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Pest Management (PM) has its 1959 origin in Integrated Control, a combination of a reduced dose of insecticide with biological control. At the time, it was not recognised that the interaction between these two control methods was more than additive. This ‘superadditivity’ can also be achieved with the full dose of insecticide, for example, by localising its application in space. There is also likely to be superadditivity in the interaction between partial plant resistance and biological control. Pests on resistant hosts are usually smaller and the same mortality can often be obtained with just two‐thirds or one‐half of the dose of insecticide needed on susceptible plants, giving superadditivity between partial plant resistance and chemical control. These positive interactions between biological control, chemical control and partial host plant resistance form a ‘Pest Management Triad’, though legislation and risk‐aversion may limit the practicability of protocols based on the Triad. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the issue of anthelmintic resistance in Europe and the environmental concerns associated with its use. It suggests sustainable worm control practices, such as diagnostics, grazing management, and selective breeding, as alternatives to reduce the reliance on anthelmintics. The article emphasizes the need for a Community of Practice across Europe to promote sustainable worm control and involve all relevant stakeholders. It provides examples of different approaches to worm control in various European countries, including Ireland, Poland, the United Kingdom, and Greece. The article also discusses the need for improved deworming practices in the ruminant livestock population in Spain, highlighting the lack of registered anthelmintics for goats and the inefficient use of deworming due to the lack of diagnostics. It suggests the use of complementary control approaches and diagnostic tools for effective and sustainable control of helminths. The authors stress the importance of implementing sustainable worm control practices across Europe and propose the establishment of local and national networks, supported by an international stakeholder network, to ensure long-term sustainability. [Extracted from the article]

This article proposes a new control solution for an electric power steering (EPS) system to ensure the stability of car's dynamic behaviours. This work provides two new contributions which differ from previously existing publications. Firstly, a novel control method for the steering system is designed in this article based on a combination of proportional-integral-derivative (PID) and backstepping control techniques. The input to the backstepping algorithm is the output of the PID controller, whose parameters are tuned by a complex fuzzy algorithm with two inputs. Secondly, values of road reaction torque and other dynamic effects are calculated using a complex automotive dynamics model based on a nonlinear motion model and a spatial oscillation model. The stability of the control system is evaluated through the Lyapunov control function and the error between the output signals, while the dynamic stability is evaluated through the changes in car's dynamic behaviours. According to the simulation results, output values always closely follow ideal values with negligible errors if and only when the steering system is controlled by the proposed algorithm. In some conditions, the steering motor angle error achieved by the proposed controller does not exceed 0.022 rad, much lower than the fault scenario. In addition, the vehicle's roll angle and motion trajectory always follow the desired value with minimal errors. In conclusion, if the EPS system is controlled by the new control technique shown in this article, car dynamic stability will be guaranteed under all investigated conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ObjectivesConsidering the difference of primary frequency regulation ability of wind turbines under different wind conditions in wind farms, the evaluation method of frequency regulation capability of wind turbines was optimized on the basis of sag control and inertia control strategy.MethodsAn improved multi-unit frequency modulation reference power cooperative control strategy was proposed.ResultsThe introduction of multi-unit cooperative control method can effectively improve the distribution of frequency modulation reference power among units, thus effectively adjust the degree of each unit participating in the primary frequency regulation of the system. An improved cooperative control strategy was introduced on the basis of inertia control and sag control. According to the operation state of the unit under the actual wind condition, the reference power of the unit which can effectively participate in the primary frequency modulation was evaluated. The introduction of frequency modulation capability coefficient can realize the energy distribution of the reference value of frequency modulation power among units.ConclusionsThe cooperative control strategy can effectively protect the speed of wind turbine and improve the frequency response of power grid.

Molds pose a severe challenge to agriculture because they cause very large crop losses. For this reason, synthetic fungicides have been used for a long time. Without adequate protection against pests and various pathogens, crop losses could be as high as 30–40%. However, concerns mainly about the environmental impact of synthetic antifungals and human health risk have prompted a search for natural alternatives. But do natural remedies only have advantages? This article reviews the current state of knowledge on the use of antifungal substances in agriculture to protect seeds against phytopathogens. The advantages and disadvantages of using both synthetic and natural fungicides to protect cereal grains were discussed, indicating specific examples and mechanisms of action. The possibilities of an integrated control approach, combining cultural, biological, and chemical methods are described, constituting a holistic strategy for sustainable mold management in the grain industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alligatorweed [Alternanthera philoxeroides (Mart.) Griseb.; Amaranthaceae] is a globally problematic, aquatic invasive weed with a long history as a target for control efforts. Although chemical and biological control methods have been widely studied to manage alligatorweed infestations, many research questions remain unanswered. This paper seeks to assess the efficacy of two understudied alligatorweed control methods: submersed herbicide applications and biological control with alligatorweed thrips (Amynothrips andersoni O'Neill 1968; Thysanoptera: Phlaeothripidae). These assessments were carried out in mesocosm experiments, in two stages. The first stage tested five herbicides applied as submersed injections at two different rates, and the second tested the same five herbicides alone and in combination with alligatorweed thrips biological control. The submersed herbicides used in this study were penoxsulam, bispyribac-sodium, imazamox, fluridone, and topramezone. The control effect of these treatments was measured as percent biomass reduction 12 weeks after treatment. These data showed that, with the exception of bispyribac-sodium, submersed herbicide application was generally successful at reducing alligatorweed biomass. Also, thrips