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A sharing economy is an economy that enables individuals to share their assets with or provide services to those in need through online platforms. Information asymmetry prevents consumers from effectively choosing the best service provider for their needs. Therefore, service providers should offer high-quality signals to address this problem. Unlike other studies, which have focused on platforms for sharing tangible assets (e.g., houses), in this study, we focused on platforms for sharing intangible assets (e.g., knowledge). Specifically, we adopted signaling theory to develop a research model for determining the internal and external signals that service providers should provide on their platforms to attract customers. Public data were collected from the Codementor platform by using Python web scraping. After rigorous data processing, the data obtained from 612 service providers were analyzed to identify key signals. Four crucial internal signals were identified: availability of follower information, availability of reviews, free trial, and service cost. In addition, two crucial external signals were identified: number of projects accomplished and endorsements from other websites related to mentor performance. Overall, our findings expand the application of signaling theory to intangible asset transactions and enable service providers to identify the essential signals that they should provide on their sharing economy platforms to increase the number of consumers interested in their services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cryptocurrencies are digital currencies void of any support from regulatory body that is currently in vogue as a medium of exchange and an investment security. This paper examines the accounting treatment for cryptocurrency from the perspective of IFRS and AAOIFI accounting standards and propose actions to standard setters on the best way to treat the Crypto transactions in accounting reports. A proper accounting treatment will allow for a fair reporting of crypto related transactions and facilitate users of financial statements to make objective assessment of this new invention. A content analysis was conducted to review all major accounting standards issued by accounting standards setting bodies for possible accounting treatment for cryptocurrencies. To better understand the issue in practice, an analysis of accounting treatment of cryptocurrencies by 2 companies also was conducted. This study found that there is no suitable accounting standard that could objectively be applied for cryptocurrencies. For example, from the perspective of the current accounting standards, cryptocurrencies match the definition of inventory if it is used as a commodity for broker-trader and intangible asset for others respectively. It is suggested that there an urgent need for the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) to comprehensively develop accounting standard for cryptocurrency, specifically to develop a specific category for this type of assets to allow a standard treatment for cryptocurrency and fill the gap in the IFRS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The relevance of this research topic lies in the need to consider various options for building financial models to commercialize the results of innovative R&D with account for the specifics, goals, and objectives of projects [1, 2]. A practical option is presented to form financial models of commercializing the result of an innovative project to create a software and hardware complex (PAC) for automated visual inspection control (VIC) of boilers of thermal power plants (TPPs). The research is based on the principles of the formation of financial models for the commercialization of R&D results. A sales plan as the volume of services provided for the inspection of TPP equipment and an operation schedule with account for the potential PAC capabilities are proposed, and the price of the service is justified. The cost of a flight hour of operation of an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) is taken as a unit of service. The efficiency of R&D investments has been calculated considering the profit that ensures the payback of the project. A graphical interpretation of the relationship between the price of the PAC service and the expected net discounted income is given. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The intangible component of business value is increasing, yet remains inadequately disclosed in financial reporting. Current accounting standards have not fully developed the tools and methodologies for its comprehensive recognition, measurement, assessment, and full disclosure in reports. Discussions on the essence of goodwill have long been ongoing, and it's evident that this category extends beyond accounting and financial reporting. Digital transformation enhances the interest of researchers, scholars, and practitioners in the essence of goodwill, emphasizing the necessity to consider it as a means of disclosing the intangible value of business in modern conditions. The methodological basis of the conducted research includes methods of analysis, synthesis, historical conceptual review, comparison, logical generalization, grouping, abstraction, and a systematic approach. Studying the history of the development of the goodwill concept allowed identifying the main stages of its formation as an object of accounting, reporting, and management. An in-depth critical analysis of definitions supplemented economic, legal, and accounting approaches to understanding the essence of goodwill with new ones, such as marketing, branding, value, emotional, quantitative, and systemic. The developed classification allows considering all aspects of goodwill manifestation and the views of various assessment subjects on its essence and role in disclosing the intangible value of the business. It is proposed to define goodwill as the intangible value of a business reflecting its reputation, brand, customer loyalty, intellectual property, innovative and technological capabilities, digital user experience, online presence, and a set of other unique intangible assets, which together contribute to the sustainable growth of the company's market value and create competitive advantages, enabling adaptation to changes in the era of digital transformation. Goodwill is a category that exists not only in consolidated reporting, as it characterizes the intangible components of business value and requires appropriate recognition and management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The inherent complexity and subjectivity of assessing assets such as intangible asset, posing challenges for standardized methodologies and accurate financial reporting, this complexity is compounded by the consideration of various valuation criteria, some of which are ill-suited for appraising intangible assets, this study is dedicated to assessing the key attributes that drive the valuation of intangible assets, aiming to construct a comprehensive framework for their valuation. Employing a mixed-methods approach, both quantitative and qualitative research designs were employed, utilizing survey questionnaires, semi-structured interviews, and focus group discussions. Purposive sampling was employed to select participants and the data analysis involved descriptive and thematic content analysis. The study's findings underscored the paramount economic attributes of intangible assets, highlighting the significance of economic life span and company’s value driver. Conversely, attributes categorized as company’s value distracters were identified as less important, with novelty exhibiting the highest mean value of 4.6. Additional attributes such as originality, legal protection, royalty of the asset, and life span right of protection also contributed significantly to the valuation process. Qualitative findings revealed that the market and income methods of valuation are predominant in intangible asset valuation practices. The study demonstrated that the choice of valuation method hinges on information availability, with attributes like economic life span and historic income influencing the value derivation process using income and market approaches. The study concludes by illustrating its findings through the development of a tangible intangible asset’s valuation framework, providing a structured guide for assessing and determining the worth of intangible assets in a more systematic and informed manner.

