Of the three sustainability (social, environmental and economic) pillars, the social one is the least developed. The 2020/2021 COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted why assuring social sustainability requires examining the central role care labor plays in intergenerational sustainability, with attention to the potentially conflicting rights of caregivers and care receivers, as well as to gender, geographic, age, class and other inequalities. A system that focuses on recognition, reduction, redistribution, reinforcement and reward (5 Rs) is needed to further gender equality and assure that care labor receives adequate policy support. Recognition or naming the problem, efforts to reduce drudgery, redistribution of care within the family and beyond, as well as two forms of support to care givers – reinforcement and reward make up the 5 Rs. Focusing on 5Rs can also help prioritize when social, environmental and economic goals conflict. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Conserving the Earth System represents a public good, global as well local. In today's kaleidoscopic world, we must engage all the actors to cooperate with the shared goal of caring for and maintaining planet Earth in trust for present and future generations. The UN Summit of the Future is an opportunity to embark on six critical strategies: commitment to consider the future and reaffirm intergenerational equity; representation to future generations; monitoring, assessment and collection of lessons learned; scientific and technological research and development; institutional development; and education and raising of public consciousness. The financial and commercial sectors must consider the future in decision-making. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The COVID-19 pandemic has greatly affected global social and economic activities. While German economic output has declined dramatically, the German federal government's reactions to the direct and indirect effects of the pandemic have resulted in an unprecedented public deficit. Leading politicians urge repaying the debts induced by the pandemic, as this rather myopic fiscal policy raises questions regarding fiscal sustainability. This study addresses policymakers who are designing amortisation solutions; employing the method of generational accounting provides fundamental insights into the effects of diverse amortisation scenarios on intergenerational burden sharing. The results demonstrate that current and future generations are unequally burdened depending on the period, instrument and amortisation target. These findings indicate that a long-term amortisation process initiated promptly after the COVID-19 crisis is crucial for intergenerational equity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Analysing the financial sustainability of local governments is of great interest, as they offer a wide range of services and are close to citizens. Various organizations have pointed out the need to analyse the determinants of financial sustainability, and recent research has focused on several European countries, using adjusted income as a dependent variable. To fill the research gap in the context of German local governments, we conduct an empirical analysis with 5 years of data from 363 local governments from North Rhine–Westphalia to analyse the impact of socio-demographic and financial-economic factors on financial sustainability, focusing on the adjusted income. Our results indicate that financial sustainability is influenced by factors on which the local governments have no impact or at least only a limited impact. Specifically, the debt level and the level of population are identified as risk factors, whereas own taxes, rate support grants and the net cash surplus serve as drivers of financial sustainability. Points for practitioners: Understanding the determinants of financial sustainability is important for politicians and public managers in order to improve their risk management and decision-making processes and to prevent future sustainability problems. This paper identifies several socio-demographic and financial-economic determinants of FS, on which the local governments have only a limited impact. Considering that the financial sustainability of German local governments in North Rhine–Westphalia largely depends on external factors might be of great interest for policymakers with regard to future financial crises. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The continuing depletion of the world's aquifers has given rise to a profound intergenerational inequity, as prospects for future generations have been diminished through the actions of the current and earlier ones. We explore what can be done to confront this depletion-induced inequity, propose a theological framework that supports efforts to address it, and consider possible roles that the pastoral community could play in charting paths to a more sustainable future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic, the present generation has more ability to shape the future than every previous generation in modern times. Intergenerational justice in general means meeting the current needs without jeopardising future generations; all generations are eligible to a healthy, balanced environment favourable to human progress and the State has fiduciary obligation to use and manage resources efficiently and further promotes balance and sound environmental policy. The synergy between its citizen and State create relationship known as "social contract", but the word "social contract" has a very diverse and unique connotation in Malaysia. The "social contract" referred to the difficulties and intricate compromises reached between major ethnics in Malaysia regarding their mutual rights and privileges, since independence of Malaysia. The Aboriginal in Malaysia is also known as Orang Asli, their communities frequently associated with negative connotation and sometimes less fortunate when compared to other main ethnics in Malaysia. Over the time government regimes change guard but developments of reasonable policies and other actions that promotes intergenerational justice and sustainable development goal towards Orang Asli seem slow in progress. This paper aims to highlight the issues of plight among Orang Asli in Malaysia as they are the minorities within minority communities. In contrast to empirical research, doctrinal approach which is library-based focusing on reading and analysis of the primary and secondary materials will be applied throughout this study. It is the contention of this paper to promote better wellbeing of Orang Asli communities as part of Malaysia nation building. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The growing international interest in mitigating the effects of climate change and ecological degradation has required greater effort from national legislative systems. A specific approach to local needs and a greater understanding of the cultural values related to environmental well-being has gradually emerged from the legal procedures in dubio pro natura. Constitutional law is increasingly including environmental rights and principles in order to maintain biodiversity conservation. This process, known as environmental constitutionalism, has been promoted by the emergence of the ecological democracy, which is committed to preserve environmental sustainability through democratic processes, such as meaningful public participation, access to information and justice. The article discusses the in dubio pro natura approach, its connection with the rights of Indigenous Peoples, and its place in Arctic constitutions with examples drawn from Alaska and Norway. It concludes that an in dubio pro natura approach should be promoted to support both environmental protection and the rights of Indigenous Peoples.

