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1. Pesticide Residues in French Soils: Occurrence, Risks, and Persistence

Author: Claire Froger, Claudy Jolivet, Hélène Budzinski, Manon Pierdet, Giovanni Caria, Nicolas P. A. Saby, Dominique Arrouays, Antonio Bispo, Info&Sols (Info&Sols), Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Earth and Planetary Observation Centre (EPOC), University of Stirling, Interactions Sol Plante Atmosphère (UMR ISPA), Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Sciences Agronomiques de Bordeaux-Aquitaine (Bordeaux Sciences Agro)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Laboratoire d'Analyses des Sols (LAS), Laboratoire Avancé de Spectroscopie pour les Intéractions la Réactivité et l'Environnement - UMR 8516 (LASIRE), and Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: [SDE]Environmental Sciences, Environmental Chemistry, General Chemistry
Abstract: International audience
Published: 2023

2. Panta Rhei benchmark dataset

Author: Heidi Kreibich, Kai Schröter, Giuliano Di Baldassarre, Anne F. Van Loon, Maurizio Mazzoleni, Guta Wakbulcho Abeshu, Svetlana Agafonova, Amir AghaKouchak, Hafzullah Aksoy, Camila Alvarez-Garreton, Blanca Aznar, Laila Balkhi, Marlies H. Barendrecht, Sylvain Biancamaria, Liduin Bos-Burgering, Chris Bradley, Yus Budiyono, Wouter Buytaert, Lucinda Capewell, Hayley Carlson, Yonca Cavus, Anaïs Couasnon, Gemma Coxon, Ioannis Daliakopoulos, Marleen C. de Ruiter, Claire Delus, Mathilde Erfurt, Giuseppe Esposito, Didier François, Frédéric Frappart, Jim Freer, Natalia Frolova, Animesh K. Gain, Manolis Grillakis, Jordi Oriol Grima, Diego A. Guzmán, Laurie S. Huning, Monica Ionita, Maxim Kharlamov, Dao Nguyen Khoi, Natalie Kieboom, Maria Kireeva, Aristeidis Koutroulis, Waldo Lavado-Casimiro, Hong-Yi Li, Maria Carmen LLasat, David Macdonald, Johanna Mård, Hannah Mathew-Richards, Andrew McKenzie, Alfonso Mejia, Eduardo Mario Mendiondo, Marjolein Mens, Shifteh Mobini, Guilherme Samprogna Mohor, Viorica Nagavciuc, Thanh Ngo-Duc, Huynh Thi Thao Nguyen, Pham Thi Thao Nhi, Olga Petrucci, Nguyen Hong Quan, Pere Quintana-Seguí, Saman Razavi, Elena Ridolfi, Jannik Riegel, Md Shibly Sadik, Nivedita Sairam, Elisa Savelli, Alexey Sazonov, Sanjib Sharma, Johanna Sörensen, Felipe Augusto Arguello Souza, Kerstin Stahl, Max Steinhausen, Michael Stoelzle, Wiwiana Szalińska, Qiuhong Tang, Fuqiang Tian, Tamara Tokarczyk, Carolina Tovar, Thi Van Thu Tran, Marjolein H. J. van Huijgevoort, Michelle T. H. van Vliet, Sergiy Vorogushyn, Thorsten Wagener, Yueling Wang, Doris E. Wendt, Elliot Wickham, Long Yang, Mauricio Zambrano-Bigiarini, Philip J. Ward, German Research Centre for Geosciences - Helmholtz-Centre Potsdam (GFZ), Uppsala University, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam [Amsterdam] (VU), University of Houston, Lomonosov Moscow State University (MSU), University of California [Irvine] (UC Irvine), University of California (UC), Istanbul Technical University (ITÜ), Center for Climate and Resilience Research [Conception] ((CR)2), Universidad de Concepción - University of Concepcion [Chile], Operations Department, Barcelona Cicle de l’Aigua, University of Saskatchewan [Saskatoon] (U of S), Laboratoire d'études en Géophysique et océanographie spatiales (LEGOS), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Department of Groundwater Management, Deltares, Delft, University of Birmingham [Birmingham], Agency for the Assessment and Application of Technology, Imperial College London, Interactions Sol Plante Atmosphère (UMR ISPA), Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Sciences Agronomiques de Bordeaux-Aquitaine (Bordeaux Sciences Agro)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Water and Climate Risk, and Amsterdam Sustainability Institute
Subjects: Oceanography, Hydrology and Water Resources, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, General Earth and Planetary Sciences, Oceanografi, hydrologi och vattenresurser, SDG 6 - Clean Water and Sanitation
Abstract: As the adverse impacts of hydrological extremes increase in many regions of the world, a better understanding of the drivers of changes in risk and impacts is essential for effective flood and drought risk management and climate adaptation. However, there is currently a lack of comprehensive, empirical data about the processes, interactions and feedbacks in complex human-water systems leading to flood and drought impacts. Here we present a benchmark dataset containing socio-hydrological data of paired events, i.e., two floods or two droughts that occurred in the same area. The 45 paired events occurred in 42 different study areas and cover a wide range of socio-economic and hydro-climatic conditions. The dataset is unique in covering both floods and droughts, in the number of cases assessed, and in the quantity of socio-hydrological data. The benchmark dataset comprises: 1) detailed review style reports about the events and key processes between the two events of a pair; 2) the key data table containing variables that assess the indicators which characterise management shortcomings, hazard, exposure, vulnerability and impacts of all events; 3) a table of the indicators-of-change that indicate the differences between the first and second event of a pair. The advantages of the dataset are that it enables comparative analyses across all the paired events based on the indicators-of-change and allows for detailed context- and location-specific assessments based on the extensive data and reports of the individual study areas. The dataset can be used by the scientific community for exploratory data analyses e.g. focused on causal links between risk management, changes in hazard, exposure and vulnerability and flood or drought impacts. The data can also be used for the development, calibration and validation of socio-hydrological models. The dataset is available to the public through the GFZ Data Services (Kreibich et al. 2023, link for review: https://dataservices.gfz-potsdam.de/panmetaworks/review/923c14519deb04f83815ce108b48dd2581d57b90ce069bec9c948361028b8c85/).
Published: 2023

3. Siberian carbon sink reduced by forest disturbances

Author: Lei Fan, Jean-Pierre Wigneron, Philippe Ciais, Jérome Chave, Martin Brandt, Stephen Sitch, Chao Yue, Ana Bastos, Xin Li, Yuanwei Qin, Wenping Yuan, Dmitry Schepaschenko, Liudmila Mukhortova, Xiaojun Li, Xiangzhuo Liu, Mengjia Wang, Frédéric Frappart, Xiangming Xiao, Jingming Chen, Mingguo Ma, Jianguang Wen, Xiuzhi Chen, Hui Yang, Dave van Wees, Rasmus Fensholt, Southwest University [Chongqing], Interactions Sol Plante Atmosphère (UMR ISPA), Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Sciences Agronomiques de Bordeaux-Aquitaine (Bordeaux Sciences Agro)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Evolution et Diversité Biologique (EDB), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management [Copenhagen] (IGN), Faculty of Science [Copenhagen], University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (UCPH)-University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (UCPH), College of Life and Environmental Sciences [Exeter], University of Exeter, Northwest A and F University, Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry (MPI-BGC), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences [Beijing] (CAS), Department of Microbiology and Plant Biology, University of Oklahoma (OU), National Sun Yat-Sen University (NSYSU), Sun Yat-Sen University [Guangzhou] (SYSU), V.N. Sukachev Institute of Forest, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (SB RAS), Siberian Federal University (SibFU), University of Toronto, State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Institute of Remote Sensing and Digital Earth (RADI), Chinese Academy of Sciences [Beijing] (CAS)-Chinese Academy of Sciences [Beijing] (CAS), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), IT University of Copenhagen (ITU), and Earth Sciences
Subjects: [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, General Earth and Planetary Sciences, [SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment, SDG 15 - Life on Land
Abstract: International audience; Siberian forests are generally thought to have acted as an important carbon sink over recent decades, but exposure to severe droughts and fire disturbances may have impacted their carbon dynamics. Limited available forest inventories mean the carbon balance remains uncertain. Here we analyse annual live and dead above-ground carbon changes derived from low-frequency passive microwave observations from 2010 to 2019. We find that during this period, the carbon balance of Siberian forests was close to neutral, with the forests acting as a small carbon sink of +0.02+0.03+0.01 PgC yr−1. Carbon storage in dead wood increased, but this was largely offset by a decrease in live biomass. Substantial losses of live above-ground carbon are attributed to fire and drought, such as the widespread fires in northern Siberia in 2012 and extreme drought in eastern Siberia in 2015. These live above-ground carbon losses contrast with ‘greening’ trends seen in leaf area index over the same period, a decoupling explained by faster post-disturbance recovery of leaf area than live above-ground carbon. Our study highlights the vulnerability of large forest carbon stores in Siberia to climate-induced disturbances, challenging the persistence of the carbon sink in this region of the globe.
Published: 2023

4. Changes in land use and management led to a decline in Eastern Europe’s terrestrial carbon sink

Author: Winkler, Karina, Yang, Hui, Ganzenmüller, Raphael, Fuchs, Richard, Ceccherini, Guido, Duveiller, Grégory, Grassi, Giacomo, Pongratz, Julia, Bastos, Ana, Shvidenko, Anatoly, Araza, Arnan, Herold, Martin, Wigneron, Jean-Pierre, Ciais, Philippe, Institute for Meteorology and Climate Research (IMK), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Wageningen University and Research [Wageningen] (WUR), Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry (MPI-BGC), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (LMU), European Commission - Joint Research Centre [Ispra] (JRC), Max Planck Institute for Meteorology (MPI-M), International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis [Laxenburg] (IIASA), German Research Centre for Geosciences - Helmholtz-Centre Potsdam (GFZ), Interactions Sol Plante Atmosphère (UMR ISPA), Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Sciences Agronomiques de Bordeaux-Aquitaine (Bordeaux Sciences Agro)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), and Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: land use change, Earth sciences, carbon budget, forest, climate mitigation, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], ddc:550, Eastern Europe, above-ground biomass
Abstract: Land-based mitigation is essential in reducing net carbon emissions. Yet, the attribution of carbon fluxes remains highly uncertain, in particular for the forest-rich region of Eastern Europe (incl. Western Russia). Here we integrate various data sources to show that Eastern Europe accounted for an above-ground biomass carbon sink of ~0.41 gigatons of carbon per year over the period 2010–2019, that is 78% of the entire European carbon sink. We find that this carbon sink is declining, mainly driven by changes in land use and land management, but also by increasing natural disturbances. Based on a random forest model, we show that land use and management changes are main drivers of the declining carbon sink in Eastern Europe, although soil moisture variability is also important. Specifically, the saturation effect of tree regrowth in abandoned agricultural areas, combined with increasing wood harvest removals, particularly in European Russia, contributed to the decrease in the Eastern European carbon sink.
Published: 2023

5. Remote Sensing Data for Digital Soil Mapping in French Research—A Review

Author: Richer-De-Forges, Anne, Chen, Qianqian, Baghdadi, Nicolas, Chen, Songchao, Gomez, Cécile, Jacquemoud, Stéphane, Martelet, Guillaume, Mulder, Vera L., Urbina-Salazar, Diego, Vaudour, Emmanuelle, Weiss, Marie, Wigneron, Jean-Pierre, Arrouays, D., Info&Sols (Info&Sols), Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Ecologie fonctionnelle et écotoxicologie des agroécosystèmes (ECOSYS), AgroParisTech-Université Paris-Saclay-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Territoires, Environnement, Télédétection et Information Spatiale (UMR TETIS), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-AgroParisTech-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Zhejiang University, Laboratoire d'étude des Interactions Sol - Agrosystème - Hydrosystème (UMR LISAH), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut Agro Montpellier, Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro), Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris (IPGP (UMR_7154)), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris (IPG Paris)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Bureau de Recherches Géologiques et Minières (BRGM) (BRGM), Wageningen University and Research [Wageningen] (WUR), Environnement Méditerranéen et Modélisation des Agro-Hydrosystèmes (EMMAH), Avignon Université (AU)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Interactions Sol Plante Atmosphère (UMR ISPA), and Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Sciences Agronomiques de Bordeaux-Aquitaine (Bordeaux Sciences Agro)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)
Subjects: scale, remote sensing, soil digital soil mapping, sampling density, review, resolution, [SDU.STU]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences, covariates, [SDV.SA.SDS]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences/Soil study, sensors, wavelengths
Abstract: International audience; Soils are at the crossroads of many existential issues that humanity is currently facing. Soils are a finite resource that is under threat, mainly due to human pressure. There is an urgent need to map and monitor them at field, regional, and global scales in order to improve their management and prevent their degradation. This remains a challenge due to the high and often complex spatial variability inherent to soils. Over the last four decades, major research efforts in the field of pedometrics have led to the development of methods allowing to capture the complex nature of soils. As a result, digital soil mapping (DSM) approaches have been developed for quantifying soils in space and time. DSM and monitoring have become operational thanks to the harmonization of soil databases, advances in spatial modeling and machine learning, and the increasing availability of spatiotemporal covariates, including the exponential increase in freely available remote sensing (RS) data. The latter boosted research in DSM, allowing the mapping of soils at high resolution and assessing the changes through time. We present a review of the main contributions and developments of French (inter)national research, which has a long history in both RS and DSM. Thanks to the French SPOT satellite constellation that started in the early 1980s, the French RS and soil research communities have pioneered DSM using remote sensing. This review describes the data, tools, and methods using RS imagery to support the spatial predictions of a wide range of soil properties and discusses their pros and cons. The review demonstrates that RS data are frequently used in soil mapping (i) by considering them as a substitute for analytical measurements, or (ii) by considering them as covariates related to the controlling factors of soil formation and evolution. It further highlights the great potential of RS imagery to improve DSM, and provides an overview of the main challenges and prospects related to digital soil mapping and future sensors. This opens up broad prospects for the use of RS for DSM and natural resource monitoring.
Published: 2023