The intangible component of business value is increasing, yet remains inadequately disclosed in financial reporting. Current accounting standards have not fully developed the tools and methodologies for its comprehensive recognition, measurement, assessment, and full disclosure in reports. Discussions on the essence of goodwill have long been ongoing, and it's evident that this category extends beyond accounting and financial reporting. Digital transformation enhances the interest of researchers, scholars, and practitioners in the essence of goodwill, emphasizing the necessity to consider it as a means of disclosing the intangible value of business in modern conditions. The methodological basis of the conducted research includes methods of analysis, synthesis, historical conceptual review, comparison, logical generalization, grouping, abstraction, and a systematic approach. Studying the history of the development of the goodwill concept allowed identifying the main stages of its formation as an object of accounting, reporting, and management. An in-depth critical analysis of definitions supplemented economic, legal, and accounting approaches to understanding the essence of goodwill with new ones, such as marketing, branding, value, emotional, quantitative, and systemic. The developed classification allows considering all aspects of goodwill manifestation and the views of various assessment subjects on its essence and role in disclosing the intangible value of the business. It is proposed to define goodwill as the intangible value of a business reflecting its reputation, brand, customer loyalty, intellectual property, innovative and technological capabilities, digital user experience, online presence, and a set of other unique intangible assets, which together contribute to the sustainable growth of the company's market value and create competitive advantages, enabling adaptation to changes in the era of digital transformation. Goodwill is a category that exists not only in consolidated reporting, as it characterizes the intangible components of business value and requires appropriate recognition and management.

Abstract: Strengthening SME Financial Performance through Intangible Assets and Competitive Strategies Purpose: the purpose of the article should be concise and presented in one sentence. Method: data was obtained from a questionnaire and processed with WarpPLS software. Results: Intangible Assets have a positive and significant effect on the financial performance of SMEs, competitive strategy also acts as a moderator of Intangible Assets on the financial performance of SMEs in the Mangrove batik industry in Surabaya. Novelty: competitive strategy can strengthen the relationship between intangible assets and financial performance. Contribution: Provide justification for the importance of invention for SMEs that can strengthen financial performance. Abstrak: Penguatan Kinerja Keuangan UKM melalui Aset Tidak Berwujud dan Strategi Bersaing Tujuan: untuk menguji dan menganalisis pengaruh Aset Tak Berwujud terhadap Kinerja Keuangan UKM, serta menguji apakah strategi bersaing moderasi berpengaruh terhadap Aset Tak Berwujud terhadap kinerja keuangan UKM Batik Mangrove di Surabaya. Metode: data diperoleh dari kuesioner dan diolah dengan software WarpPLS Hasil: Aset Tak Berwujud berpengaruh positiff dan signifikan terhadap kinerja keuangan UKM, strategi bersaing juga berperan sebagai moderator Aset Tidak Berwujud dengan kinerja keuangan UKM pada industri batik Mangrove di Surabaya. Kebaruan: Strategi bersaing dapat memperkuat hubunan antara intangible asset dengan financial performance. Kontribusi: Memberikan justifikasi pentingnya invensi pada UKM yang dapat memperkuat kinerja keuangan

