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ABSTRACT Objective Design Results Conclusions Trial Registration This systematic review aims to synthesise existing literature to examine the relationship between natural food chemical components and reported symptoms.A systematic literature review was completed. Databases CINAHL (Ebscohost), Medline (Ovid), Scopus, Informit Health and Google Scholar were searched to identify relevant articles. The population included human studies of adults (≥17 years) and excluded those with IgE‐mediate food allergies. Studies examining food chemical components or ‘food chemical elimination diets’ and symptoms were included. Data was synthesised based on clinical conditions and specific food chemical components examined. The risk of bias was assessed using the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics ‘Quality Criteria Checklist: Primary Research’.Of the 1659 articles retrieved, 21 met inclusion criteria. This included eight randomised controlled trials, four non‐randomised controlled trials, four cohort studies with placebo‐controlled challenge, one prospective cohort study, three cross sectional cohort studies, one case–controlled study. Available studies support the role of a low‐histamine diet for symptoms in chronic urticaria and low‐salicylate diet for reducing sino‐nasal symptoms in aspirin exacerbated respiratory disease and chronic rhinosinusitis and/or asthma. While further evidence is needed to verify the role of glutamate in respiratory, pain, asthma and gastrointestinal symptoms.Food chemical elimination diets may improve condition‐specific symptoms across the adult cohorts outlined within this review, with the strongest evidence to support the role of a low‐histamine diet for management of symptoms in chronic urticaria and a low‐salicylate diet in aspirin exacerbated respiratory disease and/or asthma. Further well‐designed trials are needed to elucidate the effect of specific natural food chemical components on symptoms.Systematic review number: CRD42022322511. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The accuracy of documentation of body weight and fluid balance in hospitalized patients is frequently questioned. Methods: We conducted a survey to understand provider perceptions of the accuracy of intake, output, and weight charting in the electronic medical record. We sent a six-item questionnaire to nurses and physicians who provide inpatient service in a communitybased teaching hospital of the Northeastern United States. We compared the response difference between nurses and physicians by Fisher exact test. Results: One hundred eight nurses and 39 physicians participated in the survey. Both nurses and physicians responded that the accuracy of documentation is crucial. However, only 25.7% of participating physicians and 38.3% of participating nurses considered that documentation in the electronic medical record is reliable. Both physicians and nurses assumed that the nurses are too busy to collect and document the data, and the variability of non-patient weight and variations in body weight measurement under different conditions account for inaccuracies in the documented body weight. Conclusions: Assessing the accuracy of documenting intake, output, and body weight in the electronic medical record is warranted. Providers believe that educating patients about fluid balance and volume assessment help to improve the accuracy in charting intake, output, and body weight in the electronic medical record. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to evaluate the impact of supplementing sodium bicarbonate or a commercial blend of buffering agents (BBA) comprising calcareous calcitic, magnesium oxide, calcareous algae, and sodium bicarbonate on the productive, behavioral and metabolic parameters of Holstein cows fed starchy diets. Over a 60-day trial period, thirty-six multiparous cows with an average milk yield of 38.84 ± 9.24 kg/day and 63.74 ± 18.63 days in milk (DIM), were randomly divided into two groups. The control group (n = 18) received a supplementation of 1.1% dry matter (DM) of sodium bicarbonate (Raudi®, Totalmix, Brazil), while the BBA group (n = 18) was administered with 0.5% DM of a blend of buffering agents (Equalizer®, Nutron/Cargill, Brazil). The mean values of ruminal pH (control 6.80 ± 0.06 and BBA 6.77 ± 0.06; P > 0.05) and volatile fatty acid (VFA) production (control: acetate 62.63 ± 1.29%, propionate 22.99 ± 1.07%, butyrate 14.30 ± 0.52%; BBA: acetate 63.07 ± 1.32%, propionate 23.47 ± 1.10%, butyrate 13.70 ± 0.57%), were similar (P > 0,05) between the two groups. The value of faecal pH was higher (P < 0.05) in the BBA group (6.25 ± 0.02) than the control group (6.12 ± 0.02). Animals treated with BBA exhibited lower (P < 0,05) dry matter intake (DMI) (24.75 ± 0.64 kg/day), higher feed efficiency (FE) (1.64 ± 0.03), and reduced feeding frequency (52.89 ± 3.73 n°/day) than the control group (DMI, 26.75 ± 0.62 kg/day; FE, 1.50 ± 0.03; feeding frequency, 66.07 ± 3.64 n°/day). Milk production remained similar across both groups (control, 39.11 ± 0.92 kg/day and BBA, 39.87 ± 0.92 kg/day; P > 0.05). Notably, the control group displayed a higher (P < 0,05) concentration of milk protein (1.21 ± 0.05 kg/day) than the BBA (1.18 ± 0.05 kg/day) group. The study concluded that both treatments effectively buffered the rumen and mitigated the risk of ruminal acidosis. Moreover, the higher faecal pH in the BBA-treated group suggests potential intestinal action attributable to the synergistic effects of diverse additives with buffering properties. Despite a reduced DMI, BBA-treated animals exhibited improved FE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This experiment was designed to investigate the effect of feeding wheat-straw based densified complete feed block (DCFB) on daily weight gain, feed intake, digestibility and feed conversion rate in growing heifer calves. Eight weaned F1 Frisian*Borena (Bos taurus × Bos indicus) crossbred calves (92.5 ± 27.5 kg body weight) and 5 months of age were randomly distributed into four groups, each with two animals evaluated under 4 × 4 double Latin Square Design for 240 days. The control treatment was natural pasture hay (NPH) and concentrate mix (CM) fed conventionally in a way that covers 50:50% requirements on dry matter (DM) bases and DCFB prepared by mixing wheat straw (WS) to concentrates mixture in the ratio of 50:50 (T2), 40:60 (T3) and 30:70 (T4), respectively. Each heifer group was fed on each diet for 60 days. At the end of each period the last 7 days were used to collect feed and feacal samples. However, the heifers were weighed each 15 days to estimate daily growth performances. It was found that significant (P < 0.05) differences among groups in average daily gain, feed conversion rate, feed intake and digestibility. The densification of WS and feeding in the form of feed block generally improved feed DM and nutrient intake and digestibility. The increase in the proportion of CM in the DCFBs also increased the DM and nutrient intake and digestibility. Heifer growth rate was higher (P < 0.05) in T1, T3 and T4 diets than T2 groups. Feed conversion ratio was higher (P < 0.05) both in T3 and T4 compared to T1 and T2. The total cost of production per each gram body weight gained was recorded higher (P < 0.05) for calves in the T2 group compared to calves in T1, T3 and T4. In conclusion, maintaining post weaned F1 heifer calves on DCFB composed of wheat straw and a commercial calf’s concentrate based diet in the ratio of 40 to 60 would both biologically and economically feasible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Soybean molasses (SBMO) is a byproduct derived from the production of soy protein concentrate, obtained through solubilization in water and alcohol. The utilization of SBMO as an animal feed ingredient shows promising potential, primarily due to its low cost and as a potential energy concentrate. This study aimed to assess the intake, digestibility, ruminal parameters (pH and ruminal ammonia - NH3), nitrogen retention (NR) and microbial protein synthesis in grazing beef cattle supplemented with SBMO as a substitute for corn during the rainy season. Five Nellore (10-month-old) bulls with an average initial weight of 246 ± 11.2 kg were utilized in a 5 × 5 Latin square design. The animals were housed in five paddocks, each consisting of 0.34 ha of Marandu grass (Urochloa brizantha). Five isonitrogenous protein-energy supplements (300 g crude protein [CP]/kg supplement) were formulated, with SBMO replacing corn at varying levels (0, 0.25, 0.50, 0.75, or 1.00 g–1 g). The supplements were provided daily at a quantity of 2.0 kg-1 animal. The inclusion of SBMO at any level of corn substitution did not significantly affect the intake of pasture dry matter or total dry matter (P > 0.10). Likewise, the intake of CP and, consequently, the ruminal concentration of NH3 did not differ among the SBMO levels. Increasing the inclusion of SBMO did not have a significant impact on NR (P > 0.10), indicating that animals receiving supplements containing 100% SBMO as a substitute for corn may perform similarly to animals receiving supplements with 100% corn (0% SBMO). Soybean molasses represents a viable alternative energy source for grazing beef cattle during the rainy season and can entirely replace corn without adversely affecting animal nutritional performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Human milk (HM) composition, including metabolic hormones and lipids, is influenced by various factors, including lactation stage and, potentially, infant sex, which may affect infant body composition (BC) development. We aimed to: (a) characterize the longitudinal concentration and intake profiles of HM leptin, adiponectin, insulin, and total lipids; (b) determine if their concentrations and intakes differ by infant sex; and (c) explore the intakes relationships with the development of infant BC. Milk samples (n = 501) were collected from 82 mother–infant dyads during the first 6 months postpartum. Infant 24 h HM intake was measured, and the average cumulative HM component intakes were calculated. The statistical analysis used linear mixed modeling. Intakes of HM leptin, adiponectin, insulin, and total lipids increased to 1 month postpartum and then remained stable. HM intake and total lipids intake but not hormone intakes were positively associated with infant BC (fat-free mass, fat-free mass index, fat mass, fat mass index, percentage fat mass, and fat mass to fat-free mass ratio). HM component concentrations and intakes did not differ by sex. These findings advance our understanding of the temporal nature of HM components, emphasizing the role of infant 24 h HM and total lipids intake in development of infant lean and adipose tissue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study aimed to assess metal/heavy metal intake by the population via food environment of the Uddanam region, a hotspot for chronic kidney disease of uncertain aetiology (CKDu) in India. The food samples included rice/paddy, marine/freshwater fish, green gram/black gram (whole), and green leafy vegetables (GLVs, i.e. amaranth/spinach). These were analysed for metal/heavy metal (chromium, nickel, copper, arsenic, lead, magnesium, calcium, aluminium, manganese, iron, zinc, barium, cadmium, mercury, and uranium) content using standard procedures. The total heavy metal intake was calculated as a sum of the intake from each food source. The daily dietary intake was compared to safe intake levels (from the Institute of Medicine of the National Academies and National Institute of Nutrition). The intake was higher than safe levels for lead, chromium, and manganese. It is advisable to reduce heavy metal exposure by adopting agricultural practices and public health interventions in terms of diet. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Crosswind can reduce the operability of an aeroengine significantly at static or near static operating conditions. Computational fluid dynamics predictions of the flow at crosswind conditions will play an important part in future designs, however, accurate numerical predictions of the flow within the intake remain challenging even for simulations of cases with intake only. The main objective of this paper is to demonstrate the importance of numerical setup and to determine an optimal computational model for crosswind investigations that can be used by other researchers. By considering the flow to be inherently unsteady, the influence of inlet and exit boundary conditions, and grid sensitivity is studied by using unsteady Reynolds-average Navier-Stokes (URANS) simulations. Numerical predictions of the time-averaged intake pressure recovery (IPR) and the motion of the vortex on the ground are compared against the existing experimental data. The results show that for an intake under crosswind, the ground vortex that forms under the intake and the in-duct separation, when present, exhibit unsteady behavior that become stronger as the crosswind velocity is increased. The steady-state simulation is only representative at lower crosswinds. The intake flow separation and ground vortex predictions are influenced by the inlet boundary layer profiles. Moreover, acoustic reflection was observed at the intake exit boundary which propagates upstream, creating artificial unsteady frequencies in IPR. The reflection is generated from the use of uniform boundary conditions at the intake exit and is not dissipated in the grid due to the long wavelength; this can be mitigated by using a choked nozzle at the intake exit. Acoustic reflection was also observed at the far-field exit boundary. These reflections are caused from interaction of trailing vortex and far-field boundary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The beef is one of the main sources of nutrients for a balanced diet. In this context, several authors have reported that grass-fed beef presents low levels of intramuscular fat and high levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids. Some studies have noted that forage fatty acid content is variable between species and their varieties, and that can affect fatty acid profile in beef. The aim of this study was to evaluate beef quality from three different types of pastures in southern Chile. A group of 45 Holstein Friesian steers were finished in the spring months with three different types of pastures from temperate rainy climate: Improved pasture (P), Lolium perenne L.-based pasture (LT), and Lolium multiflorum Lam.-based pasture (LM). The steers were separated into groups of 15 for treatment. Nonsignificant differences were found in carcass measurements and P treatment showed a higher intramuscular content than LM treatment (2.26% vs. 1.42%) and greater presence of SFA: 42.4% vs. 40.3% reported in LM treatment. While LM presented a higher n-6 fatty acids: 4.42% related to P treatment: 3.13%. Regardless of the type of pasture, it can be confirmed that meat from pasture systems presents low intramuscular fat and a better ratio of n-6/n-3. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Grassland-livestock balance is an important principle of sustainable development of grassland livestock production and grassland ecosystem health. Grassland degradation becomes more serious at global scales and especially at the area that is sensitive to climate change and human activities. Decreases in pasture biomass and shifts in plant community composition in degraded grasslands can largely affect grazing behaviors of livestock. Up to date, however, it is unclear that whether livestock behaviors change across spatial and temporal scales and what key factors are to shape observed behavioral patterns of livestock. Methods: Here, yak behaviors including grazing, rumination and walking on the eastern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau (QTP) were monitored by a continuous visual observation, to investigate temporal and spatial variations of grazing behavior of yaks (Bos grunniens); based on the data from public database in the past 18 years, a meta-analysis was conducted to examine the main factors that affect grazing behaviors and intake of yaks. Results: We showed that grazing behaviors of yaks differed significantly within hours, among hours of each day and among days as well as across different observation sites. Intake rate of yaks was higher in the morning than in the afternoon, but