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Maxillofacial trauma is a common presentation in veterinary medical practice. Accurate assessment, diagnostics, pain management, and finally repair are tenants to treatment. In addition to typical tenants for fracture repair, the restoration of occlusion and return to function (eating, drinking, grooming) are unique to trauma management in these patients. Options for repair include conservative management (tape muzzles), noninvasive repair techniques (interdental wiring and composite splinting), and invasive repair techniques (interfragmentary wiring and plate and screw fixation).

The concept of immediate tooth replacement therapy (ITRT) in the esthetic zone has become a viable treatment modality and widely accepted in clinical practice. However, achieving adequate primary stability that enables immediate provisional restoration and desirable space for bone-grafting with conventional tapered body implant designs is challenging. The macro-hybrid implant design with a prosthetic angle correction and body-shift feature in a singular form provides not only greater primary stability of a wider diameter implant but also circumferential gap distance both facially and interproximally preserve the labial bone plate and interdental attachment apparatus of the adjacent natural teeth thereby maintaining the interdental papilla. The present clinical series exemplifies the clinical advantages of this inverted body-shift implant design in ITRT in various clinical scenarios in (1) single tooth replacement in a Type 1 intact socket with a thin periodontal phenotype, (2) single tooth replacement in a Type 2 socket with a dentoalveolar dehiscence of the labial bone plate, and (3) multiple adjacent teeth replacement of two maxillary central incisor. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: The macro-hybrid design implant with a prosthetic angle correction and body-shift feature in a singular form provides greater midfacial gap distance as well as tooth-to-implant distance to preserve the interdental attachment of the adjacent natural teeth thereby leaving the interdental papilla undisturbed, without sacrificing higher primary stability afforded by larger diameter implants.

Objective The dental treatment such as local anesthetic injections are a common source of anxiety and fear during dental procedures. One of the causes of these anxiety and fear are regarded as taste and tactile sensory input. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of inhalation sedation with nitrous oxide (IS–N2O) on intraoral taste and tactile sensory input in human. Materials and methods We performed taste testing using electrogustometry and the filter paper disc test in the proglossis region, and precise tactile function testing using the Semmes-Weinstein monofilaments (SWM) test was performed on the mandibular incisor interdental gingival papilla of healthy male and female volunteers. Results On electrogustometry, the 50% IS-N2O threshold was significantly higher than those of other conditions (vs. room air [RA], 100% O2, Recovery, vs. 30% IS-N2O). In the filter paper disc test, the 30%/50% IS-N2O thresholds were significantly higher than those of other conditions (vs. RA, 100% O2, Recovery) for all tastes. However, no significant difference in the recognition threshold was noted between 30% IS-N2O and 50% IS-N2O. In the SWM test, the 30%/50% IS-N2O thresholds were significantly higher than those of other conditions (vs. RA, 100% O2, Recovery), but the 50% IS-N2O threshold was higher than the 30% IS-N2O threshold. Conclusion IS-N2O inhibit the input of taste and tactile sensations and may be an effective tool for patients undergoing dental procedures.

The evaluation of speech outcomes after resection and reconstruction of the oral tongue remains largely unsystematic. A cross-sectional study was performed to analyse the speech outcomes of patients who underwent curative treatment with appropriate reconstruction. Sixty-nine patients were assessed for speech intelligibility and phonetics using a validated speech intelligibility assessment tool in the local language. Volume defects were classified as class I (less than one third), II (one third to half), III (half to two-thirds), or IV (two-thirds to total glossectomy). Defect location was defined as lateral, tip, or sulcus. The χ2 test and Kruskal-Wallis test were used to test volume and location as predictors. Twenty-six patients had class I defects, 29 had class II defects, seven had class III defects, and seven had class IV defects. Twenty-two patients (31.9%) received adjuvant radiotherapy. Mean vowel, consonant, word, and paragraph intelligibility were 99.27%, 86.86%, 85.52%, and 88.72%, respectively. The incremental volume of the glossectomy defect was significantly correlated with speech intelligibility scores and phonatory alterations. In classes II and III, tip resection significantly affected interdental sounds. All patients in class III had affected alveolar and alveo-palatal sounds. The results positively corroborated the volume and location of the glossectomy defect to a classification system.

Mandibular symphysis fractures pose several technical challenges for the craniomaxillofacial surgeon. One classic challenge is restoration of the transverse dimension when the mandible is widened secondary to splaying of the lingual cortex. Failure to diagnose or correct this problem can result in widening of the lower facial third, inadequate fracture reduction, and/or a malocclusion. Surgeons have traditionally utilized techniques such as manual pressure to the rami or lingual splint application to address transverse defects intraoperatively. However, these methods may be inadequate in situations with significant widening, such as in the case of concomitant subcondylar fractures. More recently, virtual surgical planning and custom hardware have been utilized to address mandibular widening, though this method also has various shortcomings. In this technical note, the authors present a simple technique using interdental wiring to precisely control mandibular width intraoperatively. The technique is cost effective, does not require an assistant, and can be used in conjunction with any of the above methods. The authors also present a case of secondary reconstruction in which use of this technique was necessary given a large degree of mandibular widening not amenable to reduction and fixation with manual pressure alone.

Indonesians have been taking much concern in English since it has been applied in formal education curricula. Also, not all Indonesians are familiar with English pronunciation, especially its characteristics in phonemes. Some English consonants even do not exist in Indonesian consonants such as the sounds /θ/ and /ð/ categorized as voiceless and voiced interdental fricatives. Due to this concern, this study investigates the production of English voiced and voiceless interdental consonants uttered by English Department students as non-native speakers of English using the Praat application. There were eight undergraduate first-year English major students as the respondents. The researcher gave them eighteen words consisting of /θ/ and /ð/ sounds in initial, medial, and final word-position. The data are in audio recordings. The result revealed that most students changed the voiced interdental fricative into consonants such as /d/ and /t/. This inappropriate way also happened when they produced voiceless interdental fricatives. They changed /θ/ sound into consonant sounds such as /d/ and /t/.

The aim of the present study was to determine the existence of inter dental papilla according to the vertical dimension, horizontal dimension and the combined effects of the vertical and horizontal dimensions of the interproximal space on the existence of interdental papilla.182 interdental sites of 42 periodontitis patients undergoing open flap debridement were included in the study. The existence of interdental papilla was determined based on the Papilla Presence Index (PPI). The vertical dimension (VD) was measured from the alveolar crest to the contact point using UNC-15 probe. Horizontal dimension (HD) was measured from the mesial surface of the distal tooth and the distal surface of the mesial tooth at the level of the alveolar crest using castroviejocaliper. Statistical analysis was done by using independent ‘t’ test, Pearson’s Chi-square test and Trend Chi-square test.The existence of papilla was significantly higher in VD ≤ 5mm (91.5%) compared to VD > 5mm (9.8%) [p< 0.0001]. The existence of papilla was significantly higher in HD < 2mm (97%) compared to HD ≥ 2mm (1.2%) [p< 0.0001]. The contribution of both vertical dimension and horizontal dimension to the existence of papilla was about 61.6% and thus the existence of papilla may be influenced by various other factors (about 38.4%) which were not included in this study.The vertical and horizontal dimensions of the interproximal space gains significance in determining the existence of papilla and further research is needed to analyze the other factors influencing the papilla.

