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Globally, marine fish communities are being altered by climate change and human disturbances. We examined data on global marine fish communities to assess changes in community‐weighted mean temperature affinity (i.e., mean temperatures within geographic ranges), maximum length, and trophic levels, which, respectively, represent the physiological, morphological, and trophic characteristics of marine fish communities. Then, we explored the influence of climate change and fishing on these characteristics because of their long‐term role in shaping fish communities, especially their interactive effects. We employed spatial linear mixed models to investigate their impacts on community‐weighted mean trait values and on abundance of different fish lengths and trophic groups. Globally, we observed an initial increasing trend in the temperature affinity of marine fish communities, whereas the weighted mean length and trophic levels of fish communities showed a declining trend. However, these shift trends were not significant, likely due to the large variation in midlatitude communities. Fishing pressure increased fish communities' temperature affinity in regions experiencing climate warming. Furthermore, climate warming was associated with an increase in weighted mean length and trophic levels of fish communities. Low climate baseline temperature appeared to mitigate the effect of climate warming on temperature affinity and trophic levels. The effect of climate warming on the relative abundance of different trophic classes and size classes both exhibited a nonlinear pattern. The small and relatively large fish species may benefit from climate warming, whereas the medium and largest size groups may be disadvantaged. Our results highlight the urgency of establishing stepping‐stone marine protected areas to facilitate the migration of fishes to habitats in a warming ocean. Moreover, reducing human disturbance is crucial to mitigate rapid tropicalization, particularly in vulnerable temperate regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding the indirect and interactive effects of environmental stressors is critical to planning conservation interventions, but such effects are poorly understood. For example, invasive species may modify fire effects by altering fire intensity or frequency, increasing or decreasing their abundance in response to fire, and/or changing the trajectory of post‐fire recovery. Without a clear understanding of the direct, indirect, and interactive effects of prescribed fire and invasive species on native plants, managers cannot design effective conservation measures and risk exacerbating invasion through fire or wasting resources on approaches that do not yield desired results. In this study, researchers worked directly with the manager of a wet meadow in southern Idaho to explore how prescribed fire would directly and indirectly impact an iconic native herb (Camassia quamash) in areas invaded by a perennial pasture grass (Alopecurus arundinaceus). We found that spring prescribed fire increased the abundance of invasive A. arundinaceus, which indirectly strengthened its suppression of C. quamash growth and reproduction. In contrast, fire reversed the negative influence of A. arundinaceus on C. quamash survival. Survival rates of C. quamash were higher after fire in areas with greater invasive grass abundance. This study points to the importance of understanding the indirect and interactive effects of prescribed fire and invasives on native plants across their life cycle for restoration projects and suggests fire, at least in spring, is not an appropriate management strategy for reducing A. arundinaceus invasion at this site. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anthropogenic climate warming affects plant communities by changing community structure and function. Studies on climate warming have primarily focused on individual effects of warming, but the interactive effects of warming with biotic factors could be at least as important in community responses to climate change. In addition, climate change experiments spanning multiple years are necessary to capture interannual variability and detect the influence of these effects within ecological communities. Our study explores the individual and interactive effects of warming and insect herbivory on plant traits and community responses within a 7‐year warming and herbivory manipulation experiment in two early successional plant communities in Michigan, USA. We find stronger support for the individual effects of both warming and herbivory on multiple plant morphological and phenological traits; only the timing of plant green‐up and seed set demonstrated an interactive effect between warming and herbivory. With herbivory, warming advanced green‐up, but with reduced herbivory, there was no significant effect of warming. In contrast, warming increased plant biomass, but the effect of warming on biomass did not depend upon the level of insect herbivores. We found that these treatments had stronger effects in some years than others, highlighting the need for multiyear experiments. This study demonstrates that warming and herbivory can have strong direct effects on plant communities, but that their interactive effects are limited in these early successional systems. Because the strength and direction of these effects can vary by ecological context, it is still advisable to include levels of biotic interactions, multiple traits and years, and community type when studying climate change effects on plants and their communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Endocrine function in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM) typically differs from those with normal glucose tolerance (NGT). However, few epidemiologic studies have explored how these differences impact the association between exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and vitamin D levels. Methods: This study included 1,705 subjects aged 18–79 years from the Henan Rural Cohort [887 NGT and 818 T2DM]. Linear regression was applied to evaluate the associations between PCB exposure and vitamin D levels. Quantile g-computation regression (QG) and Bayesian kernel machine regression (BKMR) were applied to evaluate the impact of PCB mixtures on vitamin D levels. Interaction effects of ΣPCBs with HOMA2-%β and HOMA2-IR on vitamin D levels were assessed. Results: Plasma ΣPCBs was positively associated with 25(OH)D2 in the NGT group (β = 0.060, 95% CI: 0.028, 0.092). Conversely, in T2DM group, ΣPCBs was negatively associated with 25(OH)D3 and 25(OH)D (β = -0.049, 95% CI: -0.072, -0.026; β = -0.043, 95% CI: -0.063, -0.023). Similarly, both QG and BKMR analysis revealed a negative association between PCB mixture exposure and vitamin D levels in the T2DM group, contrary to the results observed in the NGT groups. Furthermore, the negative association of ΣPCBs with 25(OH)D2 and 25(OH)D disappeared or changed to a positive association with the increase of HOMA2-%β levels. Conclusions: These findings suggest that decreased β cell function may exacerbate the negative effects of PCB exposure on vitamin D levels. Recognizing T2DM patients' sensitivity to PCBs is vital for protecting chronic disease health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Endocrine function in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM) typically differs from those with normal glucose tolerance (NGT). However, few epidemiologic studies have explored how these differences impact the association between exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and vitamin D levels. Methods This study included 1,705 subjects aged 18–79 years from the Henan Rural Cohort [887 NGT and 818 T2DM]. Linear regression was applied to evaluate the associations between PCB exposure and vitamin D levels. Quantile g-computation regression (QG) and Bayesian kernel machine regression (BKMR) were applied to evaluate the impact of PCB mixtures on vitamin D levels. Interaction effects of ΣPCBs with HOMA2-%β and HOMA2-IR on vitamin D levels were assessed. Results Plasma ΣPCBs was positively associated with 25(OH)D2 in the NGT group (β = 0.060, 95% CI: 0.028, 0.092). Conversely, in T2DM group, ΣPCBs was negatively associated with 25(OH)D3 and 25(OH)D (β = -0.049, 95% CI: -0.072, -0.026; β = -0.043, 95% CI: -0.063, -0.023). Similarly, both QG and BKMR analysis revealed a negative association between PCB mixture exposure and vitamin D levels in the T2DM group, contrary to the results observed in the NGT groups. Furthermore, the negative association of ΣPCBs with 25(OH)D2 and 25(OH)D disappeared or changed to a positive association with the increase of HOMA2-%β levels. Conclusions These findings suggest that decreased β cell function may exacerbate the negative effects of PCB exposure on vitamin D levels. Recognizing T2DM patients’ sensitivity to PCBs is vital for protecting chronic disease health.