walking speed showed an inverse trend compared with intake rate. Resting, altitude, the mean annual precipitation (MAP), the mean annual temperature (MAT), forage ash, yak age and season were the main predictors for yak intake, and forage and yak individual characteristics had direct effects on grazing behaviors and intake of yaks. Discussion: The findings confirm that grazing behaviors of yaks can vary even at small temporal scales and regional scales, which is closely related to the shift in forage quality and biomass caused by environmental changes. The study suggests that multiple factors can be responsible for the variation in livestock behaviors and shifts in behavioral patterns may consequently lead to positive or negative feedback to grassland ecosystems through plant-animal interactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is widely believed that exposure to sweetened foods and beverages stimulates the liking and desire for sweetness. Here we provide an updated review of the empirical evidence from human research examining whether exposure to sweet foods or beverages influences subsequent general liking for sweetness ('sweet tooth'), based on the conclusions of existing systematic reviews and more recent research identified from a structured search of literature. Prior reviews have concluded that the evidence for a relationship between sweet taste exposure and measures of sweet taste liking is equivocal, and more recent primary research generally does not support the view that exposure drives increased liking for sweetness, in adults or children. In intervention trials using a range of designs, acute exposure to sweetness usually has the opposite effect (reducing subsequent liking and desire for sweet taste), while sustained exposures have no significant effects or inconsistent effects. Recent longitudinal observational studies in infants and children also report no significant associations between exposures to sweet foods and beverages with measures of sweet taste preferences. Overall, while it is widely assumed that exposure to sweetness stimulates a greater liking and desire for sweetness, this is not borne out by the balance of empirical evidence. While new research may provide a more robust evidence base, there are also a number of methodological, biological and behavioural considerations that may underpin the apparent absence of a positive relationship between sweetness exposure and liking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Urinary nitrogen (UN) excretion and milk production traits of 35 groups of 15 grazing cows each were measured over two years. Urine volume and N concentration were measured with urine sensors and daily UN excretion was calculated for four consecutive days. Milk yield, composition and cow liveweight (LW) were used to estimate daily dry matter intakes (DMI) based on back-calculated animal energy requirements and feed metabolisable energy (ME). Different N fractions in the diet were estimated using laboratory data and protein digestion equations. Mean estimates of N intake and UN excretion were 460 and 227 g N/d, respectively. Urinary-N represented 52% of the N consumed, which aligns with indoor N balance studies. Urinary N excretion was weakly correlated (r = 0.29) with dietary N intake, but moderately correlated (r = 0.63–0.67) with diet N concentration, diet N:ME ratio, and diet effective rumen degradable protein (ERDP). The ERDP balance had moderate to strong correlations with N utilisation efficiency (r = −0.89) and the UN expressed relative to N intake (r = 0.59) and N in milk (r = 0.78). These relationships illustrate the potential of urine sensors and energy-based estimations of intake to assess the influence of dietary management strategies to mitigate UN excretion from grazing animals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Stunting prevalence in Kepahiang District is the highest compared to other districts. In Bengkulu, the incidence rate is lower than in other districts. Dietary intake is a direct factor causing stunting. This study examines the differences in macronutrient and micronutrient intake in stunted toddlers in rural and urban areas of Bengkulu Province. The study, with a cross-sectional design, was conducted from August to September 2020. A sample of 134 toddlers aged 12-24 months was selected using accidental sampling. Dietary intake data were collected using the Semi-Quantitative Food Frequency Questionnaire (SFFQ), and other data were collected through questionnaires. The collected data were analyzed using univariate and bivariate analyses with T-tests and Mann-Whitney tests. Macronutrient intake in stunted toddlers in rural areas was lower than in urban areas. Micronutrient intake in rural areas was also lower than in urban areas, except for vitamin A. Statistically, there were no differences in macronutrient (carbohydrates, proteins, fats) and micronutrient (vitamin A, calcium, phosphorus, iron, zinc) intake between rural and urban toddler in relation to stunting (p > 0.05). Based on the data obtained, the overall nutrient intake provided to the toddlers has not met the toddlers’ nutritional needs. Regular counselling sessions from house to house for mothers with stunted toddlers are necessary. This would enable mothers to understand better their toddlers’ dietary needs and how to monitor their growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Caffeine is a natural bioactive ingredient commonly found in plants such as coffee, tea and cocoa. It has been widely used in food globally for many years as functional supplement. Proper intake of caffeine can help healthy individuals improve their attention, exercise ability, and relieve their fatigue. Domestic and abroad food safety regulating administration agree that caffeine intake in daily diet is safe, but attention should be paid on individual differences, caffeine intake and frequency. Many countries and regions have established strict application limits and labeling requirements for caffeine application in food. In order to further enhance the public's scientific understanding of caffeine, eliminate the prejudice against caffeine, and promote the proper application of caffeine in related food industries, the Chinese Institute of Food Science and Technology organized experts in food science, public health, food safety and food nutrition, and representatives of related industries, to form a scientific consensus on caffeine, through consultation, literature retrieval and specialized workshop, so as to promote the proper use of caffeine in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cell components soluble in neutral detergent are a diverse group, both compositionally and nutritionally. The present study aimed to evaluate production responses, behavior (eating, ruminating, and idling), and nitrogen balance of dairy goats fed different ratios of neutral detergent-soluble carbohydrate fractions. Five multiparous Alpine does with mean ± SD initial body mass of 49.5 ± 7.9 kg and 60 days of lactation were randomly assigned in a 5 × 5 Latin square design. The treatments were the ratios of starch (starch associated with soluble sugar [StSS]) to neutral detergent-soluble fiber (NDSF) (StSS:NDSF): 0.89, 1.05, 1.24, 1.73, and 2.92. No effect was observed (P > 0.05) of StSS:NDSF on the intakes of neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and NDSC. However, DM intake showed a quadratic behavior (P = 0.049). The ingestive behavior was affected by StSS:NDSF linearly increased (P = 0.002) the feeding efficiency. The increase in StSS:NDSF caused a linear increase in fecal (P = 0.011), urinary (P < 0.001), and milk nitrogen excretion (P = 0.024). The increase in StSS:NDSF affected (P = 0.048) milk yield and net energy lactation (P = 0.036). In conclusion, dairy goats experience reduced dry matter intake and milk yield when subjected to high-NDSC diets, specifically those above 1.24 StSS:NDSF ratio. Elevated NDSC levels in the diets lead to decreased feeding time, whereas rumination remains unaffected. Nitrogen losses in goats increase linearly with high-NDSC diets, and a significant impact on nitrogen balance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Intake structures