The aim of the study: to find correlations in age-related characteristics of the localization and shape of the contact points in permanent posterior teeth and to develop a reference card for dentists, reflecting the age-related characteristics of the localization, shape and size of the contact areas of the posterior teeth in adults.Materials and research methods. The linear dimensions, area, shape, vertical and horizontal position in the interdental space of 1224 contact points of the posterior teeth in 236 patients aged 20 to 59 years was assessed based on a comprehensive analysis of intraoral radiographs performed using the bitewing technique, the results of the study of contact points using floss, displaying contact points on dental impressions made using a special technique.Research results. It was found that the interdental spaces of the posterior teeth in adult patients are characterized by the following features: the contact areas of the teeth are displaced in the vestibular direction, the buccal and lingual (palatal) interdental embrasures are asymmetric; dynamics of the depth of occlusal interdental embrasures, linear dimensions and area of contact areas is expressed as average digital values for different age groups: 20-40 years: contact areas – 1×2 mm, S = 2 mm2, depth of occlusal interdental embrasure - 1.5 mm ; over 40 years old: contact pads – 1.5×3 mm, S = 4.5 mm2, the depth of the occlusal interdental embrasure – 1.0 mm.Conclusion. On the basis of the data obtained, a «Reference map of the localization of contact points and contact areas of posterior teeth in adult patients» was proposed, which allows a dentist to obtain data on the features of the topography of the contact areas of the posterior teeth, taking into account the patient’s age during planning and performing interproximal caries treatment.

Background: Aesthetics has become a major concern nowadays. Loss of interdental papilla in the anterior region of the oral cavity accounts for a major compromise in aesthetics. Thus, techniques to correct this defect has emerged as a new area of research in dentistry. The present study aims to compare reconstruction of the interdental papilla using subepithelial connective tissue graft (SCTG)and platelet rich fibrin (PRF). Material and Methods: The present randomised clinical trial included 36 patients equally divided into test (platelet rich fibrin) and control groups (subepithelial connective tissue graft). Papilla reconstruction was done and clinical parameters- contact point to interdental papilla distance (CPID), width of keratinized gingiva (WKG), plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI), papillary bleeding index (PBI), pocket depth (PPD) were recorded at baseline, 3 and 6 months. Healing index (HI) was recorded at 1, 2 and 3 weeks. Results: At the end of 6 months, it was found that interdental papillae fill in terms of decrease in distance from the contact point to the interdental papilla tip and gain in WKG was statistically significant in both the groups (p value ≤0.05). On intergroup comparison, however, it was found that the improvement in the abovementioned parameters was significantly greater in the control group (39.32%) as compared to the test group (14.79%). The difference in other clinical parameters at various time intervals were found to be nonsignificant.

Objective: The aim of this study is to discover effectiveness of interdental aid, their use in the daily oral hygiene and suggestion of interdental aid to be used. Methods & Materials: This study was conducted among 503 convenient samples of patients from outpatient department of IOD, CMH Lahore medical college. It is a questionnaire-based study. Data collected from February 2021 to April 2021. A written consent was taken. All the examiners were calibrated for check-up and questionnaire was filled on effectiveness of interdental aids and its uses and recommendation by individual. Results: Total 503 people with 230 females and 273 males were participated in the study. Majority of the sample size did not know how to do interdental cleaning. Also, there is lack of awareness about dental hygiene in the masses. Conclusion: Amongst the patients which came for their dental treatments who were using any interdental cleaning aid, toothpick was the most common choice. However, toothpicks are not a recommended aid because it can damage the gums and cause bleeding. Awareness should be given to the patients so that they use appropriate methods and aids for interdental cleaning. Keywords: Interdental Aids, Effectiveness

This study provides a systematic account of the occurrence of interdental /s/ in Salvadoran Spanish and explores speakers’ attitudes toward its use. Specifically, it examines the linguistic, social, and stylistic contexts in which this understudied variant occurs, and it describes how the speakers construct meaning through it despite being a stigmatized variant. It was found that this variant is more likely to be observed in syllable-onset position both word-medially and initially. Additionally, it is more likely to be observed in casual style in the youngest and oldest age groups and it is less likely observed in the speech of professionals. There are indications that this variant is associated with an age-grading phenomena, which is also indicative of stable variation. The present work fills an almost a 30+ year old gap left by previous studies that only briefly touched upon this variant.

Objectives To estimate the association between the use of interdental cleaning devices and proximal caries experience. Methods This study used a cross-sectional data from the Sixth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2013-2015). A total of 13 525 adults aged 19-64 years who participated in both the nutrition survey and the health examination survey were included. Data on sociodemographic factors (age and sex), socioeconomic factors (level of education and household income) and personal health practices (frequency of toothbrushing, visits to dental clinic, frequency of snacking and self-rated oral health status), and number of proximal caries were collected. Prevalence ratios (PRs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) were calculated using the multivariable Poisson generalized linear model according to use of dental floss or an interdental brush. The risk of proximal caries for dental floss following the stratification of participants into various subgroups related to oral health was assessed. Results While nonflossers had 1.46 times (PR 1.46, 95% CI: 1.16-1.84) higher risk for proximal caries than flossers, the use of an interdental brush was not associated with proximal caries. In the nonflossers, the association for proximal caries was the strongest in those in their 40s (PR 2.28, 95% CI: 1.29-4.03), followed by those in their 30s (PR 1.85, 95% CI: 1.18-2.90). Although nonflossers with middle-low household income had a 59% higher risk (PR 1.59, 95% CI: 1.24-2.03) for proximal caries than those with high household income, there were no significant differences in household income in flossers. Conclusions The findings of the study suggest that flossing at home along with toothbrushing is one of the easiest ways to prevent proximal caries. Therefore, dental floss should not be excluded from oral healthcare products.

Objectives The aim of the present retrospective study was to evaluate papillae filling rate and buccal margins coronal growth in implant‐supported prostheses which were over‐contoured at the apical buccal third to form a rearmost collar zone, thus mimicking a false root. Material and methods The influence of adjacent elements, teeth, implants, or pontics was examined. One‐hundred and three crowns have been assessed in photographs taken on 61 patients after prosthesis delivering and at last follow‐up (mean 2.8 years). The Jemt index was adopted to evaluate papillae growth at the baseline and follow‐up as follows: 0, absence of papilla; 1, less than half of interdental embrasure height; 2, more than half of interdental embrasure height; 3, fully papilla filled interdental embrasure. Index score 4, papilla hyperplasia was not included. Moreover, the coronal growth (or recession) of buccal mucosa in implant‐supported crowns was assessed. Results At baseline, a total of 29 papillae had a 0 score, while only two scored 3 with complete papilla formation. On follow‐up, only one papilla scored 0, while 46 scored 3 with complete interdental embrasures filling. The highest papilla score was registered from first year crown insertion and likewise in interdental embrasures located between two implants or implants and pontics. Moreover, the buccal margin growth was observed in almost 80% of crowns. Such findings seem to indicate that buccal margin and papilla around implant‐supported crowns presented a coronal growth over time, especially during its first year. The average papilla growth between two implants was no lower than that observed in papilla present between implants and natural teeth. Conclusions Recessed areas at collar of implant‐supported prostheses appear to positively influence papillae and buccal margin growth, especially in its first year. Papilla growth between two implants was similar to that observed between implants and natural teeth.