Copyright of Jurnal Reviu Akuntansi dan Keuangan (JRAK) is the property of Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Propiedad Inmaterial is the property of Universidad Externado de Colombia, Centro de Estudios de la Propriedad Intelectual and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study tests the existence and direction of the relationship between investment in intangible assets and export and internationalization growth using the VAR, IRF, and VECM approaches. To gain a deeper understanding of this relationship, the following research question was posed: How does investment in intangible assets affect Croatian exporters’ export and internationalization growth? How long does this effect last? Based on the microfinance data of the largest Croatian exporters, the results suggest a relationship between exports and investments in intangible assets in previous periods. Accumulated impulse responses suggest that investment in intangible assets reduces and increases export growth. This U-shaped relationship between intangible asset investment and export growth does not converge to equilibrium within the ten years studied. The VECM shows that increased intangible assets lead to increased exports in the long run. However, the speed of adjustment to long-run equilibrium is slow, only 6.42% annually. The study is significant in two ways. First, it points out the relationship between investment in intangible assets and long-term export growth. Second, it provides information for policy implementation on the choice of strategic direction companies need to take to reposition themselves, preferably in forward-looking value chains, while opening discussion of the institutional infrastructure needed for this repositioning.

The study provides detailed information about the cryptocurrency market as an IFRS object and indicates the methods of their accounting and their features. Data on the change in the total market capitalization of cryptocurrencies are shown, and the reasons for which they went into decline are revealed. Companies that may be interested in accounting for cryptocurrencies under IFRS are considered, as well as the official guidance of the IASB on the issue of accounting and reporting of cryptocurrencies, issued several years ago, is analyzed. Two standards IAS 38 "Intangible Assets" and IAS 2 "Inventories" are analyzed and the reasons why for which the company's cryptocurrency is mainly accounted for either as part of intangible assets or as part of inventories. The foreign experience of some companies that reflect the cryptocurrency according to IFRS is studied, as well as Azerbaijan's practice in this area is considered. Accounting standards have not yet been fully developed, as cryptocurrency has different characteristics from traditional financial assets. Therefore, businesses may experience uncertainty regarding the accounting of cryptocurrency. It is important for businesses to maintain proper accounting records regarding cryptocurrency. These records help businesses meet their tax obligations related to the purchase, sale and exchange of cryptocurrency. However, it can be difficult to find staff with adequate knowledge of accounting and recording cryptocurrency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Romanian Review of Private Law / Revista Română de Drept Privat is the property of Universul Juridic Publishing House and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The study provides detailed information about the cryptocurrency market as an IFRS object and indicates the methods of their accounting and their features. Data on the change in the total market capitalization of cryptocurrencies are shown, and the reasons for which they went into decline are revealed. Companies that may be interested in accounting for cryptocurrencies under IFRS are considered, as well as the official guidance of the IASB on the issue of accounting and reporting of cryptocurrencies, issued several years ago, is analyzed. Two standards IAS 38 "Intangible Assets" and IAS 2 "Inventories" are analyzed and the reasons why for which the company's cryptocurrency is mainly accounted for either as part of intangible assets or as part of inventories. The foreign experience of some companies that reflect the cryptocurrency according to IFRS is studied, as well as Azerbaijan's practice in this area is considered. Accounting standards have not yet been fully developed, as cryptocurrency has different characteristics from traditional financial assets. Therefore, businesses may experience uncertainty regarding the accounting of cryptocurrency. It is important for businesses to maintain proper accounting records regarding cryptocurrency. These records help businesses meet their tax obligations related to the purchase, sale and exchange of cryptocurrency. However, it can be difficult to find staff with adequate knowledge of accounting and recording cryptocurrency.