are used to take the desired amount of water from moving or stagnant flow environments. Since the excessive sediment may cause damage to intakes, the amount of sediment in the diverted water should be controlled. Furthermore, the bed sediment layer may be eroded due to intake discharge, and this may cause stability problems. Therefore, it is important to determine the effects of different parameters such as sediment diameter, and the intake discharge and its position in the design process. Due to financial and time constraints, making model studies for all flow conditions regarding the intakes is not feasible. In the current research, characteristics of the scour upstream of a horizontal pipe intake were investigated through a computational fluid dynamics model for different intake discharges, positions, and sediment sizes. The volume of fluid method was utilized to determine if the cells were entirely filled with fluid, partially filled, or empty. Finite volume method was used to solve 3-D momentum and mass conservation equations. The numerical model was validated with experiments conducted in a rectangular channel for several flow and geometrical conditions. It was shown that the critical Shields number should be modified depending on flow and geometrical conditions. Vorticity and excess shear stress values were found to be effective in the development of scour hole. The agreement between numerical and experimental results was satisfactory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The interaction between pasture and supplementation in dairy production systems constitutes a very important part of the efficiency of dairy. This study evaluated the effect of the herbage mass (HM) on the milk production and solid concentration. Twenty Holstein cows were distributed into two groups, 10 assigned 2200 kg DM ha-1 (low herbage mass, LHM) and 10 with 2800 kg DM ha-1 (medium herbage mass, MHM). Herbage mass was measured above 5 cm. The experiment lasted 8 wk. The variables evaluated were DM intake (DMI), milk production and composition (fat and protein concentration). Effects of treatments on variables were evaluated using a repeated measure analysis over time. The results showed nonsignificant differences in the pasture DMI between LHM and MHM for weeks 1, 2, 3 and 5 (P > 0.05). During week 4, pasture DMI was 3 kg greater for LHM than MHM (P < 0.05). The milk production did not differ between treatments per week, but the average was 2.4 kg greater for LHM compared to MHM (P < 0.05). In conclusion, changes in the pasture availability increased milk production at LHM, but not enough to cause changes in solids concentration. This clearly shows that, LHM can increase milk and solids production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study aimed to assess the impact of feeding Bengal gram residual forage-based pelleted Total Mixed Ration (TMR) with varying concentrate (C) to roughage (R) ratios on feed intake, nutrient utilization, growth, and carcass characteristics in Barbari kids. Sixteen weaned male Barbari kids (av. age, 233 ± 11 days; weight, 13.86 ± 0.76 kg) were divided into two groups (T1 and T2), each receiving different pelleted diets (TMR) with distinct concentrate to roughage ratios (T1 with 60:40; T2 with 40:60). The kids were fed for 133 days, and a digestion trial was conducted at the end of the study. After completion, all kids were slaughtered. Although, kids under T1 consumed higher (P < 0.001) amount of dry matter, and crude protein compared to T2, which was due to a higher concentrate to roughage ratio in T1. But, the average daily body weight gain (ADG) of finisher kids was 88.53, and 79.83 g/d/kid in T1 and T2, respectively; however, the difference was non-significant. Digestibility of organic matter, crude protein, and total carbohydrate was also greater in T1 compared to T2. Total digestible nutrients intake was higher (P < 0.001) in T1; similarly intake of digestible energy, and metabolizable energy were significantly increased (P < 0.01) in T1 compared to T2. Concentrations of volatile fatty acids and NH3-nitrogen were also enhanced (P < 0.05) in T1 compared to T2. We observed similar carcass weight, and dressing percentage in both groups, and carcass composition remained unaffected. The pelleted diet containing greater ratio of concentrate: roughage (60:40) had no additional benefits in terms of ADG, and carcass traits in finisher kids. Therefore, it may be concluded that the Bengal gram residual forage-based pelleted TMR diet containing C40: R60 (TDN 57.13%, DCP 7.64%, ME 9.11MJ/kg feed) is suitable for optimizing growth performance with desirable carcass traits, and meat composition in finisher Barbari kids reared under the intensive system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Intake is an open channel that usually has a non-uniform flow along its length. The pattern of the flow in lateral intakes is fully three-dimensional. That is why many studies were carried out on the flow characteristics at the intakes. Velocity and direction change in lateral intakes lead to non-consistency and recirculation of the flow. As the result of these whirlpools, depositions are accumulated inside intakes which consequently decrease intake efficiency. High maintenance cost is regularly paid in order to dredge the sedimentation areas and to guarantee and maintain efficiency. The aims of this study were to get a suitable design of the lateral intakes to improve the flow characteristics at junctions. This study is conducted by using a numerical Software Delft3D-FM which used in predicting flows pattern which validated and employed in a parametric study. The model dimensions were assumed based on a real project data at Nile River in Assiut, Egypt. In this study, four models with sharp edges and different bed levels were presented to investigate flow separation zones at different angles of the intake entrance. In order to control the model accuracy in predicting the dimensions of the separated areas, the results were compared with the base configuration which has a flat horizontal bed level of intake. Comparisons between the predicted and the initial configuration velocities at the considered sections indicate that the model captures most of the trends with sensible accuracy. It is concluded that configuration number 4 which has two-fold baffle walls located on the right side has a significant effect on improving flow velocity, circulation zone length, reverse flow width as it enforces the flow to the inner side achieving a good flow distribution inside the intake. The results indicate also that the optimal angle of lateral intake which gives minimum length and width of separation zone is at θ = 30°. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introdução: No ensino de línguas estrangeiras, o realce do input tem sido proposto como uma técnica implícita para direcionar a atenção dos aprendentes em relação a itens linguísticos específicos, uma vez que permite, simultaneamente, o foco no significado e na forma. Objetivo: Investigar o efeito de três marcas tipográficas de realce do input no intake de uma estrutura alvo (presente do conjuntivo) e na compreensão da leitura de 41 aprendentes chineses de português como língua estrangeira. Métodos: Estudo do tipo exploratório. Adotou-se um delineamento pré-teste/ pós-teste e foram constituídos três grupos experimentais com diferentes tipos de realce do input: (i) maiúsculas; (ii) negrito e (iii) combinação de duas marcas tipográficas (negrito e sublinhado) e um grupo de controlo (input enriquecido). Para a comparação entre os grupos, foram preparadas quatro versões de um texto. Resultados: Não foram detetadas diferenças significativas entre os grupos, embora os resultados tenham evidenciado uma tendência para um impacto positivo do uso de marcas tipográficas vs. input enriquecido. A compreensão da leitura não foi afetada pelo uso da técnica do realce do input. Conclusão: As marcas tipográficas usadas no realce do input não beneficiaram significativamente o intake da estrutura alvo, pelo que a manipulação da saliência do input (realce do input) e o aumento da frequência (input enriquecido) parecem ser técnicas redundantes ao nível do seu impacto pedagógico.