To investigate the skeletal, dental, and soft tissue effects of reverse Forsus (RF; 3M Unitek, Monrovia, CA, USA) and facemask/rapid palatal expansion (FM/RPE) appliances in growing subjects with class III malocclusions.The data of this prospective randomized controlled trial (RCT) were derived from pre- and posttreatment/observation lateral cephalograms of 45 subjects with mild class III malocclusions: group 1 (8 girls, 7 boys; mean age 10.54 years) received a FM/RPE appliance; group 2 (6 girls, 9 boys; mean age 10.49 years) received the RF appliance; and an untreated control group (7 girls, 8 boys; mean age 10.66 years) was matched to the treatment groups with regard to sagittal skeletal and dental classifications. Angular and linear measurements were evaluated using lateral cephalograms. Statistical analyses were performed by one-way analysis of variance, Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, Kruskal-Wallis, paired-samples t‑test, and Wilcoxon test, whereby p 0.05 was accepted to be statistically significant.The intermaxillary (ANB), interdental (overjet), and sagittal lip relations in the FM/RPE and RF groups showed significant improvements compared to the control group (p 0.05). Although the anterior and inferior traction of the maxilla was greater in the FM/RPE group compared to the RF group (p 0.05), both treatment groups showed similar clockwise rotation of the mandible compared to the control group. While significantly more proclination of maxillary incisors occurred in the RF group compared to the FM/RPE and control groups (p 0.05), both treatments led to significantly retroclined mandibular incisors compared to the control group (p 0.001).Both therapies led to intermaxillary and interdental improvements. The RF appliance had a limited effect on the maxilla and it mostly had dentoalveolar effects when compared to FM/RPE therapy.ZIELSETZUNG: Untersucht werden sollten die skelettalen, dentalen und weichgewebigen Auswirkungen zweier Apparaturen – Reverse Forsus (RF; 3M Unitek, Monrovia, CA, USA) und Gesichtsmaske/Gaumennahterweiterung (FM/RPE) – bei heranwachsenden Patienten mit Klasse-III-Malokklusionen METHODEN: Die Daten für diese prospektive, randomisierte, kontrollierte Studie (RCT) wurden aus seitlichen Kephalogrammen vor und nach der Behandlung/Beobachtung von 45 Probanden mit leichten Klasse-III-Fehlstellungen gewonnen: Gruppe 1 (8 Mädchen, 7 Jungen; Durchschnittsalter 10,54 Jahre) erhielt eine FM/RPE-Apparatur, Gruppe 2 (6 Mädchen, 9 Jungen; Durchschnittsalter 10,49 Jahre) eine RF-Apparatur, und eine unbehandelte Kontrollgruppe (7 Mädchen, 8 Jungen; Durchschnittsalter 10,66 Jahre) war hinsichtlich der sagittalen skelettalen und zahnmedizinischen Klassifikationen an die Behandlungsgruppen angepasst. Winkel- und Längenmaße wurden anhand von lateralen Kephalogrammen ausgewertet. Statistische Analysen wurden mittels einseitiger Varianzanalyse, Kolmogorov-Smirnov-Test, Kruskal-Wallis, t‑Test für gepaarte Stichproben und Wilcoxon-Test durchgeführt, wobei p 0,05 als statistisch signifikant akzeptiert wurde.Die intermaxillären (ANB), interdentalen (Overjet) und sagittalen Lippenrelationen in der FM/RPE- und RF-Gruppe zeigten signifikante Verbesserungen im Vergleich zur Kontrollgruppe (p 0,05). Zwar war die anteriore und inferiore Traktion des Oberkiefers in der FM/RPE-Gruppe größer als in der RF-Gruppe (p 0,05), aber beide Behandlungsgruppen zeigten eine ähnliche Posteriorrotation des Unterkiefers im Vergleich zur Kontrollgruppe. Während in der RF-Gruppe im Vergleich zur FM/RPE- und zur Kontrollgruppe eine signifikant stärkere Proklination der Oberkieferschneidezähne auftrat (p 0,05), führten beide Behandlungen zu signifikant retroklinierten Unterkieferschneidezähnen im Vergleich zur Kontrollgruppe (p 0,001).Beide Therapien führten zu intermaxillären und interdentalen Verbesserungen. Die RF-Apparatur hatte einen begrenzten Effekt auf den Oberkiefer und im Vergleich zur FM/RPE-Therapie hauptsächlich dentoalveoläre Effekte.

Objective: The objective was to compare water flosser and regular floss in the efficacy of plaque removal in patients after single use. Materials and Methods: A randomized controlled clinical trial was conducted to compare the plaque removal efficacy of water flosser and regular floss. Eighty three subjects who met the inclusion criteria were recruited from dental clinic. Silness and Löe plaque index was measured for all the subjects prior to and after the intervention by an examiner who was blind to the type of aid used. The type of floss used was randomly assigned to each side of the oral cavity; unflavored waxed regular floss (oral B) used on one side, while a water flosser (Waterpik® Cordless Plus Water Flosser) was used on the other side. A trained investigator used either unflavored waxed regular floss or water flosser as assigned. Paired t-test was used to compare between the two groups. Results: The mean plaque scores at baseline were 1.10(±0.38) and 0.94(±0.38) respectively for regular floss and water flosser. The mean plaque scores were 0.12(±0.13) and 0.12(±0.15) respectively for regular floss and water flosser. There was no statistically significant difference in the plaque scores (p = 0.58) between the groups after the use of respective interdental aids. There was a statistically significant difference in the plaque scores before and after use of interdental aids for both the groups (p

Objectives. This study assessed the shear bond strength (SBS) of four types of orthodontic retainers after thermocycling and cyclic loading. Materials and Methods. This in vitro, experimental study evaluated 120 extracted mandibular central and lateral incisors. The teeth were mounted in acrylic resin blocks in sets of three, such that the interdental contacts and positioning of the teeth resembled the dental arch. The acrylic blocks were divided into four groups (n = 10) for the use of 0.016 × 0.022-inch Bond-A-Braid® wire, 0.0195-inch twisted wire, 0.0175-inch coaxial wire, and 0.038 × 0.016-inch Ortho-Flex Tech® wire, as retainers. The retainers were bonded to the lingual surface of the teeth with Transbond XT adhesive in all groups, and the specimens underwent thermocycling and cyclic loading (125,000 load cycles applied to the incisal edge of the incisor tooth in the middle, simulating 6 months of clinical service). Any fracture in the process of aging was recorded. The teeth were then subjected to vertical loads applied along their occlusoapical axis in a universal testing machine to determine the SBS in Newtons. The adhesive remnant index (ARI) scores were also determined. Data were analyzed using ANOVA, the Monte Carlo chi-square test, and the Kruskal–Wallis test. Results. Thermocycling and cyclic loading did not cause degradation or fracture of the retainers. The SBS and ARI scores of the four groups were not significantly different ( P > 0.05 ). Conclusion. The SBS of retainers with flat rectangular-shaped cross-section was similar to that of retainers with a round cross-section; thus, they have no superiority over each other in this respect.

