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Varnost je ena temeljnih človeških dobrin in jo lahko opredelimo kot stanje, v katerem je zagotovljen uravnotežen fizični, duhovni, duševni in gmotni obstoj posameznika in družbene skupnosti v razmerju do drugih posameznikov, družbenih skupnosti in narave (Grizold, 1999: 23). Obveščevalne službe so pomemben instrument za zagotavljanje varnosti države. Te službe imajo moč, katera temelji na njihovih intelektualnih in materialnih potencialih na tajnosti, v kateri zbirajo, hranijo in obdelujejo podatke, na vztrajnem kopičenju informacij ter na poseganju v človekovo zasebnost in druge temeljne pravice. Kjer je moč, tam so možne tudi zlorabe te moči, bodisi za zasebne ali politične namene. Zaradi zlorab obveščevalnih služb lahko pride do ogrožanja temeljev demokracije, zato je v sodobni demokraciji potrebno nenehno nadzirati obveščevalne službe in tudi tiste, ki s temi službami upravljajo. Nadzor nad izvršilno vejo oblasti in še posebej nad obveščevalnimi službami je večplasten. Izhaja iz ustavnih temeljev države, odvisen pa je tudi od demokratične tradicije in politične kulture, konkretnih razmerij med posameznimi vejami oblasti, dosežene stopnje razvoja demokratičnih odnosov, zgodovinskih okoliščin ter drugih dejavnikov. Posebnost nadzora nad obveščevalnimi službami je ta, da ne more biti urejen na enak način, kot je urejen nadzor nad ostalimi deli državne uprave, saj delovanje obveščevalnih služb javnosti in tudi ostalim znotraj državne uprave ne sme biti popolnoma pregledno, sicer ne more biti učinkovito. Obstoj ustrezne pravne podlage oziroma normativne ureditve je zato eno osrednjih vprašanj in pogojev nadzora nad obveščevalnimi službami. Security is a fundamental human right and can be defined as a situation in which there is provided a balanced physical, spiritual, mental and material existence of the individual and the community in relation to other individuals, societies and nature (Grizold, 1999: 23). Intelligence agencies are an important instrument for ensuring security for the country. These services have the power, which is based on their intellectual and material potentials on the secrecy in which they collect, store and process the data in the persistent accumulation of information as well as interference with personal privacy and other fundamental rights. Where there is power, there are also possible abuses of power, whether for private or political purposes. Abuses of intelligence services can lead to compromising the foundations of democracy, therefore, in a modern democracy one must constantly monitor the intelligence services, as well as the individuals who manage these services. Control of the executive branch and in particular of the intelligence is multi-faceted. It is derived from the constitutional foundations of the country and it depends on the democratic tradition and political culture, specific relationships between branches of the government, the stage reached in the development of democratic relations, historical circumstances and other factors. The speciality of the oversight of the intelligence services is that it cannot be regulated in the same manner as control of other parts of the state administration, for the functioning of the intelligence services must not be fully transparent to the public and others within the government, otherwise it cannot be effective. The existence of an adequate legal basis or regulatory environment is therefore one of the central issues and conditions of the oversight of the intelligence services.