The 'triple lock' mechanism governing the uprating of state pensions is often framed as a transfer from workers to mostly well‐off pensioners, driven by the latter's outsize political influence. Others note that pensioner poverty remains widespread and that the UK state pension remains relatively low compared to other advanced economies. Both perspectives—but especially the first—often omit the historical context and, particularly, the post‐1979 steady fall in the value of the state pension as a proportion of earnings and the resulting increasing dependence on means‐tested benefits. The key insight of the Turner report was that failure to reverse this trend would further erode any incentive to save for lower‐ and middle‐income earners. Reforms that solely focus on the short‐term impacts on current pensioners, rich and poor, risk long‐term damage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Jurídica (0103-3506) is the property of Revista Juridica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The global plastics pollution crisis has multiple visible and invisible effects on marine, land and air environments. Fossil fuel-based plastics production is projected to triple by 2060, driving a plastics lifecycle that exacerbates climate change, contaminates ecosystems and poses risks to human rights, especially the human right to health. Existing governance measures help tackle plastics waste pollution but cannot effectively address its systemic nature. Drafting a Global Plastics Treaty, due for adoption in 2025, is an opportunity to design ambitious international plastics governance. This article argues for a human rights-based approach to the proposed treaty's framing and substance by integrating, in particular, the human right to health, supplemented by the human right to a healthy environment. Embedding human rights considerations through a precautionary and preventative approach, shifting responsibility to polluters and showing concern for intergenerational equity would combat plastics pollution, accelerate climate action, protect ocean ecosystems and safeguard human rights. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This piece addresses Case C-458/19 P before the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) concerning a substance of long-term exposure, namely bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP). The case concerned the interplay of two complex procedures of European chemical law, namely: the procedure for authorising the use of a substance listed in Annex XIV of Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 (REACH Regulation); and the procedure for listing a substance in Annex XIV of the REACH Regulation on the basis of its intrinsic properties as a substance of very high concern for the risks it poses, or may pose, to human and environmental health. The significance of this judgment is that it provides a better understanding of how Article 60(4) of the REACH Regulation is interpreted in an analogous manner in relation to other provisions of the same Regulation. Whether DEHP is a question of reproductive toxicity (Article 57(c) of the REACH Regulation) or endocrine-disrupting properties (Article 57(f) of the REACH Regulation), this judgment offers insights into the limits of the CJEU's willingness and/or ability to use a teleological approach to interpret legislation in this area. Furthermore, this work supports the possibility of applying the principle of intergenerational equity to issues related to long-term exposure such as this one. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article reflects on intersections between intergenerational equity, children's rights and the rights of future generations. Recent climate cases involving children and youth are considered, and the fact that few rely on the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC) is analysed. It is emphasised that intergenerational rights are children's rights – children are a crucial link between current and future generations. In particular the principle of the best interests of the child, which is widespread in national legal systems, should be relied upon more frequently in climate cases. Arguments can be made that failing to accord sufficient attention to children's rights and interests in climate policies violates the best interests principle. Relying on the CRC may increase the chance of successful outcomes in environmental and climate cases; progressing the right to a healthy environment for all. It will also ensure that adequate attention for children's rights is embedded in such cases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The National Planning Policy Framework (NPPF) is the primary expression of central government planning policy for England. Given the importance of the planning system for a transition to a more sustainable future, including seeking to reduce and avoid greenhouse gas emissions, the NPPF is a highly significant document. The NPPF refers to the ideas of sustainable development and intergenerational equity, important in international environmental law. However, intergenerational equity has scarcely featured in the many legal challenges regarding the interpretation of the NPPF. Having considered the extent to which the NPPF achieves the aspirations set out in the instruments to which it refers, this article suggests potential changes to policy so as to provide greater support to the aim of reducing greenhouse gas emissions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, children across the globe, such as Greta Thunberg and Kelsey Juliana, are seen at the front line of efforts to hold governments accountable for environmental damage. In the Philippines, the case of Oposa v. Factoran gave legal standing to minors and unborn generations invoking their constitutional right to a balanced and healthful ecology. The Philippine Supreme Court based its decision on intergenerational equity—a