ObjectiveThis study aims to explore the relationship between dietary folate intake and serum Klotho levels in adults from aged 40 to 79 years in the United States, seeking to elucidate the intricacies of their interaction.MethodsAnalyzing data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) spanning 2007 to 2016. The survey research determined folate intake through a 24-h dietary recall and nutrient density modeling, and assessed Klotho levels using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The relationship between folate intake and Klotho levels was evaluated using weighted linear regression, and complemented by analysis via smoothed curve models for nuanced understanding.ResultsThe study encompassed 10,278 participants, with an average age of 57.64 years, revealing a noteworthy positive correlation between dietary folate and serum Klotho levels. The regression coefficient stood at 0.11 (95% confidence interval, 0.05, 0.18) post-adjustment for various covariates. When dietary folate intake was categorized into quartiles, the second, third, and fourth quartiles exhibited statistically significant differences compared to the lowest quartile. This indicates that higher folate intake correlates with increased serum Klotho levels. These findings underscore the potential benefits of elevating folate intake to enhance serum Klotho levels. Stratified analysis indicated that this association was more pronounced among males aged 60 years or older and individuals with hypertension.ConclusionThe findings suggest a significant correlation between increased dietary folate intake and elevated serum Klotho levels in adults aged 40–79 years. Hinting at the potential nutritional influences on the aging process and associated health conditions. This calls for further exploration into the mechanisms and broader implications of this association.

Ninety-six (96) 8-wk-old “mixed breed” of New Zealand white, California white and chinchilla rabbits were used to determine the growth performance, carcass and organ percentages of rabbits fed concentrate diets containing graded levels of Brassica oleracea outer leaves and Musa paradisiaca leaves. The rabbits were assigned to two groups of 48. Those in group 1 were allotted to four dietary treatments with concentrate diets containing 0, 10, 20 and 30% inclusion levels of B. oleracea outer leaves for one week and 12-wk adaptation and testing periods, respectively, for growth performance evaluation. Similar treatment and design were adopted for group 2 rabbits using graded levels of M. paradisiaca leaves. Six rabbits were randomly selected from each treatment group for slaughter at the end of the testing period for carcass and internal organ characteristics evaluation. There were no dietary effects on the parameters of rabbits fed graded levels of B. oleracea outer leaves except for M. paradisiaca, where the control diet had the lowest feed intake and the least (P

An in vivo study was conducted into the effects of partial replacement of dried ground corn grain with dried whey – as a supplement to alfalfa haylage (AH) or Italian ryegrass haylage (IRH) - on ad libitum intake, in vivo digestibility and N retention in wether sheep. The chemical composition of AH and IRH was roughly the same, except for the crude protein (CP) content which was much higher in AH compared with IRH. Sheep fed the AH-based diet had higher feed intake. Higher CP digestibility and higher N retention, as well as higher levels of excreted N, were shown compared IRH-based diet. The IRH-based diet increased the digestibility of chemical parameters studied, except CP and starch. The partial replacement of corn grain with dried whey reduced the intake of acid detergent fibre (ADF), improved the starch digestibility in AH and IRH-based diets, and increased the overall N intake in wethers fed the AH-based diet. In practical conditions, replacing 10% of corn grain with dried whey in a ration based on higher quality forage is a way to increase N intake in sheep. In conclusion, the partial replacement of corn grain with dried whey in a forage-based diet with higher CP content improves the nitrogen efficiency in the diet of wether sheep.

One of the nutritional problems of adolescent children is obesity, which is caused by excess food consumption and excess fat. The primary energy sources are carbohydrates and fats, while protein is a building block. The research aimed to determine the effect of the intake of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins on the nutritional status of students at SMA Negeri 1 Baitussalam, Aceh Besar Regency. The total student population is 303 students. Thirty students took sampling using a random sampling technique, and 10%. Data collection techniques include a 24-hour food recall questionnaire, anthropometric measurements and a fita health nutrition application. Data analysis techniques are based on averages and percentages. Based on research, it is known that: 1. Carbohydrate intake with an average nutritional status of -0.4 in the "Normal" category obtained an average value of 299 grams with a threshold value of 81% in the (Good) category, based on the percentage in the "Good" category, namely 16 students with 53%, in the "Less" - eight students with 27% and the "More" - six students with 20%. 2. Fat intake with an average nutritional status of -0.4 in the "Normal" category obtained an average value of 127 grams with a threshold of 143% in the (More) category. In the "Good" category, there are four students with 13%. In the "Less" category, nine students with 30%, and in the "More" category, 17 students with 57%. 3. Protein intake with an average nutritional status of -0.4 in the "Normal" category obtained an average value of 130 grams with a threshold value of 197% in the (More) category. In the "Good" category, there are two students with 7%. In the "Less," one student has 3%, and the "More" has 27 students with 90%.