6. Linking seed size and number to trait syndromes in trees

Author: Michal Bogdziewicz, Marie‐Claire Aravena Acuña, Robert Andrus, Davide Ascoli, Yves Bergeron, Daniel Brveiller, Thomas Boivin, Raul Bonal, Thomas Caignard, Maxime Cailleret, Rafael Calama, Sergio Donoso Calderon, J. Julio Camarero, Chia‐Hao Chang‐Yang, Jerome Chave, Francesco Chianucci, Natalie L. Cleavitt, Benoit Courbaud, Andrea Cutini, Thomas Curt, Adrian J. Das, Hendrik Davi, Nicolas Delpierre, Sylvain Delzon, Michael Dietze, Laurent Dormont, William Farfan‐Rios, Catherine A. Gehring, Gregory S. Gilbert, Georg Gratzer, Cathryn H. Greenberg, Arthur Guignabert, Qinfeng Guo, Andrew Hacket‐Pain, Arndt Hampe, Qingmin Han, Kazuhiko Hoshizaki, Ines Ibanez, Jill F. Johnstone, Valentin Journé, Thomas Kitzberger, Johannes M. H. Knops, Georges Kunstler, Richard Kobe, Jonathan G. A. Lageard, Jalene M. LaMontagne, Mateusz Ledwon, Theodor Leininger, Jean‐Marc Limousin, James A. Lutz, Diana Macias, Anders Marell, Eliot J. B. McIntire, Emily Moran, Renzo Motta, Jonathan A. Myers, Thomas A. Nagel, Shoji Naoe, Mahoko Noguchi, Michio Oguro, Hiroko Kurokawa, Jean‐Marc Ourcival, Robert Parmenter, Ignacio M. Perez‐Ramos, Lukasz Piechnik, Tomasz Podgórski, John Poulsen, Tong Qiu, Miranda D. Redmond, Chantal D. Reid, Kyle C. Rodman, Pavel Šamonil, Jan Holik, C. Lane Scher, Harald Schmidt Van Marle, Barbara Seget, Mitsue Shibata, Shubhi Sharma, Miles Silman, Michael A. Steele, Jacob N. Straub, I‐Fang Sun, Samantha Sutton, Jennifer J. Swenson, Peter A. Thomas, Maria Uriarte, Giorgio Vacchiano, Thomas T. Veblen, Boyd Wright, S. Joseph Wright, Thomas G. Whitham, Kai Zhu, Jess K. Zimmerman, Magdalna Zywiec, James S. Clark, National Science Foundation (US), Belmont Forum, NASA Astrobiology Institute (US), Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation, National Science Centre (Poland), Polish National Agency for Academic Exchange, US Forest Service, Narodowe Centrum Nauki (Poland), Bogdziewicz, Michal, Aravena, Marie-Claire, Andrus, Robert, Ascoli, Davide, Bergeron, Yves, Bonal, Raul, Caignard, Thomas, Calama, Rafael, Calderon, Sergio Donoso, Camarero, J Julio, Chang-Yang, Chia-Hao, Cleavitt, Natalie L, Courbaud, Benoit, Curt, Thomas, Davi, Hendrik, Delpierre, Nicolas, Delzon, Sylvain, Dietze, Michael, Dormont, Laurent, Farfan-Rios, William, Gehring, Catherine, Gilbert, Gregory S., Gratzer, Georg, Greenberg, Cathryn H., Guignabert, Arthur, Guo,Qinfeng, Hacket-Pain, Andrew, Hampe, Arndt, Han, Qingmin, Hoshizaki, Kazuhiko, Ibáñez, Inés, Johnstone, Jill F., Journé, Valentin, Kitzberger, Thomas, Knops, Johannes M. H., Kunstler, Georges, Kobe, Richard K., Lageard, Jonathan G. A., LaMontagne, Jalene M., Ledwon, Mateusz, Leininger, Theodor, Limousin, Jean-Marc, Lutz, James A., Moran, Emily, Motta, Renzo, Myers, Jonathan A., Nagel, Thomas A., Shoji, N., Michio Oguro, Mahoko Noguchi, Ourcival, Jean-Marc, Parmenter, Robert, Perez-Ramos, Ignacio M., Piechnik, Lukasz, Poulsen, John, Qiu, Tong, Redmond, Miranda D., Reid, Chantal D., Rodman, Kyle C., Scher, C. Lane, Seget, Barbara, Silman, Miles, Sun, I-Fang, Sutton, Samantha, Swenson, Jennifer J., Thomas, Peter A., Uriarte, Maria, Vacchiano, Giorgio, Veblen, Thomas T., Wright, Boyd, Wright, S. Joseph, Zhu, Kai, Zimmerman, Jess K., Zywiec, Magdalena, Laboratoire des EcoSystèmes et des Sociétés en Montagne (UR LESSEM), Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Centro Austral de Investigaciones Científicas [Ushuaia] (CADIC), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas [Buenos Aires] (CONICET), Ecosystèmes forestiers (UR EFNO), Università degli studi di Torino = University of Turin (UNITO), Université du Québec en Abitibi-Témiscamingue (UQAT), AgroParisTech, Ecologie des Forêts Méditerranéennes (URFM), Universidad Complutense de Madrid = Complutense University of Madrid [Madrid] (UCM), Biodiversité, Gènes & Communautés (BioGeCo), Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Risques, Ecosystèmes, Vulnérabilité, Environnement, Résilience (RECOVER), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Madrid] (CSIC), Universidad de Chili / Departamento de Ciencias de la Computation, Instituto Pirenaico de Ecologìa = Pyrenean Institute of Ecology [Zaragoza] (IPE - CSIC), National Kaohsiung Marine University [Taïwan] (NKMU), Evolution et Diversité Biologique (EDB), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Department of Computer Science [Ithaca], Cornell University [New York], Centro di Viticoltura ed Enologia [CREA], Consiglio per la Ricerca in Agricoltura e l’analisi dell’economia agraria = Council for Agricultural Research and Economics (CREA), California Sciences Institute, Ecologie Systématique et Evolution (ESE), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-AgroParisTech-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Boston University [Boston] (BU), Centre d’Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive (CEFE), Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut Agro Montpellier, Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Université de Montpellier (UM), Saint Louis University (SLU), Northern Arizona University [Flagstaff], University of California (UC), Universität für Bodenkultur Wien = University of Natural Resources and Life [Vienne, Autriche] (BOKU), USDA Agricultural Research Service [Maricopa, AZ] (USDA), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Interactions Sol Plante Atmosphère (UMR ISPA), Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Sciences Agronomiques de Bordeaux-Aquitaine (Bordeaux Sciences Agro)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), University of Liverpool, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute (FFPRI), Akita University, University of Michigan [Dearborn], University of Michigan System, Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University [Durham], Alabama Space Grant ConsortiumAIST16-0052AIST18-0063Belmont Forum1854976Polish National Agency for Academic Exchange (NAWA)PPN/BEK/2020/1/00009/U/00001National Science Centre, Poland2019/35/D/NZ8/00050National Science Foundation (NSF)DEB- 1754443, and ANR-18-MPGA-0004,FORBIC,Prévision du changement de la biodiversité(2018)
Subjects: Global and Planetary Change, Ecology, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], fecundity, functional traits, leaf economics, life history strategies, size syndrome, tree recruitment, Life history strategie, Settore AGR/05 - Assestamento Forestale e Selvicoltura, Tree recruitmen, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, fecundity functional traits leaf economics life history strategies size syndrome, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics
Abstract: 12 páginas.- 4 figuras.- referencias.- Additional supporting information can be found online in the Supporting Information section at the end of this article.- Full Access in https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/geb.13652, Aim Our understanding of the mechanisms that maintain forest diversity under changing climate can benefit from knowledge about traits that are closely linked to fitness. We tested whether the link between traits and seed number and seed size is consistent with two hypotheses, termed the leaf economics spectrum and the plant size syndrome, or whether reproduction represents an independent dimension related to a seed size–seed number trade-off. Location Most of the data come from Europe, North and Central America and East Asia. A minority of the data come from South America, Africa and Australia. Time period 1960–2022. Major taxa studied Trees. Methods We gathered 12 million observations of the number of seeds produced in 784 tree species. We estimated the number of seeds produced by individual trees and scaled it up to the species level. Next, we used principal components analysis and generalized joint attribute modelling (GJAM) to map seed number and size on the tree traits spectrum. Results Incorporating seed size and number into trait analysis while controlling for environment and phylogeny with GJAM exposes relationships in trees that might otherwise remain hidden. Production of the large total biomass of seeds [product of seed number and seed size; hereafter, species seed productivity (SSP)] is associated with high leaf area, low foliar nitrogen, low specific leaf area (SLA) and dense wood. Production of high seed numbers is associated with small seeds produced by nutrient-demanding species with softwood, small leaves and high SLA. Trait covariation is consistent with opposing strategies: one fast-growing, early successional, with high dispersal, and the other slow-growing, stress-tolerant, that recruit in shaded conditions. Main conclusions Earth system models currently assume that reproductive allocation is indifferent among plant functional types. Easily measurable seed size is a strong predictor of the seed number and species seed productivity. The connection of SSP with the functional traits can form the first basis of improved fecundity prediction across global forests., The project has been funded by grants to J.S.C. from the National Science Foundation, most re-cently DEB-1754443, and by the Belmont Forum (1854976), NASA (AIST16-0052 and AIST18-0063) and the Programme d'Investissement d'Avenir under project FORBIC (18-MPGA-0004; Make Our Planet Great Again). Jerry Franklin's data remain acces-sible through NSF LTER DEB-1440409. Data from Hubbard Brook (New Hampshire) were funded through NSF-LTER. Puerto Rico data were funded by NSF grants, most recently DEB 0963447 and LTREB 11222325. Data from the Andes Biodiversity and Ecosystem Research Group were funded by the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation and NSF 727 LTREB 1754647. M.B. was supported by grant no. 2019/35/D/NZ8/00050 from the (Polish) National Science Centre and by Polish National Agency for Academic Exchange Bekker programme PPN/BEK/2020/1/00009/U/00001. Research by the USDA Forest Service and the USGS was funded by these agencies. Any use of trade, firm or product names does not imply endorsement by the US Government. Any use of trade, firm, or product names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply en -dorsement by the U.S. Government
Published: 2023

7. A twenty-year dataset of soil moisture and vegetation optical depth from AMSR-E/2 measurements using the multi-channel collaborative algorithm

Author: Lu Hu, Tianjie Zhao, Weimin Ju, Zhiqing Peng, Jiancheng Shi, Nemesio J. Rodríguez-Fernández, Jean-Pierre Wigneron, Michael H. Cosh, Kun Yang, Hui Lu, Panpan Yao, Nanjing University (NJU), Chinese Academy of Sciences [Beijing] (CAS), Centre d'études spatiales de la biosphère (CESBIO), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Interactions Sol Plante Atmosphère (UMR ISPA), Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Sciences Agronomiques de Bordeaux-Aquitaine (Bordeaux Sciences Agro)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), USDA-ARS : Agricultural Research Service, and Tsinghua University [Beijing] (THU)
Subjects: Frequency and polarization dependence, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, Soil Science, AMSR2, Geology, Vegetation optical depth, Soil moisture, AMSR-E, Computers in Earth Sciences, MCCA
Abstract: Soil moisture (SM) and vegetation optical depth (VOD) are essential variables in the terrestrial ecosystem. The multi-frequency radiometers AMSR-E and AMSR2 provide >20 years of data records, enabling the development of long-term SM and VOD products. Most of the current retrieval algorithms either only focus on SM or VOD, and generally ignore the polarization or simplify the frequency dependence of vegetation effects for reducing the unknowns and facilitating the retrieval process, limiting the synergic applicability of VOD and SM products in the soil-plant-atmosphere continuum. In this study, a new global SM and frequency- and polarization-dependent VOD product from 2002 to 2021 was developed using the multi-channel collaborative algorithm (MCCA), based on the inter-calibrated AMSR-E/2 multi-frequency passive microwave measurements. The MCCA algorithm comprehensively considers the physical relationship between multiple microwave channels and could retrieve frequency- and polarization-dependent VOD while considering the accuracy of the SM retrievals. In the overall comparison with other SM products (AMSR-ANN, CCI-passive v07.1, LPRM-C/X, JAXA) over 25 dense SM networks, MCCA achieved the best scores in terms of root mean square error (RMSE = 0.074 m3/m3), unbiased root mean square error (ubRMSE = 0.073 m3/m3) and bias (0.007 m3/m3), and presented slightly lower value of Pearson's correlation coefficient (R = 0.709) than LPRM-X (R = 0.735). For the indirect evaluation of VOD with aboveground biomass (AGB) and MODIS NDVI, the MCCA product showed the performance comparable to other products (LPRM-C/X, VODCA-C/X/Ku). MCCA-derived VODs, especially for the H-polarized VODs, exhibited smooth non-linear density distribution with AGB and high temporal correlations with MODIS NDVI over most regions of the globe. In particular, MCCA-derived VODs can physically present reasonable variations across the microwave spectrum (values of VOD increase with microwave frequency), which is superior to the LPRM and VODCA products. It is expected that the MCCA algorithm can be extended to the observations of the ongoing AMSR2 or other similar satellite missions with multi-frequency capability, such as FY-3B/C/D/F/G or the upcoming AMSR3 and CMIR missions.
Published: 2023

8. A global long-term, high-resolution satellite radar backscatter data record (1992-2022+): merging C-band ERS/ASCAT and Ku-band QSCAT

Author: Shengli Tao, Zurui Ao, Jean-Pierre Wigneron, Sassan Saatchi, Philippe Ciais, Jérôme Chave, Thuy Le Toan, Pierre-Louis Frison, Xiaomei Hu, Chi Chen, Lei Fan, Mengjia Wang, Jiangling Zhu, Xia Zhao, Xiaojun Li, Xiangzhuo Liu, Yanjun Su, Tianyu Hu, Qinghua Guo, Zhiheng Wang, Zhiyao Tang, Yi Y. Liu, Jingyun Fang, Peking University [Beijing], South China Normal University, Interactions Sol Plante Atmosphère (UMR ISPA), Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Sciences Agronomiques de Bordeaux-Aquitaine (Bordeaux Sciences Agro)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), California Institute of Technology (CALTECH), Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Evolution et Diversité Biologique (EDB), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre d'études spatiales de la biosphère (CESBIO), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Laboratoire sciences et technologies de l'information géographique (LaSTIG), Ecole des Ingénieurs de la Ville de Paris (EIVP)-École nationale des sciences géographiques (ENSG), Institut National de l'Information Géographique et Forestière [IGN] (IGN)-Université Gustave Eiffel-Institut National de l'Information Géographique et Forestière [IGN] (IGN)-Université Gustave Eiffel, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory [Berkeley] (LBNL), Southwest University [Chongqing], Tianjin University of Science and Technology (TUST), Zhengzhou University, Chinese Academy of Sciences [Beijing] (CAS), University of New South Wales [Sydney] (UNSW), ANR-10-LABX-0025,CEBA,CEnter of the study of Biodiversity in Amazonia(2010), and ANR-10-LABX-0041,TULIP,Towards a Unified theory of biotic Interactions: the roLe of environmental(2010)
Subjects: [SDE]Environmental Sciences, General Earth and Planetary Sciences
Abstract: Satellite radar backscatter contains unique information on land surface moisture, vegetation features, and surface roughness and has thus been used in a range of Earth science disciplines. However, there is no single global radar data set that has a relatively long wavelength and a decades-long time span. We here provide the first long-term (since 1992), high-resolution (∼8.9 km instead of the commonly used ∼25 km resolution) monthly satellite radar backscatter data set over global land areas, called the long-term, high-resolution scatterometer (LHScat) data set, by fusing signals from the European Remote Sensing satellite (ERS; 1992–2001; C-band; 5.3 GHz), Quick Scatterometer (QSCAT, 1999–2009; Ku-band; 13.4 GHz), and the Advanced SCATterometer (ASCAT; since 2007; C-band; 5.255 GHz). The 6-year data gap between C-band ERS and ASCAT was filled by modelling a substitute C-band signal during 1999–2009 from Ku-band QSCAT signals and climatic information. To this end, we first rescaled the signals from different sensors, pixel by pixel. We then corrected the monthly signal differences between the C-band and the scaled Ku-band signals by modelling the signal differences from climatic variables (i.e. monthly precipitation, skin temperature, and snow depth) using decision tree regression. The quality of the merged radar signal was assessed by computing the Pearson r, root mean square error (RMSE), and relative RMSE (rRMSE) between the C-band and the corrected Ku-band signals in the overlapping years (1999–2001 and 2007–2009). We obtained high Pearson r values and low RMSE values at both the regional (r≥0.92, RMSE ≤ 0.11 dB, and rRMSE ≤ 0.38) and pixel levels (median r across pixels ≥ 0.64, median RMSE ≤ 0.34 dB, and median rRMSE ≤ 0.88), suggesting high accuracy for the data-merging procedure. The merged radar signals were then validated against the European Space Agency (ESA) ERS-2 data, which provide observations for a subset of global pixels until 2011, even after the failure of on-board gyroscopes in 2001. We found highly concordant monthly dynamics between the merged radar signals and the ESA ERS-2 signals, with regional Pearson r values ranging from 0.79 to 0.98. These results showed that our merged radar data have a consistent C-band signal dynamic. The LHScat data set (https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.20407857; Tao et al., 2023) is expected to advance our understanding of the long-term changes in, e.g., global vegetation and soil moisture with a high spatial resolution. The data set will be updated on a regular basis to include the latest images acquired by ASCAT and to include even higher spatial and temporal resolutions.
Published: 2023

9. Increasing and widespread vulnerability of intact tropical rainforests to repeated droughts

Author: Shengli Tao, Jérôme Chave, Pierre-Louis Frison, Thuy Le Toan, Philippe Ciais, Jingyun Fang, Jean-Pierre Wigneron, Maurizio Santoro, Hui Yang, Xiaojun Li, Nicolas Labrière, Sassan Saatchi, Evolution et Diversité Biologique (EDB), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire sciences et technologies de l'information géographique (LaSTIG), Ecole des Ingénieurs de la Ville de Paris (EIVP)-École nationale des sciences géographiques (ENSG), Institut National de l'Information Géographique et Forestière [IGN] (IGN)-Université Gustave Eiffel-Institut National de l'Information Géographique et Forestière [IGN] (IGN)-Université Gustave Eiffel, Centre d'études spatiales de la biosphère (CESBIO), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Interactions Sol Plante Atmosphère (UMR ISPA), Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Sciences Agronomiques de Bordeaux-Aquitaine (Bordeaux Sciences Agro)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), and Université de Bordeaux (UB)
Subjects: remote sensing, Tropical Climate, Multidisciplinary, Rainforest, [SDV.SA.SF]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences/Silviculture, forestry, Climate Change, rainforests, drought, [SDV.EE.BIO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment/Bioclimatology, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, radar, Droughts, Trees
Abstract: International audience; Intact tropical rainforests have been exposed to severe droughts in recent decades, which may threaten their integrity, their ability to sequester carbon, and their capacity to provide shelter for biodiversity. However, their response to droughts remains uncertain due to limited high-quality, long-term observations covering extensive areas. Here, we examined how the upper canopy of intact tropical rainforests has responded to drought events globally and during the past 3 decades. By developing a long pantropical time series (1992 to 2018) of monthly radar satellite observations, we show that repeated droughts caused a sustained decline in radar signal in 93%, 84%, and 88% of intact tropical rainforests in the Americas, Africa, and Asia, respectively. Sudden decreases in radar signal were detected around the 1997–1998, 2005, 2010, and 2015 droughts in tropical Americas; 1999–2000, 2004–2005, 2010–2011, and 2015 droughts in tropical Africa; and 1997–1998, 2006, and 2015 droughts in tropical Asia. Rainforests showed similar low resistance (the ability to maintain predrought condition when drought occurs) to severe droughts across continents, but American rainforests consistently showed the lowest resilience (the ability to return to predrought condition after the drought event). Moreover, while the resistance of intact tropical rainforests to drought is decreasing, albeit weakly in tropical Africa and Asia, forest resilience has not increased significantly. Our results therefore suggest the capacity of intact rainforests to withstand future droughts is limited. This has negative implications for climate change mitigation through forest-based climate solutions and the associated pledges made by countries under the Paris Agreement.
Published: 2023

10. INTRODUCING THE GLOBAL MAPPING OF FLOOD DYNAMICS USING GNSS-REFLECTOMETRY AND THE CYGNSS MISSION

Author: P. Zeiger, F. Frappart, J. Darrozes, Laboratoire d'études en Géophysique et océanographie spatiales (LEGOS), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Interactions Sol Plante Atmosphère (UMR ISPA), Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Sciences Agronomiques de Bordeaux-Aquitaine (Bordeaux Sciences Agro)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), and Géosciences Environnement Toulouse (GET)
Subjects: [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics]
Abstract: This study uses the observations from the Cyclone GNSS (CYGNSS) mission to analyze their potential for a global mapping of the floods dynamics in the pan-tropical area using Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) Reflectometry (GNSS-R). We base our analysis on the coherent reflectivity derived from CYGNSS observations. We show that the CYGNSS mission configuration allows a gridding at a spatial resolution of 0.1° (∼11 km at the equator), with a time sampling of 1 week. We calculate the average and standard deviation values of reflectivity in the grid pixels at each time step. A Gaussian weighted window of one month is used to fill the gaps which appear in the time series due to the pseudo-random sampling of CYGNSS observations. The maps of these two parameters are then compared to elevation data from the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) digital elevation model (DEM), to Land Cover information from the European Space Agency’s (ESA) Climate Change Initiative (CCI), and to a reference set of static inundation maps. We observe a strong correspondence between CYGNSS reflectivity-based parameters, and the percentage of flooded areas established in the literature. The detection of the major floodplains, irrigated crops, open water areas, and the hydrological network using CYGNSS data is clear. We observe some limitations over the areas with high elevation – due to the CYGNSS mission specificities – and over the most densely vegetated areas. At some point it could prevent the correct extraction of flood patterns. For a future complete CYGNSS-based flood product, the integration of ancillary data describing the major role of land cover, biomass and topography on the GNSS-R returned signals should be necessary to extract the correct features of water cycle.
Published: 2022

11. Exploring complex water stress–gross primary production relationships: Impact of climatic drivers, main effects, and interactive effects

