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Few practical guidelines exist for conducting generic qualitative research (GQR) with rigor and intentional purpose. This article offers varied purposes of GQR (practicality and creating change, flexible blending of methods, and innovation) and pragmatic guidance for counselor educators and doctoral students conceptualizing, designing, and conducting rigorous GQR studies.

This article explores the powerful intersection of social-emotional learning, bicultural practice, and intentional teaching in early learning. Recognising the crucial role of the first five years in a child's social and emotional learning and development, it explores how kaiako (teachers) can enhance children's learning experiences by integrating these three key constructs into future practices. While the importance of social-emotional learning within Maori contexts is acknowledged in the literature, there's a notable gap in understanding how kaiako incorporate bicultural practices to support this area of development. The refreshed early childhood curriculum, Te Whariki 2017, emphasises intentional teaching and enhanced bicultural framing, providing a strong foundation for this integration. Drawing from a larger research study, this article presents an overview of existing key research and suggests a potential way forward for kaiako to intentionally support social-emotional learning by drawing on the richness of the Maori language, culture, and traditions. This approach aims to realise the bicultural aspirations of Te Whariki and empower kaiako to create more holistic, culturally responsive learning experiences while addressing the need for teachers to articulate their evidence-based practices in supporting children's social and emotional learning.

A crucial aspect of the learning cycle, unlearning has recently received more attention in academic discussions about the future of higher education. In an attempt to improve equality and equity of access to quality educational experiences in the wake of postmassification, the recent literature has highlighted the need to incorporate unlearning practices to transform university learning experiences. This literature review examines the role of the unlearning process in engaging diverse student populations in tertiary learning environments. First, traditional and contemporary conceptualizations of unlearning are explored. Next, specific issues related to unlearning in higher education are discussed before synthesizing current studies describing extant strategies employed to foster conditions necessary for unlearning. Findings suggest that creating unlearning contexts, promoting contemplative practices, and using strategic foresight methods have the potential to enable the unlearning process. However, further research is needed to triangulate findings from emergent studies on unlearning practices in higher education.

What are the most common motives invoked by 9th graders when asked about their plans to take (or not) more mathematics courses during high school? How do beliefs about math course-taking affect students' actual planning? To what extent is planning of math course-taking associated with high school students' sociodemographic backgrounds? The study employs data from the High School Longitudinal Survey of 2009 to examine the issue of persistence in math course-taking during high school. The study shows that almost two-thirds of 9th graders plan to do math during all their high school years, although intentions to persist in math vary across racial and especially socioeconomic backgrounds. The study also demonstrates the importance of belief constructs such as math identity, internal motivation toward math learning and math utility on math course-taking planning. A better understanding of students' motives to engage in high school math may help develop classroom practices that emphasize the long-term benefits of math learning.

While strategies may differ across geographical regions, FACS Extension professionals work to enhance nutrition education and increase food security in their communities. The four dimensions of food security developed by The Food and Agricultural Organization were reconceptualized to understand food security on an individual or at a community level. Using experiences from a summer internship with two urban counties, the EEUESA Model described here was designed to aid FACS Extension professionals in their efforts for nutrition education and to better understand how programming targets food security in their communities.

Leadership observation is a technique that relies on active and inactive recall to enhance learning through connecting theoretic concepts to real-world examples. This article makes the case that leadership observation should be thoughtfully used as a pedagogical tool to aid in students' leadership learning. Knowledge will be shared through personal narratives and practical strategies. Leadership educators should consider implementing moments of intentional observation into their curriculum to deepen student connections and prepare them for future endeavors.

Observation is the throughline and synthesizing catalyst of the leadership learning framework (LLF). Observation serves as both a stimulus and clarifier through which all other LLF elements come together. This article explores the literature on both intentional and unintentional observational learning and how learners are socialized. Leadership educators should consider how observation of leadership influences students' perception of leading before arriving in the learning space and how they can intentionally imbed observational learning within curricular and extracurricular experiences with special attention given to access and representation.

Previous studies report that exposure to the Maori language on a regular basis allows New Zealand adults who cannot speak Maori to build a proto-lexicon of Maori -- an implicit memory of word forms without detailed knowledge of meaning. How might this knowledge feed into explicit language learning? Is it possible to "awaken" the proto-lexicon in the context of overt language learning? We investigate whether implicit linguistic knowledge represented in a proto-lexicon gives any advantages for intentional language learning in a tertiary educational environment. We conducted a three-task experiment which: (a) assessed participants' Maori proto-lexicon; (b) assessed their phonotactic knowledge; and (c) tested them on Maori vocabulary that they had been exposed to during the course at two time points. The results show that students with larger Maori proto-lexicons learn more words in a classroom setting. This study shows that proto-lexicon acquired from ambient exposure can lead to significant benefits in language learning.