Copyright of Cuadernos del Centro de Estudios de Diseño y Comunicación is the property of Cuadernos del Centro de Estudios de Diseno y Comunicacion and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The subject of the research is a corporate income tax regime of tax accounting of intangible assets and R&D spending. The working hypothesis is that realization of the regulative potential of tax policy in relation to stimulating R&D activity and creation of intangibles assets shall be streamlined and adapted to increase the effectiveness of innovations. Authors suggest that the key tax policy goal of the mechanism is the widening of the volumes of commercialized R&D results and intangibles, lowering the tax risks, and increasing the legal certainty. The aim of this research is formulation of tax policy proposals for subsequent reforming this mechanism of direct taxation of transactions related with R&D.To achieve the aim of the research the following research approach was employed by the authors. As a first step authors present a literature review on the issue. As a second step authors are performing the analysis of current rules related to tax accounting of R&D costs and intangibles in accordance with Tax Code of Russian Federation. As a third step authors delineate the barriers and legal obstacles in the performance of tax incentives for R&D by reviewing the judicial cases and analytical reports on the issue. Finally, authors formulate their tax policy proposals for the subsequent tax reforms in relation to tax accounting of R&D.The results and the scope of the study. Author’s working hypothesis is based on the idea that the effective application of tax policy instruments can contribute to success of the jurisdiction in winning in global tax competition game. This is particularly important in context of digitalization and for attracting investments and parts of activities of multinational enterprises to the territory of the state. Intangible assets and key people which coordinate the processes of the creation of intangibles can be regarded as the crucial value-added factors in the modern economy where technological MNEs are increasingly dominating. Countries compete internationally for these talented people and favorable and certain tax regime can positively impact on MNE decisions to make a profit center in any jurisdiction, while tax uncertainty can negatively impact this decision.Conclusions. One of the key results of this research is that R&D tax incentives in Russia remain rather unpopular instrument in corporate practice. Authors explain this with the existing legal barriers and legal uncertainty. This uncertainty leads to tax risks for taxpayers which impacts their decisions for using the incentives. Review of judicial cases related to tax accounting of R&D costs when calculating corporate income tax base showed that there are many different areas of disputes between taxpayers and tax authorities. It is important to note that some of this uncertainty is already addressed in recent amendments to Article 262 of Tax Code. Authors propose to reduce uncertainty by extending the scope of R&D tax incentives to all types of R&D activity. The goal of the research is therefore can be considered as achieved.

This article argues that the concept of engagement as it is used in the academic library literature requires greater structure and depth if the librarian community intends to appropriate and advance the usage of a phrase that resonates loudly across higher education. In reviewing the literature around engagement as well as in introducing critical perspectives from outside the library literature, this literature review and investigation demonstrates that engagement is a variously defined and used term that is both difficult to nail down but is essential to the healthy participation of an academic library in its respective community. The external perspectives introduced stem from the behavioral, psychological, and conceptual organizational approach to student engagement, whose application to academic libraries could be strengthened with a more critical grounding in the compelling terms and discourses of engagement as they are understood by those outside libraries. The framework of intellectual capital is introduced as a productive way of capturing the differing definitions and usages of the terms ‘student engagement’ and ‘engagement’. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study was conducted with a scientometric approach and using the social network analysis method to investigate the relationships in the field of intangible assets. In this regard, the data of 2998 documents conducted between 1979 and 2019 based on the articles indexed in the Scopus database on intangible assets were analyzed using Gephi and Publish or Perish software. The status of scientific productions in this field and the most influential concepts and keywords, researchers, and journals were examined. Research findings show that knowledge management and intellectual capital are essential concepts in this field. Also, value creation, value chain, social responsibility, and trademark are the most valuable subject areas based on the networks. The co-authorship network is discrete, with low density and 58945 citations in all articles. Also, Emerald Publications has published the most significant number of articles in this field. Entering the era of a knowledge-based economy, a large part of organizations' assets is intangible, which confirms the identification and investment in these types of assets. This study shows that intangible assets are closely related to critical social issues such as intellectual capital, knowledge management, and competition. The present study helps researchers in this field explain the investigation process and policies based on the identified areas of influence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The recording of royalty expenses must not only be consistent but also complied with the principle of matching costs against revenue, especially in calculating taxable income. If all accounting principles are not met in recording the royalty expense, the tax authority will correct it so that the royalty expenses cannot be deducted from taxable income. By using a case in a tax court in Indonesia, there is a taxpayer who does not meet the matching cost against revenue principle when recording royalty expenses. The taxpayer deducts these royalty expenses for the previous year in the current year because the amounts of these royalty expenses are known exactly in the current year. Even though the taxpayer's financial statements were audited and had an unqualified opinion, the Directorate General of Taxes (DGT) as the tax authority in Indonesia negated the royalty expenses as a deduction from taxable income. This paper finds that a net sales-based royalty fee scheme can be estimated at the end of the year and deducted from gross income without waiting for a certainty on the amount of royalty expense on invoices received in the coming year. The accounting records of the taxpayer are not proper so that some data or documents cannot be proven in the tax court. The method of recording in the financial statements with an unqualified opinion does not guarantee that the recording follows tax regulations, especially following Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP).