Author: Huan Wang, Shijie Yan, Philippe Ciais, Jean‐Pierre Wigneron, Laibao Liu, Yan Li, Zheng Fu, Hongliang Ma, Ze Liang, Feili Wei, Yueyao Wang, Shuangcheng Li, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Interactions Sol Plante Atmosphère (UMR ISPA), and Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Sciences Agronomiques de Bordeaux-Aquitaine (Bordeaux Sciences Agro)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)
Subjects: [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, Global and Planetary Change, Dehydration, Vapor Pressure, Ecology, main effect, vapor pressure deficit, Temperature, soil water content, gross primary production, CO2 effect, SHAP value, Soil, Humans, Environmental Chemistry, interactive effect, [SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Ecosystem, General Environmental Science
Abstract: International audience; The dominance of vapor pressure deficit (VPD) and soil water content (SWC) for plant water stress is still under debate. These two variables are strongly coupled and influenced by climatic drivers. The impacts of climatic drivers on the relationships between gross primary production (GPP) and water stress from VPD/SWC and the interaction between VPD and SWC are not fully understood. Here, applying statistical methods and extreme gradient boosting models—Shapley additive explanations framework to eddy-covariance observations from the global FLUXNET2015 data set, we found that the VPD-GPP relationship was strongly influenced by climatic interactions and that VPD was more important for plant water stress than SWC across most plant functional types when we removed the effect of main climatic drivers, e.g. air temperature, incoming shortwave radiation and wind speed. However, we found no evidence for a significant influence of elevated CO2 on stress alleviation, possibly because of the short duration of the records (approximately one decade). Additionally, the interactive effect between VPD and SWC differed from their individual effect. When SWC was high, the SHAP interaction value of SWC and VPD on GPP was decreased with increasing VPD, but when SWC was low, the trend was the opposite. Additionally, we revealed a threshold effect for VPD stress on GPP loss; above the threshold value, the stress on GPP was flattened off. Our results have important implications for independently identifying VPD and SWC limitations on plant productivity, which is meaningful for capturing the magnitude of ecosystem responses to water stress in dynamic global vegetation models.
Published: 2022

12. Estimating High-Resolution Soil Moisture Over Mountainous Regions Using Remotely-Sensed Multispectral and Topographic Data

Author: Lei Fan, Amen Al-Yaari, Frederic Frappart, Jian Peng, Jianguang Wen, Qing Xiao, Rui Jin, Xiaojun Li, Xiangzhuo Liu, Mengjia Wang, Xiuzhi Chen, Lin Zhao, Mingguo Ma, Jean-Pierre Wigneron, Southwest University [Chongqing], Interactions Sol Plante Atmosphère (UMR ISPA), Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Sciences Agronomiques de Bordeaux-Aquitaine (Bordeaux Sciences Agro)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Laboratoire d'études en Géophysique et océanographie spatiales (LEGOS), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Leipzig University, Chinese Academy of Sciences [Beijing] (CAS), University of Chinese Academy of Sciences [Beijing] (UCAS), National Sun Yat-Sen University (NSYSU), and Nanjing University of Science and Technology (NJUST)
Subjects: Vegetation mapping, Atmospheric Science, random forest (RF) method, thermal index, optical index, Indexes, mountainous regions, soil moisture (SM), Rivers, Optical sensors, Radio frequency, Optical reflection, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, High resolution, Computers in Earth Sciences, Microwave measurement
Abstract: International audience; A surface soil moisture (SM) condition at high spatiotemportal resolutions is required by regional Earth system applications. Here, we mapped daily 1-km SM in the Babao River Basin in the northwest of China during the summers from 2013 to 2015 using a random forest (RF) method by merging SM information retrieved from in situ measurements, optical/thermal remote sensing, and topographical indices. Relative importance analysis was used to determine the optimal predictors for estimating high-resolution SM. A specific RF model (RFVI+sup) was constructed using the optimal predictors including remote sensing albedo, apparent thermal inertia (ATI), normalized difference vegetation index, normalized difference infrared index 5, soil adjusted vegetation index, and topographical indices (aspect and elevation). The RFVI+sup also accounted for missing observations of the thermal index (e.g., ATI) over the mountainous regions. In the comparison between the SM estimates using the new RFVI+sup model and other RF models, the spatial coverage of available estimates increased from 14% to 64% over the study region, the correlation coefficient values were improved to 0.75, the unbiased root-mean-squared difference values decreased to 0.032 m(3)/m(3). Thus, the proposed RF method provided accurate SM estimates with high spatiotemporal resolution over the mountainous regions, by merging multiresource datasets from in situ measurements, remotely-sensed, and topographical indices.
Published: 2022

13. Uncertainty assessment of the soil carbon balance in the context of the 4 per 1000 aspirational target: A case study for France

Author: Martin, Manuel Pascal, Dimassi, Bassem, Dobarco, Mercedes Romàn, Guenet, Bertrand, Arrouays, Dominique, Angers, Denis A., Blache, Fabrice, Huard, Frédéric, Soussana, Jean-François, Pellerin, Sylvain, Info&Sols (Info&Sols), Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), The University of Sydney, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de géologie de l'ENS (LGENS), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Département des Géosciences - ENS Paris, École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL), Agriculture and Agri-Food (AAFC), Lycée Pothier, Direction Responsabilité Sociétale et Environnementale (UAR DRSE), Interactions Sol Plante Atmosphère (UMR ISPA), Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Sciences Agronomiques de Bordeaux-Aquitaine (Bordeaux Sciences Agro)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Le Studium, and INRAE-Info&Sols
Subjects: [SDV.SA.SDS]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences/Soil study
Abstract: International audience
Published: 2023

14. Current controversies on mechanisms controlling soil carbon storage: implications for interactions with practitioners and policy-makers. A review

Author: Delphine Derrien, Pierre Barré, Isabelle Basile-Doelsch, Lauric Cécillon, Abad Chabbi, Alexandra Crème, Sébastien Fontaine, Ludovic Henneron, Noémie Janot, Gwenaëlle Lashermes, Katell Quénéa, Frédéric Rees, Marie-France Dignac, Unité de recherche Biogéochimie des Ecosystèmes Forestiers (BEF), Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL), Centre européen de recherche et d'enseignement des géosciences de l'environnement (CEREGE), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Collège de France (CdF (institution))-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Plateforme de géochimie isotopique ASTER-CEREGE, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Collège de France (CdF (institution))-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Collège de France (CdF (institution))-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Ecologie fonctionnelle et écotoxicologie des agroécosystèmes (ECOSYS), AgroParisTech-Université Paris-Saclay-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Unité Mixte de Recherche sur l'Ecosystème Prairial - UMR (UREP), VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Etude et Compréhension de la biodiversité (ECODIV), Université de Rouen Normandie (UNIROUEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU), Interactions Sol Plante Atmosphère (UMR ISPA), Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Sciences Agronomiques de Bordeaux-Aquitaine (Bordeaux Sciences Agro)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Fractionnement des AgroRessources et Environnement (FARE), Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Sorbonne Université (SU), Institut d'écologie et des sciences de l'environnement de Paris (iEES Paris ), and Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)
Subjects: Carbon storage, POM, InaccessibilityModels, Big data, Environmental Engineering, Management practices, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, Chemical recalcitrance, Biomass use, Agronomy and Crop Science
Abstract: There is currently an intense debate about the potential for additional organic carbon storage in soil, the strategies by which it may be accomplished and what the actual benefits might be for agriculture and the climate. Controversy forms an essential part of the scientific process, but on the topic of soil carbon storage, it may confuse the agricultural community and the general public and may delay actions to fight climate change. In an attempt to shed light on this topic, the originality of this article lies in its intention to provide a balanced description of contradictory scientific opinions on soil carbon storage and to examine how the scientific community can support decision-making despite the controversy. In the first part, we review and attempt to reconcile conflicting views on the mechanisms controlling organic carbon dynamics in soil. We discuss the divergent opinions about chemical recalcitrance, the microbial or plant origin of persistent soil organic matter, the contribution of particulate organic matter to additional organic carbon storage in soil, and the spatial and energetic inaccessibility of soil organic matter to decomposers. In the second part, we examine the advantages and limitations of big data management and modeling, which are essential tools to link the latest scientific theories with the actions taken by stakeholders. Finally, we show how the analysis and discussion of controversies can guide scientists in supporting stakeholders for the design of (i) appropriate trade-offs for biomass use in agriculture and forestry and (ii) climate-smart management practices, keeping in mind their still unresolved effects on soil carbon storage.
Published: 2023

15. The Role of Space-Based Observations for Groundwater Resource Monitoring over Africa

Author: Anne Springer, Teodolina Lopez, Michael Owor, Frédéric Frappart, Thomas Stieglitz, Institute of Geodesy and Geoinformation [Bonn] (IGG), Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, IRT Saint Exupéry - Institut de Recherche Technologique, Makerere University [Kampala, Ouganda] (MAK), Interactions Sol Plante Atmosphère (UMR ISPA), Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Sciences Agronomiques de Bordeaux-Aquitaine (Bordeaux Sciences Agro)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Centre européen de recherche et d'enseignement des géosciences de l'environnement (CEREGE), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Collège de France (CdF (institution))-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Centre d'Etudes et d'Expertise sur les Risques, l'Environnement, la Mobilité et l'Aménagement - Equipe-projet ENDSUM (Cerema Equipe-projet ENDSUM), Centre d'Etudes et d'Expertise sur les Risques, l'Environnement, la Mobilité et l'Aménagement (Cerema), Department of Geology and Petroleum Studies, and Makerere University
Subjects: Geophysics, GRACE, Geochemistry and Petrology, [SDU.STU.GP]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Geophysics [physics.geo-ph], Satellite remote sensing, Sustainable development, Groundwater monitoring, Africa, Climate change, [SDU.STU.HY]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Hydrology
Abstract: Abstract Africa is particularly vulnerable to climate change impacts, which threatens food security, ecosystem protection and restoration initiatives, and fresh water resources availability and quality. Groundwater largely contributes to the mitigation of climate change effects by offering short- to long-term transient water storage. However, groundwater storage remains extremely difficult to monitor. In this paper, we review the strengths and weaknesses of satellite remote sensing techniques for addressing groundwater quantity issues with a focus on GRACE space gravimetry, as well as concepts to combine satellite observations with numerical models and ground observations. One particular focus is the quantification of changes in groundwater resources in the different climatic regions of Africa and the discussion of possible climatic and anthropogenic drivers. We include a thorough literature review on studies that use satellite observations for groundwater research in Africa. Finally, we identify gaps in research and possible future directions for employing satellite remote sensing to groundwater monitoring and management on the African continent. Article Highlights Overview on the distribution and characteristics of African groundwater resources including future projections Combination of satellite and in situ observations with numerical models allows us to obtain a synoptic view of groundwater-related processes Summary of current concepts and achievements of satellite remote sensing-based groundwater monitoring and decision making over Africa
Published: 2023

16. A marginal abatement cost curve for greenhouse gases attenuation by additional carbon storage in French agricultural land

Author: Bamiere, Laure, Bellassen, Valentin, Angers, Denis, Cardinael, Rémi, Ceschia, Eric, Chenu, Claire, Constantin, Julie, Delame, Nathalie, Diallo, A., Graux, Anne-Isabelle, Houot, Sabine, Klumpp, Katja, Launay, Camille, Letort, Elodie, Martin, Raphael, Meziere, Delphine, Mosnier, Claire, Réchauchère, Olivier, Schiavo, Michele, Thérond, Olivier, Pellerin, Sylvain, Paris-Saclay Applied Economics (UMR PSAE), AgroParisTech-Université Paris-Saclay-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Centre d'Economie et de Sociologie Rurales Appliquées à l'Agriculture et aux Espaces Ruraux (CESAER), Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut Agro Dijon, Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro), Centre de recherche et de développement sur les aliments, Agriculture et Agroalimentaire Canada [Saint Hyacinte, Québec, Canada], Agroécologie et Intensification Durables des cultures annuelles (UPR AIDA), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad), Direction du département Performances des systèmes de production et de transformation tropicaux (Direction Persyst), University of Zimbabwe (UZ), Centre d'études spatiales de la biosphère (CESBIO), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Ecologie fonctionnelle et écotoxicologie des agroécosystèmes (ECOSYS), AGroécologie, Innovations, teRritoires (AGIR), Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Physiologie, Environnement et Génétique pour l'Animal et les Systèmes d'Elevage [Rennes] (PEGASE), Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut Agro Rennes Angers, Unité Mixte de Recherche sur l'Ecosystème Prairial - UMR (UREP), VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Structures et Marché Agricoles, Ressources et Territoires (SMART), Agrosystèmes Biodiversifiés (UMR ABSys), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier (CIHEAM-IAMM), Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes (CIHEAM)-Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes (CIHEAM)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut Agro Montpellier, Unité Mixte de Recherche sur les Herbivores - UMR 1213 (UMRH), Agronomie, Direction de l'Expertise scientifique collective, de la Prospective et des Etudes, Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Institut du Développement Durable et des Relations Internationales (IDDRI), Institut d'Études Politiques [IEP] - Paris, Laboratoire Agronomie et Environnement - Antenne Colmar (LAE-Colmar ), Laboratoire Agronomie et Environnement (LAE), Université de Lorraine (UL)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Université de Lorraine (UL)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Interactions Sol Plante Atmosphère (UMR ISPA), Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Sciences Agronomiques de Bordeaux-Aquitaine (Bordeaux Sciences Agro)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), This work was supported by the French National Research Institute for Agriculture, Food, and environment (INRAE), the French Agency for Ecological Transition (ADEME), and the French Ministry of Agriculture (MAA) (convention n.1660C0020). The Secure Data Access Centre (CASD) of the French Ministry of Agriculture provided access to the French Farm Accountancy Data Network (FADN) and this work was indirectly supported by a public grant of the French National Research Agency as part of the 'Investissements d'avenir' program (ANR-10-EQPX-0017, Centre d'acces securise aux donnees - CASD). Authors acknowledges support from the Horizon 2020 European Joint Programme SOIL (EJP-SOIL, grant agreement: 862695). L. Bamière, C. Chenu, N. Delame, and S. Houot acknowledges support from CLAND and benefited from the French state aid managed by the ANR under the 'Investissements d'avenir' programme with the reference ANR-16-CONV-0003., ANR-10-EQPX-0017,CASD,Développement et construction d'un Centre d'Accès Sécurisé Distant aux données confidentielles (CASD) pour la recherche française en sciences sociales et en économie.(2010), ANR-16-CONV-0003,CLAND,CLAND : Changement climatique et usage des terres(2016), and European Project: 862695,H2020,H2020-SFS-2019-1,EJP SOIL(2020)
Subjects: Terre agricole, P40 - Météorologie et climatologie, F08 - Systèmes et modes de culture, Carbone organique du sol, Abatement cost, [SDV.SA.AGRO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences/Agronomy, [SDV.SA.SDS]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences/Soil study, Greenhouse gas, Carbon neutrality, Climate change mitigation, atténuation des effets du changement climatique, JEL: Q - Agricultural and Natural Resource Economics • Environmental and Ecological Economics/Q.Q1 - Agriculture, émission de gaz, Coût marginal, Agriculture, [SDV.SA.AEP]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences/Agriculture, economy and politics, JEL: Q - Agricultural and Natural Resource Economics • Environmental and Ecological Economics/Q.Q5 - Environmental Economics/Q.Q5.Q54 - Climate • Natural Disasters and Their Management • Global Warming, [SHS.ECO]Humanities and Social Sciences/Economics and Finance, séquestration du carbone, réduction des émissions, JEL: Q - Agricultural and Natural Resource Economics • Environmental and Ecological Economics, France, Gaz à effet de serre, Soil organic carbon sequestration
Abstract: International audience; Highlights:• Additional carbon storage, net GHG budget, and cost of 8 agricultural practices.• MACC shows abatement potential of 40–60 MtCO2e.yr−1 for carbon price 55–250 €.tCO2e−1.• Key practices: agroforestry, hedges, cover crops, grasslands in crop sequences.• No “one size fits all strategy” due to heterogeneity across regions and practices.• French agricultural carbon sink potential is 5 times higher than anticipated by the government.Abstract:Following the Paris agreement in 2015, the European Union (EU) set a carbon neutrality objective by 2050, and so did France. The French agricultural sector can contribute as a carbon sink through carbon storage in biomass and soil, in addition to reducing GHG emissions. The objective of this study is to quantitatively assess the additional storage potential and cost of a set of eight carbon-storing practices. The impacts of these agricultural practices on soil organic carbon storage and crop production are assessed at a very fine spatial scale, using crop and grassland models. The associated area base, GHG budget, and implementation costs are assessed and aggregated at the region level. The economic model BANCO uses this information to derive the marginal abatement cost curve for France and identify the combination of carbon storing practices that minimizes the total cost of achieving a given national net GHG mitigation target. We find that a substantial amount of carbon, 36.2 to 52.9 MtCO2e yr-1, can be stored in soil and biomass for reasonable carbon prices of 55 and 250 € tCO2e-1, respectively (corresponding to current and 2030 French carbon value for climate action), mainly by developing agroforestry and hedges, generalising cover crops, and introducing or extending temporary grasslands in crop sequences. This finding questions the 3-5 times lower target of 10 MtCO2e.yr-1 retained for the agricultural carbon sink by the French climate neutrality strategy. Overall, this would decrease total French GHG emissions by 9.2 to 13.8%, respectively (reference year 2019).; Suite aux accords de Paris en 2015, l'Union européenne (UE) s'est fixé un objectif de neutralité carbone d'ici à 2050, tout comme la France. En plus de réduire les émissions de GES, le secteur agricole français peut contribuer à la neutralité carbone en tant que puits de carbone, par le stockage de carbone dans le sol et la biomasse. L'objectif de cette étude est de quantifier le potentiel de stockage additionnel et le coût d'un ensemble de huit pratiques stockantes. Les impacts de ces pratiques agricoles sur le stockage du carbone organique du sol et les rendements des cultures sont évalués à une échelle spatiale très fine, à l'aide de modèles de cultures et de prairies. L'assiette, le bilan GES net et le coût de mise en œuvre associés à chaque pratique sont également évalués et agrégés au niveau régional. Le modèle économique BANCO utilise ces informations pour générer la courbe de coût marginal d'abattement pour la France, et identifier la combinaison de pratiques stockantes qui minimise le coût total pour atteindre un objectif national donné d'atténuation des émissions de GES nettes. Nous montrons qu'une quantité non négligeable de carbone, de 36,2 à 52,9 MtCO2e an-1, peut être stockée dans le sol et la biomasse pour des prix du carbone raisonnables de 55 et 250 € tCO2e-1, respectivement (correspondant à la "valeur de l'action pour le climat" actuelle et 2030, fixée par le gouvernement français), et cela principalement par le développement de l'agroforesterie et des haies, la généralisation des cultures intermédiaires, l'introduction ou l'extension des prairies temporaires dans les séquences de culture. Ce résultat remet en cause l'objectif 3 à 5 fois inférieur retenu pour le puits de carbone agricole (10 MtCO2e.an-1) par la stratégie nationale bas carbone. Globalement, ce stockage additionnel de carbone permettrait de réduire les émissions totales de GES de la France de 9,2 à 13,8 %, respectivement (année de référence 2019).
Published: 2023