OBJECTIVES To compare the efficacy and patient-reported outcome measures of oral hygiene instruction methods for calibrated interdental brush. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 60 participants, with 30 each in control and test group, participated in the study. Clinical examination included gingival index, full mouth bleeding scores and approximal plaque index. Supragingival scaling was performed. Interdental access probe was used to assess the size of interdental brush and corresponding interdental brush were given to the participants. For the control group, oral hygiene instructions were given through demonstration with model and video. For the test group, oral hygiene instructions were given through 'Touch-to-Teach' method. At 4-week follow-up, oral hygiene instructions were repeated to respective groups. After 3 months, clinical examination was done and exit survey on patient-reported outcome measures was administered. Statistical analysis was done. RESULTS Intergroup comparison of gingival index, full mouth bleeding index and approximal plaque index showed statistically significant difference between test and control group. 'Touch-to-Teach' method of oral hygiene instruction was found to be 'Good'. Acceptance of interdental brush was regarded to be 'Good'. CONCLUSION Within limitations of the study, Touch-to-Teach method of oral hygiene instruction method was found to be effective and more acceptable and participants used the interdental brush regularly.

El fibroma osificante periférico (FOP) es una masa gingival en la que se encuentran focos calcificados. Es una lesión nodular que involucra la encía insertada e interdental. Existe predilección por el sexo femenino y por la región anterior del maxilar. Este trabajo tiene como objetivo reportar el manejo quirúrgico de un fibroma osificante periférico en el maxilar y el reconstructivo inmediato con injerto autógeno. Paciente de sexo femenino, en la tercera década de la vida, que presenta FOP en la región entre incisivos superiores y premolares. Fue tratada quirúrgicamente mediante resección marginal de la lesión bajo anestesia general y reconstrucción inmediata con injerto autólogo de cresta ilíaca. Seguimiento durante 12 meses sin signos de recurrencia.

PURPOSE: This presentation demonstrates a modified surgical approach for multiple gingival recessions in sites with interdental papillae loss and a newly developed method for prediction of the possible root coverage MATERIAL/METHODS: A 41 years old patient with a diagnosis of Periodontitis II Stage, Grade A. The main complaint was the hypersensitivity, which has even increased after the initial periodontal therapy and his chief request was to cover the exposed root surfaces. In order to achieve a harmonic gingival display and good esthetics, root coverage on all teeth from 13 to 25 was required. The surgical planning revealed a decreased height of interdental papillae. The analysis of the maximum achievable root coverage demonstrated that the intended line of coverage could not be reached with the available root coverage procedures. A new surgical technique, together with a new measuring protocol for accurate prediction of the achievable level of root coverage were developed. RESULT: One year after treatment, a consistent root coverage was observed with an established proper gingival profile The achieved line of the gingival margin completely coincided with the presurgical planning. The patient was fully satisfied with the esthetic result and the reduction of the hypersensitivity. CONCLUSION: In the limitation of the presented case, the developed new method for prediction of the root coverage and modified surgical approach for cases with interdental papillae loss and preserved isthmus provided a predictable increase of the achievable root coverage. Further research is required to study the efficiency of this newly developed surgical approach.

Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate the self-perception of oral malodour and oral hygiene habits among dental students in Ernakulam district of Kerala. Materials and Methods: A structured and validated questionnaire comprising of ten questions was distributed to 787 students of five dental colleges in the Ernakulam district of Kerala. The questionnaire evaluated the self-perception of halitosis, the oral hygiene practices among them and the presence of gingival bleeding, dental caries and dryness of mouth. Results: The dental students here included 678 females and 109 males. Self-perceived halitosis was reported by 46(42.2%) male students and 221(32.6%) female students showing a statistically significant difference (p

The interdental papilla plays an important role in terms of esthetics and function. Management of the interdental papilla, especially around implants can be challenging. One of the factors mentioned in the literature that affects the viability of the papilla is the distance of the interdental contact point from the crest of the bone. The following case report describes a technique to predictably achieve an interdental contact area within the proper distance from the crest of the bone to help maintain the papilla for the long term.

Background: The vertical facial growth pattern is one of the most important issue in the orthodontic diagnosis and treatment. Previous studies investigated the association between interdental bone thickness and facial divergence using mainly bidimensional analysis. When two-dimensional dental radiographic views are not sufficient for diagnosis and measurements, cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) images should be used to assess the alveolar bone structure three-dimensionally and with high accuracy and reliability.The aim of the present study was to evaluate the correlation between alveolar bone thickness and facial divergence in young adults untreated patients using a three-dimensional method analysis with CBCT images. Methods: Records of 30 untreated patients (mean age 16 ± 2 years) with Angle Class I and mild to moderate crowding were analyzed. Subjects were classified as hypodivergent (43°). according to the inter-maxillary angle between the sagittal maxillary plane (ANS-PNS) and the mandibular plane (GN-ME). The alveolar bone thickness measurements were taken for the buccal and palatal/lingual surfaces of maxillary and mandibular anterior teeth. Axial-guided navigation (AGN) was used to locate all landmarks using a specific software (Horos 3.0). Results: The statistical analysis showed a significant difference between the hypodivergent and hyperdivergent group regarding buccal bone height (P = 0.005), buccal apical bone thickness (P = 0.003) and palatal mid-root bone thickness (P = 0.006). Moreover, buccal bone height (P = 0.006) was found to be statistically significant different in normodivergent compared with hypodivergent individuals. Conclusions: Facial types were found to be correlated with alveolar bone thickness. The hyperdivergent subjects presented thinner alveolus bone in the anterior maxilla and at almost all sites in the mandible. Clinicians should be aware of the possibility of thin cortical bone plates in hyperdivergent patients, reducing antero-posterior movements to avoid fenestration and dehiscence.

After completing the active phase of periodontal therapy, supportive periodontal care is required to maintain periodontal health. Patient knowledge and awareness are key to periodontal therapy's success, and the study aims to provide baseline data among supportive periodontal care patients in Sarawak. Questionnaires were distributed among patients at two periodontal clinics. Out of 80 responses, 31.3% of respondents believed they had a good-excellent level of periodontal health. 41.3% felt satisfied with their current periodontal condition. 81.3% understood what dental plaque was, 92.5% knew its role in the aetiology of gingival disease, and 93.8% knew it can be controlled with good oral hygiene care. 91.3% of them were aware that; gingival bleeding indicated the presence of periodontal disease, the disease can cause mobile teeth if untreated, and it can be prevented by having regular maintenance. Only 45% were aware that the disease is not 'curable.' Concerning behaviour, 98.8% brushed teeth at least twice daily and used dental floss (43.7%), interdental brush (65%), and mouthwash (52.5%). In the case of gingival bleeding, 70% will continue brushing their teeth, and 36.3% will only use a mouth rinse. 37.5% will attend the appointment if pain arises, and 38.8% believed that a general dentist can sufficiently provide supportive periodontal care. In conclusion, there was inadequate knowledge of periodontitis's curative nature and a lack of understanding of the importance of specialist care's regular follow-up. It is important to reinforce oral health education at SPC.

