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Copyright of Journal of Islamic Economics / İslam Ekonomisi Dergisi is the property of Journal of Islamic Economics / Islam Ekonomski Dergisi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Police operations such as stops are prone for patterns of racial profiling. The contribution looks into the role of the new federal police commissioner (Polizeibeauftragte des Bundes) and his tools to address this.

ABSTRACT This paper discusses the applicability of economic policies and other developmentalist governmental actions to financialized economies. It mobilizes the theoretical-methodological regulationist principles for a historical and institutional macro-analysis. After a brief review of the concepts of the Regulation School, including the “economic policy regime” (Théret, 1992; Lordon, 2002; Boyer, 2015), the Brazilian case is analyzed as a remarkable example of institutional compatibility with rentier-financial accumulation to the detriment of the accumulation of productive fixed capital. Several indicators of this case are presented.

In the global water policy literature, integrating governance principles into water resources management is projected as the best approach to overcome the crisis in water resources management. Therefore, since 1990, many countries, including Ghana, have introduced various changes in their water sector to encourage good governance in the management of the resource. Using interviews and a review of policy and regulatory documents, this study examines recent changes in the water sector in Ghana to identify challenges for good governance in water resources management. The results suggest that the introduction of a new institutional framework and several regulatory mechanisms, including policies, rules, regulations, and laws, has decentralized water management system, increased stakeholder participation, granted voice to marginalized stakeholders, and brought government and communities together in the decision‐making process. However, the results further reveal that several challenges, including institutional barriers, exclusion or underrepresentation of key stakeholders, corruption, multisectoral conflict, collaboration preferences, and others continue to frustrate good governance in water resources management. Deliberately committing to the principles of good governance, amending ineffective regulatory mechanisms, and adequately resourcing regulatory institutions can help avoid many of the challenges in the water sector and propel the country toward sustainable water resources management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses the applicability of economic policies and other developmentalist governmental actions to financialized economies. It mobilizes the theoretical-methodological regulationist principles for a historical and institutional macro-analysis. After a brief review of the concepts of the Regulation School, including the "economic policy regime" (Théret, 1992; Lordon, 2002; Boyer, 2015), the Brazilian case is analyzed as a remarkable example of institutional compatibility with rentier-financial accumulation to the detriment of the accumulation of productive fixed capital. Several indicators of this case are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many studies have been conducted on the poor performance of the construction industry. Nigeria's construction industry has been linked to project delays and cost overruns, leading to many abandoned construction projects throughout the country. These issues are largely attributed to inadequate project management practices and the underutilization of project managers. To address these challenges, an institutional analysis was conducted to examine the factors, within the institutional framework of the Nigerian construction industry, that hinder the effective utilization of project managers and the implementation of project management practices. Data were collected from the previous literature and were supported by data collected through semi-structured interviews in Nigeria. The collected data were coded into a four-level framework for institutional analysis. This method was employed to analyze the interrelationships between the identified embedded factors, institutional laws and regulations, and construction organizations, and to understand how their influence results in the underutilization of project managers. Deviation analysis was conducted as an additional method to categorize the impacts of the embedded factors at each institutional level and to determine how these impacts contribute to the underutilization of project managers in the Nigerian construction industry (NCI). It was found that the system of the underutilization of project managers consists of two subsystems: underutilization and lowering commitment. For the former subsystem, corruption, political influence, religious and tribal discrimination, and organizational culture were found to adversely influence the institutional structure of the construction industry in Nigeria. These factors weaken the governance mechanisms within the industry, leading project managers to prioritize corrupt practices over project needs. The ineffectiveness of existing laws and regulations exacerbates the situation, supporting unfair working conditions and contributing to the underperformance of project managers. This result leads to development at the top of the latter subsystem, with minimal incentives and limited opportunities for career