biological control was broadly effective at reducing alligatorweed biomass. However, these data did not identify a specific herbicide whose control was significantly benefitted by thrips biological control at the rates these herbicides were applied. While the results of this study show promise for combining submersed herbicides and alligatorweed thrips for integrated alligatorweed management, questions remain regarding this combined control strategy including whether or not these results translate to the field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research aimed to determine the Respondents' knowledge degree of the Spodoptera frugiperda life cycle, the appropriate environmental conditions, the Respondents' knowledge, and implementation degree of the Extension recommendations for monitoring and surveillance, and the integrated control of this insect. This research was conducted on a regular random sample of 203 Respondents from corn crops Farmers in Al-Talin, and Meat Bashar villages, Minya el Qamh District, Sharqia Governorate. Data were collected using a questionnaire by personal interviews with respondents during July and August 2023 and used in the analysis of the data, Frequencies and percentages, arithmetic mean, weighted average, simple correlation coefficient, and chi square. The most important Results were as follow: - Nearly half of the respondents (49.3%) had a low level of knowledge about the insect life cycle . - More than half of the respondents (52.7%) had a low level of knowledge about the environmental conditions suitable for the insect. - More than four-fifths of the respondents (86.7%), their knowledge level about monitoring and control recommendations was medium and high, and nearly four-fifths of the respondents (78.8%), their implementation level of monitoring and control recommendations was medium and low. - More than four-fifths of the respondents (81.2%), the total level of their knowledge of the Extension recommendations for integrated pest control was medium and low. - The vast majority of respondents (90.6%), the overall level of their implementation of the Extension recommendations for integrated control of the insect was low and medium. - There is a correlation at a significant level (0.01) between age, educational qualification, membership in rural organizations, the attitude towards modernization, and exposure to information sources, and the knowledge degree and the implementation degree by the respondents of the Extension recommendations for the integrated control of Spodoptera frugiperda. Overall. The research ended with a set of recommendations based on its results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Power Generation Technology is the property of Power Generation Technology Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

An effective method for maintaining the activity and longevity of microorganisms in adverse conditions is microencapsulation. In the present study, synthetic alginate pellets were developed as carriers for the biocontrol agent Trichoderma asperellum. In two field experiments, solarization was applied for three weeks to loamy clay soil that was naturally infested with strawberry-black root rot fungi (Fusarium solani, Rhizoctonia solani and Machrophomina phaseolina). Following solarization, T. asperellum-based alginate pellets or spore suspension were added to the soil. Data reveal that, three weeks solarization of irrigated soil increased its maximum temperature reached by 11–14.2 °C (1–10 cm depth), 11.6–13.1 °C (11–20 cm depth) and 10.1–12.2 °C (21–30 cm depth). In either trial, solarization also successfully lowers the vitality of strawberry-black root rot fungi directly after the solarization phase. When compared to controls, strawberry-black root rot was substantially less common in solarized plots. In two field trials, soil solarization followed by inoculation with alginate pellets based on T. asperellum led to the greatest reductions in black root rot incidence (59.3 and 74.1 %) and severity (72.5 and 75.2 %), as compared to un-solarized control plots. In vivo studies, this treatment dramatically increased the activity of defensive enzymes (peroxidase and chitinase) and strawberry yield (60.5 and 60.0 %, respectively), as compared to non-solarized control plots. In two field studies, the rhizosphere population of native Trichoderma spp. Developed more in solarized soils after the application of alginate pellets based on T. asperellum (86.5 and 83.6 %, respectively), compared to the non-solarized control.

In limit conditions, autonomous vehicles face the risk of lateral instability. The integrated control of steering and braking, an important measure for improving the stability of autonomous vehicles, has been extensively studied. A novel steering and braking integrated model predictive path tracking control (PTC) based on a dimension reduction model is proposed in this study. This method aims at the dilemma of the real-time limitation of the current integrated model predictive PTC based on nonlinear vehicle dynamics in practical applications and the unsatisfactory control effect of the integrated model predictive PTC based on the linearised vehicle dynamics in limit conditions. The core concept of this study is to reduce the input dimension of the integrated controller model by designing a model dimension reduction method, thereby reducing the decision variables of the optimisation problem and improving the real-time performance. The model dimension reduction method is designed based on the optimal utilisation of tire force to ensure the control performance of the proposed integrated control method in limit conditions. The integrated control method based on the dimension reduction model is compared with several existing integrated control methods in limit conditions to demonstrate its validity and superiority. The simulation tests with Simulink and CarSim indicate that the proposed method can reduce the calculation time by more than 40 $ \% $ % on the premise of ensuring path tracking accuracy and vehicle stability in limit conditions. Moreover, the hardware-in-the-loop tests prove the practicability of the presented method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To improve the handling and directional stability of three-axle heavy vehicles, this paper suggests a control strategy that combines direct yaw moment control (DYC) and active front steering (AFS). The control system's structure is divided into three main layers. Based on an online adjustable index, a fuzzy controller acting as a supervised system decides the cooperation of DYC and AFS in the upper layer. In the intermediate layer, the DYC system controller uses a sliding mode controller to calculate the corrective body moment. The AFS system uses a fuzzy controller to generate the corrective steering angle necessary to achieve the three-axle vehicle motion objective. The algorithm for distributing braking force and the slip ratio control (SRC) system comprises the lower layer. The anti-lock braking system (ABS) in the SRC system is built to produce the necessary braking forces at low slip ratios while preventing the wheels from locking up at high slip ratios. Consideration has been given to a heavy, three-axle, 9-DOF nonlinear vehicle with uncertain dynamics. Trucksim software and simulation tests have validated the model. The proposed control system's satisfactory performance is shown through various maneuvers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Charcoal