Amphibians are the most threatened vertebrate class globally. Multiple factors have been implicated in their global decline, and it has been hypothesized that interactions between stressors may be a major cause. Increased ultraviolet (UV) radiation, as a result of ozone depletion, has been identified as one such stressor. Exposure to UV radiation has been shown to have detrimental effects on amphibians and can exacerbate the effects of other stressors, such as chemical pollutants. Chemical pollution has likewise been recognized as a major factor contributing to amphibian declines, particularly, endocrine‐disrupting chemicals. In this regard, 17β‐trenbolone is a potent anabolic steroid used in the agricultural industry to increase muscle mass in cattle and has been repeatedly detected in the environment where amphibians live and breed. At high concentrations, 17β‐trenbolone has been shown to impact amphibian survival and gonadal development. In the present study, we investigated the effects of environmentally realistic UV radiation and 17β‐trenbolone exposure, both in isolation and in combination, on the morphology and behavior of tadpoles (Limnodynastes tasmaniensis). We found that neither stressor in isolation affected tadpoles, nor did we find any interactive effects. The results from our 17β‐trenbolone treatment are consistent with recent research suggesting that, at environmentally realistic concentrations, tadpoles may be less vulnerable to this pollutant compared to other vertebrate classes. The absence of UV radiation–induced effects found in the present study could be due to species‐specific variation in susceptibility, as well as the dosage utilized. We suggest that future research should incorporate long‐term studies with multiple stressors to accurately identify the threats to, and subsequent consequences for, amphibians under natural conditions. Environ Toxicol Chem 2024;43:1615–1626. © 2024 The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of SETAC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background The impact of heat waves and atmospheric oxidising pollutants on residential mortality within the framework of global climate change has become increasingly important. Objective In this research, the interactive effects of heat waves and oxidising pollutants on the risk of residential mortality in Fuzhou were examined. Methods We collected environmental, meteorological, and residential mortality data in Fuzhou from 1 January 2016, to 31 December 2021. We then applied a generalised additive model, distributed lagged nonlinear model, and bivariate three-dimensional model to investigate the effects and interactions of various atmospheric oxidising pollutants and heat waves on the risk of residential mortality. Results Atmospheric oxidising pollutants increased the risk of residential mortality at lower concentrations, and O3 and Ox were positively associated with a maximum risk of 2.19% (95% CI: 0.74–3.66) and 1.29% (95% CI: 0.51–2.08). The risk of residential mortality increased with increasing temperature, with a strong and long-lasting effect and a maximum cumulative lagged effect of 1.11% (95% CI: 1.01, 1.23). Furthermore, an interaction between atmospheric oxidising pollutants and heat waves may have occurred: the larger effects in the longest cumulative lag time on residential mortality per 10 µg/m3 increase in O3, NO2 and Ox during heat waves compared to non-heat waves were [−3.81% (95% CI: −14.82, 8.63)]; [−0.45% (95% CI: −2.67, 1.81)]; [67.90% (95% CI: 11.55, 152.71)]; 16.37% (95% CI: 2.43, 32.20)]; [−3.00% (95% CI: −20.80, 18.79)]; [−0.30% (95% CI: −3.53, 3.04)]. The risk on heat wave days was significantly higher than that on non-heat wave days and higher than the separate effects of oxidising pollutants and heat waves. Conclusions Overall, we found some evidence suggesting that heat waves increase the impact of oxidising atmospheric pollutants on residential mortality to some extent.

Knowledge of the potential interactive effects of drought and flooding on the maximum carboxylation rate at 25°C (Vmax25) and maximum hydraulic conductance (Kmax) is essential for the precise modeling of crop growth, water-carbon cycling, and crop yield formation. However, the lack of data on drought–flood abrupt alternation (DF) experiments and appropriate models to calibrate parameters without the need to specify photosynthetic and hydraulic transport capacity a priori make it difficult to further our understanding of the potential interaction effects on Vmax25 and Kmax. Hence, this study aimed to investigate the potential effects of interactions between the preceding drought and the subsequent flooding on Vmax25 and Kmax. We propose a nested optimization model for calibrating photosynthetic and hydraulic conductance capacity while simultaneously modeling carbon assimilation rate and stomatal conductance. A two-year DF experiment for rice from 2017 to 2018 was conducted to validate the new framework at the Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Hydropower of Anhui Province, Bengbu, China. The results show that reasonable Kmax and Vmax25 from gas exchange data can be extracted with the proposed nested model framework. We find two distinct interactions between the prior drought and the subsequent flooding on Vmax25 and Kmax: (1) the antagonistic effect of the preceding mild drought on the subsequent-flood-induced reduction of hydraulic transport and photosynthetic capacity, and (2) the synergistic effect of the subsequent flooding on the preceding drought-induced reduction in hydraulic transport and photosynthetic capacity. Revealing the interaction of drought and flooding on Kmax and Vmax25 of rice under DF events helps to understand rice’s response to compound water stress on multiple timescales and the stomatal and non-stomatal co-limitations, and these findings can be used as valuable guidelines for accurately predicting the impact of future extreme weather events on agricultural production.

The spatial gradients of protein and starch in wheat grains affected the grain milling characteristics and flour utilization. The increase in compound heat stress and drought stress (HDS) due to global climate change threatens wheat grain yield and quality parameters, but the impacts of extreme climate events on the gradients of protein and starch in wheat grains remain unclear. In this study, two-year, environment-controlled experiments with four heat stress levels (17/27, 21/31, 25/35, and 29/39°C) and three drought stress levels (30 %, 55 %, and 75 % field capacity) were conducted to investigate the effects of HDS on the gradients of protein and starch concentrations within the five grain layers. The results showed that HDS resulted in significantly greater protein concentrations, while resulting in lower starch concentrations in the wheat grain layers. Among the five layers, the endosperm layers exhibited the greatest increase in protein concentration under HDS, but the starch concentration under HDS decreased in the order of husk > aleurone > endosperm layer. HDS unevenly altered the protein and starch concentrations of the five grain layers. There was significant linear relationship between relative protein and starch concentration with accumulated heat degree days (AHDD). With a 1°C·d increase in AHDD, the protein concentration in the five grain layers increased by 1.17–2.19 %, while the starch concentration decreased by 0.62–0.90 %, depending on the drought stress levels. A significant linear relationship was also observed between the relative protein and starch concentrations and evapotranspiration (ET). A 1 mm increase in ET led to a protein concentration decrease of 0.58–0.76 % in P1-P5, with a corresponding starch concentration increase of 0.28–0.46 %, depending on cultivar and treatment stages. Our results indicate that HDS significantly impacts the grain quality parameters for the flour milling process and human diet and will provide important insights into adapting wheat quality to climate change.