This study examines the Effect of Leverage, Intangible Assets, Tangible Assets and Company Size on Prediction of Financial Distress in Companies Listed in the Jakarta Islamic Index for the 2014-2019 Period. The independent variables in this research are Leverage, Intangible assets, Tangible Assets and Company Size, while the variable is Financial Distress which is a description of the company's financial failure as measured by the Springate model or better known as the S-Score. The population in this study are companies listed at JII for the period 2014-2019. Sampling technique with purposive sampling method. A total of 14 companies for 6 years. Logistic regression analysis using IBM SPSS. The leverage variable with a value of -0.007 and a significance value of 0.109, that is > 0.05, means that leverage has no effect on financial distress. The intangible asset variable has a value of 0.053 with a significance value of 0.888 that > ​​0.05 then intangible assets have no effect on financial distress. The tangible asset variable has a value of -1.506 and a significance value of 0.002 that

Copyright of Contaduría y Administración is the property of Facultad de Contaduria y Administracion-Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article deals with an overview of existing literature on various aspects related to social capital (definition, conceptual frameworks, empirical research, etc.), and analyzes economic literature on the definition of social capital. The main mechanisms for disseminating knowledge based on social capital are also considered. There are several social capital definitions. These definitions can be divided into two categories: social capital is internal – as an asset created because of partner interaction and within the social network and/or external – formed through confidence in institutions and under the influence of social norms in society. A modern interpretation of social capital is that this is the result of interconnections of financial, manufactured, human, intellectual, and natural capital that increases management efficiency, activates the potential capabilities of the enterprise. An analysis of the definitions of social capital and its forms of expression allowed us to schematically reflect the relationship between structural elements of social capital: trust, social network, and social norms. Modern practice and requirements of investors regarding the information transparency of corporate reporting and business accountability, due to a deeper understanding of the company’s strategy and tools for its implementation, explains the transformation of approaches to the formation of corporate reporting. The reflection of social capital in reporting acquires importance, since it directly affects the increase in transparency, and, accordingly, affects the enterprise market value. Effective use of social capital allows to reduce transaction costs and increase financial performance.

Studi ini betujuan untuk menilai pengaruh intangible asset dan good corporate governance terhadap transfer pricing dengan tax avoidance sebagai variabel moderating. studi ini menggunakan penelitian deskriptif dan teknik analisis data yaitu, statistik deskirptif, normalitas, multikolinearitas, heteroskedastisitas, autokorelasi, analisis regresi berganda, uji F, dan uji t. Populasi dalam penelitian ini adalah perusahaan-perusahaan pada subsektor makanan dan minuman yang diakui di BEI tahun 2016 sampai dengan tahun 2020. Pengambilan sampel menggunakan teknik purposive sampling, dengan jumlah sebanyak sepuluh perusahaan subsektor makanan dan minuman. Peneliti dapat memperoleh data melalui website resmi atau IDX. hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa (1) intangible asset tidak berpengaruh terhadap transfer pricing, (2) dewan direksi tidak berpengaruh terhadap transfer pricing, (3) komisaris independen berpengaruh terhadap transfer pricing, (4) kepemilikan institusional tidak berpengaruh terhadap transfer pricing. (5) komite audit tidak berpengaruh terhadap transfer pricing, (6) tax avoidance tidak berpengaruh terhadap transfer pricing, (7) tax avoidance tidak dapat memoderasi pengaruh intangibel asset terhadap transfer pricing, (8) tax avoidance tidak dapat memoderasi pengaruh dewan direksi terhadap transfer pricing, (9) tax avoidance tidak dapat memoderasi pengaruh komisaris independen terhadap transfer pricing, (10) tax avoidance dapat memoderasi pengaruh kepemilikan institusional terhadap transfer pricing, (11) tax avoidance tidak dapat memoderasi pengaruh komite audit terhadap transfer prici.

The 21st century is the century of change and maybe one of the most important changes in the organizations’ life is the transition from focusing on the development of the tangible assets to the development of the intangible assets and the interest for attracting human resources capable to generate performance. The survival of many companies depends on their willingness and capacity to adapt to such changes. (Abdulaali, 2018) In this dynamic and complex economic system, the intangible assets of organizations become primary, being decisive for the organizations’ performance. In the new economic competition, intangible assets provide a sustainable competitive advantage, intellectual capital and intangible assets representing the key factor in company profitability and success. In the knowledge based society, intellectual capital has more value for organizations than tangible assets and knowledge becomes a permanent source of competitiveness (Bhatti, Zaheer, 2014). It is considered by specialists a valuable and strategic resource, since the success of organizations depends on creating, discovering, storing, disseminating, measuring and developing knowledge. The main objective of the research presented in this paper is to offer an overview on the specific problems and needs of the entrepreneurs financed through the Romania Start-up Plus programme, part of Start-UP Hub: The Entrepreneurs Laboratory Cod SIMS: 105648. A primary target of this research is to examine the components of intellectual capital and the way in which the intellectual capital influences the small business performance. The majority of the researchers agree that intellectual capital is directly connected to the performance of the SMEs sector. The results of our analysis shows the fact that intangible assets influence business development in various ways, such as increasing competitive advantage, expanding employee competency and improving organizational performance.