rot disease (CRD), caused by the phytopathogenic fungus Macrophomina phaseolina, is a significant threat to cotton production in Israel and worldwide. The pathogen secretes toxins and degrading enzymes that disrupt the water and nutrient uptake, leading to death at the late stages of growth. While many control strategies were tested over the years to reduce CRD impact, reaching that goal remains a significant challenge. The current study aimed to establish, improve, and deepen our understanding of a new approach combining biological agents and chemical pesticides. Such intervention relies on reducing fungicides while providing stability and a head start to eco-friendly bio-protective Trichoderma species. The research design included sprouts in a growth room and commercial field plants receiving the same treatments. Under a controlled environment, comparing the bio-based coating treatments with their corresponding chemical coating partners resulted in similar outcomes in most measures. At 52 days, these practices gained up to 38% and 45% higher root and shoot weight and up to 78% decreased pathogen root infection (tracked by Real-Time PCR), compared to non-infected control plants. Yet, in the shoot weight assessment (day 29 post-sowing), the treatment with only biological seed coating outperformed (p < 0.05) all other biological-based treatments and all Azoxystrobin-based irrigation treatments. In contrast, adverse effects are observed in the chemical seed coating group, particularly in above ground plant parts, which are attributable to the addition of Azoxystrobin irrigation. In the field, the biological treatments had the same impact as the chemical intervention, increasing the cotton plants' yield (up to 17%), improving the health (up to 27%) and reducing M. phaseolina DNA in the roots (up to 37%). When considering all treatments within each approach, a significant benefit to plant health was observed with the bio-chemo integrated management compared to using only chemical interventions. Specific integrated treatments have shown potential in reducing CRD symptoms, such as applying bio-coating and sprinkling Azoxystrobin during sowing. Aerial remote sensing based on high-resolution visible-channel (RGB), green–red vegetation index (GRVI), and thermal imaging supported the above findings and proved its value for studying CRD control management. This research validates the combined biological and chemical intervention potential to shield cotton crops from CRD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the efficacy of item budgeting at the University of Baghdad by investigating the impact of integrated control systems on the efficiency and effectiveness of item budgeting within organizational departments. Using a sample size of 60, the research employs multiple regression analysis to explore elements such as vertical and horizontal integration, diagnostic and interactive uses of controls, and other organizational factors like technology and leadership. The findings reveal significant positive correlations among key variables, notably between 'Technology Used' and 'Leadership,' and between 'Alignment' and 'Aggregation'. However, the study also highlights that some variables exhibit low or statistically insignificant correlations, underscoring the complexity of organizational control systems. While the results offer preliminary insights into the influence of integrated control systems on item budgeting, they should be interpreted in the context of certain limitations, including the small sample size and the cross-sectional design of the research. Recommendations for future studies and practical applications are discussed, emphasizing the need for a larger sample size, longitudinal studies, and incorporating qualitative methods to provide a more comprehensive understanding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several conventional and recently available tools are available for an integrated control of European rabbits in Australia. We quantified the impact of the release of rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus K5 (RHDV K5, hereafter K5) and pindone (2‐pivalyl‐1,3‐indandione) baiting at 13 sites within Cudlee Creek fire scar in the Adelaide Hills, South Australia. K5 release was followed by pindone baiting between December 2021 and March 2022; the application of both control methods followed industry best practice. We counted rabbits using spotlights before and after the application of both control methods. Fly samples and livers from dead rabbits were collected to track K5 transmission within and between sites, and to detect the natural circulation of rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus 2 (RHDV2). K5 release had minimal impact on rabbit populations, with treated populations increasing by a mean of 65.5% at 14 days post‐release and 27.9% at 77 days post‐K5 release across all sites, comparable to the changes at control sites. K5 detection in flies up to 77 days post its release, and its detection in rabbit livers, demonstrates that it can survive and transmit in the environment for prolonged periods and that it can lethally infect some rabbits. This limited impact of K5 is consistent with previous studies and may be explained by pre‐existing RHDV/RHDV2 immunity in the target populations or the presence of young rabbits with natural innate RHDV immunity. The detection of K5 in flies from control sites demonstrates that it was vectored beyond its release location. A reduction in rabbit counts post‐pindone baiting was observed at most treatment sites, with a mean population reduction of 36.6% across all sites. Landholders need to carefully and strategically plan their integrated rabbit control programmes. Not all combinations of controls, even if theoretically logical, achieve meaningful outcomes for rabbit management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The 'ideal' optimal control of a radiant floor heating system (RFHS) can be achieved when a central controller is fully aware of the interrelationship between the different thermal dynamics of a boiler, radiant floor, and room. This study proposed integrated control strategies that can consider the interaction of heterogeneous RFHSs using a minimalistic approach with minimal data easily available from residential buildings. Three individual artificial neural networks were developed to choreograph the heterogeneous dynamics of the RFHSs for each household. Then, model predictive control was applied to realize the real-time integrated control of the RFHSs in the residential buildings. Approximately 14–46% of heating energy could be saved by integrated control. Moreover, the potential energy saving rate from integrated control varied depending on the degree of human intervention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this research, the efficiency of the parasitoid wasp, Habrobracon hebetor (Say) in integrated with Matrine and Bacillus thuringiensis (Berliner) subsp. Kurstaki (Btk) against Anagasta kuehniella (Zeller), was investigated. Lethal and sublethal concentrations (LC30) of Matrine and Btk were determined by bioassay method on host larvae. To evaluate the preference of the host larval instars by the parasitoid, different larval instars were provided for parasitoid and the rate of parasitism was determined. The fourth and the fifth instar larvae of the host were treated with sublethal concentrations of Matrine and Btk then were provided for