Doktorska naloga obravnava možnosti etičnega ravnanja na področju obveščevalno-varnostne dejavnosti v različnih političnih sistemih, od totalitarnih do tranzicijskih in demokratičnih. Etika kot temeljna filozofska panoga je vir načel in norm, ki urejajo odnose ljudi v družbi. Tudi ekonomski in politični sistem države je odvisen od etični temeljev, obenem pa vpliva na etičnost posameznika in družbe kot celote, kar se posledično odraža tudi na vseh slojih prebivalstva in v vseh dejavnostih države. Obveščevalna dejavnost je eden izmed vzvodov države, ki v skladu z družbeno pogodbo državljanom zagotavlja varnost in družbeni napredek. To velja za demokratične družbe. Totalitarni družbi, kot sta nacionalsocialistična in komunistična, pa sta temeljili na izkrivljanju oziroma potvarjanju etičnih norm in podrejanju vsega družbenega totalitarni oblasti. Za to so omenjeni režimi uporabljali vsa sredstva in izrabljali tudi znanost oziroma filozofijo, npr. izročila Charlesa Darwina, Friedricha Nietzscheja in drugih. Obveščevalna dejavnost je postala sredstvo zlorabe in represije totalitarnih oblastnikov in zagotovilo njihovega obstoja. Tip obveščevalno-varnostne dejavnosti totalitarnih režimov temelji na uporabi vseh oblik t. i. realističnega koncepta obveščevalno-varnostne dejavnosti, kjer je za zavarovanje interesov države, predvsem pa oblastnikov in njihove totalitarne ideologije, dovoljena uporaba vseh oblik represije, vključno s fizičnimi likvidacijami vseh nasprotnikov režima. Pomemben del represivnih sredstev totalitarnega režima je t. i. preventivna varnostna dejavnost, s katero je sistem pogosto in brez razloga kršil človekove pravice in svoboščine ter brezvestno teptal etična in moralna merila civiliziranih družb. Za uvedbo tega ukrepa je bila dovolj že domneva o obstoju grožnje zoper državo. Družbe so bile tako sredstvo politične in ideološke represije, ki so jo z vzvodi vsesplošnega nadzora upravljale tajne obveščevalno-varnostne strukture, ki so ljudstvo vzdrževale v primarnem eksistenčnem strahu, ki je nemalo ljudi prisilil v ovaduštvo, posameznike pa družbeno izoliral do te mere, da so bili dejansko zaprti na svobodi. Obdobje tranzicije je čas prehoda in menjave med dvema različnima političnima sistemoma. Politične tranzicije so zaznamovane s postopki in dejanji procesa razgradnje avtoritarnega režima ter z vzpostavljanjem oblik demokracije. V določenih primerih pa je možen celo povratek k oblikam bolj avtoritarnega režima ali celo z nadaljevanjem totalitarne alternative, zato je doseganje (visokih) etičnih standardov v tranzicijskih družbah v delovanju obveščevalno-varnostne dejavnosti kot na drugih področjih teh družb še dokaj problematično in zahtevno. Stanje splošnega dobrega družbe, kot je to značilno za demokratične ureditve v tranzicijski družbi, še ni mogoče doseči v popolnosti, saj je ta družba še vpeta v pravne in družbene okvire starih totalitarnih sistemov. Gospodarstvo družb v tranziciji zaznamujejo gospodarsko-socialne napetosti: naraščajoča nezaposlenost, višja stopnja inflacije, pomanjkanje podjetniške iniciative in podjetniških veščin, korupcija, pomanjkanje infrastrukture, nedokončana vzpostavitev učinkovitega pravnega sistema, moralno tveganje, socialna in družbena neenakost. Za vzpostavitev učinkovitega obveščevalno-varnostnega sistema v času tranzicije je pomemben tudi proces izvedbe reforme varnostnega sektorja. Cilj reforme je prekinitev s starimi vzorci totalitarnih režimov in izvedba procesov obnove demokratičnih struktur in vzvodov države. Reforma mora zajeti tako politično razsežnost (nazorsko in zakonsko) pa tudi ekonomsko (obsežnost aparata, uporaba finančnih in drugih virov), socialno (zunanja in notranja varnost vseh pripadnikov družbe) ter institucionalno razsežnost (ustroj varnostnega sektorja in institucionalna ločenost od drugih organov). Uspešna reforma varnostnega sistema uvaja tudi demokratične pravne standarde ter standarde institucionalnega nadzora. To vključuje tudi prestrukturiranje organizacijskega vidika delovanja obveščevalno-varnostne dejavnosti, ki se mora iz vojaško-policijske organizacije spremeniti v javno učinkovito in transparentno službo. Tranzicijske družbe za izvajanje obveščevalno-varnostne dejavnosti vse bolj uporabljajo utilitaristično-konsekvencialistično paradigmo, manj pa se uveljavlja etično-normativna zasnova, po kateri naj se družba ravna po načelih spoštovanja človekove osebe in njenega dostojanstva ter dosledno upošteva človekove pravice kot normo njenega delovanja. Zato je v sklopu reforme varnostnega sektorja priporočljiva izvedba postopkov lustracije tako na zgodovinsko-politični kot na kazensko-varnostni ravni. To nam omogoča, da pretrgamo pravne, ideološke ter neetične vzorce totalitarnih režimov in poverimo zaupanje ustanovam novega demokratičnega sistema. Na vzpostavitev etičnih kriterijev ter profesionalnih standardov dela obveščevalnih in varnostnih služb v času tranzicije posredno ali neposredno vplivajo procesi vzpostavitve politične kulture. Gre za implementacijo pojmovanja varnosti kot družbene vrednote. Postavlja se vprašanje širjenja neformalnih mrež nekdanjih