17. Plant litter chemistry drives long‐lasting changes in the catabolic capacities of soil microbial communities

Author: Bourget, Malo, Fanin, Nicolas, Fromin, Nathalie, Hättenschwiler, Stephan, Roumet, Catherine, Shihan, Ammar, Huys, Raoul, Sauvadet, Marie, Freschet, Grégoire, Station d'Ecologie Théorique et Expérimentale (SETE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Fédération de Recherche Agrobiosciences, Interactions et Biodiversité (FR AIB), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Interactions Sol Plante Atmosphère (UMR ISPA), Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Sciences Agronomiques de Bordeaux-Aquitaine (Bordeaux Sciences Agro)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Centre d’Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive (CEFE), Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut Agro Montpellier, Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Université de Montpellier (UM), Ecologie fonctionnelle et biogéochimie des sols et des agro-écosystèmes (UMR Eco&Sols), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut Agro Montpellier, and Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)
Subjects: microbial catabolic capacities, leaf litter, [SDV.MP]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology, root litter, soil microbial communities, litter decomposition, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, [SDV.SA.SDS]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences/Soil study, legacy effects, litter traits
Abstract: International audience; Although microbial communities play an important role in explaining plant litter decomposition rates, whether and how litter chemistry may alter catabolic capacities of soil microbial communities remains poorly studied.During a 1-year litter decomposition experiment of 12 herbaceous species with contrasting litter chemistry, we examined the effect of plant litter type (roots vs. leaves) and litter chemical traits on the resulting capacity of soil microbial communities to degrade a wide range of carbon substrates of variable complexity (MicroResp™ method).Litter chemistry impacted both the total catabolic activity as well as specific catabolic capacities of microbial communities. In the early stages of litter decomposition total catabolic activity was mainly influenced by the amount of C and N in litter leachates, and litter N, P and Mg, then, later, by lignin concentrations. Some specific catabolic capacities could also be related to litter initial chemistry. Overall, litter trait effects on soil microbial communities decreased over time and the relative importance of traits shifted during the decomposition process.Our results highlight that litter chemistry is a strong driver of catabolic capacities of microbial decomposers and, while its effect fades with time, it remains substantial throughout the litter decomposition process. These long-lasting effects of litter chemistry suggest a persistent control on microbial catabolic capacities in ecosystems with recurrent litter production. Soil microbial catabolic activities were driven by broadly the same chemical traits across leaf and root litters.Synthesis. Such long-lasting effects of litter chemistry on catabolic capacities of microbial communities may represent a substantial indirect driver of the decomposition process. Disentangling the relative importance of this overlooked effect of litter chemistry on decomposition represents the next challenge. We argue that such research line should open ground-breaking perspectives for reconsidering our current understanding of the mechanistic links between litter traits and decomposition rate.
Published: 2023

18. Simulating the Effects of Regional Forest Cover and Windthrow‐Induced Cover Changes on Mid‐Latitude Boundary‐Layer Clouds

Author: Noual, G., Brunet, Yves, Le Moigne, P., Lac, C., Centre national de recherches météorologiques (CNRM), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Interactions Sol Plante Atmosphère (UMR ISPA), and Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Sciences Agronomiques de Bordeaux-Aquitaine (Bordeaux Sciences Agro)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)
Subjects: boundary layer clouds, impact of forest, [SDU.STU.ME]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Meteorology
Abstract: International audience; Evidence has been provided that land-cover changes such as deforestation can have an impact on cloudiness and precipitation. However, conflicting results have been obtained at different scales and places, highlighting our poor understanding of the physical processes involved. Here we focus on mesoscale summer cloudiness in a temperate region, as influenced by a large forest massif (the Landes forest in France). Our study is based on an up-to-date atmosphere-surface mesoscale model (Meso-NH coupled with SURFEX). Based on observational data, we first optimize the model configuration for our purpose, and show that with a 500 m horizontal resolution we can successfully simulate the higher summer cloud cover observed over the forest, compared to its surroundings. Second, we investigate the physical processes leading to cloud formation in a representative case study. Based on a comparative analysis of diagnostics and budgets over forest and non-forest areas, we find that the larger sensible heat flux over the forest and its higher roughness are the main drivers of cloudiness, enhancing vertical velocity and boundary-layer mixing. Third, we simulate the impact of the 2009 Klaus storm that led to the loss of about one third of the trees. Considering 15 representative convective summer days, we show that the model simulates well the resulting decrease in summer cloudiness that was reported in a previous study based on satellite observations. As a complementary tool, the mesoscale simulations allow to quantify the impacts of the Klaus storm windthrow on the diurnal cycle of the boundary layer.
Published: 2023

19. Performance of SMOS Soil Moisture Products over Core Validation Sites

Author: A. Colliander, Y. Kerr, J-P. Wigneron, A. Al-Yaari, N. Rodriguez-Fernandez, X. Li, J. Chaubell, P. Richaume, A. Mialon, J. Asanuma, A. Berg, D.D. Bosch, T. Caldwell, M.H. Cosh, C. Holifield Collins, J. Martínez-Fernández, H. McNairn, M.S. Seyfried, P.J. Starks, Z. Su, M. Thibeault, J.P. Walker, Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), NASA-California Institute of Technology (CALTECH), Centre d'études spatiales de la biosphère (CESBIO), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Interactions Sol Plante Atmosphère (UMR ISPA), Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Sciences Agronomiques de Bordeaux-Aquitaine (Bordeaux Sciences Agro)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), Université de Tsukuba = University of Tsukuba, University of Guelph, USDA-ARS : Agricultural Research Service, University of Texas-Pan American (UTPA), University of Texas-Pan, Universidad de Salamanca, Agriculture and Agri-Food (AAFC), University of Twente, Comisión Nacional de Actividades Espaciales - Argentinian Space Agency (CONAE), and Monash university
Subjects: [SDE.IE]Environmental Sciences/Environmental Engineering, Soil Moisture, Validation, SMAP, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, [SDV.SA.SDS]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences/Soil study, Geotechnical Engineering and Engineering Geology, SMOS
Abstract: International audience; The European Space Agency (ESA) launched the SMOS (Soil Moisture Ocean Salinity) mission in 2009; currently, multiple global soil moisture (SM) products are based on the measurements of its L-band (1.4 GHz) radiometer. We compared four SMOS products with each other: Level 2, Level 3, IC (INRA-CESBIO), and Near Real Time products. The comparisons focused on core validation sites (CVS), whose spatial representativeness errors allow the estimation of the SM product performance for bias-insensitive metrics (unbiased root mean square error (ubRMSE) and correlation (R), and anomaly R) with negligible uncertainty and for bias-sensitive metrics (mean difference (MD) and root mean square difference or RMSD) with acceptable uncertainty. When the products were compared with CVS independently, the results showed that the ubRMSE, R, and anomaly R of the IC product were better than those of the other products, while the MD was larger. However, the differences between the performances were smaller when the products were assessed using only the data points when each product had a valid retrieval. This indicates that the algorithms have similar performance and that data screening and quality flagging of the retrievals markedly affects the performance. The NASA Soil Moisture Active Passive (SMAP) mission produces a similar SM product as SMOS using an L-band radiometer. The closeness of the ubRMSE, R, and anomaly R performance of the IC product and the SMAP product (0.039 m 3 /m 3 vs. 0.041 m 3 /m 3 , 0.80 vs. 0.81, and 0.75 vs. 0.75) demonstrate that the SMOS and SMAP radiometers can achieve similar SM sensitivity.
Published: 2023

20. Examination of the parameters controlling the triple oxygen isotope composition of grass leaf water and phytoliths at a Mediterranean site: a model–data approach

Author: Voigt, Claudia, Alexandre, Anne, Reiter, Ilja, Orts, Jean-Philippe, Vallet-Coulomb, Christine, Piel, Clément, Mazur, Jean-Charles, Aleman, Julie, Sonzogni, Corinne, Miche, Helene, Ogée, Jérôme, Centre européen de recherche et d'enseignement des géosciences de l'environnement (CEREGE), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Collège de France (CdF (institution))-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Ecosystèmes continentaux et risques environnementaux (ECCOREV), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut méditerranéen de biodiversité et d'écologie marine et continentale (IMBE), Avignon Université (AU)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UMR237-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Écotron Européen de Montpellier, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Interactions Sol Plante Atmosphère (UMR ISPA), Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Sciences Agronomiques de Bordeaux-Aquitaine (Bordeaux Sciences Agro)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), and ANR-17-CE01-0002,HUMI-17,Dynamique passée de l'humidité atmosphérique continentale et de la végétation: apports de la triple composition isotopique de l'oxygène(2017)
Subjects: [SDE]Environmental Sciences
Abstract: Triple oxygen isotopes (17O-excess) of water are useful to trace evaporation at the soil–plant–atmosphere interface. The 17O-excess of plant silica, i.e., phytoliths, inherited from leaf water, was previously calibrated in growth chambers as a proxy of atmospheric relative humidity (RH). Here, using a model–data approach, we examine the parameters that control the triple oxygen isotope composition of bulk grass leaf water and phytoliths in natura, at the O3HP experimental platform located in the French Mediterranean area. A grass plot was equipped to measure for 1 year, all environmental and plant physiological parameters relevant for modeling the isotope composition of the grass leaf water. In particular, the triple oxygen and hydrogen isotope composition of atmospheric water vapor above the grass was measured continuously using a cavity ring-down spectrometer, and the grass leaf temperature was monitored at plot scale using an infrared (IR) radiometer. Grass leaves were collected in different seasons of the year and over a 24 h period in June. Grass leaf water was extracted by cryogenic vacuum distillation and analyzed by isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS). Phytoliths were analyzed by IR–laser fluorination–IRMS after chemical extraction. We showed that the traditional Craig–Gordon steady-state model modified for grass leaves reliably predicts the triple oxygen isotope composition of leaf water during daytime but is sensitive to uncertainties on the leaf-to-air temperature difference. Deviations from isotope steady state at night are well represented in the triple oxygen isotope system and predictable by a non-steady-state model. The 17O-excess of phytoliths confirms the applicability of the 17O-excessphyto vs. RH equation established in previous growth chamber experiments. Further, it recorded average daytime RH over the growth period rather than daily RH, related to low transpiration and silicification during the night. This model–data approach highlights the utility of the triple oxygen isotope system to improve the understanding of water exchange at the soil–plant–atmosphere interface. The in natura experiment underlines the applicability of 17O-excess of phytoliths as a RH proxy.
Published: 2023

21. Declining Amazon biomass due to deforestation and subsequent degradation losses exceeding gains

Author: Dominic Fawcett, Stephen Sitch, Philippe Ciais, Jean Pierre Wigneron, Celso H. L. Silva‐Junior, Viola Heinrich, Christelle Vancutsem, Frédéric Achard, Ana Bastos, Hui Yang, Xiaojun Li, Clément Albergel, Pierre Friedlingstein, Luiz E. O. C. Aragão, University of Exeter, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Interactions Sol Plante Atmosphère (UMR ISPA), Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Sciences Agronomiques de Bordeaux-Aquitaine (Bordeaux Sciences Agro)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), University of California [Los Angeles] (UCLA), University of California (UC), University of Bristol [Bristol], Center for International Forestry Research [Yaoundé] (CIFOR), Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research [CGIAR] (CGIAR)-Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research [CGIAR] (CGIAR), European Commission [Brussels], Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry (MPI-BGC), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, European Centre for Space Applications and Telecommunications (ECSAT), and Agence Spatiale Européenne = European Space Agency (ESA)
Subjects: [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, Global and Planetary Change, Ecology, biomass, carbon, growth, VOD, forest, Environmental Chemistry, deforestation, [SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment, Amazon, General Environmental Science, degradation
Abstract: International audience; In the Amazon, deforestation and climate change lead to increased vulnerability to forest degradation, threatening its existing carbon stocks and its capacity as a carbon sink. We use satellite L-Band Vegetation Optical Depth (L-VOD) data that provide an integrated (top-down) estimate of biomass carbon to track changes over 2011–2019. Because the spatial resolution of L-VOD is coarse (0.25°), it allows limited attribution of the observed changes. We therefore combined high-resolution annual maps of forest cover and disturbances with biomass maps to model carbon losses (bottom-up) from deforestation and degradation, and gains from regrowing secondary forests. We show an increase of deforestation and associated degradation losses since 2012 which greatly outweigh secondary forest gains. Degradation accounted for 40% of gross losses. After an increase in 2011, old-growth forests show a net loss of above-ground carbon between 2012 and 2019. The sum of component carbon fluxes in our model is consistent with the total biomass change from L-VOD of 1.3 Pg C over 2012-2019. Across nine Amazon countries, we found that while Brazil contains the majority of biomass stocks (64%), its losses from disturbances were disproportionately high (79% of gross losses). Our multi-source analysis provides a pessimistic assessment of the Amazon carbon balance and highlights the urgent need to stop the recent rise of deforestation and degradation, particularly in the Brazilian Amazon.
Published: 2023

22. Sub-continental-scale carbon stocks of individual trees in African drylands

Author: Compton Tucker, Martin Brandt, Pierre Hiernaux, Ankit Kariryaa, Kjeld Rasmussen, Jennifer Small, Christian Igel, Florian Reiner, Katherine Melocik, Jesse Meyer, Scott Sinno, Eric Romero, Erin Glennie, Yasmin Fitts, August Morin, Jorge Pinzon, Devin McClain, Paul Morin, Claire Porter, Shane Loeffler, Laurent Kergoat, Bil-Assanou Issoufou, Patrice Savadogo, Jean-Pierre Wigneron, Benjamin Poulter, Philippe Ciais, Robert Kaufmann, Ranga Myneni, Sassan Saatchi, Rasmus Fensholt, Interactions Sol Plante Atmosphère (UMR ISPA), Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Sciences Agronomiques de Bordeaux-Aquitaine (Bordeaux Sciences Agro)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), and Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, Benchmarking, Multidisciplinary, Humans, Black People, Ecosystem, Carbon, Trees
Abstract: The distribution of dryland trees and their density, cover, size, mass and carbon content are not well known at sub-continental to continental scales1–14. This information is important for ecological protection, carbon accounting, climate mitigation and restoration efforts of dryland ecosystems15–18. We assessed more than 9.9 billion trees derived from more than 300,000 satellite images, covering semi-arid sub-Saharan Africa north of the Equator. We attributed wood, foliage and root carbon to every tree in the 0–1,000 mm year−1 rainfall zone by coupling field data19, machine learning20–22, satellite data and high-performance computing. Average carbon stocks of individual trees ranged from 0.54 Mg C ha−1 and 63 kg C tree−1 in the arid zone to 3.7 Mg C ha−1 and 98 kg tree−1 in the sub-humid zone. Overall, we estimated the total carbon for our study area to be 0.84 (±19.8%) Pg C. Comparisons with 14 previous TRENDY numerical simulation studies23 for our area found that the density and carbon stocks of scattered trees have been underestimated by three models and overestimated by 11 models, respectively. This benchmarking can help understand the carbon cycle and address concerns about land degradation24–29. We make available a linked database of wood mass, foliage mass, root mass and carbon stock of each tree for scientists, policymakers, dryland-restoration practitioners and farmers, who can use it to estimate farmland tree carbon stocks from tablets or laptops.
Published: 2023

23. Estimating Aboveground Carbon Dynamic of China Using Optical and Microwave Remote-Sensing Datasets from 2013 to 2019

Author: Chang, Zhongbing, Fan, Lei, J.-P., Wigneron, Wang, Ying-Ping, Ciais, Philippe, Chave, Jérôme, Fensholt, Rasmus, Chen, Jing M., Yuan, Wenping, Ju, Weimin, Li, Xin, Jiang, Fei, Wu, Mousong, Chen, Xiuzhi, Qin, Yuanwei, Frappart, Frédéric, Li, Xiaojun, Wang, Mengjia, Liu, Xiangzhuo, Tang, Xuli, Hobeichi, Sanaa, Yu, Mengxiao, Ma, Mingguo, Xiao, Qing, Wen, Jianguang, Shi, Weiyu, Liu, Dexin, Yan, Junhua, Chinese Academy of Sciences [Beijing] (CAS), Southwest University [Chongqing], Interactions Sol Plante Atmosphère (UMR ISPA), Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Sciences Agronomiques de Bordeaux-Aquitaine (Bordeaux Sciences Agro)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), CSIRO Atmospheric Research, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation [Canberra] (CSIRO), Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Evolution et Diversité Biologique (EDB), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), IT University of Copenhagen (ITU), University of Toronto, Sun Yat-Sen University [Guangzhou] (SYSU), Nanjing University (NJU), University of Oklahoma (OU), Laboratoire d'études en Géophysique et océanographie spatiales (LEGOS), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and University of New South Wales [Sydney] (UNSW)
Subjects: [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics]
Abstract: Over the past 2 to 3 decades, Chinese forests are estimated to act as a large carbon sink, yet the magnitude and spatial patterns of this sink differ considerably among studies. Using 3 microwave (L- and X-band vegetation optical depth [VOD]) and 3 optical (normalized difference vegetation index, leaf area index, and tree cover) remote-sensing vegetation products, this study compared the estimated live woody aboveground biomass carbon (AGC) dynamics over China between 2013 and 2019. Our results showed that tree cover has the highest spatial consistency with 3 published AGC maps (mean correlation value R = 0.84), followed by L-VOD ( R = 0.83), which outperform the other VODs. An AGC estimation model was proposed to combine all indices to estimate the annual AGC dynamics in China during 2013 to 2019. The performance of the AGC estimation model was good (root mean square error = 0.05 Pg C and R 2 = 0.90 with a mean relative uncertainty of 9.8% at pixel scale [0.25°]). Results of the AGC estimation model showed that carbon uptake by the forests in China was about +0.17 Pg C year −1 from 2013 to 2019. At the regional level, provinces in southwest China including Guizhou (+22.35 Tg C year −1 ), Sichuan (+14.49 Tg C year −1 ), and Hunan (+11.42 Tg C year −1 ) provinces had the highest carbon sink rates during 2013 to 2019. Most of the carbon-sink regions have been afforested recently, implying that afforestation and ecological engineering projects have been effective means for carbon sequestration in these regions.
Published: 2023

