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Impedance spectroscopy is widely used in operando studies of solid‐state batteries for characterizing charge transport and correlating it with structural features. A typical impedance spectrum reveals, in addition to transport signals of the solid electrolyte, one or more contributions due to processes taking place at the electrode interfaces. The focus of this study is on reversible (parent) metal anodes and a 3D electric network model is used to analyze the variation of their impedance as a function of pressure, temperature, or aging during cycling. This provides a recipe for experimentalists on how to identify impedance contributions arising from different interface effects, such as, charge transfer, dynamic current constriction, and solid electrolyte interphase formation. Rules are derived for assigning the different interface signals or identifying the dominant contribution in case of similar frequency‐dependence and a standard procedure for analysis is proposed. The suggested procedure is applied to experimental data of half cells where lithium metal is in contact with garnet‐type Li6.25Al0.25La3Zr2O12. This case study yields unambiguously that geometric current constriction due to morphological instabilities at the metal anode interface during cycling is the rate‐limiting step for this type of metal anode, rather than the frequently assumed polarization resistance of the electric charge transfer migration process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Solid‐state batteries (SSBs) are regarded as next generation advanced energy storage technology to provide higher safety and energy density. However, a practical application is plagued by large interfacial resistance, owing to solid‐solid interface contact between ceramics electrolytes and Li anode. Introducing polymer‐based coating between electrolytes and Li anode is a feasible strategy to solve this issue. Unfortunately, current polymer is hard to achieve intimate contact at the atomic scale and lacks of a bridge to transfer Li+ quickly between electrolytes and polymer coating. This gives rise to sluggish Li+ transfer dynamics, huge interface impedance and greatly limits the effectiveness of this strategy. Herein, Poly(lithium 4‐styrenesulfonate)(PLSS) is introduced between Li6.5La3Zr1.5Ta0.5O12 (LLZTO) electrolyte and Li anode. The theories and experiments prove the existence of strong coordinating interaction between SO3Li in PLSS and atoms on LLZTO surface. This interaction structures a bridge to migrate Li+ fast across LLZTO/PLSS interface and hence interface impedance is as low as 9 Ω cm2. Moreover, the electron‐blocking feature of PLSS can prevent electrons from tunneling the LLZTO/PLSS interface and combining with Li+ to form dendrite within LLZTO. PLSS‐base cells show improved long‐life cycling for 4700 h at 0.1 mA cm−2 at room temperature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

LiTa 2 PO 8 (LTPO) is a new solid-state electrolyte material, which has high bulk ionic conductivity and low grain boundary ion conductivity. However, the conductivity of materials synthesized by conventional methods is much lower than the theoretically calculated values. In this work, large radius Te ion are doped at Ta (3)-site in order to enlarge the lattice parameters and increase Li content, which are beneficial for increasing ionic conductivity. The Te substitution changes the Ta surrounding environment, increases the binding capacity of Ta–O, and reduces the attraction of oxygen to lithium ions in the system. The prepared dense Li 1.04 Ta 1.96 Te 0.04 PO 8 ceramic electrolyte exhibits a low activation energy of 0.193 eV and four times higher ion conductivity (4.5 × 10−4 S cm−1) than undoped samples. Moreover, Li 1.04 Ta 1.96 Te 0.04 PO 8 shows a stable cycling performance in the symmetric Li/Li cells and the Li/CPE/Li 1.04 Ta 1.96 Te 0.04 PO 8 /LiFePO 4 batteries with the separation of a thin PEO membrane. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Impedance spectroscopy is widely used in operando studies of solid‐state batteries for characterizing charge transport and correlating it with structural features. A typical impedance spectrum reveals, in addition to transport signals of the solid electrolyte, one or more contributions due to processes taking place at the electrode interfaces. The focus of this study is on reversible (parent) metal anodes and a 3D electric network model is used to analyze the variation of their impedance as a function of pressure, temperature, or aging during cycling. This provides a recipe for experimentalists on how to identify impedance contributions arising from different interface effects, such as, charge transfer, dynamic current constriction, and solid electrolyte interphase formation. Rules are derived for assigning the different interface signals or identifying the dominant contribution in case of similar frequency‐dependence and a standard procedure for analysis is proposed. The suggested procedure is applied to experimental data of half cells where lithium metal is in contact with garnet‐type Li6.25Al0.25La3Zr2O12. This case study yields unambiguously that geometric current constriction due to morphological instabilities at the metal anode interface during cycling is the rate‐limiting step for this type of metal anode, rather than the frequently assumed polarization resistance of the electric charge transfer migration process.