growth within construction organizations. The findings hold significant potential for addressing systemic issues in the Nigerian construction industry, particularly the underutilization of project managers and organizational support measures to improve project management practices and mitigate the adverse effects of corruption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Persistent inflation remains a significant economic challenge in Türkiye. The causes of high inflation have been examined through various factors, including supply and demand, as well as monetary and fiscal policies. However, few studies have included institutional factors in their analyses. The objective of this study is to determine whether institutional quality affects inflation in Türkiye. A novel and robust econometric analysis method is employed in this study. Between 2005 and 2019, the inflation rate, the International Country Risk Guide's (ICRG) Political Risk Rating index, which measures the quality of institutional structure, and the changes in currency exchange rate basket variables in Türkiye were examined using the Fourier KPSS stationarity test and the Fourier Shin cointegration test. The results of the analysis indicate that inflation rate is co-integrated with institutional quality. The deterioration of institutional quality in Türkiye between 2005 and 2019 has been associated with an increase in inflation. While the implicit inflation targeting period in the inflation targeting regime implemented in Türkiye after 2002 was relatively successful, the explicit inflation targeting period failed to reduce inflation. The primary reason for the inability to achieve the specified inflation targets during these periods is the deterioration in the quality of institutions. It is also important to note that central bank independence is not immune to political influence and is one of the most important factors affecting inflation targeting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the main provisions of the monograph by A. L. Andreev “Russian education in the Pushkin era: system, institutional structure, socio-cultural environments”. The monograph of A. L. Andreev attracts attention by the fact that the development of education in Russia in the first half of the 19th century is shown from the perspective of a historical and sociological approach, that allows to reveal the deep patterns of development of the sociocultural and intellectual environment, to demonstrate the connection between the cultural environment of Russian society in the first half of the 19th century with the development of educational practices and institutions. The author, using extensive historical material, demonstrates the role of education as a key factor in social and cultural dynamics. The review analyses the main topics of the monograph. Particular attention is paid to the influence of education on such qualitative characteristics of society as “spiritual atmosphere”, “creative environment”, “new intellectual environment”. The formation of the institutional basis of education is traced. The reviewer pays special attention to the formation of a new for that time ideology of education, when education was given the character of a state project that required systematic state decisions. Following the author, the reviewer reflects on the unique nature of the emerging university system, on Russia’s contribution to world achievements in the theory and practice of education. The scientific potential of the monograph under review lies in the fact that the author gives a deep sociological analysis of the changes in the Russian society of that era: the development of new social practices, social institutions, the emergence of civil society, the formation of new sociocultural and intellectual environments.

The dynamic transformation of peri-urban landscapes from agricultural uses to urban built up is a common practice in developing countries like Ethiopia, which generally does not yield the desired results. Therefore, this study aims to examine the role of governance in mediating the relationship between selected governance success factors and peri-urban socioeconomic conditions. Structural equation modeling is used to support analytical frameworks derived from the Land Governance Assessment Framework and the Global Land Indicators. The study employs mixed research methods and data from relevant participants. The results demonstrate that peri-urban land governance plays a mediating role between the constructed exogenous and endogenous variables. However, the results show that the mediating effect of current peri-urban land governance is weak due to the acknowledged insufficiency of governance success factors. This study argues that integrating success factors into good governance principles offers opportunities for robust peri-urban land governance and thereby resilient socioeconomic conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Is the ideal of a one‐size‐fits‐all university model—where universities are capable of successfully performing all competencies simultaneously—ever achievable? Has the balance between teaching and research activities grown even more fragile or is such a balance unfeasible? In this paper, we review studies of institutional diversity in higher education and bibliometric analyses. We prose a two‐dimensional typology based on diversity in teaching and research by scientific fields. We investigate the diversity in teaching and research, respectively, at the