parasitoid in choice and non- choice conditions. The rate of paralysis, parasitism, egg-laying, emergence percentage and sex ratio of release wasps were determined. The results showed that female parasitoid preferred the fourth and fifth instar larvae of the host for parasitism. In the choice test, Matrine-treated larvae were more preferred by female parasitoid while in non-choice test, the highest amount of parasitism and egg-laying was related to the control treatment. The emergence percentage of adult wasps and their sex ratio (Female/Total), obtained from Matrine-treated fourth and fifth instar larvae, were 61 and 54% in the choice and 61 and 54% in the non-choice tests. The results showed that Matrine and Btk have significant potential in controlling of A. kuehniella. However, due to the sublethal adverse effects of these control agents on the efficiency of the parasitoid, simultaneous use of them with the parasitoid wasp, H. hebetor is not recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was conducted to determine predators and parasitoids of the tomato leafminer [Tuta absoluta (Meyrick, 1917) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae)] in open field tomato cultivation areas in Diyarbakir province during 2021–2022. Threeparasitoids and 10 predator insects were detected in survey areas. The determined parasitoid species were Bracon hebetor (Say, 1836), Bracon didemie Beyarslan, Bracon (Habrobracon) viktorovi Fischer, and the predatory insects Nysius graminicola (Kolenati, 1845), Geocoris megacephalus (Rossi, 1790), Macrolophus costalis, Macrolophus pygmaeus (Rambur) Campylomma diversicornis Reut., Chrysoperla carnea (Stephens), Orius spp., Orius niger (Wolff), Coccinella septempunctata (L.), and Hippodamia variegata (G.). The results of this study are important for biological and integrated pest management in tomato fields. Additionally, it is believed that the maintaining and increasing of the effectiveness of existing natural enemies is crucial in pest control.

Clubroot, caused by Plasmodiophora brassicae, is a destructive soil-borne disease significantly harming global Brassica crop production. This study employed the Williams and European Clubroot Differential (ECD) and Williams systems to identify the pathotypes of P. brassicae collected from Hangzhou City, Yuhang District and Quzhou City, Kaihua County in Zhejiang Province. Greenhouse and field trials were conducted to evaluate the effects of plastic film covering and four chemical agents on the growth parameters and clubroot severity of the Chinese cabbage cultivar 'Granaat'. Potential treatment mechanisms on clubroot were explored through a qPCR analysis of the resting spore density and pH measurement of the soil. Furthermore, treatment with 1-napthaleneacetic acid (NAA), a synthetic auxin, was also evaluated for its potential role in suppressing clubroot. The results indicate that the pathotypes of P. brassicae in the two districts were P1, ECD20/31/12, and P3, ECD20/15/4. While an individual application of plastic film covering could not effectively control clubroot, calcium cyanamid, dazomet and ammonium bicarbonate demonstrated significant efficacy in its management. These three agents significantly reduced the resting spore density in the soil, with calcium cyanamid and ammonium bicarbonate also increasing soil alkalinity. Additionally, ammonium bicarbonate promotes lateral root development in 'Granaat,' helping infected plants access adequate water and nutrients. However, NAA exhibited no efficacy in clubroot control. Therefore, sustained lateral root development is crucial for effectively resisting P. brassicae invasion. Considering application costs and environmental friendliness, we propose the field application of ammonium bicarbonate as the optimal method for clubroot disease management in Zhejiang Province. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To analyze the changes of schistosomiasis epidemic trend before and after the implementation of schistosomiasis integrated control strategy in China from 1999 to 2015, and to evaluate its effects in the process of schistosomiasis transmission controL Methods The epidemic data of schistosomiasis in China from 1999 to 2015 were collected, and the interrupted time series (ITS) method was used to analyze the changes of positive rate of blood test, positive rate of fecal test, number of acute schistosomiasis cases, number of catde, and infection rate of catde before and after the implementation of the comprehensive control strategy of schistosomiasis. Results After the implementation of the integrated schistosomiasis control strategy, the number of acute cases -B2=-937.433, P < 0.001) and the infection rate of cattle (j82=_ 1*606, P=0.012) decreased immediately in 2005. After the implementation of the strategy, the positive rate of blood test 保二一1.164; P < 0.001), tlie positive rate of stool test (p=-1.157, P < 0,001), the number of acute cases 保二一 143.939, P < 0,001), and the infection rate of cattle 03二一0.513, P < 0.001) showed a downward trend year by year, which had a long-term effect on the prevention and control of schistosomiasis. Conclusion From 2006 to 2015, the positive rate of blood test, the positive rate of stool test, the number of acute cases, and the infection rate of cattle in China showed a decreasing trend, indicating that in the advancing stage of schistosomiasis transmission control in China, the integrated schistosomiasis control strategy based on source of infection control has a significant effect on schistosomiasis control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the impact of shared infections between wildlife and livestock on public health, the economy, and biodiversity. It notes that animal diseases account for over 20% of global animal production losses. Factors like population growth, urbanization, changing farming practices, and increased interaction between livestock and wildlife contribute to the emergence of new disease interfaces. The article focuses on representative infectious diseases in poultry, pigs, bovines, and small ruminants, highlighting the need for a multifaceted approach to prevention and mitigation. It emphasizes the importance of biodiversity in disease prevention and addresses the negative impact of human activities on biodiversity. The article also discusses the role of globalization and climate change in altering disease transmission dynamics and suggests control measures such as surveillance, vaccination, vector control, and biosecurity. The authors advocate for a collaborative approach, known as One Health, to protect the health of livestock, wildlife, humans, and the environment. [Extracted from the article]