The flow pattern in an opaque mold cannot be readily visible, and worker experience plays a major role in controlling it, even though it has a significant impact on slab quality in a continuous casting (CC) mold. An Eulerian–Eulerian two‐fluid model is used to comprehensively study the two‐phase flow of argon and molten steel in a slab CC mold. The positions of vortex centers in upper/lower recirculation zones and the impingement point of jet flow on the narrow face of mold are identified and their distribution is analyzed. The interactive effects of casting speed, argon flow rate, and immersion depth of the submerged entry nozzle (SEN) on the flow pattern inside the mold are revealed. 2D and 3D flow pattern regimes are plotted and the boundary lines and boundary surfaces are fit with exponential functions and ternary functions, respectively. To obtain a double roll flow in the slab CC mold investigated, the relation among argon flow rate (Qg$Q_{\text{g}}$), casting speed (Cl$C_{\text{l}}$), and the immersion depth of the SEN (SSEN$S_{\text{SEN}}$) should satisfy, Qg<−0.2799SSEN−119.3086Cl+0.2811SSENCl+0.0003SSEN2+51.2864Cl2+67.6296$Q_{\text{g}} &amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;lt; - 0.2799 S_{\text{SEN}} - 119.3086 C_{\text{l}} &amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;plus; 0.2811 S_{\text{SEN}} C_{\text{l}} &amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;plus; 0.0003 S_{\text{SEN}}^{2} &amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;plus; 51.2864 C_{\text{l}}^{2} &amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;plus; 67.6296$. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Grassland ecosystems are important for the provision of food, fuel and fibre. They represent globally important carbon (C) reservoirs that are under pressure from intensive management and ongoing climate change. How these drivers of change will interact to affect grassland soil C and nitrogen (N) cycling and heterotrophic and autotrophic respiration remains uncertain. Roots and mycelia in grassland soil are important regulators of ecosystem functioning and likely to be an influential determinant of CO2 fluxes responses to global change. The aim of this study was to investigate the interactive effect of climate warming and grassland management on soil respiration originating from roots rhizosphere, mycelia and free‐living microbes. The experiment used a block design to measure the interactive effects of warming, nitrogen addition, aboveground biomass (AGB) removal on belowground respiration in a temperate grassland ecosystem. An in‐growth core method using cores with different mesh sizes was used to partition belowground respiration due to its simplicity of design and efficacy. We found that basal respiration (free‐living microorganisms) was the highest (58.5% of the total emissions), followed by that from roots (22.8%) and mycelia (18.7%) across all treatments. Warming reduced basal respiration whilst AGB removal increased it. An antagonistic interaction between warming and nitrogen addition reduced root respiration, and a three‐way interaction between warming, nitrogen addition and AGB removal affected mycelial respiration. The results show different contributions of belowground biota to soil respiration, and how interactions between climate change and grassland management may influence effects on soil respiration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Modeling policy effects in the context of high-dimensional data requires a balanced consideration of omitted interaction bias and overfitting problems. This paper investigates the role of machine learning algorithms in stabilizing estimates and demonstrates the possible regularization bias caused by common LASSO methods. To overcome the three problems simultaneously, postdouble selection is used to screen for the interaction terms that need to be included in the model, and the variance estimates are expanded to measure the uncertainty of the interaction effects and marginal effects. Monte Carlo simulations analyze the main factors affecting conditional and non-linear relationships: covariance and sample size. The results of empirical examples show that different model settings and estimation methods can lead to observable differences in the conclusion of treatment effect heterogeneity, and in general, post-double selection has better performance than other estimation methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The policy feedback literature has long argued that policies influence politics. Several scholars have examined the interpretive and resource effects of policies on political participation. However, how different policy design characteristics – say their generosity and their delivery – interact to influence political engagement requires further attention. This article demonstrates that policy characteristics within and between policies interact and can have counteracting or complementary effects on engagement. Through a comparative study of homelessness in Melbourne, Australia and Toronto, Canada, and drawing on over 100 interviews with individuals experiencing homelessness, service providers, and policymakers, this article demonstrates the complex effects of policies. Qualitative interview data reveal that different characteristics of policy interact to influence the venue and form of participation, as well as the experiences associated. Anatomizing policies provides nuance to our understanding of effects and interactions with important contributions and areas of future research for policy feedback theory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Although obesity and heart rate (HR) were closely related to the prevalence and development of type 2 diabetes mllitus (T2DM), few studies have shown a co‐association effect of them on T2DM. We aimed at assessing the interactive effects of HR and obesity with prevalence of T2DM in Chinese population, providing the exact cutpoint of the risk threshold for blood glucose with high HR. Materials and Methods: In the Risk Evaluation of cAncers in Chinese diabeTic Individuals: a lONgitudinal study (REACTION) cohorts (N = 8398), the relationship between HR and T2DM was explored by linear regression, logistic regression, and restricted cubic spline, and odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated. Interaction terms between HR and body mass index (BMI) and HR and waist circumference (WC) were introduced into the logistic regression model. Results: In those with HR > 88.0 beats/min, fasting plasma glucose and oral glucose tolerance tests were significantly correlated with HR, and the prevalence of T2DM was highly correlated with HR (all p <.05). There were interactive associations of HR and obesity in patients with T2DM with HR < 74 beats/min. Conclusion: High HR was in interaction with obesity, associating with prevalence of T2DM. The newly subdivided risk threshold for HR with T2DM might be HR > 88 beats/minute. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research findings indicate that in multi-unit systems experiencing subsynchronous oscillations （SSO）， the units tend to exhibit similar torsional vibration frequencies. Therefore， an analysis was conducted on the interactive effects among shaft systems of units with similar frequencies， as well as the mechanisms of system series compensation， electrical distances between units. Additionally， the paper delved into the mechanisms through which system series compensation， electrical distances between units， and similar torsional vibration frequencies impact the SSO. Firstly， based on characteristic matrices， the expression for the complex torque coefficients of two parallel thermal power units in the system was derived. Subsequently， the simplified complex torque coefficient method for a single unit was extended to encompass multi-unit systems， resulting in a streamlined expression for the electrical damping of dual thermal power units. The analysis further examined the influence of other units on the damping of the target unit， revealing that series compensation， electrical distances between units， and similar torsional vibration frequencies all exert an influence on system damping and stability. Finally， the mechanisms through which influencing factors affect the subsynchronous stability of the system were validated through numerical examples.