pripadnikov obveščevalno-varnostnih služb ter ocena pojma tajnosti kot vzvoda družbene moči elit. Vsi izzivi in težave tranzicijskih družb pa se morajo vključevati v vseobsežni politični in družbeni dialog ter jih znotraj njega obravnavati, da lahko družbe poenotijo cilje, stališča ter poglede vseh delov družbe na njihovo skupno prihodnost v delujočem demokratičnem sistemu. Sicer se sodobne demokratične družbe srečujejo z novodobnimi varnostnimi grožnjami, ki temeljijo na oblikah hibridnega, kibernetskega in asimetričnega vojskovanja. Državni aparat moderne demokratične družbe se lahko tem grožnjam zoperstavlja s prilagojeno in učinkovito obveščevalno dejavnostjo. Ta v mnogih metodah temelji na podpori in uvedbi sodobnih tehničnih inovacij in dosežkov, ki pa v določenih primerih lahko globoko posegajo tudi na področje etične pristojnosti osebe ter ogrožajo varovanje temeljnih človekovih pravic in svoboščin. Za sodobne demokratične družbe je značilen utilitaristični pristop obveščevalno-varnostnih dejavnosti, ki z obveščevalno-varnostnimi metodami želi doseči čim večjo korist za varnost družbe ter posledično njeno blaginjo. Slabost te paradigme pa je, da lahko kljub zakonsko urejenemu okviru s prekomerno delitvijo faz obveščevalno-varnostne dejavnosti ter s striktnim uveljavljanjem pojma avtoritete dopušča izgubo občutka moralno-etične odgovornosti posameznikov, udeleženih v posameznih fazah postopkov, karlahko pripelje do zlorabe človeka kot osebe in njegovega dostojanstva v procesih pri obveščevalno-varnostni dejavnosti kot celoti. Za izvajanje obveščevalne dejavnosti je torej nujno spoštovanje temeljnih etičnih norm in pravil. Do sprejema splošne zasnove pravične (etične) obveščevalne dejavnosti lahko za etično razlago in izvedbo obveščevalnih metod uporabimo spoznanja teorije pravične vojne, ki temeljijo na samoobrambi in pravici človeka in družbe, da sama poskrbita za svojo varnost. Zaradi izjemnih etičnih izzivov ter posebnosti in okoliščin obveščevalnega dela bi bilo za dosego višjih standardov varovanja človekovih pravic in svoboščin nujno sprejeti tudi Kodeks etike pripadnikov obveščevalnih služb. Glavni cilj kodeksa sodobne etične obveščevalno-varnostne dejavnosti mora biti utemeljen na podlagi praktičnih dognanj in spoznanj, biti mora v skladu z normativnimi zapovedmi etike ter ustvariti okvir aplikativne etike, ki naj pomaga razreševati tako nasprotja v družbi kot spoštovati etičnost na področju obveščevalno-varnostne dejavnosti kot orodja delovanja sodobne demokratične in etične države ter varovanja človeka kot osebe in njegovega dostojanstva oziroma spoštovanje človekovih pravic. Ethics is one of the basic philosophical concepts, which consists of and establishes principles and norms upon which social rules for relations between people in society are created. The economic and political system of the State influences the ethical behaviour of its individuals, which is reflected in all layers of society and professions. Intelligence is one State tool that guarantees the safety and progress of its citizens in accordance with the social contract. Totalitarian-type societies espousing National Socialism and/or communism were based on bent and distorted ethical norms. For the purpose of enforcement of these ethical norms, totalitarian regimes have falsified the scientific theories of Charles Darwin and Friedrich Nietzsche. Intelligence was throughout history an element of abuse and repression of totalitarian systems and one major guarantee of their respective existence. In the classification of the type of intelligence approach, totalitarian systems used drastic forms of realistic concepts of intelligence where, for the protection of the state, which included political elites and political ideology, all means were allowed, included physical liquidation of all ‘enemies’ of the regime. An important part of the repressive tools of totalitarian systems was the so called ‘preventive security activity,’ which regimes used too often and without reason for breaking all ethical norms and all human rights and liberties of modern civil society. For the implementation of such measures, just the perception of a possible threat was enough. Due to the extensive security control and political and ideological repression of a society, orchestrated by the intelligence and security services, the society itself has been oppressed by anguish und uncertainty. While primal fear spread among the population, and forced many people to inform on each other for survival, totalitarian systems succeeded to isolate every individual to the level of practically ‘imprisoning’ them, while still supposedly being free. For the period of transition we have established that it marks the time of the changes between two political systems. Political transition is marked on one side by the process of the disintegration of an authoritarian regime, and on the other side with the establishing of a specific type of democracy. Transition can, in certain cases, lead to an even more authoritarian regime, or the establishing of a revolutionary alternative. The achievement of high