Series-cascaded microgrids (SCMGs) indeed provide control flexibility and high-voltage synthesis capabilities. However, the power distribution in SCMGs based on distributed generation (DG) sources stays understudied. This paper proposes an SCMG topology using non-dispatchable DG sources and battery energy storage, with an integrated power-routing control. The objective is to address power distribution limitations and stabilize SCMG output voltages under varying conditions. A case study validates the control methodology, considering zero irradiation levels for photovoltaic (PV) and maximum power sharing. The battery modules play a crucial role by providing power, voltage support, and maintaining capacitor voltage at a reference value of a PV-integrated module. This is achieved through a third harmonic current injection in the fundamental frequency current, coupled with proportional power distribution using a third harmonic power signal. The effectiveness of the proposed SCMG topology and control is demonstrated through MATLAB/Simulink and hardware-in-loop analyses (Typhoon HIL). The results present an extended power distribution between series-cascaded DG sources-based units while ensuring stable SCMG output voltages, even in adverse conditions like PV module intermittency. Future work aims to extend the proposed topology to a ring/delta-connection SCMG, where third harmonic current aids power distribution among SCMG legs and between series-cascaded DG sources-based units. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper deals with the integrated control of trajectory tracking and yaw stability for autonomous vehicles. Firstly, a nonlinear vehicle dynamics model is established. The MPC algorithm was used to determine the best front wheel angle. The PID control algorithm is used to ensure the accuracy of longitudinal speed tracking. The sliding mode control algorithm is used to generate additional yaw moment and optimize the distribution of longitudinal tire force. In order to ensure the most effective distribution of the driving torque of the four wheels of the vehicle, the PID algorithm is used to track and manage the longitudinal slip rate of each tire on the bottom layer. Simulation tools such as MATLAB/Simulink and Carsim are used to verify the effectiveness of the multi-closed-loop integrated control technology. Compared with the general control strategy (no slip rate control), the trajectory error of this control algorithm is reduced by 55.6%, which indicates that it has advantages in obtaining a high tracking accuracy and ensuring the stability of autonomous vehicles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates an integrated multi-input multi-output (MIMO) sliding mode control strategy to coordinate the active front steering (AFS) and direct yaw control (DYC) system of a vehicle. The proposed control method aims to enhance the lateral dynamics of the vehicle, especially in the presence of tire-road friction coefficient variations as parameter uncertainties. The proposed integrated control strategy consists of two control layers. The upper layer coordinates the AFS and DYC systems and produces the corrective yaw moment and additive front steering angle. At the lower layer, the slip controller based on sliding mode control (SMC) converts the yaw moment into the desired longitudinal slip and generates the final distributed braking torques. Simulations of two scenarios in various road conditions were conducted to ensure that the proposed control is robust against road condition changes in the proposed method. Results from the simulation during the J-turn maneuver on the slippery road compared the performance of the suggested sliding mode integrated controller with an adaptive integrated controller. The simulation results showed that the proposed control system improved the stability and handling of the system's tracking performance in various maneuvers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sarcosporidia and sarcosporidiosis in Southeast Kazakhstan present formidable challenges to livestock health. This paper focuses on the outcomes of two key innovations: advancements in molecular diagnostics and the development of integrated control strategies. In the realm of diagnostics, the implementation of Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) techniques for species-specific identification and quantification yielded notable results. Our comprehensive survey of vertebrates in the region identified a diverse range of Sarcosporidia species, with an average prevalence reduction of 25% compared to conventional methods. This advancement not only enhances accuracy in parasite identification but also provides a more nuanced understanding of the local epidemiological landscape. The integration of Geographic Information System (GIS) and remote sensing technologies into our surveillance system revealed specific high-risk areas with an unprecedented precision of 90%. This targeted approach allowed for resource optimization, resulting in a 30% reduction in overall prevalence rates in the identified regions. The practical implications of this innovation are evident in its potential to guide effective intervention strategies and resource allocation. Genomic studies elucidated the genetic diversity within Sarcosporidia strains, laying the foundation for targeted interventions. Building on this knowledge, preliminary trials of our integrated control strategies showcased a promising 40% reduction in Sarcosporidia prevalence in the selected communities. This innovative approach combines traditional deworming practices with environmentally friendly treatments, providing a viable and sustainable solution. In conclusion, our research signifies a substantial leap forward in understanding and combating Sarcosporidia infections in Southeast Kazakhstan. The tangible results of improved diagnostics and the promising outcomes of integrated control strategies underscore the potential for transformative impacts on livestock health, agricultural productivity, and the well-being of the communities reliant on these animals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Research in Agricultural Sciences is the property of Ataturk University Coordinatorship of Scientific Journals and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Abstract Several conventional and recently available tools are available for an integrated control of European rabbits in Australia. We quantified the impact of the release of rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus K5 (RHDV K5, hereafter K5) and pindone (2‐pivalyl‐1,3‐indandione) baiting at 13 sites within Cudlee Creek fire scar in the Adelaide Hills, South Australia. K5 release was followed by pindone baiting between December 2021 and March 2022; the application of both control methods followed industry best practice. We counted rabbits using spotlights before and after the application of both control methods. Fly samples and livers from dead rabbits were collected to track K5 transmission within and between sites, and to detect the natural circulation of rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus 2 (RHDV2). K5 release had minimal impact on rabbit populations, with treated populations increasing by a mean of 65.5% at 14 days post‐release and 27.9% at 77 days post‐K5 release across all sites, comparable to the changes at control sites. K5 detection in flies up to 77 days post its release, and its detection in rabbit livers, demonstrates that it can survive and transmit in the environment for prolonged periods and that it can lethally infect some rabbits. This limited impact of K5 is consistent with previous studies and may be explained by pre‐existing RHDV/RHDV2 immunity in the target populations or the presence of young rabbits with natural innate RHDV immunity. The detection of K5 in flies from control sites demonstrates that it was vectored beyond its release location. A reduction in rabbit counts post‐pindone baiting was observed at most treatment sites, with a mean population reduction of 36.6% across all sites. Landholders need to carefully and strategically plan their integrated rabbit control programmes. Not all combinations of controls, even if theoretically logical, achieve meaningful outcomes for rabbit management.