disciplinary level and address whether these primary activities mirror each other. As a measure of mismatch between the two activities, we assess the distribution of students and publications by scientific fields through a clustering analysis. Our study of higher education institutions (HEIs) in Russia reveals that private universities are less diverse both in research and teaching and have high teaching intensity compared to state universities. Expectedly, universities in the rankings have more diverse profiles and they have a higher research intensity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many studies have been conducted on the poor performance of the construction industry. Nigeria’s construction industry has been linked to project delays and cost overruns, leading to many abandoned construction projects throughout the country. These issues are largely attributed to inadequate project management practices and the underutilization of project managers. To address these challenges, an institutional analysis was conducted to examine the factors, within the institutional framework of the Nigerian construction industry, that hinder the effective utilization of project managers and the implementation of project management practices. Data were collected from the previous literature and were supported by data collected through semi-structured interviews in Nigeria. The collected data were coded into a four-level framework for institutional analysis. This method was employed to analyze the interrelationships between the identified embedded factors, institutional laws and regulations, and construction organizations, and to understand how their influence results in the underutilization of project managers. Deviation analysis was conducted as an additional method to categorize the impacts of the embedded factors at each institutional level and to determine how these impacts contribute to the underutilization of project managers in the Nigerian construction industry (NCI). It was found that the system of the underutilization of project managers consists of two subsystems: underutilization and lowering commitment. For the former subsystem, corruption, political influence, religious and tribal discrimination, and organizational culture were found to adversely influence the institutional structure of the construction industry in Nigeria. These factors weaken the governance mechanisms within the industry, leading project managers to prioritize corrupt practices over project needs. The ineffectiveness of existing laws and regulations exacerbates the situation, supporting unfair working conditions and contributing to the underperformance of project managers. This result leads to development at the top of the latter subsystem, with minimal incentives and limited opportunities for career growth within construction organizations. The findings hold significant potential for addressing systemic issues in the Nigerian construction industry, particularly the underutilization of project managers and organizational support measures to improve project management practices and mitigate the adverse effects of corruption.

Bu çalışmanın amacı, kişi başına reel milli gelir büyüklüğü itibariyle dünyanın en zengin beş ülkesi ile en yoksul beş ülkesinin kurumsal yapılarının karşılaştırmalı bir analize tabi tutulması ve bu ülkelerde kurumsal yapı ve ekonomik performans ilişkisine dair çıkarsamalarda bulunulmasıdır. Ekonomik büyümeye ilişkin modeller, bir ülkenin beşerî ve fiziksel sermayesi ile teknolojisindeki ilerlemenin ülkenin genel üretim hacmini belirlediğini öne sürmekteyse de son dönem çalışmalar yalnız bu faktörlerin yeterli olmadığını, kapsayıcı kurumların ekonomik performansı ve büyümeyi teşvik etmede önemli bir rol oynadığını göstermiştir. Bu çalışma ile kapsayıcı kurumların yüksek ekonomik performansla, dışlayıcı kurumların ise düşük ekonomik performansla ilişkisine dair bulgulara erişilmiştir. Ancak bu husus, zengin ülkelerin kapsayıcı kurumlara sahip oldukları için zengin oldukları, yoksul ülkelerin ise dışlayıcı kurumlara sahip oldukları için yoksul oldukları yönünde doğrudan bir yargı içermemektedir. Zira bu iki kavram arasında geri bildirim etkileri bulunmakta ise de nedenselliğin varlığı ve yönü halen tartışmalıdır.

Objective: Experience of countries with different institutional structures shows that they achieved different development goals. This phenomenon is doubly important in countries with natural resources, such as oil. There are differences in the theoretical and experimental results of the effects of the abundance of natural resources on the growth rate of a developing economy. While some oil-exporting countries have high economic growth, in others implementation of development policies has not only strengthened economic growth, but also further problems such as inadequate resource allocation, increased consumption, waste of resources, economic corruption, government budget imbalances occurred. oil revenues in high institutional quality countries controlled by the macroeconomic structure; however, in countries with low institutional quality, it destroys the macroeconomic structure, which occurs in the turmoil of important economic variables.This article seeks to investigate the two-way effect of economically significant variables and institutional variables on each other. In this regard, first, a macroeconomic model for a developing country that exports a product introduced, and then this model modified based on theoretical considerations and