Copyright of Journal of Financial, Accounting & Managerial Studies is the property of Journal of Financial, Accounting & Managerial Studies and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article is devoted to economic category “wealth” in order to understand the necessity to use the fundamental basis, experience of advanced countries, unique opportunities in the development of intangible assets and intellectual property as new sources of socio-economic development of a person, enterprise and world nations including Kazakhstan. The goal of the manuscript is to determine ways of a nation and human wealth creation under the new environment of the Fourth technological revolution. To reach the purpose the analysis of theoretical states in the field, clarification the content of the category “wealth” in modern literature, the methodology for estimating the world wealth, classification of world countries by the level of wealth per capita, the place of Kazakhstan in the international welfare ranking have been shown. Characteristics of the financial well-being of the population, the structure of income in the Republic of Kazakhstan, the role of knowledge in the post-industrial society, nowadays transformation into the factor of production and practical application have been revealed. Correlation of tangible and intangible assets, types of intellectual property for capitalization, the human and social capital in the system of human wellbeing have been proved. The practical and theoretical value of the research described in the article consists in classifying sources of wealth according to existing methodologies, identifying new sources determined by the capabilities of the Internet, computer and digital technologies of post-industrial society.

Brands are the most precious intangible companies’ assets. Company managers need to know their brand value and the aspects determining it. As no transparent brands market exists, the main objective of this study was to model brand values that the world’s main valuation consultants publish. The obtained results indicate that 80% of the value of these brands is accounted for by both the net results of the companies that own brands and their value on the Stock Exchange. These results allow brand values to be estimated using quantitative and objective information by simple methods, unlike those used by valuation consultants. Moreover, one temporal analysis and another for different industries confer these outcomes consistency. First published online 18 December 2020

Cryptocurrency has attracted more attention recently. With the rapid increase in popularity of cryptocurrencies' transactions it is necessary to adopt a unified approach to this novel, 21st century phenomenon. Since 2009, when the first cryptocurrency Bitcoin was created, thousands of other cryptocurrencies have appeared. As the transactions with cryptocurrencies have increased, national and multinational jurisdictions started to deal with issues concerning taxation and accounting for the cryptocurrency. Multinational jurisdictions and professional institutions differ in their opinions about cryptocurrencies. There are opinions considering cryptocurrency a financial asset, a financial instrument, cash, cash equivalents, inventories or intangible asset. As there is no accounting standard within IFRS specifically addressing cryptocurrency, it is necessary to look at the existing IFRS and apply a principles-based approach. The aim of the paper is to compare the accounting of cryptocurrencies in Slovakia with the requirements and/or recommendations by other standards setters and authorities. Slovakia is selected as it is one of the first countries launching accounting regulation for cryptocurrency. The analysis and comparison are used as the main scientific methods in this study. The IFRS IC in June 2019 concluded that IAS 2 applies to cryptocurrencies when they are held for sale in the ordinary course of business. If IAS 2 is not applicable, holdings of cryptocurrencies should be accounted for under IAS 38. The Slovak Republic is applying different approach to holdings of cryptocurrency, the cryptocurrency is considered the short-term financial asset. Difference between Slovak and multinational solution is even in questions of cryptocurrency's measurement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Increased corporate interests in holding cryptocurrencies have put forward a discussion on their accounting and presentation in financial statements in compliance with IFRS. In June 2019, IFRS Interpretations Committee (IFRS IC) published its agenda decision, which represents the official position of the International Accounting Standard Board (IASB) with regard to accounting for cryptocurrency holdings. IFRS IC concluded that a cryptocurrency should not be considered as cash or another type of financial asset. Cryptocurrencies meet the definition of intangible assets and inventory. Therefore, they should be accounted for under IAS 38 unless they are held for sale in the ordinary course of business, in which case, IAS 2 would apply. The article analyzes the existing regulatory framework for accounting cryptocurrencies in terms of providing useful information for users of financial statements. It provides ground and sets a stage for critical reasoning and discussion of contradictory views regarding the fact that the given standards (IAS 38, IAS 2), which were developed a long time ago for the assets with completely different content, do not provide fair accounting and measurement of a new economic phenomenon – cryptocurrency, which was created on a technological basis. Even though a cryptocurrency is not considered as a financial instrument, it is often an integral part of a present-day enterprise investment portfolio. Additionally, more and more companies are agreeing to accept cryptocurrencies as alternative means of payment. The paper emphasizes the fact that accounting for cryptocurrencies should be based on the actual business model and economic content of their holdings, which will provide users of a financial statement with high-quality and useful information in this regard. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Scientometrics is one of the most important scales for evaluating scientific products that are used to describe scientific studies in terms of their growth, structure, and interactions. The present study was conducted using a scientometrics approach and using co-word analysis and social network analysis (SNA) to investigate relationships in the field of intangible assets. In this regard, research indexed in Scopus on the topic of "intangible assets" has been analyzed using software including vosviewer, Gephi, HistCite, Publish or Perish and NodeXL. Questions such as what subject areas are constituted and how these areas are related to each other have been addressed using methods such as word co-occurrence and social network analysis. The findings of the study show that the most frequently used topics and words are knowledge management and intellectual capital. Also, the most valuable subject areas were identified based on the maps drawn using the closeness and centrality indexes; value creation, value chain, social responsibility and trademark. With the advent of the knowledge-based economy era, a large portion of the organization's assets are of an intangible type, which confirms the recognition of and investment in these types of assets. Co-authorship analysis revealed that the co-authorship network is discrete and has low-density, with a total of 12,472 citations in all articles. By using the co-word map of intangible assets, researchers and especially policymakers can plan appropriately through the knowledge of the research and thematic status of intangible assets.