Molds pose a severe challenge to agriculture because they cause very large crop losses. For this reason, synthetic fungicides have been used for a long time. Without adequate protection against pests and various pathogens, crop losses could be as high as 30–40%. However, concerns mainly about the environmental impact of synthetic antifungals and human health risk have prompted a search for natural alternatives. But do natural remedies only have advantages? This article reviews the current state of knowledge on the use of antifungal substances in agriculture to protect seeds against phytopathogens. The advantages and disadvantages of using both synthetic and natural fungicides to protect cereal grains were discussed, indicating specific examples and mechanisms of action. The possibilities of an integrated control approach, combining cultural, biological, and chemical methods are described, constituting a holistic strategy for sustainable mold management in the grain industry.

The fungus Macrophomina phaseolina causes charcoal rot disease (CRD) in cotton, whose symptoms develop in the late stages of growth and result in wilting and death. Despite significant research efforts to reduce disease incidences, effective control strategies against M. phaseolina are an ongoing scientific effort. Today's CRD control tends toward green options to reduce the chemicals' environmental footprint and health risks. Here, different Trichoderma species were examined separately and in combination with Azoxystrobin (AS) in semi-field open-enclosure pots and a commercial field throughout a full season. In the pot experiment, the T. asperellum (P1) excelled and led to improvement in growth (13%-14%, day 69) and crops (the number of capsules by 36% and their weight by 78%, day 173). The chemical treatment alone at a low dose had no significant impact. Still, adding AS improved the effect of T. longibrachiatum (T7507) and impaired P1 efficiency. Real-time PCR monitoring of the pathogen DNA in the plants' roots at the harvest (day 176), revealed the efficiency of the combined treatments: T. longibrachiatum (T7407 and T7507) + AS. In a commercial field, seed dressing with a mixture of Trichoderma species (mix of P1, T7407, and Trichoderma sp. O.Y. 7107 isolate) and irrigation of their secreted metabolites during seeding resulted in the highest yields compared with the control. Applying only AS irrigation at a low dose (2,000 cc/ha), with the sowing, was the second best in promoting crops. The molecular M. phaseolina detection showed that the AS at a high dose (4,000 cc/ha) and the biological mix treatments were the most effective. Reducing the AS chemical treatment dosages by half impaired its effectiveness. Irrigation timing, also studied here, is proven vital. Early water opening during the late spring suppresses the disease outburst and damages. The results demonstrated the benefits of CRD bioshielding and encouraged to explore the potential of a combined bio-chemo pest control approach. Such interphase can be environmentally friendly (reducing chemical substances), stabilize the biological treatment in changing environmental conditions, achieve high efficiency even in severe CRD cases, and reduce the development of fungicide resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Kiwifruit canker disease seriously affects the yield and quality of "Guichang" kiwifruit in Xiuwen County, Guizhou Province. In order to scientifically, safely, greenly and efficiently prevent and control the disease, theory was combined with prevention and control techniques to optimize existing prevention and control techniques, so as to improve the production yield and quality of kiwifruit. Specifically, biocontrol strains targeting local kiwifruit canker disease were screened, and reduced and mixed use of agrochemicals with improved efficiency was studied; and the effects and application techniques of disease resistance inducers and bioorganic fertilizers in inducing systemic disease resistance in kiwifruit trees were explored, and finally, an integrated green prevention and control scheme for kiwifruit canker disease that is suitable for kiwifruit production areas in Guizhou Province and has strong operability was proposed. This study provides technical support for green, efficient, standardized production technical services and sustainable and healthy development of kiwifruit industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Ordnance Equipment Engineering is the property of Chongqing University of Technology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Summa, Animali da Reddito is the property of Point Veterinaire Italie s.r.l. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

With the gradual increase of coal seam mining depth, the protective seam mining has become a key scheme to effectively reduce coal spontaneous combustion. Aiming at the comprehensive prevention and control of coal spontaneous combustion in the goaf of protected coal seam mining face, the distribution range of coal spontaneous combustion risk area in the goaf of protected coal seam was determined by analyzing the risk disturbance factors such as expansion deformation of protected coal seam, fracture development, thermal storage environment of goaf and interlayer three-dimensional air leakage. The coal body of the working face was collected on site, and the characteristic parameters of coal spontaneous combustion were obtained through the test of gas production and heat release of coal spontaneous combustion. The dual prevention and control mechanism was formulated for multi-directional monitoring, classification and early warning and three-dimensional comprehensive management of spontaneous combustion; the coal spontaneous combustion prevention and control measures by air leakage sealing of large-scale grouting sealing and gel filling sealing from “whole” to “local”, “dynamic and static combination” of preventive nitrogen injection in dangerous areas of goaf and joint pressure equalization and fire extinguishing in working face were adopted. Numerical simulation analysis and field monitoring results showed that the coal spontaneous combustion in goaf of protected coal seam was effectively inhibited.