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The transport performance of lithium ions affects the rate performance of the cathode at different current densities. The poor interface contact between a solid electrolyte and the cathode makes it difficult to transport lithium ions. Adding a solid electrolyte into the cathode material can improve lithium ion transport. In this paper, we prepared some cathodes with different doping ratios, including two common cathode materials (LiFePO4 and NCM811), and tested their rate and long cycle performance. LFP-10 has a specific discharge capacity of 79.75 mAh g−1 at 5C, and the Li+ diffusion coefficient of LFP-10 is 4.91 × 10−13 cm−2 s−1, which is about 13.4 times higher than the pure LiFePO4 sample. The rate performance of an all-solid-state battery has also been improved, and there is still more than 100 mAh g−1 capacity reserved at 60°C and 2C current density. This shows that the introduction of a PEGDA-based solid electrolyte can significantly improve the Li+ transport of the cathode, and the composite cathode also provides support for the future application of all-solid-state batteries.

In Naturally Fractured Reservoirs (NFR) diffuse fractures arrangement results from mechanical stratigraphy and tectonic history during failure. Thus, modelling Discrete Fracture Network (DFN) requires to understand and to account for fracture relationships at bed-interface (abutment or crosscutting) in 3D through time (loading path). However, sampling fractures data meaningfully in subsurface has always been a challenge for geologist due to data scarcity. To better understand and forecast fracture networks in stratified rocks, we study outcrops with a focus on geometric relationships between stratigraphic interfaces and fractures. This paper presents an original python toolbox called FracAbut. It is composed of 1 main and 2 auxiliary codes that quantify the geometric relation between fractures and stratigraphic interfaces from 1D (wells, scan-line) and 2D (digital image, photographs data). We calculate the Interface Impedance (II) that accounts for fracture abutment (crossing or not), persistence (single- or multi-bed) and propagation polarity (upward or downward). For each stratigraphic interface FracAbut provides information on fractures (type, number) and interface sensitivity (coupling strength). First, we apply FracAbut on synthetic case studies, then, on naturally fractured and stratified carbonates in Berat, Albania. Using both 1D scan-line and 2D outcrop photograph, we show that i) a mechanical interface can have different coupling above and below based on propagation polarity, ii) FracAbut results can give useful insight on fracture transmissivity, iii) FracAbut is fast and efficient to quantify fracture patterns and classify mechanical interface impact; iv) they are no relation between bed thickness and fracture propagation. • Quantify the impact of mechanical stratigraphy on fracture propagation. • FracAbut is dedicated to process 1D or 2D fracture and bed interface surveys. • Interfaces are characterized based on fractures persistence and abutment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The interoperability between the vehicle assembly and ground assembly of wireless charging systems has been specified in international standards. SAE J2954 first proposed an interoperability evaluation method based on interface impedance. However, the impedance measurement is challenging at high frequency since the phase difference between the voltage and current is not easy to measure accurately, especially when it is close to 90°. Small errors in phase angle measurement are amplified in impedance calculation due to the sine/cosine function. This letter proposes an impedance measurement method using the power decomposition algorithm. By decomposing the input power into two orthogonal components, the impedance angle can be calculated without directly measuring the phase difference between the voltage and current. Thus, the measurement results of the impedance angle do not introduce errors. With the proposal, the high-cost probe or complex high-precision phase difference measurement circuit is not needed. The experimental results show that the conventional method's maximum relative error reaches 80%, making interoperability hard to determine. Reversely, with the proposed method, the relative error of impedance measurement is reduced to less than 10%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