ethical standards is, in transitional societies, still quite challenging. The accomplishment of general good, which is specific for democratic systems, can not be totally achieved, since transitional societies are still in many ways framed by the legal and social rules of the old totalitarian systems. The economy of a transitional society is marked with economical and social challenges such as high unemployment, high rate of inflation, lack of corporate skills and initiatives, undeveloped infrastructure, a not completely established legal system, moral challenges, and social inequality. For the establishment of effective intelligence and security systems in a time of transition, the execution of security reform is also very important. The main goal should be to discontinue with all the patterns of totalitarian regimes and to carry out the process of rebuilding structures and levers of a democratic state. Security reform has to include all dimensions from political (oversight and laws), economic (size of the apparatus, expenditure of financial and other resources), social (inner service and external economical security of employed) and institutional (organizational framework of security sector and separation from other bodies of government). While successful security reform also implements democratic legal standards and standards of institutional oversight, it should also encompass the process of reconstructing the organizational side of the service from a military/police type into a highly professional and legally transparent public service. In comparison to the normative-ethical base, which should guide societies in the principles of human rights and liberties, as well as respect of human dignity, transitional societies are using more and more an utilitarian (consequentialist) paradigm as a model in intelligence collection. That is why, along with the process of security reform, completing of the process of lustration is advisable. Lustration should help to cut the ties to legal, ideological non-ethical practices of totalitarian regimes and help to invest the trust into the institutions of the new, democratic, system. As direct or indirect obstacles and challenges in setting ethical and professional criteria in the field of intelligence, we can point to the slow process of establishing a new political culture the influence of established networks of service’s ex-employees, understanding the concept of secrecy as a leverage of power of social elites. All these challenges and obstacles of transitional societies need to be incorporated in wider political and social dialogue, which should unify our goals, opinions and views on a common future in democratic society. Modern democratic societies are encountering modern-era security threats, which are marked by forms of hybrid, cyber and asymmetrical warfare. The state apparatus of modern democratic society can counter these threats with adapted and effective intelligence activity. A new intelligence approach to dealing with these modern threats is based on the implementation of new technological innovations, which in some cases could also deeply interfere with the field of ethical competences of an individual and can also threaten basic human rights and liberties. Distinctive in modern societies is an utilitarian approach to intelligence ethics, which strives to achieve the highest possible social benefit and consequently, social welfare. The weakness of this paradigm is, in fact, that even though intelligence methods with an utilitarian approach can formally be legal, we can lose the feeling of ethical and moral responsibilities of individuals in the individual stages of the intelligence process, if this process is too fragmented and if guidance’s of this process are under strict assertion of the authority concept. This can, in consequence, lead to abuse of the individual as a human being and his personal dignity in the whole intelligence and security process. For all intelligence activities, a respect of the basic ethical norms and rules is essential. Until the concept of the just (ethical) intelligence is accepted, the Just War Theory could be used for explanation and ethical use of specific intelligence methods, which are based on the concept of self-defence and the right of society and humans to take care of their own security. For the benefit of high ethical and professional standards and due to the high ethical challenges and special requirements of intelligence work, a “Code of ethics of the members of intelligence services” should be adopted. The main goal of modern and ethical intelligence should be a creation framework, which would, on practical findings, be able to implement applicative intelligence ethics, thus helping to resolve the controversies in society and enhancing of respect for ethics in the field of intelligence and security. Furthermore, modern intelligence concepts should be used as the instrument of functioning and protecting of democratic and ethical state, which protects an individual as a human being, as well as its dignity and respect for human rights and liberties.