the main features of the Iranian economy. Given that, economic freedom is a good indicator for measuring the institutional quality of countries, it used as an alternative to institutional framework. The economic freedom index of the Fraser Institute implemented as an endogenous institutional variable in the model. Method: This study is based on the analysis of time series data for the period of 1972-2020 in Iran. The fact that improving income in a country may improve institutions internalizes the institutional structure, leading to measurement error, inverse causality, and false correlation, and will distort the model estimation. In such a condition, appropriate econometric methods must be implemented to eliminate these problems. One of the suitable econometric methods to reduce the problem of endogenousity of institutional indicators and correlations between institutional variables and other explanatory variables is GMM (Generalize Method of Moments), which implemented in this article. The model has seven main equations for different economic sectors and sub-indexes of Economic freedom implemented in different equations based on the compatibility with that equation. Results: Consumption function estimation shows that past consumption level has a large effect on current consumption, which confirms the effect of consumption function gears. The positive relationship between consumption and interest rates shows that an increase in interest rates, increases consumption, which is a result of the increasing inflation in the country. The institutional index of healthy (stable) money includes liquidity growth, freedom of ownership of foreign currencies, current inflation rate and inflation change in the last five years and has had a negative effect on consumption. in the investment equation, size of government, national income and interest rates had the greatest impact on investment, respectively. The negative exchange rate coefficient is due to the relationship between the exchange rate and investment, which can be attributed to the fact that in oil-rich countries such as Iran, the bulk of imported capital goods and rising exchange rates make capital goods more expensive and reduce investment. In the export function, foreign income has the greatest effect and a significant relationship between exports and relative prices confirmed. In this equation, the effect of the institutional variable is significant, which confirms the researcher's views. According to the results, low export price elasticity and high export revenue elasticity in Iran can be justified. Because Iran's main export is oil, which mostly influenced by the level of production and income of other countries, and due to the exogenous mechanism of determining international oil price, is not dependent on changes in the country's exchange rate.In the import equation, national income has the greatest effect, and the income elasticity of imports indicates the country's strong dependence on imported goods and the considerable volume of essential goods and services in the country's imports. The effect of oil revenue in the model is significant but its sign is contrary to expectations, as it shows that despite the decline in oil revenue, imports have increased. This evidence suggests that Iran has not been able to implement an import substitution strategy. The positive effect of the institutional variable on imports shows that with the improvement of the foreign trade freedom situation, the country's imports increase.In the production function, the institutional variable of property rights was not significant, but the institutional variable of laws and regulations had an effect on national production, which shows the direct effect of improving the status of laws and regulations and reducing bureaucracy on increasing production. The ratio of imports to capital accumulation has had a positive effect on the level of production, which confirms the results of estimating the import function based on the high share of essential goods in the country's imports.In the money demand function, an increase in national income has increased liquidity, which explains the larger monetary sector compared to the real sector. Increasing oil revenues also increase the volume of liquidity. The institutional variable of government expenditure is marked in agreement with the theory. Changes in the institutional variable of healthy (stable) money also increase the volume of liquidity. It is empheasized again that one of the components of the healthy money index is inflation in recent years, which has not been favorable in Iran and has increased liquidity. The designed institutional function is able to explain the institutional changes of the, and the sign of all coefficients agrees the expected sign. The increase in national income improves the country's institutions, while the increase in other variables such as government size, oil revenue, liquidity volume and inflation has destroyed the country's institutional situation, which government size and inflation have had the greatest impact on the institutional situation. Conclusion: Estimation of institutional function also shows that increasing national income has improved the country's institutions, while increasing other variables such as government size; oil revenue; liquidity and inflation have destroyed the country's institutional situation. Meanwhile improving the quality of institutions leads to an increase in national production and reduces the volume of liquidity.