Emergentist, usage-based L2 research has witnessed that emphasizing formulaic sequences as entry points in meaning-based instructional contexts contributes to the development of linguistic comprehension and production. Related studies have thus far striven to find the most effective methods of highlighting these word strings. This study explored the effects of the focus on lexis (FonL) approach on L2 learners' development of phraseological competence. Furthermore, it probed whether incidental and intentional FonL approaches result in any differential effects on the learners' development of phraseology. Participants were 60 L2 learners in three intact classes randomly assigned to one control and two experimental FonL groups. Their general language proficiency was measured by administering a Cambridge PET Test. Additionally, a pre-test was used to measure their prior knowledge of phraseology. The control group received the mainstream typical instruction, whereas the experimental groups received incidental versus intentional FonL, differentially heightening noticing of conventionalized lexis expressions in L2 reading. A parallel posttest was administered to measure the development of learners' phraseological competence. ANCOVA results indicated that the lexis groups made greater gains in their phraseology as compared to the control group. Moreover, differential effects were evidenced specifically in favor of the use of intentional FonL. The findings indicate that the varied amount of attention L2 learners pay to aspects of formulaicity in language use can influence the extent to which lexis-based input and interaction lead to intake. Theoretical and pedagogical implications of the study are discussed at the end.

In this article, the authors argue for a rethinking of kindergarten education from a critical feminist perspective. They illustrate how the devaluation and denigration of femininity and care - otherwise known as femmephobia - that permeates patriarchal societies is present in the seemingly innocent spaces of play in kindergarten. Tracing femmephobia in the spatial-material arrangements of play, teacher-student interactions during play, and children's play practices in two Canadian classrooms, the authors show how care-related activities and learning are deeply marginalized in kindergarten education. Given these findings, the authors propose a femininity-affirmative pedagogy in early learning. Specifically, they discuss the importance of intentional practice around an ethics of care. The authors argue that a refocus on an ethics of care in early childhood education is urgently needed in collective work towards social change.

The early childhood sector in New Zealand has a long-held tradition of free play and child-led pedagogy, influencing visual arts approaches with young children. However, alongside learning through play, New Zealand's sociocultural curriculum highlights the active role of the teacher and intentional pedagogy. This article explores the practices and perceptions of early childhood teachers regarding visual arts through a mixed methods study, including a nationwide survey and an embedded case study. Data indicated that teachers are confused about the appropriateness of taking an active role during children's visual arts learning, and about when to be intentional versus leaving children to play without interference. Such tensions appear to be founded in contradictory theoretical assumptions, and are evident through a lack of confidence, skills, strategies and language for teaching. The authors argue that professional learning could ameliorate these tensions by clarifying educational theories and identifying intentional visual arts teaching practices that align with current theoretical beliefs about how young children learn in early childhood.

The e-learning concept is increasingly receiving attention in education but there seems to be inadequate guidance in developing a formal programme for implementing e-learning, especially in the public sector. Hence, this study focuses on aggregating information on the adoption and utilisation of e-learning in the public sector and attempting the development of a conceptual model for understanding workplace e-learning implementation. A systematic search of the literature was conducted to collect all the literature addressing the adoption and utilisation of e-learning in the public sector. This review brought to light key factors that influence the adoption and utilisation of e-learning amongst public sector employees, including attitude, satisfaction, behaviour intention, continuance intention, or behaviour to use e-learning. The adoption and utilisation of e-learning in the public sector requires a carefully thought-through and evidence-based approach, especially the development of the e-learning programme.

The purpose of this article is to describe and analyze the psychometric properties of the Learning Orientation Questionnaire (LOQ), which have not been previously published. Psychometric validation involves the accumulation of proper empirical evidence to confirm measurement of the intended construct, and to justify the intended uses of the scales. LOQ is based upon the intentional learning theory, which is a comprehensive, holistic learning theory. Through the expertise of the LOQ's developer, educational researcher, and psychometrician, this article presents evidence of LOQ's reliability and validity according to published best practices for scale development and validation. LOQ is a reliable and valid instrument determining where learners fall along the learning orientation continuum. Education researchers can use this information to support learners to move upward on the learning orientation continuum, improving their inclination to learn, high-order thinking, and life-long learning.