The article determines that one of the main indicators of the consumer’s attitude to the brand is loyalty. The indicators that can be used to determine the degree of consumer loyalty to the brand are considered. The general characteristics of the brand are determined, in particular: the brand exists in the mind of the consumer, it has a unique set of values intended to identify the goods or services of the manufacturer; a brand is an object of intellectual property consisting of a set of tangible, intangible elements, reflects the characteristics of a product, its unique features; a brand is a marketing tool that has a certain value for sellers and consumers of goods, contributes to the economic development of the enterprise and the formation of mutually beneficial relationships with partners; unlike a trademark, a brand cannot be registered and controlled, and cannot be tied to any geographic location. The existing approaches to the construction of accounting methods for trademarks and brands are established, which may differ depending on whether the acquired assets were created by the enterprise itself. The issue of depreciation of acquired rights to a trademark is clarified. The procedure for transferring exclusive ownership rights to a trademark is disclosed. The business transactions for the acquisition of exclusively property rights to a trademark are proposed.

The necessity of solving the problem of information support of brand value-based management of enterprise has been grounded. The existence of accounting dysfunction as a means of information support of value-based brand management has been stated. Peculiarities of normative regulation of accounting of brands and trade marks according to the international and national legislation have been analyzed. The reasons for the prohibition of capitalization of internally generated brands in the accounting legislation have been analyzed. The concept of the moribund effect in terms of accounting and evaluation of internally generated brands of the enterprise has been defined. Critical approaches of scientists to the recognition and accounting of internally generated and received from the company's brands have been analyzed. Three paradoxes of accounting for brands have been allocated. Two main ways to improve the current methodology of accounting for brands in order to overcome the dysfunction of the accounting system (making revolutionary changes in the methodology of accounting for brands; the creation of accounting engineering add-ons) have been suggested.

The objective of this paper is to determine the basic features of the use of mathematical modeling of the system to forecast cryptocurrency exchange rate. The study determines that cryptocurrency is the simplest investment asset being and, at the same time, the riskiest one. Advantages and disadvantages of cryptocurrency use are specified. Advantages include: code openness, anonymity, decentralization, emission, and reliability. Disadvantages include lack of guarantees, instability, risk of prohibition and possible loss. A model to forecast bitcoin cryptocurrency exchange rate is proposed and substantiated mathematically. The observations are the basis to develop a hypothesis: the faster the cryptocurrency (e.g. bitcoin) is mined, the more difficult it is to forecast bitcoin cryptocurrency exchange rate. Certain factors emphasize which may affect the cryptocurrency exchange rate: trade wars of the USA with other export-oriented world economies (China); advent of IEO as the alternative for ICO and new drivers connected with the interest in cryptocurrency; FATF recommendations for market control, the entry of world giants (e.g. Facebook) into the crypto-market and the development of the stablecoin market.