The choice of methods for gathering the necessary intelligence findings (indications, data, information, investigation evidence) depends on their degree of importance, their quantity and quality, as well as on the opportunities and complexity of their acquisition, but also on the national legal standards in the field of intelligence and security work. It is believed that the intelligence findings have a greater value if they are gathered from multiple intelligence sources. Also, they are considered to have greater significance if they were obtained using traditional and sophisticated intelligence methods. However, sometimes a significant intelligence findings can be obtained in a seemingly easy manner that does not require the use of particularly complex intelligence methods, special knowledge in the field of methodology of intelligence and the use of technical means. It is a method of gathering intelligence findings by analysing the contents of garbage and waste that remains after persons who have certain intelligence information, i.e. who are the subject of certain security processing - the so-called 'Trash intelligence'. This method can be used by both state security agencies, and non-state actors of the security sector to gather political, military, economic, technological, personal and other data. Od stepena značaja, kvantiteta i kvaliteta neophodnih obaveštajnih saznanja (indicije, podaci, informacije, istražni dokazi), kao i od mogućnosti i složenosti njihovog sticanja, ali i od nacionalnih pravnih standarda u oblasti obaveštajnog i bezbednosnog rada, zavisi i izbor metoda za njihovo prikupljanje. Smatra se da obaveštajna saznanja imaju veću vrednost ukoliko su prikupljena iz više različitih obaveštajnih izvora. Takođe, smatra se i da imaju veći značaj ukoliko se do njih došlo tradicionalnim i sofisticiranim obaveštajnim metodama. Međutim, nekada se do značajnih obaveštajnih saznanja može doći na naizgled jednostavan način koji ne zahteva primenu naročito složenih obaveštajnih metoda, ni posebnih znanja iz oblasti metodike obaveštajnog rada i upotrebe tehničkih sredstava. Reč je o metodu prikupljanja obaveštajnih saznanja analizom sadržaja smeća i otpada koji ostaje za licima koja poseduju izvesna obaveštajna saznanja, odnosno koja su predmet izvesne bezbednosne obrade - tzv. trash intelligence. Ovaj metod mogu da koriste kako državne bezbednosne agencije, tako i subjekti nedržavnog sektora bezbednosti za prikupljanje političkih, vojnih, ekonomskih, tehnoloških, ličnih i drugih podataka.

Obveščevalna dejavnost je zbiranje informacij, ki jih vlada oziroma država potrebuje za zaščito in uveljavljanje varnostnih, zunanjih, gospodarskih, vojaških in drugih interesov. Tajno sodelovanje kot osnovno metodo dela pri obveščevalni dejavnosti opravlja tajni sodelavec – agent. Zaradi zaščite državnih ciljev in interesov so obveščevalne službe nemalokrat delovale protizakonito (npr. posegale v človekove temeljne pravice). Lahko bi rekli, da obstaja neka splošna praksa, ko obveščevalno- varnostne institucije za dosego in zaščito političnih ciljev države posegajo po metodah, ki imajo pogosto za posledice kazniva dejanja. Jugoslovanska služba državne varnosti je večino svojega osebja in sredstev namenila vohunjenju doma in v tujini. Glavnina vsega vohunjenja v tujini je bila usmerjena proti emigraciji. Udba se je ukvarjala tako z vohunjenjem kot tudi z nekaterimi bolj brutalnimi akcijami, ugrabitvami in umori. Pri svojem delu je uporabila tudi kriminalce, nekaj jih je rekrutirala med emigranti oziroma izseljenci, večinoma pa iz kriminalnega podzemlja države. Eden izmed najbolj znanih kriminalcev, ki so opravljali naloge za Udbo je bil Željko Ražnatović Arkan. Kriminalci kot Arkan so bili idealni ljudje za popolnjevanje paravojaških enot, ki so bile zadolžene za izvajanje umazanih del v obliki etničnega čiščenja, plenjenja, tihotapljenja in gospodarskega kriminala v času vojn na območju bivše Jugoslavije, pa tudi po njih. Vse to početje je potekalo pod neposrednim vodstvom ali z odobravanjem najprej jugoslovanske, kasneje pa srbske Službe državne varnosti. Intelligence activity is the provision of information by the government or country which is needed for protection and enforcement of security, external and military interests. Secret cooperation as the basic method of work in intelligence activities is carried out by secret collaborator - an agent. The intelligence services often operate illegally