Mobile devices have increased exponentially in the past decades and the rapid development of digital technology has provided rich soil for the growth of mobile learning (m-learning), which is a more convenient means of learning because of no limitations of space and time. Applying the stimulus-organism-response (S-O-R) framework, this study explores how learners experienced flow during m-learning and how their flow experience led to their continuance intentions for m-learning. With an online survey of 270 valid respondents, the model used in this study was validated by the partial least squares method. The results show that two key characteristics of m-learning applications are positively related to flow experience, of which concentration, in particular, rather than perceived enjoyment, plays an important role in continuance intentions. The S-O-R framework offers an overarching way to explore the influences of m-learning application characteristics (stimuli) on learners' evaluations of their m-learning processes (organisms), which further influence their continuance intentions (responses).

This paper draws on Bernstein's educational sociology to illustrate how a language-focused "subversive" pedagogic approach (Martin, 2011) was systematically realised through classroom interactions. While educational inequalities are often addressed at the level of policy and budgets, this paper provides a perspective on inequality and differentiated student outcomes within the classroom. Our research context is Australia, where we have a seemingly intractable gap between mainstream educational outcomes and those of disadvantaged groups. We present a study on how teachers' conscious pedagogic choices worked to support marginalised students. The participatory research focused on a series of science lessons, conducted in a suburban primary school, with a high proportion of students of refugee background. We explain how, in collaboration with teachers, we reframed Bernstein's abstract notions of regulative and instructional discourses into practical, intentional pedagogic strategies. We describe how these strategies were named and implemented, how they became a shared heuristic for the research team, and the empowering effect they had on teachers and students. The study demonstrates the potential of bringing educational and linguistic theories into practice as classroom pedagogic dialogue, with the empowerment of marginalised students in mind.

International children's picture books provide windows and mirrors for children and allow them to consider issues of fairness, justice, equity, diversity, and the common good as they build their nascent citizenship skills. One powerful pedagogy that supports the use of rich curriculum and thoughtful discussions is critical literacy, a subset of critical pedagogy, which asks students to take a critical stance while reading. The ideas presented here address the National Curriculum Standards for Social Studies themes culture; time, continuity, and change; individual development and identity; and civic ideals and practices by exploring differing perspectives, cultural diversity, identity, and rights and responsibilities. Elementary teachers can use international children's picture book lessons to empower their students to recognize, consider, and respect others' perspectives.

Television programs are a rich source of input for which we can utilize in vocabulary acquisition. With foreign language television programs becoming more accessible globally, there is the possibility to better use this input source for learning. Can we incorporate television viewing into classroom learning (intentional learning)? Or use it as a supplementary resource to in-class learning (incidental learning)? An area of particular interest with regards to vocabulary learning is formulaic sequences, as they tend to be difficult for language learners to acquire and master. There is very little research on formulaic sequences and viewing television, although it is a promising area because television viewing can offer rich vocabulary input and provide access to authentic language. The aim of this paper is to initiate the conversation around this topic through outlining the theoretical underpinnings, current research, and rationale for why viewing television is important; classroom implications for incorporating television viewing into the curriculum; and what areas could be researched about in future.

This article's authors describe both the advantages of a literacy-targeted introductory course and how it might be taught by employing evidence-based teaching practices developed by cognitive scientists to maximize learning. This pairing of literacy-focused content with evidence-based pedagogy is intended to enhance student learning while focusing on economic literacy rather than mastery of an encyclopedia of models. The literacy-targeted approach reduces the number of models and concepts introduced, therefore leaving more time for teaching strategies that increase comprehension and retention. The authors propose using two foundational economic models that can be utilized to illuminate a variety of economic concepts. These two models are illustrative of this approach, and others might be used. Frequent and varied use of these models deepens student understanding and lengthens retention.

McCloud offers guidance on fostering a culture of intentionality within the scholarship of teaching, learning, and practice highlighting the role of collaborative partnerships, ongoing assessment, and professional development in advancing this critical agenda.

Research and practice have recognized the importance of informal learning--a specific type of active learning--for higher education contexts. University students learn not only in formally organized courses, but also in a self-directed and intentional way from fellow students, through trial and error, and by reflection. However, there has been a lack of valid measures to operationalize students' informal learning. In this study, we thus develop the Informal Student Learning (ISL) scale for higher education, building on the Octagon Model of Informal Workplace Learning and the model's associated measure from the vocational learning context. Our scale contains eight components with three items each. Using three samples of university students (N = 545, N = 818, N = 310), we examined the model structure of ISL and the scale's validity in an international context. The results show that the conceptual structure of informal "workplace" learning and informal "student" learning is similar for "intent to learn" and "reflection," but different for "experience/action" and "feedback." Examining validity, we found evidence for concurrent validity in terms of study-related self-efficacy and academic performance, and for convergent and discriminant validity indicators of the eight ISL components. The scale has configural and metric measurement invariance for age, gender, and academic achievement, and additionally scalar invariance for age. Potential applications of the new measure in the context of active learning for research, for lecturers, and for students are discussed.