The creation of a communication strategy is an indicator of the subject's approach to communication with the public. The article, based on a sample of 160 municipalities of the Czech Republic, empirically demonstrates that an elaborated communication strategy enhances the public value of intangible assets particularly in the following areas: various segments of citizens are better targeted through a greater number of frequented communication channels, municipal employees are more frequently trained in communication issues, crisis communication plans are likely to be prepared. On the other hand, we confirmed that all these factors are limited to some extent by the size of the municipality and the financial resources allocated for communication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Today, based on the importance of the role of indirect taxes in the replenishment of the state budget, systematic measures are being taken to increase the number of business entities and increase the newly created added value. In this article, based on the analysis of tax rates of foreign countries, the issues of improving the mechanism of collecting value-added tax in Uzbekistan, increasing the competitiveness of the national economy with a lower tax rate are considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Malaysia, the prospect of an intangible asset (brand) serving as one of an organization's key resources is becoming increasingly broad, it will be impressive if the Malaysian business environment is investigated to explore the value of the intangible asset. In recent years the Malaysian government has shown considerable attention to the establishment of new intangibles in the business environment where it leads to the allocation of RM200 Million for the innovations. The subject intangible asset has become interested especially brand in the Malaysian business environments. Therefore, this study aimed at exploring the value of Malaysian intangible asset (brand) of top 10 valuable brands (intangible asset) in Malaysia to attract attention to intangible asset investment and to also show the contribution of the brand to the enterprise, the study adopted the quantitative research method where secondary data are extracted from the annual valuation report of brand finance for five consecutive years from 2015 to 2020. Exploratory and descriptive analysis was demonstrated using the monetary value, sectors, and brand rating. The result shows that Petronas has become the best value brand (intangible asset) among the top 10 valued brands in the Malaysian business environment with the worth of $9480, $10,024, $10,596, $11,501, and $13,318 where brands such as TM, Maxis, Celeb being the 10th with the monetary value of $1094, $1080, and $1273 respectively it was concluded from the result that monetary value of the intangible asset continues to be increasing likewise the contribution to the total enterprises increase. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The article substantiates the essence of the concept of “social capital” as a resource in terms of formed, permanent, established types of highly effective socio-economic interactions. In addition, the main directions of its manifestation and its structural elements are defined. It is stated that for quantitative measurement of social capital at the enterprise level, it is necessary to establish its precise framework, to determine its structure and key features. As an object of accounting, social capital should be regarded as an intangible asset. The expediency of using the Value explorer method for social capital estimation, which requires some necessary steps, has been substantiated as follows: the use of clearly established algorithm of actions in the implementation of rational selection for a new product; the use of internal and external innovations in the process of generating new ideas and production of innovations within the framework of the product realization strategy; identify areas of key competitive advantages related to social capital; determining the role of the sphere of competitive advantages in production and sales of products; gross profit distribution by key competitive advantages; calculation of the potential of the competitive advantages sphere; assessment of the durability and sustainability of the competitive advantages of the enterprise and calculation of the present value of all elements of social capital of the enterprise. Five main levels of social intangibles are identified and grounded. The study allows to form an appropriate matrix to analyze the effectiveness of their use in the enterprise.

The primary objective of present article is to compare companies operating within and outside of the health care sector that prepare their annual statements in accordance with IFRS. In present article, comparative analysis of Richter Gedeon Plc. and Telekom Plc. is realized. Richter Gedeon Plc. is a large company operating within the pharmaceutical sector and its consolidated annual statement is prepared in accordance with IFRS. Telekom Plc. is a public limited company operating in the telecommunications sector, which also prepares its consolidated annual statement in accordance with IFRS. The reason for selecting the two companies indicated above is that Richter Gedeon Plc. is one of the largest pharmaceutical companies in Hungary, while Telekom Plc. as a company operating outside the health care sector is similar to Richter in terms of its size, as their balance sheet totals are almost identical in their consolidated balance sheets. The similarity in terms of the magnitude of their balance sheet data allows for the comparison of the annual statement practices of the two companies. The examined companies are compared based on their invested assets with especial emphasis put on their intangible assets. In the course of the comparative analysis, composition of the invested assets of the investigated companies is presented, and then the proportion and composition of intangible assets and the changes in the stock of the company and its possible causes are explored. Analysis of intangible assets takes place due to the sectoral specificities of the selected large companies. In relation with the comparative analyses, specificities of relevant IFRS requirements are highlighted.