Tasks of this study – to investigate levels of contamination of soils of background forest area of Ukrainian Polissia by heavy metals (Cu, Cd, Pb, Zn); to evaluate of concentrations of these heavy metals in fractions of mosses; to calculate values of coefficient of biological absorption of heavy metals by fractions of moss species. Study was conducted in July 2021 at 3 experimental plots in Zhytomyr Region, Povchanske forest division of branch «Lugyny Forestry». Vegetation was presented by association Molinio-Pinetum Matuszkiewicz (1973) 1981, and by moist fairly infertile pine site type (В3). Moss were sampled by fractions: Pleurozium schreberi and Dicranum polysetum – increment of 1-2 years, increment of earlier period; Polytrichum commune – increment of the first year, increment of the second year, increment of earlier period; Leucobryum glaucum, Sphagnum capillifolium and S. palustre – increment of the first year, increment of the second year, peat litter (semi-decomposed). Measurement of heavy metals content was conducted on atomic-absorption spectrophotometer С-115-М1. Coefficient of biological absorption was used as an index of intensity accumulation of heavy metals by mosses in the chain «soil – moss». Concentrations of heavy metals in 10-cm soil layer changed in such range: Pb > Zn > Cu > Cd; in absolute values (mg·kg-1) – 3,75±0,06; 3,56±0,10; 1,10±0,05; 0,002±0,00. Specific distribution in fractions of all studied moss species – terrestrial and paludal – was found for concentrations of Cu – maximal concentration was in the increment of the first year with decrease to the increment of the second year and lower – to the old moss fraction. Opposite distribution in moss fractions was observed for Zn and Pb in all studied moss species. More complicated distribution in moss fractions was observed for concentrations of Cd. For terrestrial mosses, such as Pleurozium schreberi, Dicranum polysetum and Polytrichum commune this distribution was similar – decrease Cd concentrations from increment of the first year to increment of the second year and to the lower part of mosses, but for Sphagnum spp. was differ. An important conclusion can be made that ranged row of heavy metals accumulated in the upper moss part (increment of the first year) looks like this: Cd > Cu > Zn > Pb; in the increment of the second year – Cd > Zn > Cu > Pb; in the lower part of moss cover – Cd > Zn > Pb > Cu. Also general conclusion can be made that intake of each heavy metal is species-dependent as well as distribution of its concentration among moss fractions.

ABSTRACTBackground Despite the established efficacy of multidisciplinary chronic pain care, barriers such as inflated referral wait times and uncoordinated care further hinder patient health care access.Aims Here we describe the evolution of a single-entry model (SEM) for coordinating access to chronic pain care across seven hospitals in Toronto and explore the impact on patient care 6 years after implementation.Methods In 2017, an innovative SEM was implemented for chronic pain referrals in Toronto and surrounding areas. Referrals are received centrally, triaged by a clinical team, and assigned an appointment according to the level of urgency and the most appropriate care setting/provider. To evaluate the impact of the SEM, a retrospective analysis was undertaken to determine referral patterns, patient characteristics, and referral wait times over the past 6 years.Results Implementation of an SEM streamlined the number of steps in the referral process and led to a standardized referral form with common inclusion and exclusion criteria across sites. Over the 6-year period, referrals increased by 93% and the number of unique providers increased by 91%. Chronic pain service wait times were reduced from 299 (±158) days to 176 (±103) days. However, certain pain diagnoses such as chronic pelvic pain and fibromyalgia far exceed the average.Conclusions The results indicate that the SEM helped reduce wait times for pain conditions and standardized the referral pathway. Continued data capture efforts can help identify gaps in care to enable further health care refinement and improvement.

This study compared animal performance and enteric methane (CH4) emissions from dairy cows in a part-time grazing (PTG) system in northern Sweden. Twenty-four Nordic Red dairy cows were allocated to one of two treatments: DAY (10 h daytime pasture access) or NIGHT (12 h night-time pasture access). The cows in each treatment received the same ad libitum partial mixed ration (PMR) indoors and ad libitum herbage allowance. Methane was recorded using two linked GreenFeedTM emissions monitoring (GEM) units, on pasture and indoors. Day or night grazing showed no statistical differences in estimated grass or PMR intake, milk production or daily enteric CH4 emissions. There was a rapid decrease in diurnal CH4 emissions (28%) when the cows were moved from indoors to pasture in both grazing treatments. Using two GEM units (indoor, outdoor) in combination improved the diurnal assessment of enteric CH4 emissions during PTG conditions in the mixed feeding system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The estrous cycle is known to modify food, fluid, and electrolyte intake behaviors and energy homeostasis in various species, in part through fluctuations in estrogen levels. Simultaneously, commonly commercially available rodent dietary formulations greatly vary in soy protein content, and thereby the delivery of biologically active phytoestrogens. To explore the interactions among the estrous cycle, sodium, fluid, and caloric seeking behaviors, and energy homeostasis, young adult C57BL/6J female mice were maintained on a soy protein-free 2920x diet and provided water, or a choice between water and 0.15 mol/L NaCl drink solution. Comprehensive metabolic phenotyping was performed using a multiplexed Promethion (Sable Systems International) system, and estrous stages were determined via daily vaginal cytology. When provided food and water, estrous cycling had no major modulatory effects on intake behaviors or energy balance. When provided a saline solution drink choice, significant modulatory effects of the transition from diestrus to proestrus were observed upon fluid intake patterning, locomotion, and total energy expenditure. Access to saline increased total daily sodium consumption and aspects of energy expenditure, but these effects were not modified by the estrous stage. Collectively, these results indicate that when supplied a phytoestrogen-free diet, the estrous cycle has minor modulatory effects on ingestive behaviors and energy balance in C57BL/6J mice that are sensitive to sodium supply. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Scholars have called for strengths-based approaches, particularly with lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and nonbinary (LGBT/NB) clients to buffer against minority stress. Scholars have recommended that intake forms include questions about strengths. This study examined reported strengths from intake forms at a community clinic. A Consensual Qualitative Research-Modified (CQR-M) approach was used to analyze the strengths as reported by LGBT/NB clients. A total of 173 strengths from 64 individual participants were coded, yielding six domains: Connection, Interpersonal Skills, Abilities and Achievements, Role-Oriented, Self-Efficacy, and Resilience. We discuss clinical implications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