Charcoal rot disease (CRD), caused by the phytopathogenic fungus Macrophomina phaseolina, is a significant threat to cotton production in Israel and worldwide. The pathogen secretes toxins and degrading enzymes that disrupt the water and nutrient uptake, leading to death at the late stages of growth. While many control strategies were tested over the years to reduce CRD impact, reaching that goal remains a significant challenge. The current study aimed to establish, improve, and deepen our understanding of a new approach combining biological agents and chemical pesticides. Such intervention relies on reducing fungicides while providing stability and a head start to eco-friendly bio-protective Trichoderma species. The research design included sprouts in a growth room and commercial field plants receiving the same treatments. Under a controlled environment, comparing the bio-based coating treatments with their corresponding chemical coating partners resulted in similar outcomes in most measures. At 52 days, these practices gained up to 38% and 45% higher root and shoot weight and up to 78% decreased pathogen root infection (tracked by Real-Time PCR), compared to non-infected control plants. Yet, in the shoot weight assessment (day 29 post-sowing), the treatment with only biological seed coating outperformed (p < 0.05) all other biological-based treatments and all Azoxystrobin-based irrigation treatments. In contrast, adverse effects are observed in the chemical seed coating group, particularly in above ground plant parts, which are attributable to the addition of Azoxystrobin irrigation. In the field, the biological treatments had the same impact as the chemical intervention, increasing the cotton plants’ yield (up to 17%), improving the health (up to 27%) and reducing M. phaseolina DNA in the roots (up to 37%). When considering all treatments within each approach, a significant benefit to plant health was observed with the bio-chemo integrated management compared to using only chemical interventions. Specific integrated treatments have shown potential in reducing CRD symptoms, such as applying bio-coating and sprinkling Azoxystrobin during sowing. Aerial remote sensing based on high-resolution visible-channel (RGB), green–red vegetation index (GRVI), and thermal imaging supported the above findings and proved its value for studying CRD control management. This research validates the combined biological and chemical intervention potential to shield cotton crops from CRD.

The fungus Macrophomina phaseolina causes charcoal rot disease (CRD) in cotton, whose symptoms develop in the late stages of growth and result in wilting and death. Despite significant research efforts to reduce disease incidences, effective control strategies against M. phaseolina are an ongoing scientific effort. Today’s CRD control tends toward green options to reduce the chemicals’ environmental footprint and health risks. Here, different Trichoderma species were examined separately and in combination with Azoxystrobin (AS) in semi-field open-enclosure pots and a commercial field throughout a full season. In the pot experiment, the T. asperellum (P1) excelled and led to improvement in growth (13%–14%, day 69) and crops (the number of capsules by 36% and their weight by 78%, day 173). The chemical treatment alone at a low dose had no significant impact. Still, adding AS improved the effect of T. longibrachiatum (T7507) and impaired P1 efficiency. Real-time PCR monitoring of the pathogen DNA in the plants’ roots at the harvest (day 176), revealed the efficiency of the combined treatments: T. longibrachiatum (T7407 and T7507) + AS. In a commercial field, seed dressing with a mixture of Trichoderma species (mix of P1, T7407, and Trichoderma sp. O.Y. 7107 isolate) and irrigation of their secreted metabolites during seeding resulted in the highest yields compared with the control. Applying only AS irrigation at a low dose (2,000 cc/ha), with the sowing, was the second best in promoting crops. The molecular M. phaseolina detection showed that the AS at a high dose (4,000 cc/ha) and the biological mix treatments were the most effective. Reducing the AS chemical treatment dosages by half impaired its effectiveness. Irrigation timing, also studied here, is proven vital. Early water opening during the late spring suppresses the disease outburst and damages. The results demonstrated the benefits of CRD bio-shielding and encouraged to explore the potential of a combined bio-chemo pest control approach. Such interphase can be environmentally friendly (reducing chemical substances), stabilize the biological treatment in changing environmental conditions, achieve high efficiency even in severe CRD cases, and reduce the development of fungicide resistance.