24. Energy cover crops for biogas production increase soil organic carbon stocks: a modeling approach

Author: Florent Levavasseur, Patrice K. Kouakou, Julie Constantin, Romain Cresson, Fabien Ferchaud, Romain Girault, Vincent Jean‐Baptiste, Hélène Lagrange, Sylvain Marsac, Sylvain Pellerin, Sabine Houot, Ecologie fonctionnelle et écotoxicologie des agroécosystèmes (ECOSYS), AgroParisTech-Université Paris-Saclay-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Agroécologie et Intensification Durables des cultures annuelles (UPR AIDA), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad), Département Performances des systèmes de production et de transformation tropicaux (Cirad-PERSYST), AGroécologie, Innovations, teRritoires (AGIR), Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), INRAE Transfert Environnement [Narbonne], INRAE Transfert, Agrosystèmes et impacts environnementaux carbone-azote (Agro-Impact), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Transfrontalière BioEcoAgro - UMR 1158 (BioEcoAgro), Université d'Artois (UA)-Université de Liège-Université de Picardie Jules Verne (UPJV)-Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale (ULCO)-Université de Lille-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-JUNIA (JUNIA), Université catholique de Lille (UCL)-Université catholique de Lille (UCL), Optimisation des procédés en Agriculture, Agroalimentaire et Environnement (UR OPAALE), Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Gaz Réseau Distribution France (GRDF), ARVALIS - Institut du végétal [Paris], Interactions Sol Plante Atmosphère (UMR ISPA), Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Sciences Agronomiques de Bordeaux-Aquitaine (Bordeaux Sciences Agro)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), and This work was funded by GRDF.
Subjects: anaerobic digestion, [SDV.SA]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences, Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment, Forestry, modeling, cover crop, arable crops, Sys- Metha, AMG, biogas, France, SOC, Waste Management and Disposal, Agronomy and Crop Science
Abstract: International audience; Energy cover crops for biogas production through anaerobic digestion (AD) are inserted between two primary crops. They replace either bare soil or non-harvested cover crops, and their management is usually intensified to produce more biomass. They allow the production of renewable energy as well as diges-tate, used as an organic fertilizer, without directly competing with food produc-tion. Because of the increased biomass production and export and of the return of a digested biomass to the soil, the impact of energy cover crops on soil organic carbon (SOC) is questioned. The objective of this paper was to study the differ-ence in SOC stocks induced by the introduction of energy cover crops for AD coupled with the application of the resulting amount of digestate. We used the AD model Sys- Metha combined with the soil C model AMG to simulate SOC stocks for 13 case studies in France, with scenarios comparing different inter-crop management practices, with or without cover crops, harvested or not. Our results indicated that the higher biomass production of energy cover crops (from 6.7 to 11.1 t DM ha−1) in comparison with nonharvested cover crops (2 t DM ha−1) or bare soil led to higher humified C input (belowground input and digestate), despite the high C fraction exported in AD. This resulted in an increase in SOC stocks in comparison with nonharvested cover crops or bare soil (from 0.01 to 0.12 t C ha−1 year−1 over 30 years). The uncertainties in the model parameters did not modify these results. However, in the case of equal biomass production be-tween energy cover crops and nonharvested cover crops, SOC stocks would be lower with energy cover crops.
Published: 2023

25. An assessment of L-band surface soil moisture products from SMOS and SMAP in the tropical areas

Author: Hongliang Ma, Xiaojun Li, Jiangyuan Zeng, Xiang Zhang, Jianzhi Dong, Nengcheng Chen, Lei Fan, Morteza Sadeghi, Frédéric Frappart, Xiangzhuo Liu, Mengjia Wang, Huan Wang, Zheng Fu, Zanpin Xing, Philippe Ciais, Jean-Pierre Wigneron, Interactions Sol Plante Atmosphère (UMR ISPA), Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Sciences Agronomiques de Bordeaux-Aquitaine (Bordeaux Sciences Agro)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Wuhan University [China], Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences [Beijing] (CAS), China University of Geosciences [Wuhan] (CUG), Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Tianjin University (TJU), Southwest University [Chongqing], California Department of Water Resources, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), and Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: Rainforests, [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, Tropics, Soil Science, Geology, Soil moisture, SMAP, Computers in Earth Sciences, Assessment, [SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment, SMOS
Abstract: International audience; Recently, large efforts have been made to develop surface soil moisture (SSM) products based on observations from passive microwave L-band satellites at the global scale. Despite vast previous efforts to assess satellite SSM products based on in situ data, the performance of L-band SSM products remains still little known over the tropical areas including the rainforests. To close this knowledge gap, a comprehensive evaluation of five L-band SSM products from the Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (SMOS) and Soil Moisture Active Passive (SMAP) satellites, including SMOS-IC, SMAP SCA-V, DCA, and MTDCA, as well as the recently developed SMAP INRAE-BORDEAUX (SMAP-IB) was conducted in tropical areas from 2015 to 2020. The investigation was implemented by using in situ observations, and expanded by the Triple Collocation Analysis (TCA) and double instrumental variable (IVd) methods. The results revealed that all the five L-band SSM products show a good capacity to estimate SSM in most moderately vegetated areas of the tropical areas while they exhibit some uncertainties in dense vegetation (e.g., rainforests). The SSM climatology of the five L-band products in rainforests agreed generally well with that of in situ measurements especially for SMOS-IC (R = 0.75), followed by SMAP-IB (R = 0.72). Notably, the newly developed SMAP-IB shows satisfactory performance in the tropics with the highest R of 0.73 and the smallest unbiased root mean square difference (ubRMSD) of 0.041 m3/m3 from the study based on in situ SM data, and R of >0.81 from the combined TCA/IVd method in most vegetation conditions. SMAP-DCA SSM demonstrates comparable performance to SMAP-SCA-V (R = 0.66) from the in situ based analysis. This study is expected to deepen our understanding on the skill of L-band SSM products in tropical areas and further promote possible upgrades in algorithms and applications in these regions.
Published: 2023

26. Evidence for distinct isotopic compositions of sap and tissue water in tree stems: consequences for plant water source identification

Author: Régis Burlett, Bastien Fréjaville, Adrià Barbeta, Lisa Wingate, Jérôme Ogée, Jean-Christophe Domec, Nicolas Devert, Paula Martín-Gómez, Interactions Sol Plante Atmosphère (UMR ISPA), Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Sciences Agronomiques de Bordeaux-Aquitaine (Bordeaux Sciences Agro)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), University of Barcelona, Biodiversité, Gènes & Communautés (BioGeCo), Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), ANR-10-IDEX-0003,IDEX BORDEAUX,Initiative d'excellence de l'Université de Bordeaux(2010), ANR-10-LABX-0045,COTE,COntinental To coastal Ecosystems: evolution, adaptability and governance(2010), and ANR-13-BS06-0005,ORCA,Etude des mécanismes de régulation de l'anhydrase carbonique et des flux de COS et CO18O dans les écosystèmes terrestres(2013)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, Physiology, plant water relations, stable isotopes, Plant Science, Fractionation, adsorbed water, 01 natural sciences, ecohydrology, root water uptake, Trees, Soil, 03 medical and health sciences, Xylem, Ecohydrology, Water cycle, Transpiration, 030304 developmental biology, Plant stem, 0303 health sciences, Plant Stems, Chemistry, Stable isotope ratio, Water, Water extraction, Groundwater recharge, 15. Life on land, Wood, 13. Climate action, Environmental chemistry, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, Soil water, Environmental science, Soil horizon, Surface runoff, 010606 plant biology & botany, Woody plant
Abstract: For decades, theory has upheld that plants do not fractionate water isotopes as they move across the soil-root interface or along plant stems. This theory is now being challenged by several recent studies reporting that the water held in woody stems has an isotopic composition that cannot be attributed to any potential water source. Isotopic offsets between stem and source water still need to be explained, as they prevent identifying unambiguously tree water’s origin from water isotope measurements. Here we show that isotopic offsets between stem and source water can be explained by micrometer-scale water isotope heterogeneity within woody stems and soil micropores. Using a novel technique to extract sap water in xylem conduits separately from the water held in other xylem tissues, we show that these non-conductive xylem tissues are more depleted in deuterium than sap water. We also report that, in cut stems and well-watered potted plants, the isotopic composition of sap water reflects well that of irrigation water, demonstrating that no isotopic fractionation occurs during root water uptake or the sap water extraction process. Previous studies showed that isotopic heterogeneity also exists in soils at the pore scale where water adsorbed onto soil particles is more depleted than capillary/mobile soil water. Data collected at a beech (Fagus sylvatica) forest indicate that sap water matches best the capillary/mobile soil water from deep soil horizons, indicating that micrometer-scale water isotope heterogeneity in soils and stems must be accounted for to unambiguously identify where trees obtain their water within catchments.Significance StatementForests are prime regulators of the water cycle over land. They return, via transpiration, a large fraction of precipitation back to the atmosphere, influence surface runoff, groundwater recharge or stream flow, and enhance the recycling of atmospheric moisture inland from the ocean. The isotopic composition of water in woody stems can provide unique information on the role forests play in the water cycle only if it can be unambiguously related to the isotopic composition of source water. Here, we report a previously overlooked isotopic fractionation of stem water whereby non-conductive tissues are more depleted in deuterium than sap water, and propose a new technique to extract sap water separately from bulk stem water to unambiguously identify plant water sources.
Published: 2021

27. To what extent can ecoclimatic indicators assist crop performance predictions in oilseed rape upon repeated heat stresses?

Author: Lethicia Magno Massuia de Almeida, Erwan Corlouer, Anne Laperche, Nathalie Nesi, Alain Mollier, Sophie Brunel-Muguet, Ecophysiologie Végétale, Agronomie et Nutritions NCS (EVA), Université de Caen Normandie (UNICAEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Institut de Génétique, Environnement et Protection des Plantes (IGEPP), Université de Rennes (UR)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut Agro Rennes Angers, Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro), Interactions Sol Plante Atmosphère (UMR ISPA), and Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Sciences Agronomiques de Bordeaux-Aquitaine (Bordeaux Sciences Agro)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)
Subjects: Crop modelling, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, Soil Science, Indicators, Plant Science, Stress memory, Agronomy and Crop Science, Oilseed rape, Heat stress
Abstract: International audience; Modelling is an obligate approach to predict crop yield under a wide range of environmental conditions. The present work aims to improve predictions of crop performance under repeated high temperature events by (i) demonstrating that ecoclimatic indicators (i.e. calculated for a given phenological stage) allow a finer description of the plant critical stages, and (ii) highlighting the non-additive effects of these successive stressful events. For this purpose, statistical models based on large datasets in oilseed rape were developed to look for correlations between ecoclimatic indicators and the plant performance-related variables (i.e. seed yield, lipid and protein content), as follows: (i) the plant cycle was divided into four intervals after flowering, according to the physi-ological stages of development in oilseed rape; (ii) the number of warm days (i.e. above 25 ???C and 30 ???C, respectively) in each interval for 26 combinations of location x year in France was scored; (iii) several statistical models that differed from the combination of ecoclimatic indicators were evaluated; and (iv) the best fit model for each plant performance-related variable was selected following a stepwise approach based on the Akaike Information Criterion. The results highlighted that contrasting final crop performances were tightly related to the timing, frequency and intensity of high temperature events after flowering. In addition, specific combinations of these ecoclimatic indicators were much more predictive of the crop performance-related variables than a single cumulative indicator which reflects the sum of all stresses in the same period. These results support our prior assumption that the outcome of several successive stressful events is not equal to the sum of each individual effect. The proposed approach is a proof of concept of the need to consider stress memory (i.e. the capacity of plants to store and retrieve information acquired during an initial exposure to stress) in predictive crop models, so as to better estimate the effects of repeated stresses and their consequences on crop yield and quality of harvested products.
Published: 2022

28. Oil slicks in the Gulf of Guinea -10 years of Envisat Advanced Synthetic Aperture Radar observations

Author: Zhour Najoui, Nellya Amoussou, Serge Riazanoff, Guillaume Aurel, Frédéric Frappart, VisioTerra, Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Interactions Sol Plante Atmosphère (UMR ISPA), and Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Sciences Agronomiques de Bordeaux-Aquitaine (Bordeaux Sciences Agro)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)
Subjects: [SDE]Environmental Sciences, General Earth and Planetary Sciences
Abstract: The Gulf of Guinea is a very active area with respect to maritime traffic as well as oil and gas exploitation. Due to the failure of some actors to comply with environmental standards, this region has been subject to a large number of oil pollution episodes. This anthropogenic oil pollution is in addition to natural oil seepage from the ocean floor. This study aims to detect oil slicks in the Gulf of Guinea and to analyse their spatial distribution using synthetic-aperture radar (SAR) images. Previous works have already locally mapped oil slicks in this area; however, to our knowledge, this study is the first to achieve a global statistical analysis based on 10 years of radar images covering 17 exclusive economic zones (EEZs) in the Gulf of Guinea. The present study is based on a database of 3644 SAR images collected between 2002 and 2012 by the Advanced Synthetic Aperture Radar (ASAR) sensor onboard the European Spatial Agency (ESA) Envisat mission, and these images allowed the identification of 18 063 oil slicks. The spatial distribution of these oil slicks is available from Zenodo: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6470470 (Najoui, 2022b). The oil slicks detected in this work encompass both oil spills of anthropogenic origin and oil seeps of natural origin (natural oil reservoir leaks). A set of 100 georeferenced oil spills is also available from Zenodo: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6907743 (Najoui, 2022a).
Published: 2022

29. Critical soil moisture thresholds of plant water stress in terrestrial cosystems

Author: Fu, Zheng, Ciais, Philippe, Feldman, Andrew F., Gentine, Pierre, Makowski, David, Prentice, I. Colin, Stoy, Paul C., Bastos, Ana, Wigneron, Jean-Pierre, Commission of the European Communities, The Eric & Wendy Schmidt Fund for Strategic Innovation, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), Department of Earth and Environmental Engineering [New York], Columbia University [New York], Mathématiques et Informatique Appliquées (MIA Paris-Saclay), AgroParisTech-Université Paris-Saclay-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Department of Biological Systems Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry (MPI-BGC), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Interactions Sol Plante Atmosphère (UMR ISPA), and Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Sciences Agronomiques de Bordeaux-Aquitaine (Bordeaux Sciences Agro)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)
Subjects: Multidisciplinary, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics]
Abstract: Plant water stress occurs at the point when soil moisture (SM) limits transpiration, defining a critical SM threshold (θ crit ). Knowledge of the spatial distribution of θ crit is crucial for future projections of climate and water resources. Here, we use global eddy covariance observations to quantify θ crit and evaporative fraction (EF) regimes. Three canonical variables describe how EF is controlled by SM: the maximum EF (EF max ), θ crit , and slope (S) between EF and SM. We find systematic differences of these three variables across biomes. Variation in θ crit , S, and EF max is mostly explained by soil texture, vapor pressure deficit, and precipitation, respectively, as well as vegetation structure. Dryland ecosystems tend to operate at low θ crit and show adaptation to water deficits. The negative relationship between θ crit and S indicates that dryland ecosystems minimize θ crit through mechanisms of sustained SM extraction and transport by xylem. Our results further suggest an optimal adaptation of local EF-SM response that maximizes growing-season evapotranspiration and photosynthesis.
Published: 2022

30. Large loss and rapid recovery of vegetation cover and aboveground biomass over forest areas in Australia during 2019–2020

Author: Yuanwei Qin, Xiangming Xiao, Jean-Pierre Wigneron, Philippe Ciais, Josep G. Canadell, Martin Brandt, Xiaojun Li, Lei Fan, Xiaocui Wu, Hao Tang, Ralph Dubayah, Russell Doughty, Sean Crowell, Bo Zheng, Berrien Moore, University of Oklahoma (OU), Interactions Sol Plante Atmosphère (UMR ISPA), Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Sciences Agronomiques de Bordeaux-Aquitaine (Bordeaux Sciences Agro)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation [Canberra] (CSIRO), University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (UCPH), Southwest University [Chongqing], University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign [Urbana], University of Illinois System, National University of Singapore (NUS), University of Maryland [College Park], University of Maryland System, California Institute of Technology (CALTECH), Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School [Shenzhen], and Tsinghua University [Beijing] (THU)
Subjects: Forest recovery, Soil Science, Climate change, Geology, Forest, Computers in Earth Sciences, Remote sensing, [SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment, Fire, Carbon
Abstract: International audience; Australia experienced multi-year drought and record high temperatures, and massive forest fires occurred across the southeast in 2019 and early 2020. In the fire-affected forest areas, understory and often tree canopies were burned, and in-situ observations in late 2020 reported rapid vegetation recovery, including grasses, shrubs, and tree canopies from burned-but-not-dead eucalyptus trees. Considering the strong fire resilience and resistance of eucalyptus trees and above-average rainfall in 2020, we assessed how much and how quickly vegetation structure and biomass changed from loss to post-fire and drought recovery in 2020 for all forest areas in Australia. Here, we analyzed space-borne optical, thermal, and microwave images to assess changes in the structure and function of vegetation using four vegetation indices (VIs), leaf area index (LAI), solar-induced chlorophyll fluorescence (SIF), gross primary production (GPP), and aboveground biomass (AGB). We found that all eight variables show large losses in 2019, driven by fires and climate (drought and high temperature), but large gains in 2020, resulting from the high resilience of most trees to fire and rapid growth of understory vegetation under wet condition in 2020. In 2019, the forest area has an AGB loss of 0.20 Pg C, which is ~15% of the pre-fire AGB. Attribution analyses showed that both fire and climate (prior and co-occurring severe drought and record high temperatures) are responsible for the AGB loss in 2019, approximately 0.09 Pg C (fire) and 0.11 Pg C (climate), respectively. In 2020, the forest area has a total AGB gain of 0.26 Pg C, composed of 0.22 Pg C from fire-affected forest area and 0.04 Pg C from fire-unaffected forest area. Fire-adapted Eucalyptus forests and above-average annual precipitation in 2020 brought by a moderate La Niña drove the recovery of vegetation cover, productivity, and AGB. The results from this study shows the potential of multiple sensors for monitoring and assessing the impacts of fire and climate on the forest areas in Australia and their post-fire recovery.
Published: 2022