Objectives To review novel techniques of preserving the entire papilla to minimize the trauma of fragile papilla in periodontal regeneration surgeries. Material and methods Electronic databases (Pubmed) and relevant journals were searched until September 4, 2020. Randomized controlled trials, cross‐sectional and cohort studies in English were included. Three novel approaches of preserving the entire papilla were applied to bone regeneration for intrabony defects, which were entire papilla preservations (EPP), nonincised papillae surgical approach (NIPSA) and modified vestibular incision subperiosteal tunnel access (M‐VISTA). Results Randomized control trials of the novel preserving entire papilla techniques were rarely reported. There were only case series or cohort studies. Several papilla preservation techniques (PPT) or minimally invasiveness surgical techniques (MIST) have existed for a long time. However, these techniques still have dissection at the papilla. There were no related RCTs comparing the three novel approaches of keeping the entire papilla with PPT and MIST. All three techniques showed totally primary wound closure. Compared with PPT/MIST, EPP and NIPSA seemed to have better clinical outcomes in reducing probing depth (PD) and clinical attachment level (CAL) gain. Conclusions EPP and NIPSA seemed to have advanced results of PD reduction and CAL gain than PPT and MIST. This is needed to be confirmed by further research.

Peripheral ossifying fibroma, first reported by Shepard in 1844 as alveolar exostosis, is a non-neoplastic reactive lesion arising as a focal exophytic mass exclusively on the gingiva originating from the interdental area and shows no bone involvement in most cases. The lesion shows propensity for maxilla and incisor-cuspid region with female predilection. The etiological factors include local factors causing gingival irritation like calculus, plaque, ill fitting dentures or orthodontic appliances; and hormonal influence, initiate exhuberant connective tissue response. The lesion shows high recurrence potential , necessitating proper identification, treatment and effective long-term recall protocol. This case report presents a relatively rare case of juvenile peripheral ossifying fibroma in relation to mandibular central & lateral incisors in an adolescent female child followed for upto 1 year after surgical excision

Introduction: The dental clinic has for a long time been considered as a risky place for infection dissemination. Due to aerosol generating procedures, the risk of cross-transmission in dental clinics has recently risen. Open dental clinics should undergo present-time reassessment concerning infection control, in particular, to consider the implications of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic for today’s advanced technological and medical practices. It might be necessary to make urgent and appropriate modifications to the design of air circulation systems in the dental environment to prevent microbial transmission. The Hypothesis: In order to minimise cross-transmission in multi-chair dental operatories, we have designed two model ventilation systems with 12 and 36 air change/hour capacities and with laminar airflow direction. The conditioned air directly blows into the dental treatment units, especially into the aerosol generating area, where the contamination is more concentrated. We hypothesise that these new designs could serve to isolate dental treatment units to function separately like closed dental operatories while keeping them open to each other. Evaluation of the Hypothesis: Thorough physical and biological investigations will be required to determine how these designs can be applied effectively in terms of the required spatial separation of dental treatment units in the open multi-chair dental operatories.

Background and Aim: Reconstruction of interdental papillae (IDP) is among the most difficult periodontal therapy. Papillary recession is multifactorial, and several surgical, nonsurgical, and minimally invasive techniques have been suggested. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the clinical application of injectable hyaluronic acid (HA) gel for the reconstruction of IDP in Nordland and Tarnow's Class I and II papillary recession cases. Materials and Methods: In the present in vivo clinical trial, 7 patients (2 males, 5 females) with 25 defects were selected. A volume of 0.2 ml HA gel was injected at the respective areas and massaged for 2–3 min. Photographs were obtained, and the assessment of the data was performed clinically (CP-GM, interproximal width [IPW]) and by Image analysis software (black triangle height [BTH], black triangle width [BTW]). Comparison of mean values was performed using the analysis of variance, followed by Post hoc Bonferroni test. Value of P ≤ 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: Application of HA gel for the reconstruction of IDP was successful in 6 months. CP-GM, BTH, IPW, and BTW showed a statistically significant difference from baseline to 3 and 6 months interval (P = 0.01). Post hoc Bonferroni test for CP-GM, BTH, BTW, and IPW revealed a statistically significant difference from baseline to 3 months (P ≤ 0.05) and 6 months (P ≤ 0.05) and a nonsignificant difference at 3–6 months (P ≥ 0.05). Conclusion: Injectable HA gel is a promising minimally invasive therapy for enhancing papillary esthetics.

Diastema between the teeth negatively affects the patients' smile, psychology and daily activities by creating a disharmony in the patients' face. The development of diastema has been attributed to several factors such as labial frenulum, microdontia, mesiodens, peg-shaped lateral incisors, agenesis, cysts, habits such as finger sucking, tongue thrusting, or lip sucking, dental malformations, genetics, proclinations, dental-skeletal discrepancies, and imperfect coalescence of interdental septum. Patients often present with complex problems that require a multidisciplinary treatment approach which includes determination of the aetiological factors, soft tissue morphology, occlusion, patient demands and aesthetic consideration to achieve satisfactory outcomes. Lack of current literature on classification of diastemas and multi-disciplinary approach of management led to the proposal of a new classification the ATAC (Anatomic and Therapeutic Classification) for management of the diastema. This case report highlights the use of the proposed classification for management of diastemas, requiring a perio-restorative intervention using a Chu's proportion gauge to achieve ideal aesthetics.

Background: Periodontal disease is a common pathological oral ailment which affects the supporting structures of the teeth. Dental plaque is one of the major causes for gingivitis and periodontitis. If left untreated, this will lead to tooth loss. Studies have shown that oral prophylaxis will reduce gingival and periodontal inflammation by removing the plaque in all the surfaces. The objective was to assess knowledge and practice of interdental aids among people of Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Methodology: A descriptive study was conducted among people using questionnaire. Results: 96% of the subjects brushed their teeth with brush and paste. 59% of the study subjects had knowledge regarding interdental aids, whereas only 15% of them practiced it. 72% of the people mentioned that dentists gave information regarding interdental aids. Conclusions: Among the study subjects, even though there were deficits in few areas, overall knowledge about interdental aids was good and it increased with increasing level of education.

© 2021 The Authors. International Journal of Dental Hygiene published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.Aim: This study aimed to establish the efficacy of a rubber bristles interdental cleaner (RBIC) as an adjunct to toothbrushing (TB) compared to that of the adjuvant use of other interdental cleaning devices and TB alone on plaque and gingivitis parameters. Additionally, the safety aspects and panellists’ appreciation were evaluated. Materials and Methods: Databases were searched for randomized controlled clinical trials (RCTs) evaluating plaque (PI), bleeding (BS), and gingival index (GI) scores, safety assessments, and participants’ appreciation. Extracted data were summarized in a descriptive and, if possible, a meta-analysis. Results: The search retrieved 142 unique papers; six studies with 10 comparisons were included in a descriptive analysis. Five RCTs compared RBICs with interdental brushes (IDBs), four with dental floss (DF) and one with manual TB only. No comparisons to wood sticks were retrieved. Using an RBIC resulted in no difference in plaque scores compared to DF and IDBs. For overall bleeding scores, no difference was found. Two studies analysing the accessible sites separately found RBICs to be more favourable than DF and IDBs. Conversely, one study evaluating the efficacy of RBICs compared to IDBs, according to the GI scores, showed that IDBs achieved significantly greater reduction. Moreover, RBICs caused fewer gingival abrasions and were preferred by the study participants. Conclusion: Based on a descriptive and a meta-analysis of the available literature, it is synthesized that in gingivitis patients, a weak to very weak certainty exists that a RBIC is indicated for gingivitis and plaque reduction. The evidence supports user safety and participants’ preferences.