Abstract Background Research on the effects of body mass index (BMI) on severe headache or migraine is limited and controversial. The aim of this study was to explore the association between BMI and the prevalence of migraine, with particular interest in diabetes status difference. Methods The present study used analyzed data from people who participated in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) between 1999 and 2004. Logistic regression models and restricted cubic spline (RCS) models were applied to investigate the relationship between body mass index and migraine. Results A total of 10,074 adults aged 20 years or older were included in this study. Body mass index was positively related to migraine, and the corresponding odds ratio (OR; 95% CI) was 1.02 (1.01, 1.03; p

In many oceanic regions, anthropogenic warming will coincide with iron (Fe) limitation. Interactive effects between warming and Fe limitation on phytoplankton physiology and biochemical function are likely, as temperature and Fe availability affect many of the same essential cellular pathways. However, we lack a clear understanding of how globally significant phytoplankton such as the picocyanobacteria Synechococcus will respond to these co-occurring stressors, and what underlying molecular mechanisms will drive this response. Moreover, ecotype-specific adaptations can lead to nuanced differences in responses between strains. In this study, Synechococcus isolates YX04-1 (oceanic) and XM-24 (coastal) from the South China Sea were acclimated to Fe limitation at two temperatures, and their physiological and proteomic responses were compared. Both strains exhibited reduced growth due to warming and Fe limitation. However, coastal XM-24 maintained relatively higher growth rates in response to warming under replete Fe, while its growth was notably more compromised under Fe limitation at both temperatures compared with YX04-1. In response to concurrent heat and Fe stress, oceanic YX04-1 was better able to adjust its photosynthetic proteins and minimize the generation of reactive oxygen species while reducing proteome Fe demand. Its intricate proteomic response likely enabled oceanic YX04-1 to mitigate some of the negative impact of warming on its growth during Fe limitation. Our study highlights how ecologically-shaped adaptations in Synechococcus strains even from proximate oceanic regions can lead to differing physiological and proteomic responses to these climate stressors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Soil organic carbon (SOC) and aggregate stability are the critical factors in evaluate soil quality and carbon sinks in agricultural soils. Especially in complex saline soils containing larges amount of sodium and calcium ions. To quantitatively estimate the importance of salinity factors, SOC fractions, and soil aggregate fractions on SOC contents and the mean weight diameter (MWD), as well as to reveal the transformation mechanism of SOC under the interactions between salinity and straw, a laboratory experiment was conducted on three soils with different salinity, with and without straw addition. The results showed that straw and salinity interactions significantly increased the proportion of large macro‐aggregate fractions and the MWD, decreased micro‐aggregate fractions, but promoted the conversion of SOC fractions to mineral‐associated organic carbon (MAOC) of micro‐aggregates in moderately saline soils. The responses of SOC contents and MWD to electrical conductivity (EC1:5) were nonlinear. The exchangeable sodium to calcium ions ratio (E‐Na/E‐Ca) (%IncMSE = 11.4, p < 0.01), and MAOC contents (%IncMSE = 17.0, p < 0.01) provided the best explanations of SOC contents, while the MWD was more explained by calcium carbonate (CaCO3) contents (%IncMSE = 9.6, p < 0.01), and MAOC/SOC (%IncMSE = 10.5, p < 0.01). The proportion of micro‐aggregate fractions was significant drivers of both SOC contents and MWD. The increased MAOC contents was mainly caused by improving the binding sensitivity of aliphatic compounds to salt‐related compounds, and the contents of C–C/C–H and C=O functional groups. The findings offer new perspectives into the mechanism of SOC sequestration and sustainable development of moderately saline soils under straw returning in the Hetao area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Understanding the interactive effects of global change drivers on tree demography is fundamental for realistic predictions of future forest dynamics. Multiple studies have shown increasing drought and exotic pathogens to severely threaten forest persistence by increasing mortality and decreasing growth of adult trees. However, much less is known about their effects on regeneration, and how they might affect seedling performance in additive and non‐additive (synergistic or antagonistic) ways.Here we aimed to fill this gap by experimentally exploring the effects of increasing drought and soil‐borne pathogens on tree regeneration in two types of mixed oak forests (Quercus suber‐Q. canariensis and Q. suber‐Olea europaea) invaded by the exotic soil‐borne oomycete Phytophthora cinnamomi, one of the most aggressive plant pathogens on earth. We conducted a seed sowing experiment with oomycete‐specific fungicide taking advantage of rainfall exclusion infrastructures that excluded 30% of the annual rainfall, simulating predictions of climate change models for Mediterranean systems. Seedling emergence, survival and growth of the three tree species were followed during 3 years.We found that neutral or positive drought effects on regeneration dominated over negative effects in the tree community. Moreover, most positive drought effects on the dominant species (Q. suber) were not direct, but indirectly mediated by soil‐borne pathogens. This was shown by the fact that positive drought effects disappeared with fungicide application.Synthesis: Overall, our results suggest that rainfall reductions predicted by climate change models for the Mediterranean region might have minor direct negative effects on early regeneration of tree species, but could play a major indirect role by limiting the negative effects of exotic pathogens on highly susceptible tree species. These findings highlight that antagonisms among global change drivers should be recognized as important forces that might slow down the current loss of tree health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ecosystem engineers (EEs) strongly influence ecosystems by affecting the abiotic properties of a system to which many biota respond. EEs can, thus, be pivotal species in restoration by helping to move systems toward desired states much faster and more efficiently than direct human intervention on the abiotic state.For EEs to play a central, purposeful role in restoration, it is important to identify guiding principles about how the EEs may best be selected and incorporated.I discuss three important aspects to determine (a) where the utility for EEs is high; (b) where EEs can most easily establish, are easy to handle and scaling‐up their use is possible; and (c) how to recognize and value multiple, coupled and trait‐dependent engineering functions of EEs.Understanding these aspects of EEs should help guide purposeful and efficient choices in our approach to restoration. Read the free Plain Language Summary for this article on the Journal blog. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aquatic communities are increasingly subjected to multiple stressors through global change, including warming, pH shifts, and elevated nutrient concentrations. These stressors often surpass species tolerance range, leading to unpredictable consequences for aquatic communities and ecosystem functioning. Phytoplankton, as the foundation of the aquatic food web, play a crucial role in controlling water quality and the transfer of nutrients and energy to higher trophic levels. Despite the significance in understanding the effect of multiple stressors, further research is required to explore the combined impact of multiple stressors on phytoplankton. In this study, we used a combination of crossed experiment and mechanistic model to analyze the ecological and biogeochemical effects of global change on aquatic ecosystems and to forecast phytoplankton dynamics. We examined the effect of dust (0–75 mg L−1), temperature (19–27°C), and pH (6.3–7.3) on the growth rate of the algal species Scenedesmus obliquus. Furthermore, we carried out a geospatial analysis to identify regions of the planet where aquatic systems could be most affected by atmospheric dust deposition. Our mechanistic model and our empirical data show that dust exerts a positive effect on phytoplankton growth rate, broadening its thermal and pH tolerance range. Finally, our geospatial analysis identifies several high‐risk areas including the highlands of the Tibetan Plateau, western United States, South America, central and southern Africa, central Australia as well as the Mediterranean region where dust‐induced changes are expected to have the greatest impacts. Overall, our study shows that increasing dust storms associated with a more arid climate and land degradation can reverse the negative effects of high temperatures and low pH on phytoplankton growth, affecting the biogeochemistry of aquatic ecosystems and their role in the cycles of the elements and tolerance to global change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BackgroundTriglyceride-glucose (TyG) index and hypertension were well-established risk factors for stroke. And TyG index was associated with hypertension. However, no prior study has investigated the interactive effects of the TyG index and hypertension on stroke. This study examined whether hypertension mediates associations of TyG index with incident stroke and the extent of interaction or joint relations of TyG index and hypertension with stroke in middle-aged and older Chinese adults.MethodsThe China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS) is an ongoing nationally representative prospective cohort study initiated in 2011. This cohort study included 9,145 middle-aged and older Chinese adults without stroke at baseline. The eposures were TyG index and the logarithmized product of hypertension, as determined during the baseline health examination. The main outcome was self-reported physician-diagnosed stroke which followed up from June 1, 2011, to June 30, 2018.ResultsOf the 9,145 participants, 4,251 were men (46.5%); the mean (SD) age was 59.20 (9.33) years. During a median follow-up of 7.1 years, 637 (7.0%) participants developed stroke. In multivariable-adjusted models, the TyG index was significantly associated with the risk of hypertension [odds ratio (OR) per 1-SD increase, 1.29; 95% CI, 1.19–1.41] and stroke [hazard ratio (HR) per 1-SD increase, 1.16; 95% CI, 1.02–1.33]. Both multiplicative and additive interactions were observed between TyG index and hypertension on stroke (HR for multiplicative: 2.34, 95% CI, 1.57–3.48; Synergy index: 4.13, 95% CI, 2.73–6.25). Mediation analysis showed that 20.0% of the association between TyG index and stroke was mediated through hypertension.ConclusionsThis study suggests a synergistic effect of TyG index and hypertension on stroke, and a small proportion of the association between TyG index and stroke was mediated by hypertension, indicating the benefit of coordinated control strategies for both exposures.