Copyright of Journal of Economics, Business, Politics, & International Relations (JEBPIR) / Ekonomi Işletme Siyaset ve Uluslararsi Ilişkiler Dergisi (JEBPIR) is the property of Ekonomi Isletme Siyaset ve Uluslararsi Iliskiler Dergisi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Thirty years ago, Colombia abolished the State monopoly of port governance. This reform was aligned with the widespread 'first global wave' of port reforms yet marked by several variations. The most striking ones are the absence of a classic Port Authority - i.e., a single entity managing, developing, and regulating one or more ports at either local, regional, or national level - and the consequent institutional fragmentation. A plurality of institutions has been responsible for specific aspects of port governance. This historical progression allows for a reflection on the present model and examining a broader issue in port governance: what are the implications of institutional fragmentation? This study compares the standing of public and private actors vis-a-vis port governance (their understanding of the rules of the game), their long-term strategic visions, and the potential intra-sectoral divisions. It also evaluates whether the low capacities of port managing entities have led to a structure-strategy mismatch that undermines improvements in the respective ports. The empirical research involved a two-stage online survey with the participation of relevant public and private actors, detailing perceptions of the current setting and future expectations of the distribution of port governance responsibilities. Three groups of port governance activities are under examination: (a) port policy formation, (b) management of concessions, and (c) market and price regulation. Social network analysis (SNA) was applied to contrast public and private sector perceptions. It reveals differences and commonalities in stakeholders' perspectives on the current Colombian port governance model and its desired future structures. Integrating these insights with the 'matching framework' approach of port governance allows for conceptualising the consequences of port governance fragmentation. • The fragmentation since the initial reform has weakened the institutional capacity to modify the dominant development path in response to a changing environment. Understanding the power structure between the state and the market is a vital port governance variable. • Social network analysis (SNA) contrasting public and private sector perceptions reveals the differences and commonalities in stakeholders' perspectives on the current port governance model and preferred future structures. • Institutional fragmentation makes the country vulnerable to 'third party risks' and government opportunism. • This research supports the worthiness of a solid and effective port governing authority strengthened within the given institutional setting and provided with the institutional capacities needed to lead and coordinate actors. • This research supports the broader argument against diminishing the role of traditional port governing authorities to that of port developing companies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article analyzes the current state of the Russian financial market’s institutional structure. The main variants of activity combinations of its participants allowed by the law are described. Based on a comparison of the advantages and risks arising from the combination of different areas of work by market participants, proposals are formed to adjust the regulatory requirements for permissible combinations of activities. The purpose of the changes put forward is to increase the efficiency of financial resource redistribution, which, in turn, will provide financing for economic growth of the Russian Federation. It is proposed to consolidate the division of activities of financial market participants into two categories. The first one is systemically important; such organizations should be controlled by the state directly or through a chain of owners. The other one is the rest of the organizations, for which the opportunities for simultaneous work in a large number of areas can be expanded under such conditions. When fully state-controlled companies perform the functions of an exchange, a central depository, a clearing organization and a central counterparty, it seems that the rest of the market participants, without creating significant risks for the market, will be able to combine work in the securities market using their own and clients’ funds, operation as a credit and deposit intermediary or an investment and financial platform, and work in the foreign exchange market and the digital asset market. Improving the efficiency of the financial market may be instrumental in providing the projects and production with the financial resources.

Human interaction is an orderly process that is focused on achieving a specific goal. This is the most desirable order in any aspect of everyday life, including social life. To increase its effectiveness, the systematic regulation should be carried out, which is represented by a set of sequential interdependent actions. This is social management – a multidimensional phenomenon, interpreted as specific type of human activity, carried out in the context of internal and external conditions, in order to achieve maximum order in the social system. Developing in the conditions of a specific geographical area, it acquires specific characteristics. Their interconnected totality is expressed not only in the specificity of a particular society culture, but also in individual norms and rules, regulating contacts in various spheres of social interaction (including in the model of administrative-territorial division based on them, applied styles and technologies of management). This is an independent basis for the formation of a set of objective indicators of the social management performance, the totality of which is a system. This is contained in various targeted state social programs, implemented also at the regional level of the organisation of public order. Their implementation in real conditions forms institutional and non-institutional socio-economic prerequisites for the emergence and development of transformations in various spheres of public life. This determines the new requirements for the organisation of the social system as a whole and its components. The implementation of social management, taking into account such a context, seems to be a systemic multifaceted process that has practical orientation.