31. First assessment of optical and microwave remotely sensed vegetation proxies in monitoring aboveground carbon in tropical Asia

Author: Cui, Tianxiang, Fan, Lei, Ciais, Philippe, Fensholt, R., Frappart, Frédéric, Sitch, Stephen A., Chave, Jérôme, Chang, Zhongbing, Li, Xiaojun, Wang, Mengjia, Liu, Xiangzhuo, Ma, Mingguo, Wigneron, Jean Pierre, Nanjing Forestry University (NFU), Southwest University [Chongqing], Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), IT University of Copenhagen (ITU), Interactions Sol Plante Atmosphère (UMR ISPA), Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Sciences Agronomiques de Bordeaux-Aquitaine (Bordeaux Sciences Agro)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), University of Exeter, Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier - Faculté de médecine Purpan (UTPS), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT), Zhengzhou University, European Space Agency, ESA: ESRIN/4000123002/18/I-NB, National Natural Science Foundation of China, NSFC: 42171339, 42201364, Centre National d’Etudes Spatiales, CNES, Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province: BK20190764, State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, SKLRSS: OFSLRSS202005, and This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China ( 42201364 , 42171339 ), Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province ( BK20190764 ), and the Open Fund of State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science ( OFSLRSS202005 ). J.-P·W acknowledges funding support from the CNES ( Centre National d’Etudes Spatiales , France) TOSCA programme. P.C. and J.-P·W acknowledge support from the ESA CCI RECCAP2-A project ( ESRIN/4000123002/18/I-NB ).
Subjects: Microwave remote sensing, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, Soil Science, Optical vegetation proxies, Vegetation optical depth, Geology, Computers in Earth Sciences, Above ground carbon, Tropical Asia
Abstract: International audience; Tropical Asia has shown a strong greening trend in recent years. However, detailed knowledge about changes in carbon stocks remain uncertain as only few studies have used remotely sensed vegetation products for monitoring spatial and temporal changes of aboveground live biomass carbon (AGC) in that region. This study aims at evaluating optical- and microwave-based vegetation proxies (i.e., LAI, percent tree cover (PTC), L−/X-/C-band vegetation optical depths (VOD)) for understanding the spatio-temporal variations of tropical Asian AGC between 2013 and 2019. Our results indicated that the spatial distributions of L-VOD and PTC were highly spatially correlated with four benchmark AGC maps used for comparison (R > 0.79 and R > 0.75, respectively). By employing L-VOD as the reference data in assessing AGC dynamics, the X-/C-VOD showed advantages in capturing AGC changes for low-medium (20–40 Mg C/ha) carbon density vegetation, respectively, while other vegetation proxies showed limited capabilities. All proxies presented limitations in tracking AGC dynamics at high AGC density (> 60 Mg C/ha). Tropical Asian AGC stocks estimated using the L-VOD product indicated that tropical Asia accumulated carbon in biomass at a rate of +44+39+53 Tg C/yr between 2013 and 2019. This small sink is dominated by non-forest biomes (65.9%). The non-forest regions in southern India, southwest China, and southern Vietnam and southwest China showed a continuous AGC increase while forests in northern Laos, Malaysia, and central Indonesia experienced continuous decreases between 2013 and 2019 caused by deforestation.
Published: 2023

32. Climatic and biotic factors influencing regional declines and recovery of tropical forest biomass from the 2015/16 El Niño

Author: Hui Yang, Philippe Ciais, Jean-Pierre Wigneron, Jérôme Chave, Oliver Cartus, Xiuzhi Chen, Lei Fan, Julia K. Green, Yuanyuan Huang, Emilie Joetzjer, Heather Kay, David Makowski, Fabienne Maignan, Maurizio Santoro, Shengli Tao, Liyang Liu, Yitong Yao, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Interactions Sol Plante Atmosphère (UMR ISPA), Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Sciences Agronomiques de Bordeaux-Aquitaine (Bordeaux Sciences Agro)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Evolution et Diversité Biologique (EDB), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Gamma Remote Sensing Research and Consulting AG, National Sun Yat-Sen University (NSYSU), Southwest Forestry University (SWFU), Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation [Canberra] (CSIRO), Centre national de recherches météorologiques (CNRM), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Aberystwyth University, Mathématiques et Informatique Appliquées (MIA Paris-Saclay), AgroParisTech-Université Paris-Saclay-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Modélisation des Surfaces et Interfaces Continentales (MOSAIC), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and European SpaceAgency (ESA) as part of the CCI Biomass project of the Climate Change Initiative(ESA ESRIN/Contract Number 4000123662)
Subjects: El Nino-Southern Oscillation, tropical forest, Tropical Climate, Multidisciplinary, Rainforest, [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, Water, drought, Droughts, Soil, recovery, [STAT.ML]Statistics [stat]/Machine Learning [stat.ML], Biomass, forest structure
Abstract: The 2015/16 El Niño brought severe drought and record-breaking temperatures in the tropics. Here, using satellite-based L-band microwave vegetation optical depth, we mapped changes of above-ground biomass (AGB) during the drought and in subsequent years up to 2019. Over more than 60% of drought-affected intact forests, AGB reduced during the drought, except in the wettest part of the central Amazon, where it declined 1 y later. By the end of 2019, only 40% of AGB reduced intact forests had fully recovered to the predrought level. Using random-forest models, we found that the magnitude of AGB losses during the drought was mainly associated with regionally distinct patterns of soil water deficits and soil clay content. For the AGB recovery, we found strong influences of AGB losses during the drought and of γ . γ is a parameter related to canopy structure and is defined as the ratio of two relative height (RH) metrics of Geoscience Laser Altimeter System (GLAS) waveform data—RH25 (25% energy return height) and RH100 (100% energy return height; i.e., top canopy height). A high γ may reflect forests with a tall understory, thick and closed canopy, and/or without degradation. Such forests with a high γ ( γ ≥ 0.3) appear to have a stronger capacity to recover than low- γ ones. Our results highlight the importance of forest structure when predicting the consequences of future drought stress in the tropics.
Published: 2022

33. Global option space for organic agriculture is delimited by nitrogen availability

Author: Sylvain Pellerin, Thomas Nesme, Laurence Smith, Verena Seufert, Pietro Barbieri, Navin Ramankutty, Interactions Sol Plante Atmosphère (UMR ISPA), Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Sciences Agronomiques de Bordeaux-Aquitaine (Bordeaux Sciences Agro)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam [Amsterdam] (VU), Royal Agricultural University (RAU), University of British Columbia (UBC), and Environmental Geography
Subjects: 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Natural resource economics, Azote, 01 natural sciences, 7. Clean energy, 03 medical and health sciences, Per capita, Production (economics), SDG 2 - Zero Hunger, Agroecology, 030304 developmental biology, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, SDG 15 - Life on Land, 2. Zero hunger, 0303 health sciences, business.industry, Crop yield, World population, 15. Life on land, Rendement des cultures, Agriculture Biologique, 13. Climate action, Agriculture, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, Food processing, Organic farming, Environmental science, Animal Science and Zoology, business, Agronomy and Crop Science, Food Science
Abstract: International audience; Organic agriculture is widely accepted as a strategy to reduce the environmental impacts of food production and help achieve global climate and biodiversity targets. However, studies concluding that organic farming could satisfy global food demand have overlooked the key role that nitrogen plays in sustaining crop yields. Using a spatially explicit biophysical optimization model that accounts for crop growth nitrogen requirements, we show that, in the absence of synthetic nitrogen fertilizers, the production gap between organic and conventional agriculture increases as organic agriculture expands globally (with organic producing 36% less food for human consumption than conventional in a fully organic world). Yet, by targeting both food supply (via a redesign of the livestock sector) and demand (by reducing average per capita caloric intake), public policies could support a transition towards organic agriculture in 40-60% of the global agricultural area even under current nitrogen limitations thus helping to achieve important environmental and health benefits. The ability of organic agriculture to feed the world population remains contentious. A biophysical optimization model indicates the extent to which nitrogen availability could limit the expansion of organic production systems and what measures could alleviate this limitation.
Published: 2021

34. Aquaporins, and not changes in root structure, provide new insights into physiological responses to drought, flooding, and salinity

Author: Anna Treado Overby, Rémi Wortemann, William K. Smith, John S. King, Daniel M. Johnson, Mary Jane Carmichael, Asko Noormets, Guofang Miao, Jean-Christophe Domec, Interactions Sol Plante Atmosphère (UMR ISPA), Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Sciences Agronomiques de Bordeaux-Aquitaine (Bordeaux Sciences Agro)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University [Durham], North Carolina State University [Raleigh] (NC State), University of North Carolina System (UNC), Hollins University, Clemson University, SILVA (SILVA), AgroParisTech-Université de Lorraine (UL)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Wake Forest University, Fujian Normal University [Fujian], Texas A&M University System, University of Georgia [USA], ANR-18-PRIM-0006,SWATCH,Effet du changement climatique sur les stratégies d'amélioration de l'utilisation en eau des bassin versants et des systèmes agrosylvopastoraux Méditerranéens(2018), and ANR-17-ASIE-0007,CWSSEA,Assessments of vulnerability of mature and secondary forests to climatic water stress in Southeast Asia(2017)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, 0301 basic medicine, Salinity, Stomatal conductance, loblolly pine, Physiology, Vapour Pressure Deficit, Aquaporin, Plant Science, Root system, Aquaporins, 01 natural sciences, Acclimatization, Taxodium distichum, aquaporin activity, water stress, 03 medical and health sciences, flooding, bald cypress, Ecosystem, Water transport, Chemistry, fungi, Water, food and beverages, Xylem, Plant Transpiration, plant hydraulics, Pinus taeda, 15. Life on land, leaf water relations, Floods, conductances, Droughts, Plant Leaves, 030104 developmental biology, Agronomy, 13. Climate action, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, 010606 plant biology & botany
Abstract: The influence of aquaporin (AQP) activity on plant water movement remains unclear, especially in plants subject to unfavorable conditions. We applied a multitiered approach at a range of plant scales to (i) characterize the resistances controlling water transport under drought, flooding, and flooding plus salinity conditions; (ii) quantify the respective effects of AQP activity and xylem structure on root (Kroot), stem (Kstem), and leaf (Kleaf) conductances; and (iii) evaluate the impact of AQP-regulated transport capacity on gas exchange. We found that drought, flooding, and flooding plus salinity reduced Kroot and root AQP activity in Pinus taeda, whereas Kroot of the flood-tolerant Taxodium distichum did not decline under flooding. The extent of the AQP control of transport efficiency varied among organs and species, ranging from 35–55% in Kroot to 10–30% in Kstem and Kleaf. In response to treatments, AQP-mediated inhibition of Kroot rather than changes in xylem acclimation controlled the fluctuations in Kroot. The reduction in stomatal conductance and its sensitivity to vapor pressure deficit were direct responses to decreased whole-plant conductance triggered by lower Kroot and larger resistance belowground. Our results provide new mechanistic and functional insights on plant hydraulics that are essential to quantifying the influences of future stress on ecosystem function.
Published: 2021

35. Seasonal variation in the canopy color of temperate evergreen conifer forests

Author: Bijan Seyednasrollah, Barry A. Logan, Koen Hufkens, Zoran Nesic, Rui Cheng, T. Andrew Black, Peter D. Blanken, Andrew D. Richardson, Christian Frankenberg, Adam M. Young, M. Altaf Arain, David R. Bowling, Beverly E. Law, Troy S. Magney, David Y. Hollinger, Julia C. Yang, Rachhpal S. Jassal, Rosvel Bracho, Northern Arizona University [Flagstaff], University of Utah, California Institute of Technology (CALTECH), Bowdoin College [Brunswick], University of California [Davis] (UC Davis), University of California, Universiteit Gent = Ghent University [Belgium] (UGENT), Interactions Sol Plante Atmosphère (UMR ISPA), Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Sciences Agronomiques de Bordeaux-Aquitaine (Bordeaux Sciences Agro)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), and McMaster University [Hamilton, Ontario]
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, 0301 basic medicine, Canopy, Physiology, Climate, Plant Biology & Botany, AmeriFlux, Plant Science, Land cover, Forests, Photochemical Reflectance Index, Atmospheric sciences, phenology, 01 natural sciences, 03 medical and health sciences, medicine, PhenoCam, xanthophyll, Photosynthesis, Full Paper, evergreen conifer, Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, seasonality, Phenology, Research, Vegetation, Full Papers, Biological Sciences, 15. Life on land, Evergreen, Seasonality, medicine.disease, Evergreen forest, Plant Leaves, Tracheophyta, 030104 developmental biology, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, North America, Environmental science, Seasons, PRI, 010606 plant biology & botany
Abstract: International audience; Evergreen conifer forests are the most prevalent land cover type in North America. Seasonal changes in the color of evergreen forest canopies have been documented with near-surface remote sensing, but the physiological mechanisms underlying these changes, and the implications for photosynthetic uptake, have not been fully elucidated. Here, we integrate on-the-ground phenological observations, leaf-level physiological measurements, near surface hyperspectral remote sensing and digital camera imagery, towerbased CO 2 flux measurements, and a predictive model to simulate seasonal canopy color dynamics. We show that seasonal changes in canopy color occur independently of new leaf production, but track changes in chlorophyll fluorescence, the photochemical reflectance index, and leaf pigmentation. We demonstrate that at winter-dormant sites, seasonal changes in canopy color can be used to predict the onset of canopy-level photosynthesis in spring, and its cessation in autumn. Finally, we parameterize a simple temperature-based model to predict the seasonal cycle of canopy greenness, and we show that the model successfully simulates interannual variation in the timing of changes in canopy color. These results provide mechanistic insight into the factors driving seasonal changes in evergreen canopy color and provide opportunities to monitor and model seasonal variation in photosynthetic activity using color-based vegetation indices.
Published: 2020

36. Wind Speed Controls Forest Structure in a Subtropical Forest Exposed to Cyclones: A Case Study Using an Individual-Based Model

Author: Rau, E-Ping, Gardiner, Barry A., Fischer, Fabian Jörg, Maréchaux, Isabelle, Joetzjer, Emilie, Sun, I-Fang, Chave, Jérôme, Evolution et Diversité Biologique (EDB), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Interactions Sol Plante Atmosphère (UMR ISPA), Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Sciences Agronomiques de Bordeaux-Aquitaine (Bordeaux Sciences Agro)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Institut Européen de la Forêt Cultivée, Partenaires INRAE, Botanique et Modélisation de l'Architecture des Plantes et des Végétations (UMR AMAP), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Université de Montpellier (UM), SILVA (SILVA), AgroParisTech-Université de Lorraine (UL)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), National Dong Hwa University (NDHU), ANR-10-LABX-0025,CEBA,CEnter of the study of Biodiversity in Amazonia(2010), ANR-10-LABX-0041,TULIP,Towards a Unified theory of biotic Interactions: the roLe of environmental(2010), and ANR-11-INBS-0001,ANAEE-FR,ANAEE-Services(2011)
Subjects: Topography, Global and Planetary Change, Windthrow, Ecology, Forestry, [SDV.BV.BOT]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Vegetal Biology/Botanics, Environmental Science (miscellaneous), Disturbance regime, [SDV.BID.SPT]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biodiversity/Systematics, Phylogenetics and taxonomy, Tree mortality, [SDV.EE.ECO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment/Ecosystems, Forest recovery, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, Ecosystem resilience, Nature and Landscape Conservation
Abstract: International audience; Extreme wind blowdown events can significantly modify the structure and composition of forests, and the predicted shift in tropical cyclone regimes due to climate change could strongly impact forests across the tropics. In this study, we coupled an individual-based and spatially-explicit forest dynamics model (TROLL) with a mechanistic model estimating wind damage as a function of tree size, traits, and allometry (ForestGALES). We assimilated floristic trait data and climate data from a subtropical forest site in Taiwan to explore the effect of wind regimes on forest properties. We found that the average canopy height and biomass stocks decreased as wind disturbance strength increased, but biomass stocks showed a nonlinear response. Above a wind intensity threshold, both canopy height and biomass drastically decreased to near-zero, exhibiting a transition to a non-forest state. Wind intensity strongly regulated wind impact, but varying wind frequency did not cause discernible effects. The implementation of within-stand topographic heterogeneity led to weak effects on within-stand forest structure heterogeneity at the study site. In conclusion, the intensity of wind disturbances can potentially greatly impact forest structure by modifying mortality. Individual-based modeling provides a framework in which to investigate the impact of wind regimes on mortality, other factors influencing wind-induced tree mortality, as well as interaction between wind and other forms of forest disturbance and human land use legacy.
Published: 2022