Background: Interdental areas are more prone to plaque accumulation, thereby increasing the susceptibility for periodontal diseases. Proper method of interdental hygiene assessment and motivation to use interdental aids can potentially reduce the burden of periodontal diseases. Materials and Methods: Fifty consecutive volunteer participants who presented with gingival inflammation were recruited based on the set of inclusion criteria. Further, proposed interdental hygiene index (IDHI) and gingival index were recorded by the examiner. Patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) were recorded on the baseline and 4-week follow-up visits. Descriptive statistics and correlation analysis were performed. Results: The study comprised 50 participants with 22 male and 23 female participants. At baseline, the mean/standard deviation of IDHI was 1.32 ± 0.10 and 0.62 ± 0.21 on follow–up, respectively. For Gingival Index (GI) at baseline, the mean/standard deviation was 1.61 ± 0.15 and 0.70 ± 0.24 on follow–up, respectively. Correlation analysis revealed a significant correlation between IDHI and GI at baseline and follow-up. Majority of the participants scored 0 on the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) for pain, rated “Good” for acceptability of procedure and perceived efficacy of interdental brush. Participants reported to have acquired “High level of motivation” to use an interdental brush. Conclusion: IDHI is a simple and reliable tool to assess the interdental areas of the patient and motivate to use interdental brush for the maintenance of good oral hygiene. PROMs also revealed positive responses from participants.

Background: The aim of this study was to find interrelation among embrasure configuration and recession of median papilla was. To assess impact of extent from the point of contact to bone crest (BC) on the existence of the interproximal papilla by radiographic method and to evaluate the extent between the papilla tip (PT) to the BC by comparing clinical and radiographic methods were the objectives. Methods: With the use of periapical radiographs (paralleling cone technique in RVG with grid) of the maxillary central incisors, the central papilla was evaluated in 100 adults. To evaluate and compare the extent between PT and BC, bone sounding was used. The vertical measurements were: papilla recession, contact point (CP) to BC, CP to proximal cement-enamel junction (pCEJ), and papilla height. The interdental width was the horizontal measurement. According to width interproximally and pCEJ to point of contact extent, total four study groups were divided: long narrow, short narrow, long wide, and short wide. Results: The comparison among radiographic method and clinical method revealed that there was statistically no significant difference between two methods among long-narrow and short-wide group. However, statistically significant difference was noted among short-narrow and long-wide group. Conclusion: Median papilla recession was associated with a wide-long type of embrasure configuration. Although many features such as periodontal phenotype and shape of teeth may influence the probability of the existence of the inter-proximal papilla, therefore the interconnections between these factors are not clear and require further research.

Dental implants have evolved as a standard treatment option for the replacement of missing teeth. Though this treatment modality provides a high level of patient satisfaction and success, it cannot be performed in all cases. Implant use is also restricted when the quality and quantity of bone at the edentulous site is limited, in addition to medically impaired patients. Among the conditions are remaining ridges with reduced interdental spacing, atrophic edentulous maxillary and mandibular ridges, and narrow ridges such as the mandibular incisor and maxillary lateral incisor area. A proper augmentation method for the placement of a regular diameter implant (3.75 to 7 mm) can improve the height and width of bone at such sites. However, bone augmentation and bone grafting procedures are rarely undertaken due to financial constraints, the risk of subjecting the patient to additional surgical procedures, the added time factor, or the guarded prognosis of the grafted site. In such cases, mini-implants are the choice of treatment. Mini-implants have the potential to be a viable alternative to standard-diameter implants in some circumstances. Benefits of mini-implants can be gained by replacing a single missing tooth, or preferably they must be used in multiples to retain fixed dental prostheses and might serve as an inexpensive, and efficient solution for retaining overdentures in selected cases.

It is important to treat periodontitis before involvement of furcation areas because of their complex anatomy and difficulty of access. Literature confirms that it is difficult to accurately determine the relationship of the amount of bone loss in the interdental areas associated with the interradicular areas and correlate them with the clinical periodontal status. The aim of this study was therefore to assess the existence of such an association, if any, in subjects with chronic periodontitis. The threshold of alveolar bone loss associated with progression of periodontal destruction and involvement of interradicular areas of the furcations is not clearly defined in the literature. The aim of this study was to investigate a correlation, if any between interdental and interradicular bone loss and clinical parameters in patients with chronic periodontitis. Periapical (IOPA) radiographs of mandibular molars were obtained from 193 sites in 33 males and 21 females between the age group of 25 and 55 years having chronic periodontitis. These were then scanned and digital measurement of linear distances was performed using dicom software of height and width of defect (horizontal and vertical), bone defect angle and interradicular bone loss. These measurements were correlated to pocket depth (PD) and clinical attachment loss (CAL) using One-way ANOVA followed by Tukeys HSD post hoc tests. Bone height significantly correlated with probing depth and CAL in horizontal defects (p

Background & Aims: A research shows that lower right second premolar was among the most frequently missing teeth (3.7%). Only (0.08%) of the research subjects had six or more missing tooth (Oligodontia). The purpose of this study is: Diagnosis of developmental defects of the dental hard tissues and their treatment. Case summary: In order to conduct the study, we received pre-declared informed consent from the parents of a patient who is 10 (ten) years old. The study was conducted in 2019-2020. Caries status was evaluated using both clinical and radiographic data and assessed as D1/D2 – enamel lesion and D3/D4 as dentin lesion. Dental status and treatment. We defined the diagnoses: Caries medioocclussalys d3b on tooth 65; Caries distoocclussalys d3b on tooth 64. Caries was treated by fillings of the cavities with a Direct compomer. Deep non-mineralized fissure of tooth 36 with subsequent application of sealant. Orthopantomography also shows Hypodontia premolar dentis teeth (35, 44, 45); Hypodontia dentis (18, 28, 38, 48 D: Oligodontia). Diagnosis: 10-year-old boy with hypoplasia of the upper permanent incisors and Oligodontia. The patient was treated with non-invasive and invasive methods of treatment. The study was conducted at the University Medical and Dental Center, Varna, Bulgaria. Conclusion: 1. Developmental anomalies associated with tooth agenesis include delayed tooth formation, prolonged primary tooth exfoliation, retained primary teeth, interdental spacing. 2. Enamel hypoplasia increases the risk of developing dental caries. 3. Early diagnosis allows optimal patient management and treatment planning and can reduce complications of the planned treatment.