in order to protect state interests and objectives (eg. Interfere with fundamental human rights). It is also a common practice that criminal methods are used for work of intelligence-security institutions. Yugoslav State Security Service committed most of its staff and assets for espionage at home and abroad. The majority of all espionage abroad was directed against emigration. The secret police Udba dealt with espionage, as well with some of the most brutal campaigns, kidnappings and murders. For its work Udba also used criminals, some of them were recruited between emigrants and expatriates, but most of them were from criminal underworld. One of the most famous criminals who carry out tasks for Udba was Željko Ražnatovič Arkan. Criminals have been ideal people for manning the paramilitaries which were responsible for carrying out the dirty work in the form of ethnic cleansing, looting, smuggling and economic crimes during the Yugoslavian war and also after it. All this were carried out under the leadership of Yugoslav and later by Srbian State Security Service.

Obveščevalno-varnostne agencije so organizacije, ki svoje odgovorno delo večinoma opravljajo v tajnosti in razpolagajo z obilico informacij. Nadzorujejo osebe, zbirajo podatke ter opazujejo družbeno-politično dogajanje na lokalni ter globalni ravni z namenom zagotavljanja varnosti in informacijske podpore domači državi. Zaradi narave njihovega dela morajo biti podvržene temeljitemu nadzoru preko posebnih nadzornih teles in zagotavljati ustrezno mero transparentnosti. Na vprašanje transparentnosti obveščevalno-varnostnih služb smo skušali odgovoriti z uporabo različnih virov: državnih zakonodaj, medijskih prispevkov, intervjuja in uradnih spletnih strani. V diplomskem delu smo preučili domačo SOVO, nemško BND, angleško MI5 in ameriško CIO ter skušali postaviti globalne standarde za zagotavljanje transparentnosti. Na zakonodajnem področju se bistvene razlike ne pojavljajo saj agencije delujejo v skladu z lastno zakonodajo, ki pa v nobeni državi ne omenja transparentnosti. Medijsko so vse agencije deležne določene pozornosti s to razliko, da se SOVA sooča predvsem z notranjimi nepravilnostmi in domačimi aferami, medtem ko se preostale tri večinoma omenjajo v povezavi z globalnimi škandali. Vsebina uradnih spletnih strani je na eni strani najskromnejša pri SOVI in BND saj vsebujeta večinoma osnovne informacije ter na drugi strani izredno obsežna pri MI5 ter CII, ki vsebujeta obilico različnih informacij. Intervju izveden z medijskim strokovnjakom je dodatno osvetlil problematiko in ponudil splošen način za zagotavljanje boljše transparentnosti v obveščevalno-varnostnih službah v smislu kontinuitete in stabilnosti v vodstvih služb in nadzornih organov. Intelligence and security agencies are organisations which conduct their responsible work in secret and possess an abundance of information. They monitor people, collect data and observe socio-political events locally and globally with the intent of providing security and informational support fort the home country. Due to the nature of their work they have to be subjected to thorough supervision through special oversight bodies and provide appropriate amount of transparency. We tried to answer the question of transparency in intelligence and security agencies by using various sources: national legislations, media articles, interview and official web pages. In the thesis we studied the domestic SOVA, German BND, English MI5, American CIA and tried to setup global standards for providing of transparency. Legally there are no significant differences as all agencies are working in compliance with national legislations from which none mentions transparency. Every agency is receiving some attention in the media with the difference of SOVA dealing with internal irregularities and domestic affairs while the other three are mostly mentioned in relation to global scandals. Transparent outlook through official web pages in on one hand the most modest with SOVA and BND as they provide mostly only essential information while on the other hand being comprehensive with MI5 and CIA since they are providing an abundance of different information. The interview conducted with a media expert shed some additional light on the problem and offered a general solution for better transparency of security and intelligence agencies in the form of continuity and stability in leadership and supervision bodies.