The "distance" in "distance learning", however it is defined, normally refers to a gap between a learner and their teacher(s), typically in a formal context. In this paper I take a slightly different view. The paper begins with an argument that teaching is fundamentally a technological process. It is, though, a vastly complex, massively distributed technology in which the most important parts are enacted idiosyncratically by vast numbers of people, both present and distant in time and space, who not only use technologies but also participate creatively in their enactment. Through the techniques we use we are co-participants in not just technologies but the learning of ourselves and others, and hence in the collective intelligence of those around us and, ultimately, that of our species. We are all teachers. There is therefore not one distance between learner and teacher in any act of deliberate learning--but many. I go on to speculate on alternative ways of understanding distance in terms of the physical, temporal, structural, agency, social, emotional, cognitive, cultural, pedagogical, and technological gaps that may exist between learners and their many teachers. And I conclude with some broad suggestions about ways to reduce these many distances.

Recently vocabulary studies have mainly focused on two forms of vocabulary acquisition: incidental and intentional vocabulary acquisition. For incidental vocabulary acquisition, Task-induced Involvement Load Hypothesis (TILH) was put forward by Hulstijn and Laufer (2001) to investigate the vocabulary tasks by comparing their levels of involvement load to each other. To test this hypothesis, the current study utilized six different vocabulary tasks with varying levels of involvement load. On the other hand, in order to investigate the task type effect, each task with another task from the other task type group was compared. The last part of the study was designed specially to test the task type effect which was neglected by the hypothesis as the hypothesis suggested that only involvement load levels affect the results. The findings concluded that different involvement load levels yielded varying results most of which provided support for the hypothesis. However, task types did not provide evidence in favour of the hypothesis by not leading to similar results for the tasks who shared the same involvement load index. The study concluded with some pedagogical implications and suggestions for further studies.

There is growing evidence in L2 vocabulary research that digital flashcards facilitate learners' vocabulary learning and development. Several studies also suggest that deliberate vocabulary teaching is critical for successful language learning. Hence, the primary goal of this study was to investigate whether the use of digital flashcards could improve English vocabulary knowledge of the form-meaning link in Thai primary school children in an EFL context. The study also explored Thai primary school students' attitudes toward using digital flashcards in vocabulary learning. The participants were 120 Thai primary school students who were divided into experimental and control groups. The experimental participants were taught using digital flashcards, while the control group received no unique treatments. Four measures of vocabulary knowledge were used to assess the participants' vocabulary learning. A five-point Likert scale questionnaire was also used to explore the students' attitudes toward digital flashcards. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyze the data. The results showed that although both cohorts significantly improved their receptive and productive knowledge of L2 vocabulary, the students in the experimental group performed significantly better than students in the control group. These results indicate that digital flashcards are an effective method to facilitate vocabulary learning in Thai primary school learners. The analysis of the questionnaires also showed that learners had a very positive attitude towards the use of digital flashcards. These findings reaffirm the efficacy and value of visual and sound images, such as digital flashcards, in vocabulary learning. Implications for practitioners and suggestions for further studies are also addressed.

This study examines initial teacher education (ITE) student's utilisation of intentional learning goals from critical reflection as they enter and participate in a work-integrated learning (WIL) placement at a regional Australian university. Fourteen ITE students were interviewed on two occasions during a three-week placement in a rural or remote area to elicit greater understanding of the use of critical reflection in practice. Thematic analysis of student responses led to findings on the usefulness of devising learning goals for practice and how the application of critical reflection can be encouraged. These findings emphasise how students grapple with connecting university assignments and activities as meaningful for practice. It also highlights the benefits to professional learning when learning goals are employed. The findings of this study suggest the need for a shared understanding of the importance of critical reflection by workplace educators, WIL supervisors and ITE students.