principle stating that every generation has an obligation to protect the environment for the next. Representation of future generations in courts is not a new concept, nor is it unique to the Philippines. By examining national laws, treaties and conventions and court decisions by both domestic and international courts, this article aims to show how intergenerational equity has been widely recognised by almost all countries globally as evidence of state practice and opinio juris. This article argues that the principle of intergenerational equity is ripe for consideration as customary international law and discusses how domestic and international courts and tribunals have been instrumental in establishing such and recommends that children and unborn generations be given legal standing as a necessary consequence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The three sustainable development pillars inevitably raise the question of what kind of environment children will live and learn in. The answer largely depends on the method and influence of education in the life of modern society. The type and format of teaching that we provide to the youth today will create and shape their way of life in the next decades, i.e. whether in the future they will be good people, conscientious citizens and successful leaders depends on us now. Tourism has not only a significant economic role, but today it is also a social factor of integral importance for the formation of tolerance and understanding between societies. Moreover, today its dimensions are extremely diverse and wide-ranging, so education related to it requires new scientific approaches and special ways of communication based on personal example, social inclusion and empathy. The present study reveals the systematic relation of empathy and education within the concepts of intergenerational and intragenerational equity through tourism learning. Based on the theoretical reflection of specific characteristics of those concepts a conceptual model is proposed accounting for inclusion of tourism education in the governance of the social environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Citizen participation is deemed to be crucial for sustainability and resilience planning. However, generational equity has been missing from recent academic discussions regarding sustainability and resilience. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to reintroduce the topic of the existence or absence of an intergenerational consensus on the example of a rural community and its perceived brand image attributes and development priorities. The research is based on primary data collected through an online survey, with a sample size of N = 808 respondents in Neunkirchen-Seelscheid, Germany. The data were analyzed using the Kruskal–Wallis test for the presence and/or absence of consensus among the five generations regarding brand image attributes and development priorities. The findings point to divergence between what the median values indicate as the most relevant brand image attributes and development priorities among the citizens and the areas where the Kruskal–Wallis test shows that an intergenerational consensus either does or does not exist. The results imply the need for new concepts and applied approaches to citizen participation for sustainability and resilience, where intergenerational dialogue and equity-building take center stage. In addition to the importance of the theory of citizen participation for sustainability and resilience, our results provide ample evidence for how sustainability and resilience planning documents could potentially benefit from deploying the concept of intergenerational equity. The present research provides sustainability and political science with new conceptual and methodological approaches for taking intergenerational equity into account in regional planning processes in rural and other areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Quaestio Iuris (QI) is the property of Editora da Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (EdUERJ) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article traces the various legal incarnations of the intergenerational equity principle. Despite its silent proliferation in international and constitutional laws over the past five decades, the principle dwelled mostly at the margins of inquiry and practice. Recent efforts to counteract global warming have allowed intergenerational claims to gain new traction. Building on a comparison of ten climate-related lawsuits, I analyze the latest advances in the representation, conceptualization, and remediation of future generations' interests. Against the backdrop of growing willingness to engage with intergenerational disputes, legal decision makers will need to confront two thorny challenges going forward. Firstly, evolving doctrines of extraterritoriality and legal subjecthood increasingly require the protective scope of the principle to extend to foreign citizens and non-human persons. Secondly, awareness of dispersed and interlocked long-term risks may trigger the application of intergenerational doctrines beyond a narrow environmental frame. Grappling with these challenges implicates larger reflections about the role of law in contriving our collective future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Evidence suggests that, on average, younger citizens in advanced industrial democracies tend to have different policy preferences to those aged 65 and over. Population ageing and relatively lower levels of electoral participation among young people amplify the political voice of older citizens and contribute to policymakers being more responsive to their preferences. This paper presents qualitative evidence on whether young adults and older Australians recognise a need to increase young people's influence on policymaking in the context of intergenerational inequality. The paper considers possible responses to this need, such as voting age reform. Results indicate that there is reasonable support, including from the older participants, to enhance young people's political voice and influence over policymaking. Growing awareness of intergenerational inequality in ageing democracies may make public opinion more favourable towards voting age reform and other measures to increase the political voice of young people. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The pension system is one of the most important elements of social protection in any country. It must be structured to pursue fairness - overcoming poverty among the elderly and striving to preserve to a large extent the consumer power of individuals before and after retirement. Therefore, the purpose of this article is to highlight the challenges to achieving fairness in the public pension system and to look for options for its reorganization in a way that most fully corresponds to the set goals in a long-term aspect. The positive and negative features of variants of reforms carried out are examined and the advantages of applying an endogenous pension system based on the Notional defined contribution scheme are put forward. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the greatest threats to the conservation of transboundary stocks is the failure of Regional Fisheries Management Organizations (RFMOs) to equitably allocate future fishing opportunities. Across RFMOs, catch history remains the principal criterion for catch allocations, despite being recognized as a critical barrier to governance stability. This paper examines if and how subsidies have driven catch histories, thereby perpetuating the legacy of unfair resource competition between distant water fishing nations (DWFNs) and coastal States, and how this affects ongoing allocation negotiations in the Indian Ocean Tuna Commission (IOTC). Using limited publicly available data on subsidies to Indian Ocean tuna fleets, we show that subsidies have inflated catch histories of many DWFN's. As long as historical catch remains the key allocation criterion, future fishing opportunities will continue to be skewed in favor of DWFNs, in turn marginalizing half of the IOTC member States, which collectively account for a paltry 4% of the current catch. Without better transparency in past subsidies data, accounting for this distortion will be difficult. We provide alternative allocation options for consideration, with our analysis showing that re-attributing DWFN catch to the coastal State in whose waters it was caught may begin to alleviate this historical injustice.

Using 2016 Census data, we compare the odds of employment (full time or self-employment) for visible minority immigrants in Canada with those of non–visible minority immigrants. Intergenerational comparisons of employment outcomes are made because one would expect second- and third-generation immigrants to be less prone to labour market barriers than first-generation immigrants. Estimates based on a logistic regression of employment probability reveal lower employment odds for four out of 10 identified visible minority immigrant groups in comparison with non–visible minority immigrants for all three generations. For first- and second-generation immigrants, the results were mixed, but third-generation immigrants faced significantly lower employment probabilities in all groups of visible minorities with the exception of Chinese and Japanese. A lack of proficiency in official languages (English or French) lowers the employment probability for all groups. It is estimated that post-secondary education (PSE) acquired outside of Canada has a weaker positive association with employment than PSE acquired within Canada. Pre- and post-immigration labour market experience have a weak association with employment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the assumptions of perpetual economic and population growth no longer stand, the welfare systems built on such promises are in peril. Policymakers must reallocate the responsibility for providing care between generations. Democratic theories can help establish procedures for finding solutions, particularly in ageing democratic countries. By analysing existing representative and deliberative democratic theories, this paper explores how the interests of future generations could be included in such procedures. A hypothetical social health insurance scheme with the pay-as-you-go financial arrangement is selected as an illustrative case. This paper argues that due to the intrinsic bias towards the current generation, both representative and deliberative democratic health policymaking are limited in making decisions that account for future generations. Instead, their interests could be at best represented by benevolent representatives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reflects on the fundamental duty, extracted from art 225, caput, of the Brazilian Constitution, to protect and defend the environment. It refers to the duty arising from the fundamental right to an ecologically balanced environment. As it is a fundamental right, it defends the existence of a corresponding duty, in this case, a fundamental duty. Such a fundamental duty involves the relationship between present and future generations. The present generation must maintain and protect existing natural resources so the future generation may also enjoy the same natural resources. To reach the proposed objective, this paper adopts a deductive approach, has a qualitative character and uses the bibliographical-documentary procedure for its development. It concludes that the duty provided for in art 225, caput, is not enforceable by itself because it lacks efficacy; however, the right and duty to and with the environment are associated constitutional categories that become effective in return. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]