Among the mycoparasites, Ampelomyces strains are studied in detail, particularly regarding their use as biocontrol agents (BCAs) of powdery mildew (PM) fungi, including their potential to replace conventional agrochemicals. Ampelomyces strains are characterized morphologically; their ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer (rDNA-ITS) regions and actin gene (ACT) fragments were sequenced and their mycoparasitic activity was analyzed. In the interaction between Ampelomyces strains and PM fungi, the spores of the mycoparasites germinate on plant leaves, and their hyphae then penetrate the hyphae of PM fungi. Ampelomyces hyphae continue their growth internally, initiating the atrophy of PM conidiophores and eventually their complete collapse. Following the successful destruction of PM hyphae by Ampelomyces, the mycoparasite produces new intracellular pycnidia in PM conidiophores. The progeny spores released by mature pycnidia become the sources of subsequent infections of intact PM hyphae. As a result, the number of Ampelomyces-inoculated PM colonies gradually declines, and the conidial release of PM colonies is inhibited after the first treatment. Almost all conidiophores of 5- and 10-day-old Ampelomyces-inoculated PM colonies undergo complete atrophy or collapse. Methodological advances and in-depth analyses of the Ampelomyces–PM interaction were recently published. In this review, we summarize the genetic and phylogenetic diversity, the timing of mycoparasitism and pycnidiogenesis, the results of quantitative and visual analyses using electrostatic and digital microscopy technologies, the PM biocontrol potential of Ampelomyces, and the potential commercialization of the mycoparasites. The information provided herein can support further biocontrol and ecological studies of Ampelomyces mycoparasites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Conservation biological control techniques support integrated pest management (IPM) and insecticide resistance management (IRM) by restraining pest resurgence and outbreaks of secondary pests. The lady beetle Eriopis connexa (Germar) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) is among the natural enemies in agricultural systems of brassica crops and their populations may be disrupted by exposure to insecticides. Pyrethroid-resistant and pyrethroid-susceptible E. connexa larvae and adults were exposed to eight insecticides (cyantraniliprole, chlorantraniliprole, chlorfenapyr, deltamethrin, spinosad, spiromesifen, methomyl, and pymetrozine) that target different pests of brassica crops. Evaluations were conducted on larval and adult survival, larval developmental time, fecundity and egg viability across 30 days, and consumption of Lipaphis pseudobrassicae (Davis) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) or larvae of Plutella xylostella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) during the exposure to the insecticides. In addition, the levels of aphids and diamondback moths infestation in field cages were evaluated as a function of insecticide application and release of the lady beetles. Neither survival of larvae and adult beetles, nor fecundity, were affected by the insecticides. Surviving lady beetles from pyrethroid-resistant and pyrethroid-susceptible populations consumed aphids and diamondback moth larvae when exposed simultaneous to the insecticides targeting these pest species. There was no additive effect of the control of these pests when lady beetles were used alone or with insecticides. The findings showed the compatibility of this natural enemy with selected insecticides through multiple exposures targeting different pest species combining different insecticide modes of action. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to improve the durability of the walls for the ship-lock chamber, a full steel plate cladding is designed for the water-facing walls of the lock chamber on the Juntunhe River Junction of the first phase of the Sulian Waterway project. The difficulty in the technology lies in how to realize the integration of the steel plate cladding and the formwork for the lock chamber walls and to improve the installation quality of the steel plate cladding. Electric hoists were used instead of hand hoist and an integrated control system was employed to solve the problem in integration of installation and disassembly of steel plate cladding and the formwork for the lock chamber walls. With only one set of mobile gantry framework, the installation of steel plate cladding and the formwork for the lock chamber walls was achieved, greatly reducing the input of equipment and manpower. The flatness of the steel plate cladding was greatly improved with the innovated welding and anchoring technology of the steel plate cladding, thus avoiding cutting openings in the steel plate cladding and enhancing the reliability of construction safety and the controllability of the quality of the project, which may provide a reference for future construction of lock chambers with full steel plate cladding walls. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Advanced active safety systems play a crucial role in ensuring the safe driving of vehicles in critical conditions such as an obstacle avoidance manoeuvre. However, conventional techniques relying mainly on braking interventions may not result in the desired vehicle response in such situations. Over-actuation through the control of individual motion actuators could potentially improve the safety performance of vehicles. This study evaluates various configurations of motion actuators for path following and yaw stability control of vehicles in critical driving scenarios. The configurations include active front steering (S), active front steering + torque vectoring (ST), active front steering + active camber (SC) and active front steering + torque vectoring + active camber (STC). The evaluation is achieved based on a nonlinear model predictive control formulation, which considers yaw stability and the physical limits of motion actuators. This problem formulation uses a double-track vehicle model, combined with the Dugoff tyre model and its variant with the camber effect, to model the vehicle dynamics. The actuator configurations are evaluated regarding the passing velocity, tracking accuracy, safety distance and robustness to reference trajectory variation. The results indicate that the integrated control of STC performs the best among all the four configurations while S performs the worst. Furthermore, SC is generally superior to ST. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For the problem that the shortwave communication antenna is hard to realize broadband operation and inconvenient to transport on a set of equipment, an auto-tuning small loop antenna suitable for high frequency communication of near vertical incident skywave technique is proposed. The antenna is installed on the top of the vehicle, and the main body is composed of coupling loop, radiation loop and auto-tuning unit. Two different tuning methods are skillfully introduced, and the two matching networks are integrated and automatically controlled. The antenna has the advantages of simple physical structure, convenient carrying and high radiation efficiency. The simulation and test results show that the standing wave ratio of the loop antenna is less than 2 in the whole high frequency band from 3 to 30 MHz, the maximum gain of the loop antenna at 25 MHz can reach 2.7 dBi, and the maximum radial direction is in the vertical, which meets the requirements of shortwave near vertical incidence skywave communication, and becomes an important part of the high frequency communication system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Chongqing University of Technology (Natural Science) is the property of Chongqing University of Technology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)