Emotion plays a significant role in the human experience. Nevertheless, emotion (as an attribute of the affective domain), is often side-lined in formal learning environments (including Higher Education) in favour of a focus on the cognitive. This paper shares findings of a research project involving pre-service outdoor education teachers as they affectively experienced connections with nature on an extended expedition, while exposed to intentional nature connection pedagogies. It achieves this through the lens of the current shifts in outdoor education practice and pedagogy specifically, and curriculum and educational policies more broadly. The research was conducted as a case study, within a constructivist paradigm. The collection of data involved in-field observations on a six-day expedition, participant interviews, and researcher reflective journals. The data was analysed inductively which revealed a novel framework: the Affective Nature Connection Matrix. Through this matrix, the affective nature connection wave and heartbeat emerged. This theoretically derived and practice informed model highlighted the collective similarity of the expedition experiences, while acknowledging that these experiences were individually subjective. All participants experienced a rise and fall of affective nature connection, the wave, within individual and collective critical moments, the heartbeats, in response to intentional learning experiences which directly impacted and resulted in a deepened connection to self, others and nature.

This research explored two important constructs in 21st century e-education--students' MOOC-efficacy and meaningful learning among undergraduate students in selected public universities in Malaysia. Its main objective was to examine the causal relationship of students' MOOC-efficacy on meaningful learning. The study conceptualized students' MOOC-efficacy in four dimensions (i.e. information searching, making queries, MOOC learning, and MOOC usability), while conceiving meaningful learning as having five dimensions (i.e. cooperative learning, active learning, authentic learning, constructive learning, and intentional learning). This research applied cross-sectional survey design. Data were collected with a 52-item questionnaire whose reliability indexes ranged from 0.822 to 0.890 for the dimensions. The study's population was identified as university students who have had some experience with MOOCs and who willingly volunteered to participate in the research. A sample of 603 respondents was drawn through simple random sampling. The full-fledged Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) was adopted for data analysis. The finding indicated that students' MOOC-efficacy was positively associated with meaningful learning. The results show that students' MOOC-efficacy explains 67% of the variance in meaningful learning. The fit indices indicate an adequate fit: RMSEA = 0.041, CFI = 0.923 and X[superscript 2]/df = 2.067. The finding provides further insights into what works in an open online environment. The insights may be used to fulfill learners' needs and preferences. MOOC-efficacy interventions are crucial in order to encourage students' meaningful learning in the e-learning platform.

The aim of this study is to analyze the effect of different schedules of repeated reading practice on intentional vocabulary learning, and constitutes a partial replication and extension of the authors' previous study on incidental vocabulary learning. Two groups of Taiwanese EFL learners (n = 72) engaged in five repeated reading sessions; one group had the sessions on consecutive days (1-day intersession interval, ISI), whereas the other had them once a week (7-day ISI). Apart from reading for meaning, the students were also asked to focus on 36 target words. The students were tested before and immediately after the treatment. Moreover, a delayed posttest was scheduled at a retention interval (RI) of 4 and 28 days for the intensive group and spaced group respectively (considering an ISI/RI ratio of 25%). The results indicate that the short-spaced repeated reading sessions had a significantly more positive effect on vocabulary learning on both immediate and delayed posttest than the long-spaced sessions. The benefits of the short-spaced schedule were clearer in the current study on intentional vocabulary learning than in the authors' previous study on incidental learning through repeated reading.

This study investigated the concept, role and potential of intergenerational learning (IGL) as a pedagogical strategy in five Irish early childhood education (ECE) services, through exploring the perspectives on IGL of educators (5), children (70) and their parents (43). Informed by socio-cultural theories of learning and aligned to key principles of IGL, a qualitative methodological approach was adopted. Data was gathered using semi-structured interviews with educators, 'draw and talk' strategies with children and informal written feedback with parents. Key findings demonstrated that children's happiness, socio-emotional competences and executive functions, all key elements of successful learning and living, were strongly supported through IGL, reinforcing its potential as a relational pedagogy (Papatheodorou, T., and J. Moyles. 2009. "Learning Together in the Early Years: Exploring Relational Pedagogy." London: Routledge.). Additionally, IGL created rich opportunities for children's participation and contribution as citizens in communities, underscoring the potential of IGL as a strong and transformative pedagogical strategy (Sánchez, M., J. Sáez, P. Díaz, and M. Campillo. 2018. "Intergenerational Education in Spanish Primary Schools: Making the Policy Case." "Journal of Intergenerational Relationships" 16 (1-2): 166-183.) for Irish ECE services.