Uno de los problemas esteticos odontologicos mas frecuentes es la presencia de triangulos negros por la perdida de la papila interdental. Existen varias opciones de tratamiento quirurgico y no quirurgico para corregir esta anomalia, entre las mas novedosas y menos invasivas, encontramos la utilizacion de un gel inyectable de acido hialuronico para la reconstruccion de la papila interdental. El objetivo del estudio fue realizar una recopilacion bibliografica sobre la efectividad del acido hialuronico como tratamiento para la reconstruccion de la papila interdental. ABSTRACT Interdental papilla reconstruction with hyaluronic acid. Mini review One of the most frequent cosmetic dental problems is the presence of black triangles due to the loss of the interdental papilla. There are several surgical and non-surgical treatment options to correct this anomaly, among the most innovative and less invasive we found the use of an injectable gel of hyaluronic acid for the reconstruction of the interdental papilla. The objective of the study was to carry out a bibliographic compilation on the effectiveness of hyaluronic acid as a treatment for the reconstruction of the interdental papilla.

The new classification of periodontal diseases recognizes the key role of the interdental clinical attachment for defining the periodontal status and the extent of disease severity. Regenerating interdental clinical attachment not only improves the prognosis of the tooth, but it also lessens the severity of the disease condition. This manuscript provides a state-of-the-art review on surgical reconstructive approaches for treating papillary deficiency associated with soft and hard tissue interproximal defects. Combination therapy of papilla preservation, connective tissue grafting, and coronally advanced flaps may result in regeneration of the intrabony defect coupled with root coverage. Future research highlighted in this review may have the potential especially in combination approaches to repair challenging interproximal soft and hard tissue deficiencies.

The long-term effectiveness of powered toothbrushes (PTBs) and interdental cleaning aids (IDAs) on a population level is unproven. We evaluated to what extent changes in PTB and IDA use may explain changes in periodontitis, caries, and tooth loss over the course of 17 y using data for adults (35 to 44 y) and seniors (65 to 74 y) from 3 independent cross-sectional surveys of the German Oral Health Studies (DMS). Oaxaca decomposition analyses assessed to what extent changes in mean probing depth (PD), number of caries-free surfaces, and number of teeth between 1) DMS III and DMS V and 2) DMS IV and DMS V could be explained by changes in PTB and IDA use. Between DMS III and V, PTB (adults: 33.5%; seniors: 28.5%) and IDA use (adults: 32.5%; seniors: 41.4%) increased along with an increase in mean PD, number of caries-free surfaces, and number of teeth. Among adults, IDA use contributed toward increased number of teeth between DMS III and V as well as DMS IV and V. In general, the estimates for adults were of lower magnitude. Among seniors between DMS III and V, PTB and IDA use explained a significant amount of explained change in the number of caries-free surfaces (1.72 and 5.80 out of 8.44, respectively) and the number of teeth (0.49 and 1.25 out of 2.19, respectively). Between DMS IV and V, PTB and IDA use contributed most of the explained change in caries-free surfaces (0.85 and 1.61 out of 2.72, respectively) and the number of teeth (0.25 and 0.46 out of 0.94, respectively) among seniors. In contrast to reported results from short-term clinical studies, in the long run, both PTB and IDA use contributed to increased number of caries-free healthy surfaces and teeth in both adults and seniors.

The objective of this study was to assess the efficacy of Hyaluronic Acid (HA) on interdental papilla (IDP) loss in the esthetic zone. Twenty one subjects (14 females and 7 males) from those referred for treatment of IDP loss at Periodontics postgraduate clinics at the Jordan University of Science and Technology. A total of 86 interdental sites (58 sites in the maxillary jaw and 28 sites in the mandibular jaw) were treated and followed up. A 0.2 ml of Hyaluronic acid was injected in each receded IDP site and injections were repeated after 21 days. Papilla sites were evaluated and statistically analyzed. At the 3 week interval the mean reduction of black triangle (BT) height was 0.17 mm (8% reduction) (P-value

This study aimed to clarify the relationship between community-dwelling older women’s participation period in community-based exercise programs and their oral and physical functioning. Long-term participation in an exercise program is associated with greater handgrip strength and repetition of the monosyllable /ka/ in independent older Japanese women. Physical function and tongue motor function may be related to participation duration in an exercise program. The present study aimed to clarify the relationship between community-dwelling older women’s participation period in community-based exercise programs and their oral and physical functioning. From May to September 2019, we recruited 205 older women (mean age: 77.6 ± 5.5 years) who had joined weekly long-term care prevention programs such as community-based exercise programs that included oral and physical exercises, in Hiroshima Prefecture, Japan. Physical function was evaluated using a handgrip strength test, a Timed Up & Go test, a one-leg standing test, and a 30-s chair stand test. Tongue pressure, oral diadochokinesis, and Dysphagia Risk Assessment for the Community-dwelling Elderly were measured to evaluate oral functioning. After adjusting for clinical factors (i.e., age, BMI, hypertension, diabetes, stroke, heart disease, joint disease, osteoporosis, remaining teeth, denture use, oral wetness, history of dental examinations in the last year, use of interdental brush and/or dental floss), we compared the oral and physical function parameters of participants from varying program engagement periods using propensity score matching. A significant increase in mean handgrip strength was found in people who had been participating for ≥ 5 years compared with those who had been participating for

From a sample of 108 periodontally healthy volunteers with different combinations of morphometric data related to maxillary central anterior teeth and the surrounding soft tissues, this article aims to categorize gingival phenotypes according to tooth and gingival parameters, as well as assess the relationships between tooth shape and gingival characteristics, such as the papillary height (PH) and faciolingual thickness (FLT) of the papilla base. The periodontal phenotypes of 108 volunteers were confirmed using the periodontal probe transmission method for Kan classification. The FLT, PH, and the crown width to crown length (CW/CL) ratio for maxillary anterior teeth were measured. K-clustering was used to classify the anterior tooth shape into three groups: triangular, square, and compound. The mean CW/CL ratio for the maxillary anterior tooth position of the thick phenotype was greater than that of the thin phenotype. The PH and FLT for the maxillary anterior interdental papillae were greater for the thin phenotype group than for the thick phenotype group. A negative correlation was observed between the CW/CL ratio and both PH and FLT (P < .05 for both). However, a significant positive correlation was observed between FLT and PH. CW/CL ratio, FLT, and PH were all associated with the gingival phenotype with significant statistical correlations (P < .05 for all). Triangular teeth were correlated with scallop-shaped gingiva in the faciolingual area, while square teeth were associated with a flat gingiva.