CFD models of intakes in high-head hydropower systems are rare due to the lack of geometric data and cost of modeling. This study tests two different types of software to see how modeling can be performed in a cost-effective way with scarce input data and still have sufficient accuracy. The volume of fluid (VoF) model simulations are conducted using both ANSYS Fluent and OpenFOAM. The geometry is modelled from Google Earth satellite images, drone scanning data, and design drawings from the construction period and supported by field observations for extra quality control. From the model, both capacity parameters and flow pattern are calculated. For capacity, the  C d  factor is calculated and compared with the literature. The simulations are conducted for a Tyrolean weir with rectangular bars (flat steel) in the rack. Simulated flow patterns through the rack with ANSYS Fluent and OpenFOAM are compared. OpenFOAM simulations yielded 15% to 20% higher water levels compared to the VOF model applied in Ansys Fluent. Also, when the flow rate was high, the water capture capacity calculated with ANSYS Fluent was 10% higher than that obtained with OpenFOAM. However, considering the total simulation times, modeling with OpenFOAM offered approximately 11% faster results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study aimed to evaluate the nutritive value of fermented corn grain (FCG) for ruminants by in vitro and in vivo methods. Free-toxin FCG was evaluated alone or as an ingredient of feedlot diets replacing standard corn grain (SCG) by in vitro gas production technique and by nutritional and performance study using lamb as the animal model. FCG presented similar contents of dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fibre (NDF) and starch, but presented higher ash and lower density than SCG. When evaluated in vitro alone, FCG presented higher lag time and lower in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) than SCG, but as an ingredient of feedlot diets, FCG levels linearly decreased digestion rate and lag time, but linearly increased IVDMD. In an in vivo study, FCG levels had quadratic effects on the intake and digestibility of crude fat, increased feeding time, and decreased resting time of lambs. FCG levels did not affect rumen volatile fatty acid concentration and its profile but trended to linearly increase final body weight, average daily gain and carcase weight. Thus, mycotoxin-free fermented corn grain can be fed to feedlot lambs without negatively affecting the intake and digestibility of nutrients or animal performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context. Improved knowledge of the quality of the diet ingested by grazing cattle requires measurement of the diets selected, including in native pasture rangeland. Aims. The goal of the present study was to develop empirical equations to predict the intake, digestibility and protein concentration of the diet selected from faecal crude protein concentration of cattle grazing heterogeneous native grasslands through seasonal cycles in the Pampa biome of southern South America. Methods. In Experiment 1, cattle held in metabolism pens were fed native pasture at 15 and 22.5 g DM/kg bodyweight, or ad libitum. In Experiment 2, cattle also housed in metabolism pens were offered mixtures of the native pasture and Italian ryegrass at a proportion of 0.33 and 0.66 of the mixture, or pure ryegrass. Organic-matter intake (OMI), faecal crude protein excretion (fCP), faecal crude protein concentration (fCPc), OM digestibility (OMD) and diet crude protein concentration (dCPc) were measured in Experiments 1 and 2 and relationships were developed between the diet attributes and faecal crude protein (CP). In the Experiment 3, steers grazed native grasslands (NatG), or native grasslands overseeded with Italian ryegrass (NatG + RyeG). Intake and digestibility equations generated in Experiments 1 and 2 were then evaluated in Experiment 3 to estimate diet attributes from faecal protein measures. Key results. Three non-linear models (exponential, hyperbolic and mixed, i.e. exponential + hyperbolic) were examined to evaluate the OMD. The mixed model had the highest R2 value (0.74) and the lowest relative prediction error. OMI and dCPc were both linearly related to fCP. The OMD, OMI and dCPc equations were able to detect differences among diets in Experiment 3. Conclusions. It was verified that the faecal CP can be used to estimate key nutritional characteristics in cattle grazing heterogeneous grasslands in the Pampa biome in South America. Implications. Relationships between faecal CP and key diet attributes can be used to support further research and models for nutritional assessment of the diet and productivity of grazing cattle in the rangeland system examined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rising food insecurity (FI) and the increased prices of animal-based foods could compromise vitamin B12 (B12) intake and serum levels in food-insecure people. Our study aims to determine the prevalence of low levels of serum B12 and its inadequate dietary intake among a nationally representative sample of Lebanese adults aged 18 to 64 years, while exploring the impact of FI and identifying other potential predictors. The B12 intake was assessed using a food frequency questionnaire and the mean of two non-consecutive 24 h recalls. The B12 serum levels were also examined. To examine the time trends in the B12 serum levels and dietary intake, the data from a large representative digitized database of 6290 participants were collected, along with the examination of FAOSTAT food consumption data both before and during the economic crisis period. Our findings revealed that 47.3% of households in Lebanon experienced FI. The inadequate intake of B12 food sources was prevalent in 52.5% of participants, and 61.1% presented with low (23%) or intermediate (38.1%) levels of serum B12. The food-secure households had a higher proportion of B12 intake from meats (p = 0.004), while traditional foods contributed more to food-insecure households (p = 0.000). The participants who were female, unemployed, food-insecure, and had low dietary diversity were about two to three times more likely to have inadequate B12 intake. The predictors of low levels of serum B12 included residing in Beqaa (OR = 2.856 and 95% CI = 1.018–8.01) and having inadequate B12 intake (OR = 1.788 and 95% CI = 1.2–2.65). The findings from observing the time trends in the consumption and the serum levels of B12 indicate a considerable decline in the consumption of most animal-based foods compared to the pre-crisis period, associated with a decline in the serum levels of B12. In conclusion, an alarming prevalence of low dietary intake and low serum levels of B12 was revealed among Lebanese adults, and the indirect effect of FI on B12 serum levels mediated through B12 intake was inferred. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Despite the established efficacy of multidisciplinary chronic pain care, barriers such as inflated referral wait times and uncoordinated care further hinder patient health care access. Aims: Here we describe the evolution of a single-entry model (SEM) for coordinating access to chronic pain care across seven hospitals in Toronto and explore the impact on patient care 6 years after implementation. Methods: In 2017, an innovative SEM was implemented for chronic pain referrals in Toronto and surrounding areas. Referrals are received centrally, triaged by a clinical team, and assigned an appointment according to the level of urgency and the most appropriate care setting/provider. To evaluate the impact of the SEM, a retrospective analysis was undertaken to determine referral patterns, patient characteristics, and referral wait times over the past 6 years. Results: Implementation of an SEM streamlined the number of steps in the referral process and led to a standardized referral form with common inclusion and exclusion criteria across sites. Over the 6-year period, referrals increased by 93% and the number of unique providers increased by 91%. Chronic pain service wait times were reduced from 299 (±158) days to 176 (±103) days. However, certain pain diagnoses such as chronic pelvic pain and fibromyalgia far exceed the average. Conclusions: The results indicate that the SEM helped reduce wait times for pain conditions and standardized the referral pathway. Continued data capture efforts can help identify gaps in care to enable further health care refinement and improvement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis of differences in energy and macronutrient intakes between young athletes and non-athletes, considering age, gender and sport characteristics. The study included original research articles that compared energy and macronutrient intakes of 8 to 18-year-old athletes to non-athletes. Mean