LiTa2PO8 (LTPO) is a new solid-state lithium ion electrolyte material reported in the latest research, which has high bulk ionic conductivity and low grain boundary ion conductivity. However, it is difficult to density with conventional sintering methods. Herein, in this work, the solid-phase synthesis method was used to prepared the LTPO solid-state electrolyte, and the influence of the amount of lithium on the structure and performance of LTPO electrolyte material was investigated. The results show that the excess Li2O does not increase other impurities and does not change the structure of the material, but the liquid phase produced by the excess Li2O can promote the elimination of interfacial pores, accelerate the direct bonding of grains and improve the ionic conductivity of grain boundary, thus improving the overall ionic conductivity of the material. Considering the volatilization of lithium and the impact of liquid phase sintering at high temperatures and the content restructuring, after adding 20 wt% excess formulation of Li2O, the resultant of LTPO density is 5.0 g/cm3, the density reaches 85.58%. As a result, the total ionic conductivity of the electrolyte is 3.28 × 10–4 S/cm at 25°C, and the Li-ion diffusion activation energy is 0.27 eV. In addition, after loading this electrolyte into a Li–Li symmetric battery, it is proved that the electrolyte has lithium ion transport performance and can be used in all-solid-state batteries. However, it is also found from cyclic voltammetry (CV) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis that the interface between LTPO material and Li is unstable, and Ta5+ ions are reduced, which will be another key issue to be addressed in the future.

Copyright of Rare Metal Materials & Engineering is the property of Northwest Institute for Nonferrous Metal Research and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

• Wave induced sliding at imperfectly/frictionally bonded interface is analyzed based on the solution correction technique. • Creeping motion is observed for the imperfect interface. • Steady sliding behavior with possible slip-stick bands is found for the frictional interface. • Wave parameters and preloads influence the sliding velocity and the interface traction fields. In this work, the contact problem between a preloaded rigid surface against a restrained elastic half-space is considered under wave excitation. The half-space is assumed to be bonded imperfectly to the rigid surface, and subjected to external tractions and bulk waves. Under incident bulk wave excitation at the contact, we study the creeping motion of the preloaded rigid surface. Two possible local regions at the interface are considered, namely slip region, and region of separation, which are described by the corresponding boundary conditions and inequalities at the interface. With these considerations, creeping motion characteristics and interface conditions are obtained analytically and discussed. The effects of interface imperfection, wave parameters, and preload tractions are studied numerically. The creeping motion is found to be affected significantly by nature of the imperfection. In addition, creep motion is also analyzed considering friction at the interface. These aspects have potential applications in ultrasonic devices for micro-positioning and micro-motion control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to provide high-quality visual information to patients who have implanted retinal prosthetic devices, the number of microelectrodes should be large. As the number of microelectrodes is increased, the dimensions of each microelectrode must be decreased, which in turn results in an increased microelectrode interface impedance and decreased injection current dynamic range. In order to improve the trade-off envelope between the number of microelectrodes and the current injection characteristics, a 3D microelectrode structure can be used as an alternative. In this paper, the electrical characteristics of 2D and 3D Au microelectrodes were investigated. In order to examine the effects of the structural difference, 2D and 3D Au microelectrodes with different base areas but similar effective surface areas were fabricated and evaluated. Interface impedances were measured and similar dynamic ranges were obtained for both 2D and 3D Au microelectrodes. These results indicate that more electrodes can be implemented in the same area if 3D designs are used. Furthermore, the 3D Au microelectrodes showed substantially enhanced electrical durability characteristics against over-injected stimulation currents, withstanding electrical currents that are much larger than the limit measured for 2D microelectrodes of similar area. This enhanced electrical durability property of 3D Au microelectrodes is a new finding in microelectrode research, and makes 3D microelectrodes very desirable devices.