Abstract Background Although obesity and heart rate (HR) were closely related to the prevalence and development of type 2 diabetes mllitus (T2DM), few studies have shown a co‐association effect of them on T2DM. We aimed at assessing the interactive effects of HR and obesity with prevalence of T2DM in Chinese population, providing the exact cutpoint of the risk threshold for blood glucose with high HR. Materials and Methods In the Risk Evaluation of cAncers in Chinese diabeTic Individuals: a lONgitudinal study (REACTION) cohorts (N = 8398), the relationship between HR and T2DM was explored by linear regression, logistic regression, and restricted cubic spline, and odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated. Interaction terms between HR and body mass index (BMI) and HR and waist circumference (WC) were introduced into the logistic regression model. Results In those with HR > 88.0 beats/min, fasting plasma glucose and oral glucose tolerance tests were significantly correlated with HR, and the prevalence of T2DM was highly correlated with HR (all p 88 beats/minute.

This study involved an investigation to assess the performance of limestone sorbent for spray dry scrubbing of sulphur dioxide from simulated flue gas using a lab-scale spray dryer. The project comprised of detailed experimental testing utilizing Central Composite Design (CCD) to investigate the influence of spray drying parameters on the removal of SO2 from flue gas. Several experiments were performed to analyse the influence of stoichiometric ratio (0.5 - 2.5), flue gas flowrate (24 - 36 m3/h), and inlet gas temperature (120 - 200 ℃) on SO2 removal efficiency of limestone. A predictive quadratic model was established based on experimental findings to correlate independent variables and the response. The model exhibited a strong fit to the data, indicated by R-squared coefficient of 0.98. The experimental findings revealed that the stoichiometric ratio (SR) had a large impact on the removal efficiency of SO2 in the spray dryer while the flue gas flowrate through the scrubber exhibited minimal influence. The combined effects of the spray drying variables were found to significantly impact the removal efficiency. A high removal efficiency of 70% was achieved when employing a higher stoichiometric ratio (SR=2) and lower temperature (T=140 °C). The lowest removal efficiency was recorded at a high temperature (T=180 °C) coupled with lower stoichiometric ratio (SR=1). The characterization of the dry collected products revealed evidence of desulphurization, manifesting in the formation of hannebachite (Ca2SO3.2H2O) and unreacted sorbent.

In many oceanic regions, anthropogenic warming will coincide with iron (Fe) limitation. Interactive effects between warming and Fe limitation on phytoplankton physiology and biochemical function are likely, as temperature and Fe availability affect many of the same essential cellular pathways. However, we lack a clear understanding of how globally significant phytoplankton such as the picocyanobacteria Synechococcus will respond to these co-occurring stressors, and what underlying molecular mechanisms will drive this response. Moreover, ecotype-specific adaptations can lead to nuanced differences in responses between strains. In this study, Synechococcus isolates YX04-1 (oceanic) and XM-24 (coastal) from the South China Sea were acclimated to Fe limitation at two temperatures, and their physiological and proteomic responses were compared. Both strains exhibited reduced growth due to warming and Fe limitation. However, coastal XM-24 maintained relatively higher growth rates in response to warming under replete Fe, while its growth was notably more compromised under Fe limitation at both temperatures compared with YX04-1. In response to concurrent heat and Fe stress, oceanic YX04-1 was better able to adjust its photosynthetic proteins and minimize the generation of reactive oxygen species while reducing proteome Fe demand. Its intricate proteomic response likely enabled oceanic YX04-1 to mitigate some of the negative impact of warming on its growth during Fe limitation. Our study highlights how ecologically-shaped adaptations in Synechococcus strains even from proximate oceanic regions can lead to differing physiological and proteomic responses to these climate stressors.