difference (MD) meta-analyses were performed to quantify energy and macronutrient intake differences between athletes and non-athletes. Eighteen observational studies were included. Results revealed that the energy and carbohydrate consumption of athletes was higher than that of non-athletes (MD=4.65kcal/kg/d, p<0.01 and MD=1.65% of total energy intake, p<0.01, respectively). Subgroup analyses revealed a significant effect of total training time on the observed mean differences between athletes and non-athletes. As practice time increased, the differences between athletes and non-athletes increased for carbohydrate and decreased for protein. Sport type analysis revealed a higher protein intake by mixed sport athletes compared to endurance and power sports. Analyses also indicated an age effect: the older the athletes, the smaller the differences between athletes and non-athletes for energy intake. However, the methods used to match groups and estimate dietary intakes forced us to moderate the results. More rigorous research methods are needed to define the dietary intakes of athletes and non-athletes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to assess the impact of increasing levels of heat-treated soybean in the diet of crossbred cattle during the finishing phase on nutrient intake and digestibility, ruminal parameters, digesta passage rate, nitrogen balance, and microbial protein synthesis. Five steers, crossbred 7/8 Jersey x Zebu, fitted with rumen cannulas and with an average weight of 350 ± 50 kg, were utilized. The experimental treatments consisted of 0, 7, 14, 21, and 28% inclusion of heat-treated soybean in the total diet dry matter. The animals were randomly allocated in a 5 × 5 Latin square design. Evaluation of the animals took place over five experimental periods, each lasting 20 days. During each experimental period, the first 15 days were allocated for animal adaptation to the experimental diets, followed by five days of data collection. No significant differences were observed among the diets in terms of dry matter intake (average of 6.57 kg day−1; P = 0.615) and organic matter intake (average of 6.23 kg day−1; P = 0.832). However, heat-treated soybean had a significant impact on the digestibility of dry matter (P = 0.02), organic matter (P = 0.01), crude protein (P < 0.01), and neutral detergent fiber (P < 0.01). There was no observed change on microbial protein synthesis (average of 409.6 g day−1) in animals with the inclusion of heat-treated soybean in the diets. With each 1% inclusion of heat-treated soybean in the cattle diet, there was an increase of 0.00754 units in ruminal pH values and a reduction of 0.75839 mg dL−1 in ruminal ammoniacal nitrogen values. This study suggests that heat-treated soybean can be included in up to 15% of the dry matter in diets for finishing feedlot cattle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present study, a practical method is developed to predict the radial velocity of the flow towards circular and square intakes. It is shown that one single spherical sink surface passing from the desired points that have radial velocity vectors of identical magnitude within the ambient fluid can be used for the prediction of the radial velocity. The specific imaginary center of the corresponding spherical sink surface should be located on the center-line axis downstream of the entrance of the intake. As opposed to the previous studies, the proposed method does not require the solution of equations in closed-integral form, and it can also be used for the orifice-intake not opening into the atmosphere (submerged outlet), and an intake with a pipe, or intake-pipe projecting into the ambient fluid. It is shown that velocity field can be predicted with the introduced method even in the case of circulation imposed or induced ambient fluid flow. The agreement between the theoretical results and the available experimental/numerical results was found to be good. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ninety-six (96) 8-wk-old "mixed breed" of New Zealand white, California white and chinchilla rabbits were used to determine the growth performance, carcass and organ percentages of rabbits fed concentrate diets containing graded levels of Brassica oleracea outer leaves and Musa paradisiaca leaves. The rabbits were assigned to two groups of 48. Those in group 1 were allotted to four dietary treatments with concentrate diets containing 0, 10, 20 and 30% inclusion levels of B. oleracea outer leaves for one week and 12-wk adaptation and testing periods, respectively, for growth performance evaluation. Similar treatment and design were adopted for group 2 rabbits using graded levels of M. paradisiaca leaves. Six rabbits were randomly selected from each treatment group for slaughter at the end of the testing period for carcass and internal organ characteristics evaluation. There were no dietary effects on the parameters of rabbits fed graded levels of B. oleracea outer leaves except for M. paradisiaca, where the control diet had the lowest feed intake and the least (P<0.05) feed conversion ratio comparable to 30% inclusion level and final body weight, which was the highest (P<0.05) for rabbits fed diets containing 10 and 20% inclusion levels of M. paradisiaca leaves. The cost of feed was highest for the control diets, and reduced with increasing inclusion levels of the leaves in the diets. None of the rabbits died during the experimental period. The findings suggest that rabbits can be fed concentrate diets containing B. oleracea outer leaves and M. paradisiaca leaves up to 30% inclusion level for good growth performance and high carcass characteristics at a lower production cost than concentrate diets, while maintaining good health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anxiety disorders are a very common psychiatric pathology among young university students, and the strategies for its mitigation are limited to the consumption of anxiolytic substances. Adequate hydration is essential for staying healthy, as water is the main component of the human body and of several physiological processes. A state of dehydration, in addition to a negative water balance, has serious consequences on health status. We aimed to determine the association between the degree of anxiety and the level of hydration in Spanish university students. A cross-sectional, observational research study with a sample of 65 female university students was conducted. Over 90% of the study population shows anxiety levels above the 95th percentile. The individuals with anxiety above the 95th percentile showed a negative water balance. The consumption of coffee and herbal teas shows correlations with state anxiety and trait anxiety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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During a men's decathlon, a combined event conducted over two consecutive days, fluctuations in blood glucose were measured using flash glucose monitoring. Because decathletes repeatedly intake and exercise, high and low blood glucose levels are observed, but the actual conditions have not yet been clarified. Low blood glucose levels (<80 mg/dL) were observed in nine athletes, while high blood glucose levels (>139 mg/dL) were observed in all athletes at least once during the competition days. Furthermore, low blood glucose levels were observed in nine athletes at least once during and after intake ("intake" refers to consuming energy-containing food and beverages). Additionally, high blood glucose levels were observed in nine athletes at least once during and after intake. Five athletes had low blood glucose during competing time. It was suggested that even if they had eaten a meal just prior to the competition, their intake was likely insufficient for their energy expenditure. A significant positive correlation was found between the mean blood glucose level and the number of intakes on competition days. It is believed that meals may have had a strong influence on blood glucose, even on competition days with a high frequency of eating and exercise for the decathlon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]