37. Quelles gestions des forêts pour demain ?

Author: Catherine Bastien, Thierry Caquet, Sarah-Louise Filleux, Catherine Foucaud-Scheunemann, Damien Bonal, Thomas Cordonnier, Christophe Plomion, Bruno Fady, Meriem Fournier, Erwin Dreyer, P, Wigneron J., Sylvain Delzon, Clement Stahl, Arnaud Sergent, Cochard, Hervé H., Oliver Brendel, Cyrille Rathgeber, Catherine Massonnet, Nicolas Bilot, Département écologie et biodiversité des milieux forestiers, prairiaux et aquatiques (ECODIV), Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Direction de la communication (DirCom), SILVA (SILVA), AgroParisTech-Université de Lorraine (UL)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Laboratoire des EcoSystèmes et des Sociétés en Montagne (UR LESSEM), Biodiversité, Gènes & Communautés (BioGeCo), Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Ecologie des Forêts Méditerranéennes (URFM), Interactions Sol Plante Atmosphère (UMR ISPA), Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Sciences Agronomiques de Bordeaux-Aquitaine (Bordeaux Sciences Agro)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Ecologie des forêts de Guyane (UMR ECOFOG), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-AgroParisTech-Université de Guyane (UG)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université des Antilles (UA)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Environnement, territoires en transition, infrastructures, sociétés (UR ETTIS), Laboratoire de Physique et Physiologie Intégratives de l’Arbre en environnement Fluctuant (PIAF), and Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Université Clermont Auvergne (UCA)
Subjects: [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio]
Abstract: National audience; Production de bois, espace de loisirs, puits de carbone…Les forêts offrent de multiples services essentiels aux humains et à la Terre. Face à des aléas météorologiques qui s’intensifient avec le réchauffement climatique et des changements globaux menaçants (commerce international, déforestation), certains massifs dépérissent à un rythme inquiétant et nous invite à revoir la façon de gérer les forêts.
Published: 2022

38. Meteorological, climatic variables, and habitat heterogeneity predict the Ixodes ricinus nymph activity in France

Author: Phrutsamon Wongnak, Maude Jacquot, Severine Bord, Albert Agoulon, Frederic Beugnet, Laure Bournez, Nicolas Cèbe, Adélie Chevalier, Jean-François Cosson, Naima Dambrine, Thierry Hoch, Frédéric Huard, Nathalie Korboulewsky, Isabelle Lebert, Aurélien Madouasse, Anders Mårell, Sara Moutailler, Olivier Plantard, Thomas Pollet, Valerie Poux, Magalie René, Muriel Vayssier Taussat, Hélène Verheyden, Gwenaël Vourc'H, Karine Chalvet-Monfray, Unité Mixte de Recherche d'Épidémiologie des maladies Animales et zoonotiques (UMR EPIA), VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER), Mathématiques et Informatique Appliquées (MIA Paris-Saclay), AgroParisTech-Université Paris-Saclay-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), École nationale vétérinaire, agroalimentaire et de l'alimentation Nantes-Atlantique (ONIRIS), Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health, Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (ANSES), Laboratoire de la rage et de la faune sauvage de Nancy (LRFSN), Unité de recherche Comportement et Ecologie de la Faune Sauvage (CEFS), Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Ecosystèmes forestiers (UR EFNO), Biologie moléculaire et immunologie parasitaires et fongiques (BIPAR), École nationale vétérinaire - Alfort (ENVA)-Laboratoire de santé animale, sites de Maisons-Alfort et de Dozulé, Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (ANSES)-Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (ANSES)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Biologie, Epidémiologie et analyse de risque en Santé Animale (BIOEPAR), Agroclim (AGROCLIM), Interactions Sol Plante Atmosphère (UMR ISPA), Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Sciences Agronomiques de Bordeaux-Aquitaine (Bordeaux Sciences Agro)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS), and Le projet DAPPEM est financé par l’Union européenne dans le cadre du Fonds Européen Développement Régional (FEDER) - Pack Ambition recherche 2018 - MSA Subventions 2019, 2020, 2021
Subjects: Phenological patterns, Questing activity, Ixodes ricinus ticks, Meteorological condition, [SDV.SPEE]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Santé publique et épidémiologie, Habitat characteristics
Abstract: National audience; Context: Ixodes ricinus ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) are the most important vector for Lyme borreliosis in Europe, including France. The life cycles and key ecological processes of I. ricinus, suchas mortality, development rate, and questing behavior, are sensitive to weather and environmental conditions. Therefore, variations in these conditions contribute to the regulation of the dynamics of tick abundance, phenology of questing activity, and eventually, human-tick exposure risks throughout the year.Objective: This study aimed to determine the effects of environmental factors on questing activity of I. ricinus nymphs across diverse climatic types in France over a long-term period.Methods: Questing nymph activity was observed using a repeated removal sampling design with a cloth-dragging technique in 11 sampling sites from 7 tick observatories from 2014 to 2021 at approximately 1-month intervals. The environment of each sampling site were described by meteorological (temperature, relative humidity, daytime duration), bioclimatic (annual temperature, precipitation), topography (elevation), and habitat characteristics (forest fragmentation, soil pH, land cover types). Highly correlated variables were summarized using a Principal Component Analysis (PCA). Subsequently, a multivariate mixed-effectsnegative binomial regression model was used to assess the effect of environmental factors on the nymph activities.Results: A total of 631 sampling campaigns were involved in this study. Three phenological patterns were observed, potentially following a climatic gradient. The first 2 dimensions of the PCA described the land cover (Dimension 1) and the topographical/bioclimatic (Dimension 2), respectively. The mixed-effects negative binomial regression revealed that observed nymph counts were driven by different interval-average meteorological variables, including one-month average temperature, previous-season average temperature, and half-year average minimum relative humidity. The interaction effects indicated that the phenology incolder climates peaked differently from that of warmer climates. Also, the land cover characteristics that support the highest baseline abundance were moderate forest fragmentation with transition borders with agricultural areas.Conclusion: Finally, our model could potentially be used to predict seasonal human-tick exposure risks in France that could contribute to mitigating Lyme borreliosis risks.
Published: 2022

39. Developmental changes in the reflectance spectra of temperate deciduous tree leaves and implications for thermal emissivity and leaf temperature

Author: David Basler, Leonard M. Hanssen, Christopher D. Muir, Donald M. Aubrecht, Koen Hufkens, Andrew D. Richardson, Northern Arizona University [Flagstaff], Harvard University [Cambridge], Universiteit Gent = Ghent University [Belgium] (UGENT), Interactions Sol Plante Atmosphère (UMR ISPA), Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Sciences Agronomiques de Bordeaux-Aquitaine (Bordeaux Sciences Agro)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), University of Hawaii, and National Institute of Standards and Technology [Boulder] (NIST)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, 0301 basic medicine, Physiology, Cuticle, Energy balance, Plant Science, Temperate deciduous forest, Atmospheric sciences, phenology, 01 natural sciences, Spectral line, Trees, mid-infrared (MIR), 03 medical and health sciences, Emissivity, Spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared (FT‐IR), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), Full Paper, Chemistry, Phenology, Spectrum Analysis, Research, Temperature, directional-hemispherical reflectance (DHR), mid‐infrared (MIR), Full Papers, leaf temperature, 15. Life on land, Plant Leaves, directional‐hemispherical reflectance (DHR), Wavelength, 030104 developmental biology, thermal remote sensing, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, cuticle, Seasons, leaf development, 010606 plant biology & botany
Abstract: International audience; Leaf optical properties impact leaf energy balance and thus leaf temperature. The effect of leaf development on mid-infrared (MIR) reflectance, and hence thermal emissivity, has not been investigated in detail. We measured a suite of morphological characteristics, as well as directional-hemispherical reflectance from ultraviolet to thermal infrared wavelengths (250 nm to 20 µm) of leaves from five temperate deciduous tree species over the 8 wk following spring leaf emergence. By contrast to reflectance at shorter wavelengths, the shape and magnitude of MIR reflectance spectra changed markedly with development. MIR spectral differences among species became more pronounced and unique as leaves matured. Comparison of reflectance spectra of intact vs dried and ground leaves points to cuticular developmentand not internal structural or biochemical changesas the main driving factor. Accompanying the observed spectral changes was a drop in thermal emissivity from about 0.99 to 0.95 over the 8 wk following leaf emergence. Emissivity changes were not large enough to substantially influence leaf temperature, but they could potentially lead to a bias in radiometrically measured temperatures of up to 3 K. Our results also pointed to the potential for using MIR spectroscopy to better understand species-level differences in cuticular development and composition.
Published: 2020

40. Persistent decay of fresh xylem hydraulic conductivity varies with pressure gradient and marks plant responses to injury

Author: Simone Fatichi, Daniel Breitenstein, Jean-Christophe Domec, Dani Or, Sara Bonetti, University College of London [London] (UCL), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Interactions Sol Plante Atmosphère (UMR ISPA), and Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Sciences Agronomiques de Bordeaux-Aquitaine (Bordeaux Sciences Agro)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, 0301 basic medicine, Transport water, Physiology, Flow (psychology), Soil science, Plant Science, 01 natural sciences, Trees, plant vascular system, 03 medical and health sciences, Hydraulic conductivity, Xylem, Hydrostatic Pressure, plant hydraulic traits, Pressure gradient, Water transport, Chemistry, xylem conductivity measurements, Water, Biological Transport, Plant Transpiration, 15. Life on land, Wood, 030104 developmental biology, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, Tracheid, sapflow, Plant Vascular Bundle, 010606 plant biology & botany, Woody plant
Abstract: International audience; Defining plant hydraulic traits is central to the quantification of ecohydrological processes ranging from land-atmosphere interactions, to tree mortality and water-carbon budgets. A key plant trait is the xylem specific hydraulic conductivity (K-x), that describes the plant's vascular system capacity to transport water. While xylem's vessels and tracheids are dead upon maturity, the xylem is neither inert nor deadwood, various components of the sapwood and surrounding tissue remaining alive and functional. Moreover, the established definition of K-x assumes linear relations between water flux and pressure gradient by tacitly considering the xylem as a "passive conduit". Here, we re-examine this notion of an inert xylem by systematically characterizing xylem flow in several woody plants using K-x measurements under constant and cyclic pressure gradients. Results show a temporal and pressure gradient dependence of K-x. Additionally, microscopic features in "living branches" are irreversibly modified upon drying of the xylem, thus differentiating the macroscopic definition of K-x for living and dead xylem. The findings highlight the picture of the xylem as a complex and delicate conductive system whose hydraulic behaviour transcends a passive gradient-based flow. The study sheds new light on xylem conceptualization, conductivity measurement protocols, in situ long-distance water transport and ecosystem modelling.
Published: 2020

41. In situ fate of mineral N in the tree-soil-microorganism system before and after budburst in 20-year-old Quercus petraea (Matt.) Liebl

Author: Gaëlle Vincent, Liliana Pinek, Baptiste Laffont, Laure Barthes, Tania L. Maxwell, Stéphane Bazot, Anne Marmagne, Ecologie Systématique et Evolution (ESE), AgroParisTech-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Interactions Sol Plante Atmosphère (UMR ISPA), Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Sciences Agronomiques de Bordeaux-Aquitaine (Bordeaux Sciences Agro)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin (IJPB), and AgroParisTech-Université Paris-Saclay-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, media_common.quotation_subject, Microorganism, Microorganisms, Soil Science, chemistry.chemical_element, Biomass, Plant Science, 01 natural sciences, Competition (biology), Soil N, media_common, 2. Zero hunger, biology, Chemistry, N-15 labeling, food and beverages, Plant physiology, Xylem, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, 15. Life on land, biology.organism_classification, Nitrogen, Horticulture, Broadleaf tree, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, 040103 agronomy & agriculture, 0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries, Quercus petraea, Phloem, Nitrogen uptake, 010606 plant biology & botany
Abstract: Aims: We simultaneously quantified the fate of soil absorbed mineral nitrogen in different tree compartments along with nitrogen immobilization by microorganisms during spring in 20-year-old oak trees. Methods: A soil-applied(15)N solution was traced in situ into the fine roots, medium roots, xylem, phloem, branches, leaves, extractable soil, and microbial biomass before and after budburst, until LAI maximum was reached. Results: During the three weeks following the labeling, around half of the(15)N applied was incorporated into the microbial biomass while the leafless trees absorbed less than 10% of the(15)N. Before and after budburst, the microbial compartment was the main pool of(15)N, and yet the soil-absorbed(15)N still significantly contributed to the leaf nitrogen pool at budburst. This contribution in leaves sharply increased in the days following budburst. Conclusion: The potential competition for mineral nitrogen between trees and the soil microbial biomass is strong during spring. The dependence of the leaf nitrogen pool to internal or external stocks of nitrogen at budburst could be conditioned by environmental conditions.
Published: 2020

42. The PROFOUND Database for evaluating vegetation models and simulating climate impacts on European forests

Author: C. P. O. Reyer, R. Silveyra Gonzalez, K. Dolos, F. Hartig, Y. Hauf, M. Noack, P. Lasch-Born, T. Rötzer, H. Pretzsch, H. Meesenburg, S. Fleck, M. Wagner, A. Bolte, T. G. M. Sanders, P. Kolari, A. Mäkelä, T. Vesala, I. Mammarella, J. Pumpanen, A. Collalti, C. Trotta, G. Matteucci, E. D'Andrea, L. Foltýnová, J. Krejza, A. Ibrom, K. Pilegaard, D. Loustau, J.-M. Bonnefond, P. Berbigier, D. Picart, S. Lafont, M. Dietze, D. Cameron, M. Vieno, H. Tian, A. Palacios-Orueta, V. Cicuendez, L. Recuero, K. Wiese, M. Büchner, S. Lange, J. Volkholz, H. Kim, J. A. Horemans, F. Bohn, J. Steinkamp, A. Chikalanov, G. P. Weedon, J. Sheffield, F. Babst, I. Vega del Valle, F. Suckow, S. Martel, M. Mahnken, M. Gutsch, K. Frieler, Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), University of Regensburg, Fachagentur Nachwachsende Rohstoffe, Partenaires INRAE, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Northwest German Forest Research Station, Thünen Institute, University of Helsinki, University of Eastern Finland, Istituto per i Sistemi Agricoli e Forestali del Mediterraneo (ISAFOM), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche [Roma] (CNR), Università degli studi della Tuscia [Viterbo], Institute for agriculture and forestry systems in the Mediterranean (CNR-ISAFOM), Global Change Research Institute CAS, Biosystems Division [Roskilde], Risø National Laboratory for Sustainable Energy (Risø DTU), Technical University of Denmark [Lyngby] (DTU)-Technical University of Denmark [Lyngby] (DTU), Interactions Sol Plante Atmosphère (UMR ISPA), Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Sciences Agronomiques de Bordeaux-Aquitaine (Bordeaux Sciences Agro)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Boston University [Boston] (BU), Centre for Ecology and Hydrology [Wallingford] (CEH), Natural Environment Research Council (NERC), Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Auburn University (AU), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), University of Antwerp (UA), Helmholtz Zentrum für Umweltforschung = Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research (UFZ), Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (SBiK-F), Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main-Senckenberg – Leibniz Institution for Biodiversity and Earth System Research - Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung, Leibniz Association-Leibniz Association, University of Library Study and Information Technology, Met Office Hadley Centre for Climate Change (MOHC), United Kingdom Met Office [Exeter], Princeton University, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Micrometeorology and biogeochemical cycles, INAR Physics, Ecosystem processes (INAR Forest Sciences), Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR), Department of Forest Sciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre (ViPS), Forest Modelling Group, and Technische Universität Munchen - Université Technique de Munich [Munich, Allemagne] (TUM)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, SILVICULTURAL ALTERNATIVES, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, BIAS CORRECTION, Flat file database, Relational database, Geography & travel, Climate Change, Eddy covariance, Climate change, computer.software_genre, 01 natural sciences, Ecology and Environment, Profound, Data file, USE EFFICIENCY, SDG 13 - Climate Action, Temporal scales, ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY, lcsh:Environmental sciences, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, ddc:910, lcsh:GE1-350, Data, 4112 Forestry, OAK QUERCUS-PETRAEA, Database, ISIMIP, NET ECOSYSTEM EXCHANGE, INTERCOMPARISON PROJECT, Physics, Forest Model, lcsh:QE1-996.5, Representative Concentration Pathways, PINUS-SYLVESTRIS, Vegetation, 15. Life on land, 113 Computer and information sciences, EDDY-COVARIANCE, lcsh:Geology, Chemistry, 13. Climate action, FAGUS-SYLVATICA L, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, General Earth and Planetary Sciences, Environmental science, computer, 010606 plant biology & botany
Abstract: Process-based vegetation models are widely used to predict local and global ecosystem dynamics and climate change impacts. Due to their complexity, they require careful parameterization and evaluation to ensure that projections are accurate and reliable. The PROFOUND Database (PROFOUND DB) provides a wide range of empirical data on European forests to calibrate and evaluate vegetation models that simulate climate impacts at the forest stand scale. A particular advantage of this database is its wide coverage of multiple data sources at different hierarchical and temporal scales, together with environmental driving data as well as the latest climate scenarios. Specifically, the PROFOUND DB provides general site descriptions, soil, climate, CO2, nitrogen deposition, tree and forest stand level, and remote sensing data for nine contrasting forest stands distributed across Europe. Moreover, for a subset of five sites, time series of carbon fluxes, atmospheric heat conduction and soil water are also available. The climate and nitrogen deposition data contain several datasets for the historic period and a wide range of future climate change scenarios following the Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP2.6, RCP4.5, RCP6.0, RCP8.5). We also provide pre-industrial climate simulations that allow for model runs aimed at disentangling the contribution of climate change to observed forest productivity changes. The PROFOUND DB is available freely as a “SQLite” relational database or “ASCII” flat file version (at https://doi.org/10.5880/PIK.2020.006/; Reyer et al., 2020). The data policies of the individual contributing datasets are provided in the metadata of each data file. The PROFOUND DB can also be accessed via the ProfoundData R package (https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=ProfoundData; Silveyra Gonzalez et al., 2020), which provides basic functions to explore, plot and extract the data for model set-up, calibration and evaluation.
Published: 2020

43. Complex biotic interactions mediated by shrubs: Revisiting the stress‐gradient hypothesis and consequences for tree seedling survival