UVA and UVB are two main components of solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation. Some studies have reported the impacts of UV irradiation on plant secondary metabolism and plant growth. However, the role of UV irradiation in plant growth and quality in biochar-treated soils is poorly understood. This study aims to investigate the interactive effects of UV irradiation and biochar application on the growth and quality of Pseudostellaria heterophylla (Miq.) Pax, a popular medicinal plant. Three UV irradiation conditions (no UV irradiation, UVA irradiation at 2.5 W/m2 for 12 h/day and UVB irradiation at 0.05 W/m2 for 0.5 h/day) were considered in biochar-free and biochar (3%)-amended soils. The non-UV irradiated biochar-treated group exhibited the highest tuber yield. UVA irradiation reduced the yield improvement efficiency of biochar, while under UVB irradiation, biochar treatment reduced the tuber biomass. This were mainly because the application of high-nutrient biochar increased plant sensitivity to UV radiation. The UVA-irradiated group without biochar treatment exhibited the maximum polysaccharide concentration in the tuber, which was 38% higher than that of the control. Biochar application inhibited polysaccharide synthesis under UV treatment. The saponin concentration in the tuber was enhanced by up to 79% under UV (particularly UVB) irradiation. The coupled UVB and biochar treatment significantly enhanced saponin synthesis. These results indicate the interactive effects of UV irradiation and biochar treatment on P. heterophylla. Therefore, biochar amendment without UV irradiation is suggested to improve the tuber yield of P. heterophylla. UVA (2.5 W/m2 for 12 h/day) treatment is recommended for higher active ingredient concentration. However, the negative effects of UV irradiation on biochar-induced plant growth promotion should be also considered. This research provides a basis for practical large-scale cultivation in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is mounting evidence from experimental studies that drought and nutrient enrichment can interact to impact the biodiversity and productivity of terrestrial ecosystems. Whether such interactive effect influences plant diversity and the temporal stability of community productivity of natural ecosystems is unknown. To fill this knowledge gap, we combined a field survey of plant diversity and soil conditions with remote sensing temporal estimates of primary productivity in grasslands along a natural gradient in northern China. We found that aridity and soil ammonium (NH4+‐N) interacted to influence temporal stability of NDVI. That is, the relationship between ammonium and temporal stability of NDVI shifted from positive to negative due to increased standard deviation of NDVI with increasing aridity. Species richness was not related to temporal stability because it influenced the mean and standard deviation of NDVI proportionally. As a result, soil fertility outweighed the contribution of species richness to temporal stability. Our study demonstrates the synergistic effect of aridity and soil fertility, but not species richness, on temporal stability along a large natural gradient. Predicting how environmental drivers affect diversity and the stable provisioning of ecosystem services in real‐world ecosystems therefore requires a better understanding of the complex interactions among environmental drivers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Global warming and nitrogen (N) deposition have a profound impact on greenhouse gas (GHG) fluxes and consequently, they also affect climate change. However, the global combined effects of warming and N addition on GHG fluxes remain to be fully understood. To address this knowledge gap, a global meta-analysis of 197 datasets was performed to assess the response of GHG fluxes to warming and N addition and their interactions under various climate and experimental conditions. The results indicate that warming significantly increased CO 2 emissions, while N addition and the combined warming and N addition treatments had no impact on CO 2 emissions. Moreover, both warming and N addition and their interactions exhibited positive effects on N 2 O emissions. Under the combined warming and N addition treatments, warming was observed to exert a positive main effect on CO 2 emissions, while N addition had a positive main effect on N 2 O emissions. The interactive effects of warming and N addition exhibited antagonistic effects on CO 2 , N 2 O, and CH 4 emissions, with CH 4 uptake dominated by additive effects. Furthermore, we identified biome and climate factors as the two treatments. These findings indicate that both warming and N addition substantially impact soil GHG fluxes and highlight the urgent need to investigate the influence of the combination of warming and N addition on terrestrial carbon and N cycling under ongoing global change. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fertilization or atmospheric deposition of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) to terrestrial ecosystems can alter soil N (P) availability and the nature of nutrient limitation for plant growth. Changing the allocation of leaf P fractions is potentially an adaptive strategy for plants to cope with soil N (P) availability and nutrient-limiting conditions. However, the impact of the interactions between imbalanced anthropogenic N and P inputs on the concentrations and allocation proportions of leaf P fractions in forest woody plants remains elusive. We conducted a meta-analysis of data about the concentrations and allocation proportions of leaf P fractions, specifically associated with individual and combined additions of N and P in evergreen forests, the dominant vegetation type in southern China where the primary productivity is usually considered limited by P. This assessment allowed us to quantitatively evaluate the effects of N and P additions alone and interactively on leaf P allocation and use strategies. Nitrogen addition (exacerbating P limitation) reduced the concentrations of leaf total P and different leaf P fractions. Nitrogen addition reduced the allocation to leaf metabolic P but increased the allocation to other fractions, while P addition showed opposite trends. The simultaneous additions of N and P showed an antagonistic (mutual suppression) effect on the concentrations of leaf P fractions, but an additive (summary) effect on the allocation proportions of leaf P fractions. These results highlight the importance of strategies of leaf P fraction allocation in forest plants under changes in environmental nutrient availability. Importantly, our study identified critical interactions associated with combined N and P inputs that affect leaf P fractions, thus aiding in predicting plant acclimation strategies in the context of intensifying and imbalanced anthropogenic nutrient inputs.

While climate and land use change are commonly known to interactively affect biodiversity worldwide, their interactive effects have rarely been explored, hindering our understanding of the attribution of biodiversity change to each of these two drivers. Here, we used ensemble species distribution models to project the potential distribution of 200 Chinese Theaceae species in the 2070s under three types of climate and land use change scenarios: (1) dynamic climate and constant land use, (2) constant climate and dynamic land use and (3) dynamic climate and dynamic land use. We further assessed the single and combined effects of climate and land use change on Theaceae species assemblages in China, and their interactive effects (i.e., additive, antagonistic and synergistic effects) on species losses and gains. Our results revealed that the mean species richness is predicted to change ranging from − 3.43–0.07 species by the 2070 s in China and the predicted species turnover values range from 1.38% to 18.65%. Additive and antagonistic interactions would dominate species losses and gains in at least 26.54% and 30.17% of the study area, respectively, while synergistical interactions would only occur in

Popcorn (Zea mays L. everta) is a specialty crop with a higher aggregate economic value than that of common maize. In Brazil, national literature is still incipient and contradictory in terms of plant population management and water requirements. Furthermore, the interaction between these factors has not been reported, despite the increasing cultivation of popcorn. The objective of this trial was to determine whether agricultural traits and popping expansion from hybrid IAC 125 could be affected by plant density and levels of irrigation water, in addition to determining the significance level of the interaction between both factors. We investigated five plant populations (40,000, 55,000, 70,000, 85,000, and 100,000 plants ha-1) and five different levels of water depth in 2014/2015 [574.86 (without supplementary irrigation), 609.86, 644.86, 679.86 (control), and 714.86 mm] and 2015/2016 [857.4 (without supplementary irrigation), 867.26, 886.60, 916.78 (control), and 959.81 mm] using a complete block design with split-plot, comprising a main plot (for plant populations) and subplot (for water depth), with six replicates for each set. We found increasing linear effects from grain yield under population density and levels of water depth, but this interaction was not significant. Moreover, the popping expansion for the main effects and the interaction between plant populations and water depth, were not significant.