The purpose of this retrospective survey was to assess the esthetic aspects of adjacent zirconia and titanium implants in the anterior maxillary area. A total of 40 patients and 109 adjacent implants (17 patients with 47 titanium implants and 23 patients with 62 zirconia implants) was included. The primary aim of this survey was to assess the papillary fill (Jemt score). Additionally, further esthetic aspects were assessed. Papillae were fully present (Jemt score 3) around 39.1% of adjacent zirconia implants and 17.4% of adjacent titanium implants (p

Introduction Adherence to dietary advice and proper oral hygiene practices during orthodontic treatment are critical to maintaining good oral health and achieving successful treatment results. Thus, understanding patients' habits and practices before, during, and after orthodontic treatment is needed to ensure better oral health-related behavior among these patients. Purpose To investigate sugar-related dietary habits, visits to dental hygienists and dentists, and oral hygiene practices among patients during orthodontic treatment and after treatment compared to patients before treatment. Methods A cross-sectional self-administered survey collected data from 375 patients (aged 10 years and older) from the Orthodontic Department at King Abdulaziz University Dental Hospital, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. Patients were grouped according to their history of receiving orthodontic treatment into: patients before orthodontic treatment, patients during treatment, and patients after treatment. The survey assessed sugar-related dietary habits, frequency of visits to hygienists and dentists, and oral hygiene practices. Results Patients during orthodontic treatment and those after treatment were less likely to eat sticky food compared to patients before treatment (OR=0.4, 95% CI=0.2-0.9 and OR=0.5, 95% CI=0.3-0.9, respectively). No significant differences were found in the odds of dental visits among the groups. Compared to patients before orthodontic treatment, patients during treatment and patients after treatment had higher odds of tooth brushing twice or more per day (OR=4.8, 95% CI=1.7-14.3, and OR=4.0, 95% CI=1.2-13.6, respectively) and were more likely to brush for an adequate time (OR=2.6, 95% CI=1.6-4.4 and OR=1.9, 95% CI=1.0-3.5, respectively). Moreover, the likelihood of flossing once daily was higher in patients during treatment and in patients after treatment relative to those before treatment. However, only patients during orthodontic treatment used interdental brushes more than patients before treatment. Conclusion Patients' oral health-related behavior seems to improve during and after orthodontic treatment. The findings of this study suggest that orthodontists can play a role in improving oral hygiene practices among their patients. More reinforcement of dietary instructions and periodic dental and hygiene visits is needed during orthodontic follow-up appointments.

Reconstruction of the alveolar cleft is very important for providing both aesthetic as well as functional benefits to the patients with cleft lip and palate. The autogenous iliac crest is the most widely used bone graft in SABG procedures. There are very few published studies in the literature where tooth as an autogenous graft is used in dentoalveolar defects. Through the medium of this article, we present a novel idea of the tooth as a graft in a 20-year-old male patient with bilateral cleft alveolus. Grafting of the bilateral cleft alveolus was done by using an autogenous graft from the teeth which were indicated for extraction. The patient was monitored at 1-week, 1-month, and 6-month intervals postoperatively. On the Bergland scale, the bone graft of Type I was seen on the right side as the interdental bone level was normal and Type II was seen on the left side as the interdental bone level was greater than three-quarters of normal height. The result of this report proves that autogenous tooth graft is equally effective as compared to the other options available today. The postoperative complications are also minimal with no donor site morbidity.

Esthetics is an integral part of successful periodontal therapy. Interdental papilla plays a significant part in esthetics. Loss of interdental papilla leads to gingival black triangles. To prevent this, many surgical modifications in the flap designs have evolved over the years. This review focuses on anatomy of interdental papilla, different types of interdental papillary loss and its various preservation techniques.

Introdução: Pacientes com dentes curtos e ameias abertas, relatam muita insatisfação com seu sorriso. A gengivoplastia, quando bem indicada, permite o aumento no tamanho da coroa dentária de forma a reduzir a necessidade de aumento incisal com resina composta. A reanatomização com resinas compostas para fechamento de ameias e aumentos incisais representa uma alternativa conservadora, pois trata-se de uma técnica adesiva direta que pode ser realizada sem nenhum desgaste dentário. Além disso é uma técnica reversível preferível para pacientes jovens. Objetivo: Apresentar um relato de caso clínico de paciente do sexo masculino, 22 anos, insatisfeito com o tamanho, cor e a forma dos seus dentes anteriores. Descrição do Caso: Ao exame clínico foi observado coroa curta, escurecimento fisiológico, espaços interdentais e desalinhamento das bordas incisais. O plano de tratamento proposto foi encaminhar para a gengivoplastia, clareamento dental pela técnica associada e reanatomização estética dos dentes anteriores com resina composta direta estratificada com diferentes camadas e cores, e posterior texturização superficial durante as fases de acabamento e polimento finais. Conclusões: Com a gengivoplastia e as restaurações, obtivemos dentes reanatomizados, reproduzindo naturalidade de forma, textura e cor. Com planejamento e técnica adequada, foi possível restabelecer o sorriso com proporções, forma e naturalidade satisfatórias.

To evaluate the correlation between spacing in the primary dentition and caries experience. One hundred seventy-four clinical records, including photographs during 2017–2019 were assessed for primate, generalised and interdental spaces. The mean of decayed, missing or filled teeth and surfaces (dmft and dmfs) were recorded to quantify the caries experience. Linear regression analyses were used to ascertain correlations between spacing and dental caries. The strength of the associations was quantified using odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI). Ninety-seven boys and 77 girls were included in the final analysis. Approximately 41% of children had primate space in all four quadrants, and 15% of children had no primate spaces in all four quadrants. 50% of children did not exhibit generalised spacing, while 39% of children showed interdental spacing. Children with no primate space had approximately five surfaces higher dmfs score compared to those with primate space in all four quadrants (95% CI − 9.27 to − 1.23; p

This paper examines the influence of ethnicity on the realization of the English fricatives articulated by selected educated speakers of English from four ethnic groups of Ebira, Igala, Hausa and Okun-Yoruba residing in Lokoja, a North-Central city of Nigeria. Data for the study consist of 1080 tokens elicited from 120 informants. The study was guided by a synthesis of the theoretical frameworks of Honey’s (1997) Sociophonology and Azevedo’s (1981) Contrastive Phonology. Perceptual and acoustic analyses of the data reveal that, although speakers tendto not articulate sounds that are absent in their phonemic inventory with the dexterity expected of their level of education, co-habitation seems a factor that has robbed off on the respondents’ level of performance in this study. Results reveal further that 80% overcame their linguistic challenges to correctly articulate the test items while 30% generally had difficulty articulating the interdental fricatives /P/ and /D/ and the voiced palato-alveolar fricative /Z/; perhaps, because these sounds are absent in their respective phonemic inventories. The paper submits additionally that, phonology is still resistant to input (cf. Fajobi, 2013), level of education notwithstanding. However, positive social relations could impact positively on language use and competence in any pluralinguistic English as a second language (ESL) environment.

Aim: To analyze the association between teeth brushing (TB) and interdental cleansing (IDC) frequency changes with gingival health status and the stage and grade of periodontitis. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study consisted of clinical examination and questionnaires. The questionnaires include demographic information and oral hygiene (TB and IDC) behavior. More than 18-year-old participants who underwent a periodontal treatment were randomly included. 548 individuals were classified as gingival healthy, gingivitis, and periodontitis according to the 2017 classification system. The degree of periodontitis was based on stage and grade systems. The data were analyzed by using Kruskal–Wallis and Mann–Whitney U tests. Results: The highest TB frequency (twice daily) was the highest in patients with gingivitis (83.7%) followed by healthy patients (82.9%) and patients with stage I periodontitis (52.2%). Compared to those who performed IDC daily, 18.9% of patients were healthy and 8.1% had stage II periodontitis. There was a statistically significant association between the oral hygiene behavior and periodontal health status of participants. Statistically significant association was seen between the TB and IDC with stage-grade of periodontitis. When the TB and IDC scores of different grade groups were compared at the same stage level, no statistically significant difference was found. Conclusion: This study showed that periodontal health status was positively correlated with TB and IDC frequency.