Delo analitika v obveščevalno-varnostni službi je znotraj celotnega obveščevalnega procesa ključnega pomena, zato je kompetentnost kadra zaposlenega v analitičnih službah zelo pomembna. Obveščevalno-varnostne službe se pri kadrovanju analitikov soočajo s številnimi izzivi, saj gre za zahtevno delovno mesto, ki potrebuje analitika s široko paleto kompetenc (znanj, sposobnosti, veščin in osebnostnih značilnosti). Na osnovi pregleda tuje in domače strokovne literature ter na osnovi ugotovitev, do katerih smo prišli s pomočjo intervjujev s predstavniki obveščevalno-varnostnih služb v Sloveniji, smo definirali profil analitika oziroma model kompetenc, ki se zahtevajo za delovno mesto analitika v obveščevalno-varnostnih službah. Ključne kompetence obveščevalno-varnostnega analitika predstavljajo predvsem samoiniciativnost, timsko delo, discipliniranost, intelektualni pogum, analitično razmišljanje (miselne sposobnosti), kreativnost, motivacija za delo ter želja po učenju (samoizobraževanje). Pomemben vidik analitične dejavnosti predstavljajo tudi psihološki dejavniki (zaznavanje, spomin) in vplivi dejavnikov, kot je časovni pritisk, subjektivnost podatkov, pomanjkanje podatkov in podobno. Analitikom v obveščevalno-varnostnih službah to ne sme povzročati pretiranih težav. Za kvalitetno analitično delo je potrebno dobro razumevanje omenjenih dejavnikov. Vse našteto morajo upoštevati obveščevalno-varnostne službe pri iskanju kadra za svoje analitične službe, saj bodo le tako našli primerne kandidate, ki bodo kos zahtevnim analitičnim nalogam. The work of an analyst in intelligence and security services presents a key element within the intelligence process. Consequently personnel working in analytical services must be highly competent. The intelligence and security services analyst is a demanding job that requires people with a wide range of competencies (knowledge, abilities, skills and personal characteristics). Through the review of domestic and foreign literature and interviews of such services in Slovenia we determined the profile of an analyst and competencies required for the job that analysts need to successfully carry out their work. Key competencies of an intelligence and security services analysts are primarily self-initiative, teamwork, discipline, intellectual courage, analytical thinking (cognitive abilities), creativity, motivation for work and desire for learning (self-education). Psychological processes (perception, memory) and the impact of factors such as time pressure, subjectivity of data, lack of data and similar, also represent an important aspect of analytical activities. These factors should not present too much difficulty to an analyst in intelligence and security services. Understanding of these factors and processes is necessary in order to have quality analytical work done. All of the above must be taken into account when intelligence and security services search for suitable candidates that will be able to successfully fulfill demanding analytical tasks.

U radu je prikazan utjecaj vladajuće komunističke stranke u totalitarnom sustavu na izvještajno (obavještajn)-sigurnosni sustav s ciljem planiranja i provođenja represije nad osobama s drugačijim političkim uvjerenjima. In this work we presented influence of the Communist Party to the intelligence community aiming the represion and violence against all those that had different political opinios.

The Republic of Croatia successfully, during the Homeland war, made the transformation of communist totalitarian in a democratic multi-party intelligence and security system. Largely, other necessary changes were made in order to impose Western democracy standards in the new ISS. Croatia has shown that, small ISS by number of employees can be extremely important to international friendly and partner, national and multinational ISS’s for fighting the challenges they faced in the SEE. However, to change completely the remaining part of the communist mentality, it takes more time because it is not a process that can be solved with a signature, but only with the long-term process, primarily by the educational system.

The thesis is focused on some questions stemming from the limitations of the right to free access to information in connection with the implementation of classified information protection in the context of activities of state security organizations. The basic legislation covering this area has been summarized. Further, the thesis explores theoretical as well as practical procedures and principles aimed at minimization of both real and potential threats to individual rights and basic principles of the open society in cases of performance of such sorts of limitations. Besides, some examples of the solutions carried out in certain countries and in addition several decisions of the European Court on Human Rights are mentioned. Finally, the contemporary status of the matter in the Czech Republic is examined.