Organisms face energetic challenges of climate change in combination with suites of natural and anthropogenic stressors. In particular, chemical contaminant exposure has neurotoxic, endocrine‐disrupting, and behavioral effects which may additively or interactively combine with challenges associated with climate change. We used a literature review across animal taxa and contaminant classes, but focused on Arctic endotherms and contaminants important in Arctic ecosystems, to demonstrate potential for interactive effects across five bioenergetic domains: (1) energy supply, (2) energy demand, (3) energy storage, (4) energy allocation tradeoffs, and (5) energy management strategies; and involving four climate change‐sensitive environmental stressors: changes in resource availability, temperature, predation risk, and parasitism. Identified examples included relatively equal numbers of synergistic and antagonistic interactions. Synergies are often suggested to be particularly problematic, since they magnify biological effects. However, we emphasize that antagonistic effects on bioenergetic traits can be equally problematic, since they can reflect dampening of beneficial responses and result in negative synergistic effects on fitness. Our review also highlights that empirical demonstrations remain limited, especially in endotherms. Elucidating the nature of climate change‐by‐contaminant interactive effects on bioenergetic traits will build toward determining overall outcomes for energy balance and fitness. Progressing to determine critical species, life stages, and target areas in which transformative effects arise will aid in forecasting broad‐scale bioenergetic outcomes under global change scenarios. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The adverse effects of exposure to thermal inversion (TI) and ozone (O3) on human health have been reported; however, there are few studies have explored the independent and potential interactive effects of them on gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). A total of 31,262 pregnant women from the Wuhan Children's Hospital covering the period from 2017 to 2021 were included in this study. The logistic regression adjusted for the covariates was applied to explore the independent effect of exposure to O3 and TI on GDM. The relative excess risk due to the interaction (RERI) analysis was applied to assess the possible interactive effect. Per 10 μg/m3 increased in O3 (OR = 1.069, 95% CI: 1.049, 1.089) during the first trimester and per 10 days increased in TI (OR = 1.041, 95% CI: 1.005, 1.080) in the second trimester were significantly associated with the risk of GDM. The synergistic effect of exposure to TI and O3 was larger than their sum effect (RERI = 0.330, 95% CI: 0.170, 0.476). This study added further support for public health-related policy to improve maternal health by curbing TI and O3. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phytoplankton growth is controlled by multiple environmental drivers, which are all modified by climate change. While numerous experimental studies identify interactive effects between drivers, large‐scale ocean biogeochemistry models mostly account for growth responses to each driver separately and leave the results of these experimental multiple‐driver studies largely unused. Here, we amend phytoplankton growth functions in a biogeochemical model by dual‐driver interactions (CO2 and temperature, CO2 and light), based on data of a published meta‐analysis on multiple‐driver laboratory experiments. The effect of this parametrization on phytoplankton biomass and community composition is tested using present‐day and future high‐emission (SSP5‐8.5) climate forcing. While the projected decrease in future total global phytoplankton biomass in simulations with driver interactions is similar to that in control simulations without driver interactions (5%–6%), interactive driver effects are group‐specific. Globally, diatom biomass decreases more with interactive effects compared with the control simulation (−8.1% with interactions vs. no change without interactions). Small‐phytoplankton biomass, by contrast, decreases less with on‐going climate change when the model accounts for driver interactions (−5.0% vs. −9.0%). The response of global coccolithophore biomass to future climate conditions is even reversed when interactions are considered (+33.2% instead of −10.8%). Regionally, the largest difference in the future phytoplankton community composition between the simulations with and without driver interactions is detected in the Southern Ocean, where diatom biomass decreases (−7.5%) instead of increases (+14.5%), raising the share of small phytoplankton and coccolithophores of total phytoplankton biomass. Hence, interactive effects impact the phytoplankton community structure and related biogeochemical fluxes in a future ocean. Our approach is a first step to integrate the mechanistic understanding of interacting driver effects on phytoplankton growth gained by numerous laboratory experiments into a global ocean biogeochemistry model, aiming toward more realistic future projections of phytoplankton biomass and community composition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Researchers have explored some environmental factors influencing adolescent mobile phone addiction from different perspectives (e.g., family, school, peers). Few studies, however, have comprehensively tested these influencing factors from multiple environmental systems in a single model and analyzed the interactive effects of cumulative social-environmental risk and individual trait. Moreover, most of previous studies focused on general mobile phone addiction, but have not distinguished and compared different types of mobile phone addiction. Based on prior theoretical and empirical evidence, the present study included eleven environmental factors from family, school, and peer environments (i.e., father-child relationship, mother–child relationship, parental conflict, parental monitoring, parental phubbing, school connectedness, teacher-student relationship, classmate relationship, peer pressure, peer victimization, and deviant peer affiliation). We tested whether cumulative social-environmental risk interacted with trait mindfulness in predicting adolescent mobile phone addiction, and compared whether the interactive effect varied with different types of mobile phone addiction. A total of 1,202 adolescents between 11 and 18 years of age completed the anonymous self-report survey. Results showed that cumulative social-environmental risk index positively predicted four types of mobile phone addiction (i.e., mobile social networking addiction, mobile game addiction, mobile information acquisition addiction, and mobile short-form video addiction), and the predictive effect of cumulative risk index on all four types of mobile phone addiction was stronger than that of any single environmental factor. Trait mindfulness negatively predicted these four types of mobile phone addiction. Moreover, the cumulative social-environmental risk index interacted with trait mindfulness to influence adolescent mobile phone addiction, in that the predictive effects of the cumulative social-environmental risk index on all four types of adolescent mobile phone addiction were stronger among adolescents with low levels of trait mindfulness than for those with high levels of trait mindfulness. However, the effect size of the protective role of mindfulness differed across the four types of mobile phone addiction, with the moderating effect of trait mindfulness being strongest between the cumulative social-environmental risk index and adolescent mobile short-form video addiction compared to other three types of mobile phone addiction. The findings highlight the cumulative risk effect of multiple environmental factors and the protective effect of trait mindfulness in the development of different types of adolescent mobile phone addiction. Limitations and implications are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, we propose a robust approach against heteroscedasticity, error serial correlation and slope heterogeneity in linear models with interactive effects for large panel data. First, consistency and asymptotic normality of the pooled iterated principal component (IPC) estimator for random coefficient and homogeneous slope models are established. Then, we prove the asymptotic validity of the associated Wald test for slope parameter restrictions based on the panel heteroscedasticity and autocorrelation consistent (PHAC) variance matrix estimator for both random coefficient and homogeneous slope models, which does not require the Newey-West type time-series parameter truncation. These results asymptotically justify the use of the same pooled IPC estimator and the PHAC standard error for both homogeneous-slope and heterogeneous-slope models. This robust approach can significantly reduce the model selection uncertainty for applied researchers. In addition, we propose a Lagrange Multiplier (LM) test for correlated random coefficients with covariates. This test has nontrivial power against correlated random coefficients, but not for random coefficients and homogeneous slopes. The LM test is important because the IPC estimator becomes inconsistent with correlated random coefficients. The finite sample evidence and an empirical application support the reliability and the usefulness of our robust approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, we propose a new estimator of panel data models with random interactive effects and multiple structural breaks that is suitable when the number of time periods, T, is fixed and only the number of cross-sectional units, N, is large. This is done by viewing the determination of the breaks as a shrinkage problem, and to estimate both the regression coefficients, and the number of breaks and their locations by applying a version of the Lasso approach. We show that with probability approaching one the approach can correctly determine the number of breaks and the dates of these breaks, and that the estimator of the regime-specific regression coefficients is consistent and asymptotically normal. We also provide Monte Carlo results suggesting that the approach performs very well in small samples, and empirical results suggesting that while the coefficients of the controls are breaking, the coefficients of the main deterrence regressors in a model of crime are not. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Liang Chen,1 Xiaoming Liu,2 Hongjie Tang1 1School of Journalism and Communication, Tsinghua University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China; 2Department of Journalism, School of Communication, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of ChinaCorrespondence: Xiaoming Liu, Department of Journalism, School of Communication, Hong Kong Baptist University, 5 Hereford Road, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China, Tel +852 59826538, Email liuxiaoming@hkbu.edu.hkPurpose: Applying the parental mediation theory, this study investigates the main effects and interactive effects of three parental social media strategies, ie, active mediation, restrictive mediation, and non-intrusive inspection, on cyberbullying among teenagers. A matched child-parent survey was conducted with 642 secondary-school students aged 13– 18 and their parents in China.Results: The results showed that active mediation was negatively associated with both cyberbullying victimization and perpetration. Restrictive mediation was not significantly associated with cyberbullying. Non-intrusive inspection was positively associated with cyberbullying perpetration but not associated with cyberbullying victimization. Moreover, the two-way interaction between active and restrictive mediation as well as the three-way interaction between the three parental mediation strategies significantly affected cyberbullying perpetration and victimization. Specifically, the combination of high-level active mediation and non-intrusive inspection with low-level restrictive mediation was the most effective strategy for preventing cyberbullying.Conclusion: This finding significantly contributes to the parental mediation literature and provide theoretical guidelines for parental intervention to prevent cyberbullying among teenager.Keywords: parental mediation, social media, cyberbullying, interactive effects