Author: Christophe Chipeaux, Maya Gonzalez, Laurent Augusto, Florian Delerue, Arthur Guignabert, Interactions Sol Plante Atmosphère (UMR ISPA), Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Sciences Agronomiques de Bordeaux-Aquitaine (Bordeaux Sciences Agro)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Institut Polytechnique de Bordeaux (Bordeaux INP), Géoressources et environnement, and Institut Polytechnique de Bordeaux (Bordeaux INP)-Université Bordeaux Montaigne
Subjects: Associational resistance, 0106 biological sciences, Herbivore, Stress gradient, Ecology, Stress-gradient hypothesis, Water stress, food and beverages, 15. Life on land, Biology, biology.organism_classification, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Tree (data structure), Indirect effects, woody seedling survival, Seedling, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, Facilitation, Herbivory, Associational susceptibility, 010606 plant biology & botany
Abstract: International audience; Using nurse shrubs to improve tree seedling establishment in stressed environments is a common practice in forestry. Recent refinements of the stress-gradient hypothesis suggest that positive nurse effects occur under intermediate stress and decline in the harshest conditions. Additionally, indirect facilitation (e.g. protection from herbivory) is expected in low-stressed/productive systems according to the initial stress-gradient hypothesis. However, there have been fewer investigations into the use of nurse shrubs to decrease herbivore impacts in stressed systems compared with the role of nurses in stress alleviation. This raises the need to clarify conditions in which the use of nurse shrubs would be most appropriate.We conducted a field experiment in the sand dune forest of southwest France characterized by severe summer water shortages and the presence of different types of wild herbivores. In 2015 and 2016, Pinus pinaster seedlings were planted under shrubs Arbutus unedo or in shrub-removed locations, in fenced/unfenced areas. Survival, cause of mortality and water stress were monitored for 1 year after plantation.Summer drought was the main cause of mortality. Water stress increased in both years as summer progressed. We found direct facilitation only in July 2016 at intermediate water stress, due to a decrease in vapour pressure deficit under shrubs. These positive effects declined in late summer when stress was at a maximum. Rodent damage occurred under shrubs in spring whereas ungulate browsing was observed in open areas in autumn/winter. Overall seedling survival was equivalent under or outside shrubs during the first year, but was better under shrubs in the second one.Synthesis and applications. Our results partially validate the refinement of the stress-gradient hypothesis, with a decline of positive interactions in the most water-stressed conditions. This draws attention to the difficulty of using shrubs as nurses to improve tree regeneration in the most xeric systems. In addition, we show that indirect associational effects, both positive and negative, could be as important as abiotic stress alleviation in a stressful ecosystem, and using shrubs to facilitate seedling survival could be efficient depending on the type of herbivore involved. This highlights the fact that considering plant-plant interactions can help in the design of management options, providing that up-to-date ecological theories are considered and that the different biotic and abiotic constraints are accurately evaluated.
Published: 2020

44. Recent divergence in the contributions of tropical and boreal forests to the terrestrial carbon sink

Author: Jean-Pierre Wigneron, Philippe Ciais, Martin Brandt, Zhendong Wu, Stefan Olin, Anders Ahlström, Stéphanie Horion, Guy Schurgers, Feng Tian, Lei Fan, Rasmus Fensholt, Jonas Ardö, Torbern Tagesson, Department of Physical Geography and Ecosystem Science, Lund University, Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management [Copenhagen] (IGN), Faculty of Science [Copenhagen], University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (KU)-University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (KU), Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Lund University [Lund], Interactions Sol Plante Atmosphère (UMR ISPA), Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Sciences Agronomiques de Bordeaux-Aquitaine (Bordeaux Sciences Agro)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology (NUIST), University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (UCPH)-University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (UCPH), and Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: Carbon Sequestration, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Nitrogen, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Biome, Land cover, Forests, Carbon sequestration, Atmospheric sciences, 01 natural sciences, 03 medical and health sciences, Taiga, Ecosystem, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, 030304 developmental biology, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, 0303 health sciences, Ecology, Carbon sink, 15. Life on land, Dynamic global vegetation model, Physical Geography, Boreal, 13. Climate action, Environmental science
Abstract: International audience; Anthropogenic land use and land cover changes (LULCC) have a large impact on the global terrestrial carbon sink, but this effect is not well characterized according to biogeographical region. Here, using state-of-the-art Earth observation data and a dynamic global vegetation model, we estimate the impact of LULCC on the contribution of biomes to the terrestrial carbon sink between 1992 and 2015. Tropical and boreal forests contributed equally, and with the largest share of the mean global terrestrial carbon sink. CO2 fertilization was found to be the main driver increasing the terrestrial carbon sink from 1992 to 2015, but the net effect of all drivers (CO2 fertilization and nitrogen deposition, LULCC and meteorological forcing) caused a reduction and an increase, respectively, in the terrestrial carbon sink for tropical and boreal forests. These diverging trends were not observed when applying a conventional LULCC dataset, but were also evident in satellite passive microwave estimates of aboveground biomass. These datasets thereby converge on the conclusion that LULCC have had a greater impact on tropical forests than previously estimated, causing an increase and decrease of the contributions of boreal and tropical forests, respectively, to the growing terrestrial carbon sink. Combining Earth observation data and dynamic global vegetation models, the authors show that anthropogenic land use and land cover change has caused a reduction in the contribution to the terrestrial carbon sink for tropical forests but an increase for boreal forests between 1992 and 2015.
Published: 2020

45. Forest management in southern China generates short term extensive carbon sequestration

Author: Kjeld Rasmussen, Zhengchao Chen, Stéphanie Horion, Xiao-Peng Song, Rasmus Fensholt, Yuemin Yue, Jean-Pierre Wigneron, Philippe Ciais, Xiaowei Tong, Josep Peñuelas, Bing Zhang, Xiaojun Li, Xiangming Xiao, Kelin Wang, Martin Rudbeck Jepsen, Lei Fan, Yuhang Wang, Sassan Saatchi, Martin Brandt, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management [Copenhagen] (IGN), Faculty of Science [Copenhagen], University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (KU)-University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (KU), Huanjiang Observation and Research Station for Karst Ecosystem, Chinses Academy of Sciences, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Madrid] (CSIC), Centre for Ecological Research and Forestry Applications (CREAF), Interactions Sol Plante Atmosphère (UMR ISPA), Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Sciences Agronomiques de Bordeaux-Aquitaine (Bordeaux Sciences Agro)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), department of microbiology and plant biology, University of Oklahoma (OU), TexasTech University, California Institute of Technology (CALTECH), Institute of Remote Sensing and Digital Earth, Chinese Academy of Sciences [Changchun Branch] (CAS), State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University (BNU), University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (UCPH)-University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (UCPH), and Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Science, Forest management, Land management, General Physics and Astronomy, Climate change, 010501 environmental sciences, Carbon sequestration, 01 natural sciences, Article, General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, Ecosystem services, lcsh:Science, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, 2. Zero hunger, Multidisciplinary, Land use, Agroforestry, business.industry, Climate-change ecology, Carbon sink, Forestry, General Chemistry, 15. Life on land, Climate change mitigation, 13. Climate action, Agriculture, Environmental science, lcsh:Q, business
Abstract: Land use policies have turned southern China into one of the most intensively managed forest regions in the world, with actions maximizing forest cover on soils with marginal agricultural potential while concurrently increasing livelihoods and mitigating climate change. Based on satellite observations, here we show that diverse land use changes in southern China have increased standing aboveground carbon stocks by 0.11 ± 0.05 Pg C y−1 during 2002–2017. Most of this regional carbon sink was contributed by newly established forests (32%), while forests already existing contributed 24%. Forest growth in harvested forest areas contributed 16% and non-forest areas contributed 28% to the carbon sink, while timber harvest was tripled. Soil moisture declined significantly in 8% of the area. We demonstrate that land management in southern China has been removing an amount of carbon equivalent to 33% of regional fossil CO2 emissions during the last 6 years, but forest growth saturation, land competition for food production and soil-water depletion challenge the longevity of this carbon sink service., Forest management may play an important role in climate change mitigation. Here, Tong et al. combine remote sensing and machine learning modelling to map forest cover dynamics in southern China during 2002–2017, showing effects on carbon sequestration that are extensive but of uncertain longevity and possible negative impact on soil water.
Published: 2020

46. Diurnal and Seasonal Variations of Passive and Active Microwave Satellite Observations Over Tropical Forests

Author: Catherine Prigent, Carlos Jimenez, Lan Anh Dinh, Frédéric Frappart, Pierre Gentine, Jean‐Pierre Wigneron, Joseph Munchak, Laboratoire d'Etude du Rayonnement et de la Matière en Astrophysique et Atmosphères = Laboratory for Studies of Radiation and Matter in Astrophysics and Atmospheres (LERMA), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-CY Cergy Paris Université (CY), Interactions Sol Plante Atmosphère (UMR ISPA), Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Sciences Agronomiques de Bordeaux-Aquitaine (Bordeaux Sciences Agro)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Laboratoire d'études en Géophysique et océanographie spatiales (LEGOS), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Department of Earth and Environmental Engineering [New York], and Columbia University [New York]
Subjects: tropical forest, remote sensing, Atmospheric Science, Ecology, emissivity, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, Paleontology, Soil Science, Forestry, Aquatic Science, backscattering, Water Science and Technology
Abstract: International audience; Documenting the large scale variability of tropical forest structure and function is needed for improved understanding of the carbon and water cycles. The seasonal and diurnal cycles of passive and active microwave satellite observations are jointly analyzed for the first time, using the Global Precipitation Mission (GPM). Collocated backscattering coefficients from the GPM Dual-frequency Precipitation Radar (DPR) and emissivities derived from the GPM Microwave Imager (GMI) are studied for 4 yr over the Tropics, at the available multiple frequencies, angles, and polarizations. Our analysis confirms the diurnal patterns already observed with radars, with a maximum backscatter in the early morning attributed to the water xylem refill at night. At the same time, early in the morning, we evidence a minimum emissivity over most of tropical forests: the backscatter and emissivity diurnal cycles tend to be in phase opposition, as well as their seasonal cycles. However, during the dry season in the south eastern Amazonian forest where precipitation can be low for several months, the emissivity diurnal cycle changes, implying a different behavior of the forest in this area, related to the state of the canopy.
Published: 2022

47. Effet des espèces d'arbres et des propriétés du site forestier sur la biochimie de la matière organique

Author: Khalfallah, Fadwa, Derrien, Delphine, Buée, Marc, Dignac, Marie-France, Augusto, Laurent, AUGUSTO, Laurent, Unité de recherche Biogéochimie des Ecosystèmes Forestiers (BEF), Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Interactions Arbres-Microorganismes (IAM), Université de Lorraine (UL)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Institut d'écologie et des sciences de l'environnement de Paris (iEES Paris ), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Interactions Sol Plante Atmosphère (UMR ISPA), and Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Sciences Agronomiques de Bordeaux-Aquitaine (Bordeaux Sciences Agro)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)
Subjects: [SDE.BE] Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, Analyse des sols, Biochimie, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology
Abstract: International audience
Published: 2022

48. Implementing environmental labelling of food products in France

Author: Arnaud Hélias, Hayo M. G. van der Werf, Louis-Georges Soler, Franck Aggeri, Jean-Yves Dourmad, Chantal Julia, Lydiane Nabec, Sylvain Pellerin, Bernard Ruffieux, Gilles Trystram, Information – Technologies – Analyse Environnementale – Procédés Agricoles (UMR ITAP), Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut Agro Montpellier, Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro), Sol Agro et hydrosystème Spatialisation (SAS), Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut Agro Rennes Angers, Alimentation et sciences sociales (ALISS), Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Centre de Gestion Scientifique i3 (CGS i3), MINES ParisTech - École nationale supérieure des mines de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Physiologie, Environnement et Génétique pour l'Animal et les Systèmes d'Elevage [Rennes] (PEGASE), Equipe 3: EREN- Equipe de Recherche en Epidémiologie Nutritionnelle (CRESS - U1153), Université Sorbonne Paris Nord-Centre de Recherche Épidémiologie et Statistique Sorbonne Paris Cité (CRESS (U1153 / UMR_A_1125 / UMR_S_1153)), Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), HESAM Université (HESAM)-HESAM Université (HESAM)-Université Sorbonne Paris Cité (USPC)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université Paris Cité (UPC)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), HESAM Université (HESAM)-HESAM Université (HESAM)-Université Sorbonne Paris Cité (USPC)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université Paris Cité (UPC)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Département de Santé Publique [Avicenne], Hôpital Avicenne [AP-HP], Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP), Réseaux Innovation Territoires et Mondialisation (RITM), Université Paris-Saclay, Interactions Sol Plante Atmosphère (UMR ISPA), Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Sciences Agronomiques de Bordeaux-Aquitaine (Bordeaux Sciences Agro)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Laboratoire d'Economie Appliquée de Grenoble (GAEL), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP ), Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), Paris-Saclay Food and Bioproduct Engineering (SayFood), and AgroParisTech-Université Paris-Saclay-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)
Subjects: Data, Environmental labelling, Food, Public policy, Operationalization, [SDE.ES]Environmental Sciences/Environmental and Society, General Environmental Science
Abstract: Consumers increasingly demand information about the environmental impacts of their food. The French government is in the process of introducing environmental labelling for all food products. A scientific council was set up, and its main conclusions are presented in this article, through six questions: What environmental issues should be considered? What objective should be targeted? What data are needed, and for whom? What methods for assessing environmental impacts? Which environmental scores should be chosen? What label format should be proposed? By answering these questions and considering the context, the available data, the proposed methods and adjustments, and the knowledge of consumer perception of formats, the scientific council considers that a labelling scheme is feasible and relevant.
Published: 2022

49. Root traits and soil micro-organisms as drivers of plant-soil feedbacks within the sub-arctic tundra meadow

Author: Björn D. Lindahl, Clydecia M. Spitzer, David A. Wardle, Nicolas Fanin, Michael J. Gundale, Paul Kardol, Maja K. Sundqvist, Asian School of the Environment, Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Interactions Sol Plante Atmosphère (UMR ISPA), and Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Sciences Agronomiques de Bordeaux-Aquitaine (Bordeaux Sciences Agro)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, tundra ecosystems, Functional Ecology, Plant soil, Plant Science, functional ecology, root economics spectrum, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Sub arctic, Biological sciences::Ecology [Science], arctic, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, 2. Zero hunger, Plant–soil feedback, Functional ecology, Ecology, fungiplant-soil feedback, 15. Life on land, Fine Root Traits, Tundra, fine root traits, Arctic, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, Environmental science, 010606 plant biology & botany
Abstract: Plant–soil feedback (PSF) results from the influence of plants on the composition and abundance of various taxa and functional groups of soil micro-organisms, and their reciprocal effects on the plants. However, little is understood about the importance of fine root traits and root economic strategies in moderating microbial-driven PSF. We examined the relationships between PSF and 11 chemical and morphological root traits from 18 sub-arctic meadow plant species, as well as the soil microbial community composition which we characterized using phospholipid fatty acids (PLFAs) and high-throughput sequencing. We also investigated the importance of the root economics spectrum in influencing PSF, because it indicates plant below-ground economic strategies via trade-offs between resource acquisition and conservation. When we considered the entire root economics spectrum, we found that PSFs were more negative when root trait values were more acquisitive across the 18 species. In addition, PSF was more negative when values of root nitrogen content and root forks per root length were higher, and more positive when root dry matter content was higher. We additionally identified two fungal orders that were negatively related to PSF. However, we found no evidence that root traits influenced PSF through its relationship with these fungal orders. Synthesis. Our results provide evidence that for some fine root traits, the root economics spectrum and some fungal orders have an important role in influencing PSF. By investigating the roles of soil micro-organisms and fine root traits in driving PSF, this study enables us to better understand root trait–microbial linkages across species and therefore offers new insights about the mechanisms that underpin PSFs and ultimately plant community assembly. Published version Work performed at NGI/Uppsala Genome Centre has been funded by RFI/VR and Science for Life Laboratory, Sweden. This research was funded by a project grant (2015-04214) awarded by the Swedish Research Council (Vetenskapsrådet) to P.K.
Published: 2022

50. Quantifying and reducing uncertainty in global carbon cycle predictions: lessons and perspectives from 15 years of data assimilation studies with the ORCHIDEE Terrestrial Biosphere Model

Author: N. MacBean, C. Bacour, N. Raoult, V. Bastrikov, E. N. Koffi, S. Kuppel, F. Maignan, C. Ottlé, M. Peaucelle, D. Santaren, P. Peylin, Indiana University [Bloomington], Indiana University System, NOVELTIS [Sté], Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Modélisation des Surfaces et Interfaces Continentales (MOSAIC), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Science and Technology Research Partners Ltd., European Commission - Joint Research Centre [Ispra] (JRC), Géosciences Environnement Toulouse (GET), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Universiteit Gent = Ghent University (UGENT), Interactions Sol Plante Atmosphère (UMR ISPA), Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Sciences Agronomiques de Bordeaux-Aquitaine (Bordeaux Sciences Agro)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Modélisation INVerse pour les mesures atmosphériques et SATellitaires (SATINV), European Project: 242316,EC:FP7:SPA,FP7-SPACE-2009-1,CARBONES(2010), European Project: 687320,H2020,H2020-EO-2015,MULTIPLY(2016), and European Project: 776810,H2020,H2020-SC5-2017-OneStageB,VERIFY(2018)
Subjects: [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, Atmospheric Science, Global and Planetary Change, Environmental Chemistry, [SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, General Environmental Science
Abstract: International audience; Predicting terrestrial carbon, C, budgets and carbon-climate feedbacks strongly relies on our ability to accurately model interactions between vegetation, C and water cycles, and the atmosphere. However, C fluxes simulated by global, process-based terrestrial biosphere models (TBMs) remain subject to large uncertainties, partly due to unknown or poorly calibrated parameters. This is because TBMs have not routinely been confronted against C cycle related datasets within a statistical data assimilation (DA) system. In this review, we present 15 years' development of a C cycle DA system for optimizing C cycle parameters of the ORCHIDEE TBM. We analyze the impact of assimilating multiple different C cycle related datasets on regional to global-scale gross and net CO2 fluxes. We find that assimilating atmospheric CO2 data is crucial for improving (increasing) ORCHIDEE predictions of the terrestrial land C sink. The improvement is predominantly due to the global-scale constraint these data provide for optimizing initial soil C stocks, which are likely in error due to inaccurate assumptions about steady state spin-up and incomplete knowledge of land use change histories. When comparing the data-constrained ORCHIDEE land C sink estimates to the CAMS atmospheric inversion, we show that while the two approaches agree on the global C sink magnitude, they continue to differ in how the global C sink is partitioned between the northern hemisphere and tropics. We also discuss technical challenges faced in our C cycle DA studies, in particular the difficulty in characterizing the error covariance matrix due to unknown observation biases and/or model-data inconsistencies. We offer our perspectives on how to tackle these challenges that we hope can serve as a roadmap for other TBM groups wishing to develop C cycle DA systems.
Published: 2022

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