There is a growing consensus in early childhood education and care (ECEC) that intentional teaching is pivotal for deep level learning, especially when teaching scientific concepts. However, intentional teaching alone does not always account for how educators communicate their intentions with children. To bridge this gap, we explore the possibilities of integrating the concepts of learning intentions and success criteria in play-based learning. Learning intentions and success criteria are practised in schools and are considered effective in enhancing learning outcomes and assessment. In ECEC, an emergent body of literature has started to examine how formative assessments could be incorporated into teaching to support children's self-regulation through play. To extend this research area, we investigate Australian early childhood educators' perspectives on implementing learning intentions and success criteria as a practice of intentional teaching focusing on mathematics. Based on the initial findings from a Design-based research project, we propose an integrated pedagogical framework for play-based environments. Implications for practice are discussed.

What are students' perceptions of havruta learning after osmotic socialization? This osmosis is achieved solely by observing and emulating behaviors from other havruta learners. Perceived benefits include improvement of thinking and social skills and correcting misunderstandings, whereas challenges include the limitation of one's freedom and a sense of missing additional learning opportunities. Particularly relevant for educators seeking to cultivate intentional havruta practices among students., these findings underline the need for a nuanced pedagogy that is highly attentive to students' spontaneous discovery of pragmatic and ethical insights, as well as how enhancement of the ethical dimension of havruta may support students' engagement with personal challenges in this learning format.

The 2017 refresh of Aotearoa New Zealand's early childhood education (ECE) curriculum "Te Whariki" was undertaken to better guide teachers in understanding their role in supporting children's learning and to foster alignment of teaching practices, including intentional teaching, across the ECE sector. This article draws on a small-scale research project that explored whether the updated "Te Whariki" (Ministry of Education, 2017) has been successful with purposely guiding ECE teachers in implementing intentional teaching practices. Findings noted that professional learning and development (PLD) has had an important impact on teachers' understanding of intentional teaching and so the impact of both PLD and "Te Whariki" itself are explored here.

This article explores the pedagogical practices used by high school teachers in integrating disciplinary and language knowledge in a multilingual context where English is the medium of instruction. Specifically, we explored the way high school teachers implement the English Across the Curriculum (EAC) strategy in their content subjects. EAC is an old approach in language learning, however, its application is relatively new in South African high schools. To address this knowledge gap, the present study provides an answer to the following question: What pedagogical practices do high school teachers use in integrating EAC with subject-specific learning? To answer the research question, we conducted a qualitative case study, collecting data from 25 high school teachers using a focus group discussion. Data emanating from this discussion were analyzed using inductive thematic analysis. The findings indicate that in-service teachers used intentional disciplinary language learning and incidental disciplinary language acquisition as pedagogical activities for developing learners' knowledge of the language of the discipline. In line with the findings, we recommend that learners be exposed to both intentional and accidental language learning experiences. Additionally, we recommend the use of higher comprehension pedagogical activities to develop learners' critical thinking and awareness in both language and disciplinary knowledge.

The first-year seminar Why Are We Here? Student Culture and the Problem of College (WAWH) helps high-achieving students become motivated agents in their education by changing attitudes toward themselves, college, and their roles as students. The author presents the intentional design, execution, analysis, and results of the WAWH seminar, a curriculum that combines content and methods from the discipline of Critical University Studies, layered high-impact practices, student-curated and student-led discussions, and explicit instruction on metacognition in teaching and learning. The decennial study (2008-2018) involves eighteen sections and over 300 students, all with similar written assignments, reflections, and final course evaluations. Results indicate that students gain clarity in the understanding of their own values, opinions on issues, and sense of self as learners; of the purpose of college and liberal education; and of issues involving the U.S. education system and the academy. The author posits the WAWH model as a means for synthesizing theory and practice in education; securing honors programs' impact and relevance within institutions; and maximizing institutional investment in high-achieving student populations. Learning outcomes and implications for scalability are discussed.

Nowadays, vocabulary as an influential domain in mastering second/foreign languages has encouraged researchers to put forth conceptualizations that can substantiate the successful learning of words. This study used WhatsApp to investigate the different impacts of two input modalities (voice messages vs. written texts) on EFL learners' intentional learning and retention of words. To this end, 50 female EFL learners in two intact classes (n1=n2=25) were selected from a language institute in Khorramabad, Iran. The groups were randomly assigned to two treatment conditions. The results of a general English proficiency test verified their homogeneity at the outset. A standardized teacher-made vocabulary test assured the researchers that the words were unfamiliar to the learners. After the twelve-session treatment, which was integrated with conventional English teaching classes, another standardized vocabulary test was administered once immediately after the intervention and the second time after a two-week interval. The Friedman repeated measures analysis showed a significant difference between the pretest and posttests. However, the results of the statistical analyses showed no statistically significant differences between the participants' performances on the immediate and delayed posttests. Thus, the researchers concluded that the participants had not forgotten the words from the first to the second posttest indicating the efficacy of intentional vocabulary learning. Additionally, no significant differences were found between the two groups showing the similar impacts of the input modality. The study has implications for EFL teachers and educators whose focus is on TEFL.