Abstract: Solid‐state Li batteries using Na+ superionic conductor type solid electrolyte attracts wide interest because of its safety and high theoretical energy density. The NASCION type solid electrolyte LAGP (Li1.5Al0.5Ge0.5P3O12) shows favorable conductivity as well as good mechanical strength to prevent Li dendrite penetration. However, the instability of LAGP with Li metal remains a great challenge. In this work, an amorphous Ge thin film is sputtered on an LAGP surface, which can not only suppress the reduction reaction of Ge4+ and Li, but also produces intimate contact between the Li metal and the LAGP solid electrolyte. The symmetric cell with the Ge‐coated LAGP solid electrolyte shows superior stability and cycle performance for 100 cycles at 0.1 mA cm−2. A quasi‐solid‐state Li–air battery has also been assembled to further demonstrate this advantage. A stable cycling performance of 30 cycles in ambient air can be obtained. This work helps to achieve a stable and ionic conducting interface in solid‐state Li batteries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: An efficient method for solving large nonlinear problems combines Newton solvers and domain decomposition methods. In the domain decomposition method framework, the boundary conditions can be chosen to be primal, dual, or mixed. The mixed approach presents the advantage to be eligible for the research of an optimal interface parameter (often called impedance), which can increase the convergence rate. The optimal value for this parameter is usually too expensive to be computed exactly in practice: An approximate version has to be sought, along with a compromise between efficiency and computational cost. In the context of parallel algorithms for solving nonlinear structural mechanical problems, we propose a new heuristic for the impedance, which combines short‐ and long‐range effects at a low computational cost. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the last several years, there has been a growing interest in neural implants for the study and diagnostics of neurological disorders as well as for the symptomatic treatment of central nervous system related diseases. One of the major challenges is the trade-off between small electrode sizes for high selectivity between single neurons and large electrode-tissue interface areas for excellent stimulation and recording properties. This paper presents an approach of increasing the real surface area of the electrodes by creating a surface microstructure. Two major novelties let this work stand out from existing approaches which mainly make use of porous coatings such as platinum black or iridium oxide, or Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT). Roughening is carried out by a dry etching process on the silicon electrode core before being coated by a sputtered platinum layer, eliminating complicated deposition processes as for the materials described above. The technology is compatible with any commonly used coating material. In addition, the surface roughening is compatible with high aspect ratio penetrating electrode arrays such as the well-established Utah electrode array, whose unique geometry presents a challenge in the surface modification of active electrode sites. The dry etching process is well characterized and yields a high controllability of pore size and depth. This paper confirms the superior electrochemical properties including impedance, charge injection capacity, and charge storage capacity of surface engineered electrode arrays compared to conventional arrays over a period of 12 weeks. Furthermore, mechanical stability of the modified electrodes was tested by implantation in the brain of a recently deceased rat. In conclusion, the larger interface surface of the electrodes does not only decrease the impedance which should lead to enhanced Signal to noise ratio (SNR) for recording purposes, but also yields higher charge injection capacities, which improve the stimulation characteristics of the implants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Continuous ion/electron transport pathway is constructed inside the 3D gel cathode. • The ionic and electronic transport mechanism is revealed. • Good wettability between gel cathode and LLZTO ceramic pellet. • The electrochemical performance of solid-state batteries with gel cathode is much better than that of traditional cathode. Ta-doped Li 7 La 3 Zr 2 O 12 (LLZTO) is known as a garnet-type solid-state electrolyte with high ionic conductivity and good stability against lithium metal anode, which is regarded as one of the most promising electrolytes for the commercialization of solid-state batteries (SSBs). However, the poor electron and ion transport among cathode active material particles, as well as the large interfacial impedance between LLZTO ceramic pellet and cathode, remain major issues for SSBs. In this work, we proposed a novel 3D gel cathode based on the "cation-π" interaction between the organic cations in ionic liquid (IL) and the large electron-rich π-system in single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs). The designed gel cathode, which is composed of SWNTs, IL and LiFePO 4 (LFP) without binder, possesses a good wettability with the LLZTO ceramic pellet and affords highly efficient conductive pathways for electrons and ions through the interface and entire cathode. As a consequence, the assembled SSBs with the gel cathode exhibit excellent long-term cycling stability with a high capacity retention of 91.74% after 700 cycles at 0.5C, and a high coulombic efficiency close to 100% can be achieved over the course of cycling at 25 °C. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In various applications such as neural prostheses or solar cells, there is a need to alter the surface morphology of high aspect ratio structures so that the real surface area is greater than geometrical area. The change in surface morphology enhances the devices functionality. One of the applications of altering the surface morphology is of neural implants such as the Utah electrode array (UEA) that communicate with single neurons by charge injection induced stimulation or by recording electrical neural signals. For high selectivity between single cells of the nervous system, the electrode surface area is required to be as small as possible, while the impedance is required to be as low as possible for good signal to noise ratios (SNR) during neural recording. For stimulation, high charge injection and charge transfer capacities of the electrodes are required, which increase with the electrode surface. Traditionally, researchers have worked with either increasing the roughness of the existing metallization (platinum grey, black) or other materials such as Iridium Oxide and PEDOT. All of these previously investigated methods lead to more complicated metal deposition processes that are difficult to control and often have a critical impact on the mechanical properties of the metal films. Therefore, a modification of the surface underneath the electrode's coating will increase its surface area while maintaining the standard and well controlled metal deposition process. In this work, the surfaces of the silicon micro-needles were engineered by creating a defined microstructure on the electrodes surface using several methods such as laser ablation, focused ion beam, sputter etching, reactive ion etching (RIE) and deep reactive ion etching (DRIE). The surface modification processes were optimized for the high aspect ratio silicon structures of the UEA. The increase in real surface area while maintaining the geometrical surface area was verified using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The best results were obtained by DRIE induced surface morphology. Decreases in impedance values of electrodes up to 76% indicate the successful surface engineering of the high aspect ratio silicon structures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Domain Decomposition Methods are a set of strategies to realize simulations splitting the whole domain into smaller parts, analyzing each one of them separately on different processors and exchanging information between subdomains. The mixed domain decomposition approach depends on a specific parameter called search direction, which allows communicating subdomains. Previously studies suggest some approximations for this sensitive parameter, but in the great majority, only the short-range contributions are taken into account. In the present work, a new expression for the search direction called two-scale impedance is implemented in 3 different simple structures composed of beams, which present local buckling and post-buckling, generating geometrical nonlinearities on their behaviors. The aim is to test the efficiency of this new expression in structures with this kind of nonlinearities, catching the advantages and disadvantages that the use of the two-scale impedance may lead, all this in order to project its real applicability at an industrial level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The interface problem between the electrodes and Beta-Al 2 O 3 solid-state electrolyte severely hindered its practical application as a room-temperature battery. Herein, the poly(vinylidene fluoride- co -hexafluoropropylene)/poly(methyl methacrylate)(PVDF-HFP/PMMA) gel polymer membrane was tightly coated on the surface of Beta-Al 2 O 3 electrolyte to construct an interlayer by a convenient method. The flexible and porous PVDF-HFP/PMMA gel polymer membranes can not only significantly enhance the physical attach between electrolyte and electrodes, but also absorb liquid electrolyte provide an effective way for Na ion transport, thereby inhibiting sodium dendrites. With Gel modification layer, the interfacial resistance of Beta-Al 2 O 3 /Na significantly decreased from 2865 Ω cm2 to 251 Ω cm2. At room temperature, the Na/Gel-Beta-Al 2 O 3 -Gel/Na symmetric cell can run stably for 200 h at 0.25 mA cm−2 with a high critical current density of 0.85 mA cm−2. The fabricated Na 3 V 2 (PO 4) 3 (NVP)/Gel-Beta-Al 2 O 3 -Gel/Na cell also displayed favorable capacity retention ratios and rate performance profiting from the constructed stable