Background and Aim: Research on the correlation between Dietary Inflammation Index (DII) and stroke is limited. Patients with high body mass index (BMI), as a high-risk group for stroke, require attention. Therefore, we aimed to examine the interactive effects of dietary inflammation and BMI on the risk of stroke among adults in the United States. Methods and Results: Overall, 9,384 participants were included in this study. The exposure variable was the DII, which was calculated based on the overall inflammatory effect score, and the outcome was stroke. Overall, there was a positive relationship between DII (as a continuous variable) and stroke. Increased level of DII was significantly associated with increased risk of stroke (odds ratio [OR]: 1.21, 95% CI: 1.06–1.38), which was enhanced by higher BMI (OR: 1.35, 95% CI: 1.15–1.58) with significant additive interactions. There was a significant secondary interaction of copresence of BMI ≥25 kg/m2, systolic blood pressure (SBP) ≥140 mmHg, and high DII for increased stroke, with a further increase in OR to 1.41 (1.19–1.67). Conclusions: This cross-sectional study shows that the relationship between higher DII levels and the significant increase in stroke prevalence was further amplified in patients with SBP ≥140 mmHg and higher BMI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Previous studies revealed associations between air-pollutant exposure and in vitro fertilization (IVF) outcomes. However, modification effects of air pollution on IVF outcomes by meteorological conditions remain elusive. Methods: This multicenter retrospective cohort study included 15,217 women from five northern Chinese cities during 2015–2020. Daily average concentrations of air pollutants (PM2.5, PM10, O3, NO2, SO2, and CO) and meteorological factors (temperature, relative humidity, wind speed, and sunshine duration) during different exposure windows were calculated as individual approximate exposure. Generalized estimating equations models and stratified analyses were conducted to assess the associations of air pollution and meteorological conditions with IVF outcomes and estimate potential interactions. Results: Positive associations of wind speed and sunshine duration with pregnancy outcomes were detected. In addition, we observed that embryo transfer in spring and summer had a higher likelihood to achieve a live birth compared with winter. Exposure to PM2.5, SO2, and O3 was adversely correlated with pregnancy outcomes in fresh IVF cycles, and the associations were modified by air temperature, relative humidity, and wind speed. The inverse associations of PM2.5 and SO2 exposure with biochemical pregnancy were stronger at lower temperatures and humidity. Negative associations of PM2.5 with clinical pregnancy were only significant at lower temperatures and wind speeds. Moreover, the effects of O3 on live birth were enhanced by higher wind speed. Conclusions: Our results suggested that the associations between air-pollutant exposure and IVF outcomes were modified by meteorological conditions, especially temperature and wind speed. Women undergoing IVF treatment should be advised to reduce outdoor time when the air quality was poor, particularly at lower temperatures.

Acrylamide (AA) and ochratoxin A (OTA) are contaminants that co-exist in the same foods, and may create a serious threat to human health. However, the combined effects of AA and OTA on intestinal epithelial cells remain unclear. The purpose of this research was to investigate the effects of AA and OTA individually and collectively on Caco-2 cells. The results showed that AA and OTA significantly inhibited Caco-2 cell viability in a concentration- and time-dependent manner, decreased transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) values, and increased the lucifer yellow (LY) permeabilization, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release and reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels. In addition, the levels of IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α increased, while the levels of IL-10 decreased after AA and OTA treatment. Western blot analysis revealed that AA and OTA damaged the intestinal barrier by reducing the expression of the tight junction (TJ) protein. The collective effects of AA and OTA exhibited enhanced toxicity compared to either single compound and, for most of the intestinal barrier function indicators, AA and OTA combined exposure tended to produce synergistic toxicity to Caco-2 cells. Overall, this research suggests the possibility of toxic reactions arising from the interaction of toxic substances present in foodstuffs with those produced during processing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Natural history collections (NHCs) have been indispensable to understanding longer‐term trends of the timing of seasonal events. Massive‐scale digitization of specimens promises to further enable phenological research, especially the ability to move towards a deeper understanding of drivers of change and how trait–environment interactions shape phenological sensitivity.Despite the promise of NHCs to answer fundamental phenology questions, the use of these data resources presents unique and often overlooked challenges requiring specialized workflow steps, such as assembling multisource data, accounting for date imprecision and making decisions about trade‐offs between data density and spatial resolution.We provide a set of key best practice recommendations and showcase these via a case study that utilizes NHC data to test hypotheses about spatiotemporal trends in adult Lepidoptera (i.e. butterflies and moths) flight timing across North America. Our case study is a worked example of these best practices, helping practitioners recognize and overcome potential pitfalls at each step, from data acquisition and cleaning, to delineating spatial units and proper estimation of phenological metrics and associated uncertainty, to building appropriate models.We confirm and extend the critical importance of voltinism and diapause strategy, but less‐so daily activity patterns, for predicting Lepidoptera phenology spatiotemporal trends. Our case study also showcases the unique power of NHC data to test existing hypotheses and generate new insights about temporal phenological trends. Specifically, migratory species and species that enter diapause as adults are advancing the start of flight periods in more recent years, even after accounting for climate context. These results highlight the physiological and adaptive differences between species with different overwintering strategies.We close by noting the value of partnerships between data scientists, museum experts and ecological modellers to fully harness the power of digital data resources to address pressing global change challenges. These partnerships can extend approaches for integrating multiple data types to fully unlock our understanding of the tempo, mode, drivers and outcomes of phenological changes at greater spatial, temporal and taxonomic scales. Read the free Plain Language Summary for this article on the Journal blog. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: The individual and combined effects of abiotic factors on pollinator‐mediated selection on floral traits are not well documented.To examine potential interactive effects of water and nutrient availability on pollinator‐mediated selection on three floral display traits of Primula tibetica, we manipulated pollination and nutrient availability in a factorial experiment, conducted at two common garden sites with different soil water content (natural vs addition).We found that both water and nutrient availability affected floral trait expression in P. tibetica and that hand pollination increased seed production most when both nutrient content and water content were high, indicating joint pollen and resource limitation. We documented selection on all floral traits, and pollinators contributed to directional and correlational selection on plant height and number of flowers. Soil water and nutrient availability interactively influenced the strength of both pollinator‐mediated directional and correlational selection, with significant selection observed when nutrient or water availability was high, but not when none or both were added.The results suggest that resource limitation constrains the response of P. tibetica to among‐individual variation in pollen receipt, that addition of nutrients or water leads to pollinator‐mediated selection and that effects of the two abiotic factors are nonadditive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]