The article discusses an experiment that researched the intentional vs incidental ESP vocabulary uptake in two university groups of third year political science students and addresses the implications of using an authentic audiovisual material as an input text for an ESP course. The procedure of intentional vocabulary learning involved pre-teaching of lexical items and explicitly informing the students they would have to use the vocabulary in a following productive activity (writing an essay), while the incidental uptake took place in the course of self-study where the students had to watch an authentic audiovisual recording and then write an essay on the subject discussed in the video. The case study employed a quantitative research method to calculate the amount of the target words and collocations used in the written output, and a qualitative method to assess the accuracy of their usage. Two months later a delayed posttest was done to check the students' productive knowledge of the target lexis form. The experiment correlated with output- and involvement load hypotheses, and had to assess the effect of a text-based output on learning outcomes, as well as observe how applicable is the involvement load hypothesis to analysing the students' self-study strategies. The study showed that the intentional mode of learning outperformed the incidental acquisition by over 20% and suggested what factors may have enhanced the scope of the ESP vocabulary retention. Further studies could concentrate on evaluating ESP learners' both productive and receptive target vocabulary competence over a longer-term perspective.

The purpose of this study was to investigate whether intentional vocabulary learning, incidental vocabulary learning, or a combination of the two best prepares students for learning and retaining vocabulary in English as foreign language learning (EFL) classrooms. Three experimental groups and three control groups were selected. All groups were given a pre-test and an immediate post-test after the instruction. A delayed post-test was administered to the experimental groups after the immediate post-test. The three experimental groups received the intervention--intentional, incidental, or a combination--while the three control groups received no vocabulary learning instruction. The results show that the mixed instructed group outperformed the other two groups and retained the vocabulary longer than the other groups. Incidental vocabulary learning placed second and intentional vocabulary learning placed third.

It is well known that outdoor adventure has many benefits to individuals' well-being, socialization, and self-concept. Outdoor adventure programs also have the potential to promote and improve an individuals' activities of daily living such as dressing, eating, and transferring. The improvement of Activities of Daily Living (ADL) can showcase the successes of any program. In this article, the Cognitive Orientation to Daily Occupational Performance (CO-OP) approach for teaching ADLs will be discussed as it relates to transferring ADLs from the adventure-based program to a person's daily life. In addition, specific instructional strategies as well as instructional approaches utilizing universal design for learning are provided. The article ends with examples of how to adapt many popular outdoor activities for any participant in your program to ensure the maximum opportunity to work on ADL's in the outdoor adventure context.

More and more academically underprepared students enter our colleges and universities, and research suggests that traditional efforts at remediation can exacerbate the self-doubt often experienced by at-risk students. While learning communities have been shown to offer under prepared students the support they need to become active participants in their learning, the success of learning communities for this population depends upon the intentional implementation of four key features: integrative learning, collaborative classrooms, co-curricular support, and increased faculty-student interaction.

Self-generated information is better recognized and recalled than read information. This so-called generation effect has been replicated several times for different types of stimulus material, different generation tasks, and retention intervals. The present study investigated the impact of individual differences in learners' disposition to engage in effortful cognitive activities (need for cognition, NFC) on the effectiveness of selfgeneration during learning. Learners low in NFC usually avoid getting engaged in cognitively demanding activities. However, if these learners are explicitly instructed to use elaborate learning strategies such as self-generation, they should benefit more from such strategies than learners high in NFC, because self-generation stimulates cognitive processes that learners low in NFC usually tend not to engage in spontaneously. Using a classical word-generation paradigm, we not only replicated the generation effect in free and cued recall but showed that the magnitude of the generation effect increased with decreasing NFC in cued recall. Results are consistent with our assumption that learners higher in NFC engage in elaborate processing even without explicit instruction, whereas learners lower in NFC usually avoid cognitively demanding activities. These learners need cognitively demanding tasks that require them to switch from shallow to elaborate processing to improve learning. We conclude that selfgeneration is beneficial regardless of the NFC level, but our study extends the existing literature on the generation effect and on NFC by showing that self-generation can be particularly useful for balancing the learning disadvantage of students lower in NFC.