interface. This work raised a convenient approach to solve the interface problem, driving the development of room-temperature Beta-Al 2 O 3 based sodium metal batteries. [Display omitted] • Gel interlayer was used to improve contact between Beta-Al 2 O 3 and electrodes. • Interfacial resistance of Beta-Al 2 O 3 /Na was decreased from 2865 to 251 Ω cm2. • Critical current density of Na symmetric cell was improved to 0.85 mA cm−2 at RT. • Na symmetric cell could be operated stably at 0.25 mA cm−2 for 200 h at RT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The garnet-type oxides electrolyte triggers immense interests owing to their potential to replace liquid electrolytes and excellent safety in lithium metal battery. But the huge interfacial resistance and unlimited dendrite growth remain challenging. Here, we introduce a new high lithiophilic solid lubricant interface layer, which composes of LiF, amorphous carbon and (CF X) n. The (CF X) n , exhibiting excellent lithium affinity and combining with solid lubricant characteristic, adheres well to Li anode during the long-term cycle. Most remarkably, the in situ -formed LiF and amorphous carbon guarantee uniform ion and electron transportation. Symmetric cells composed of (CF X) n modified garnet electrolyte exhibit an enormously reduced interfacial impedance of 5 Ω cm2 and long-term outstanding plating/stripping cycle up to 2900 h at 0.38 mA/cm2. Moreover, full LiFePO 4 |CF-garnet electrolyte|Li cells demonstrate excellent cycling efficiency, high specific capacity and long-term stability over 700 cycles at 2C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The voltage transient response, V(t), of the electrode-electrolyte interface is known to be nonlinear. It has been shown by Onaral and Schwan in 1983 that the DC limit current of linearity, IAL, is proportional to t-beta were beta is the fractional power dependence of the linear, short pulse duration impedance. We now seek to explain the physical phenomena underlying this observation. We present an equivalent circuit model of the interface and highlight the major source of the observed nonlinear behaviour. Using the equivalent circuit model and associated formulae, an expression for the limit current of linearity is derived and compared with that found experimentally by Onaral and Schwan. According to this theoretical model, a current of as little as 22 nA can be sufficient to drive an electrode system into nonlinear behaviour at longer pulse durations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The high interface impedance between inorganic material electrodes and solid electrolytes results in a high Li + diffusion energy barrier, which limits the electrochemical performance of active materials. To solve this issue, an integrated configuration of organic active material electrode-solid polymer electrolyte (SPE) is synthesized via in situ polymerization. In the integrated aminoanthraquinone-solid polymer electrolyte (AQ-SPE), the naphthalene urethane bond acts as a bridge that links the organic material electrode and the SPE and acts as a channel for Li + transport at the electrode/SPE interface. Compared to the activation energy of the conventional aminoanthraquinone/solid polymer electrolyte (AQ/SPE), the activation energy of the charge transfer process for the integrated AQ-SPE decreases from 71.2 to 42.1 kJ mol -1 , and the charge transfer impedance decreases from 1140 to 198 Ω at 50 °C. The first and 625th discharge capacity densities of AQ in the integrated AQ-SPE at 0.1 mA cm -1 and 50 °C are 139.7 and 125.3 mAh g -1 , respectively. Moreover, pouch batteries with the integrated AQ-SPE show excellent safety performance. The in situ fabrication of integrated electrode-SPE provides an enlightening and extended method for realizing efficient, safe, and environmentally friendly batteries.

An apparatus for the measurement of bacterial growth is described. The instrument applies alternate adequate sequential currents of two different frequencies through a pair of electrodes immersed in a cultured medium. It monitors, detects and quantifies the growth of micro-organisms based on the measurement of the impedance across the two electrodes and, simultaneously, it measures the variation in the medium turbidity. The medium conductivity and the interface electrode impedance changes can be extracted from the measured impedance. The variations in turbidity can be calibrated in absorbance or optical density units. Moreover, all these parameters are also proportional to bacterial proliferation. The computer-controlled apparatus processes and displays the parameters on a monitor showing bulk resistance, electrode impedance and turbidity changes as time course events. The equipment can detect aerobic or anaerobic micro-organisms and permits the operator simultaneously to assess impedance and turbidity, or it can produce each parameter as a separate event. Time growth curves of different micro-organisms are presented in the results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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