This paper examines the development and effectiveness of a strategy that promotes rapid vocabulary retention among university students who are learning English as a second language. This approach to vocabulary acquisition is based on research that shows that activating implicit memory has a stronger effect than simply activating intentional memory. The hypothesis was that listening to carefully structured mobile English vocabulary lessons during routine physical activity would have a significant and positive effect on students' vocabulary acquisition and performance. The audio lessons were designed to introduce vocabulary by moving from L1 to L2. Participants (N = 51) were first-year Ukrainian university students majoring in English as a second language. Their average age was 17-18. They were randomly assigned to one of three classes, one experimental and two comparison. The experimental group used the "integrating physical activity with listening to vocabulary lessons" strategy in addition to the traditional intentional learning strategy used by the comparison group. The results indicate that performance on the End-of-Unit test benefitted students who were in the Listening While Physically Active group. Their mean score was 81.9 versus 63.2 for the Comparison group. Results from a one-way ANOVA indicate that exam performance difference was statistically significant, F= 8.761, df = 1 , p < 05. Mobile devices offer students multiple opportunities to listen to, and pronounce, new vocabulary based on L1 to L2 translation while performing routine physical actions. This allows students to create not only receptive but also reproductive skills of L2 translation and communication.

An intentional teaching approach provided a Wellington kindergarten with valuable avenues for supporting the teaching and learning of young children from refugee and immigrant backgrounds. Despite reservations about implementing this approach, teachers found that it was possible to use it in a child-centred way. The teachers' research inquiry into scientific learning provides examples of how intentional teaching supported positive and beneficial learning outcomes for young children. The inquiry highlighted the importance of slowing down, the value of repetition, the depth of child engagement in scientific activities and the significance of sensory learning. Intentional teaching was found to contribute to significant learning happening over time.

Recent early childhood education and care (ECEC) reforms across the globe are placing greater emphasis on the intentionality of educators' pedagogy. In Australia, a National Quality Agenda (NQA) has significantly reformed ECEC through the country's first national learning framework, which demands educators take a more intentional (active) role in teaching a play-based curriculum. Because educators' capacity to confront these challenges will be reflected in their perspectives, a case study of educators' perspectives on learning through play was conducted shortly after the new framework's introduction to the field. A cultural-historical framing provided a contextualised, deductive analysis of educators' practices and values. Findings indicated educators believe children's learning from their play was associated with educators' passive rather than active practices. Rather than intentional, it seemed to be merely "coincidental" that child-chosen play resulted in learning of curriculum content. Consistent with other countries where educators appear torn between curricular demands for adult-driven outcomes and a pedagogy of play, findings indicate educators were adept at justifying child-determined learning in relation to adult-determined curricular demands. However, the findings pinpoint exactly where and how educators lacked support to actively engage with and extend child-initiated play for learning.

Although English and German are both Germanic languages, due to various historical changes, many of their cognates are no longer easily recognizable. This study examined whether knowledge of language history can be beneficial to learners when learning English-German cognates. Thirty-five English-speaking second language (L2) learners of 3rd-semester German at an American university were assigned to either an intentional or incidental learning condition. The intentional group received explicit instruction on 2 historical sounds shifts (Second Germanic Sound Shift, Ingvaeonic Palatalization) and relevant historical semantic changes. In contrast, the incidental group carried out various activities that exposed learners to cognates through reading and oral communication tasks. Results indicate that the intentional group significantly outperformed the incidental group, suggesting that knowledge of language history can be beneficial to learners when learning historically related languages. Declarative knowledge of the historical changes led to significantly greater vocabulary gains and it also provided learners with a tool kit to correctly predict the meaning of several cognates they had not previously encountered before. This study has broad implications for vocabulary learning, language teaching, and applied historical linguistics.

One of the major challenges for any L2 teacher is to integrate vocabulary components into a course. Determining what words to select in order to satisfy the goals of the course and what instructional methodology best suits the purpose of vocabulary learning are not easy tasks. Even more difficult is dealing with the formulaic terminology of a domain-specific vocabulary that students have not previously encountered. In this paper, I describe a criminalistics module within a Legal Spanish course that has a mock trial as a final assignment. In order to learn the terminology for the final assignment, incidental vocabulary learning through reading, watching a movie, and listening to a talk was seen as complementary, but not sufficient. Instead, intentional vocabulary learning has proven more effective because it reinforces retention of novel vocabulary and leads to its eventual production in the final task. [The page range cited (pp. 1-25) on the .pdf is incorrect. The correct range is pp. 1-13.]