Theoretical and historical perspectives study the logic and dynamics of institutional changes in the deregulation of small and medium-sized enterprises (SME). The paper specifically considers the conditionally and nature of institutional changes in socio-economic systems in the context of leading trends and challenges of our time. These processes are designed for SME development policy. The methods of scientific cognition, analysis and synthesis, logical generalization, deductive technique, complex evaluation, graphics, and others are used. Based on the definition of relationships between the basic categories of institutionalism under the influence of economic changes and the clarification of the functional purpose of the institutional environment to create a favourable “microclimate”, appropriate conditions for activity and development, the process of the institutional environment of SME development formation during the 30 years in Ukraine is generalized. The process mentioned above is divided into three periods: the 1st – since 1991, the intensification of institutional changes in SME development policy when the State Committee of Ukraine for Regulatory Policy and Entrepreneurship Development and the Ukrainian Entrepreneurship Support Fund were established; the 2nd – since 1998, when the SME support system was formed and developed directly during 2000–2011; and the 3rd period – since 2014, when there was stagnation and decline of the constructed SMEs development support system, but there were some isolated, unfortunately, chaotic institutional initiatives during 2018–2020. The scientific novelty lies in the reflection of economic changes in the institutional environment of SME development in Ukraine under the influence of the most fundamental structural socio-economic transformations and global factors: globalization, internationalization (1991–1997), innovative development, socialization, intellectualization of the economy (1998–2013), sustainable development, digitalization (2014–2021). The presented scheme of influence allowed generalizing the tendencies under the influence of which the institutional environment of SME development formed and gave the chance of predicting at the expense of what components and from what sources institutional changes can be expected. Practical significance: the recommendations can be used in forming and implementing of the national and regional targeted programs for SME support and development in Ukraine.

Nonprofit and nongovernmental organizations have become prominent participants in a global organizational responsibility movement. This trend of nonprofit responsibility is puzzling because nonprofits are presumably already dedicated to the pursuit of collective well-being objectives. This article examines the nonprofit responsibility movement from a cultural perspective, whereby broader cultural changes at the level of international organizations have constructed nonprofit entities as empowered and socially responsible actors. Using the case of the United Nations Global Compact, a global framework for corporate social responsibility, the author shows how (1) the construction of cultural meanings of autonomy and decentralization in the neoliberal context, (2) existing institutional structures, and (3) the delegation of responsibility to nonprofit organizations have enabled nonprofit organizations to become active participants in the global organizational responsibility movement. This article utilizes documentary data from the United Nations as well as previously-existing interviews with United Nations officials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study uses positioning theory to explore the reasons for Chinese learning assistants' misalignment with school pedagogical ideology and their resistance to professional learning at an international English-Chinese dual-language school. This study reveals that inconsistencies between three types of positioning practices (other-positioning, self-positioning, and second-order positioning) created tension in the ongoing identity work of Chinese learning assistants – ultimately hampering their professional learning, which is essential for these learning assistants to adapt to a school's new operational model. Findings also bring to light influential factors within the institutional structure that contribute to the conflict between the three types of positioning practices. This study suggests international schools should move beyond fixing issues at the individual level (such as cultural differences), especially when challenges occur in teachers' professional learning, and should re-examine whether the institutional structure aligns or misaligns teachers' duties and rights with their institutional position. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article contributes to the discussion of the implications of different objectives pursued by the competition authorities (CAs) for their optimal structure in terms of whether one or more functions (or activities) should be assigned to them. Different areas of enforcement activity that can be assigned to CAs may differ in the extent to which they contribute to welfare-enhancing or reputation-enhancing objectives. In their recent paper, Avdasheva et al. (Rev Ind Organ 54:251–282, 2019) showed that when the CAs are reputation-maximizing, it may then be optimal to have activities undertaken by specialist authorities, each specializing in one activity. In this article, we generalize the utility function of the CAs, allowing also the welfare impact of the decisions made to influence their utility, and show that if the CAs are welfare maximizers, then all the activities should be undertaken by one generalist authority. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines and analyzes the motives that have become the driving force behind economic integration known as MERCOSUR (Southern Common Market), which is a regional trading bloc with an economic, political and social integration project for Latin America. The article examines the prerequisites for economic integration between the countries of Latin America and its features. Special emphasis is placed on the structure of the Southern Common Market, the main areas of activity and the legal aspect of the functioning of internal institutions and decision-making process. For this, more attention is paid to several documents. First of all, this is the Treaty of Asunción, which Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay and Uruguay signed in 1991, thus creating MERCOSUR. Additionally, author investigated the subsequent the Protocol of OuroPreto, which was signed in 1994 and laid the institutional foundation for the Southern Common Market. The author came to the conclusion that the application of the MERCOSUR law is one of the main problems of this integration project due to the legal nuances of each MERCOSUR member country. Also, the lack of supranational institutions of MERCOSUR, which are entrusted with the supervision of the observance of the MERCOSUR law, can be ranked among the main gaps in the legal status of the Southern Common Market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Experience of countries with different institutional structures shows that they achieved different development goals. This phenomenon is doubly important in countries with natural resources, such as oil. There are differences in the theoretical and experimental results of the effects of the abundance of natural resources on the growth rate of a developing economy. While some oil-exporting countries have high economic growth, in others implementation of development policies has not only strengthened economic growth, but also further problems such as inadequate resource allocation, increased consumption, waste of resources, economic corruption, government budget imbalances occurred. oil revenues in high institutional quality countries controlled by the macroeconomic structure; however, in countries with low institutional quality, it destroys the macroeconomic structure, which occurs in the turmoil of important economic variables. This article seeks to investigate the two-way effect of economically significant variables and institutional variables on each other. In this regard, first, a macroeconomic model for a developing country that exports a product introduced, and then this model modified based on theoretical considerations and the main features of the Iranian economy. Given that, economic freedom is a good indicator for measuring the institutional quality of countries, it used as an alternative to institutional framework. The economic freedom index of the Fraser Institute implemented as an endogenous institutional variable in the model. Method: This study is based on the analysis of time series data for the period of 1972-2020 in Iran. The fact that improving income in a country may improve institutions internalizes the institutional structure, leading to measurement error, inverse causality, and false correlation, and will distort the model estimation. In such a condition, appropriate econometric methods must be implemented to eliminate these problems. One of the suitable econometric methods to reduce the problem of endogenousity of institutional indicators and correlations between institutional variables and other explanatory variables is GMM (Generalize Method of Moments), which implemented in this article. The model has seven main equations for different economic sectors and sub-indexes of Economic freedom implemented in different equations based on the compatibility with that equation. Results: Consumption function estimation shows that past consumption level has a large effect on current consumption, which confirms the effect of consumption function gears. The positive relationship between consumption and interest rates shows that an increase in interest rates, increases consumption, which is a result of the increasing inflation in the country. The institutional index of healthy (stable) money includes liquidity growth, freedom of ownership of foreign currencies, current inflation rate and inflation change in the last five years and has had a negative effect on consumption. in the investment equation, size of government, national income and interest rates had the greatest impact on investment, respectively. The negative exchange rate coefficient is due to the relationship between the exchange rate and investment, which can be attributed to the fact that in oil-rich countries such as Iran, the bulk of imported capital goods and rising exchange rates make capital goods more expensive and reduce investment. In the export function, foreign income has the greatest effect and a significant relationship between exports and relative prices confirmed. In this equation, the effect of the institutional variable is significant, which confirms the researcher's views. According to the results, low export price elasticity and high export revenue elasticity in Iran can be justified. Because Iran's main export is oil, which mostly influenced by the level of production and income of other countries, and due to the exogenous mechanism of determining international oil price, is not dependent on changes in the country's exchange rate. In the import equation, national income has the greatest effect, and the income elasticity of imports indicates the country's strong dependence on imported goods and the considerable volume of essential goods and services in the country's imports. The effect of oil revenue in the model is significant but its sign is contrary to expectations, as it shows that despite the decline in oil revenue, imports have increased. This evidence suggests that Iran has not been able to implement an import substitution strategy. The positive effect of the institutional variable on imports shows that with the improvement of the foreign trade freedom situation, the country's imports increase. In the production function, the institutional variable of property rights was not significant, but the institutional variable of laws and regulations had an effect on national production, which shows the direct effect of improving the status of laws and regulations and reducing bureaucracy on increasing production. The ratio of imports to capital accumulation has had a positive effect on the level of production, which confirms the results of estimating the import function based on the high share of essential goods in the country's imports. In the money demand function, an increase in national income has increased liquidity, which explains the larger monetary sector compared to the real sector. Increasing oil revenues also increase the volume of liquidity. The institutional variable of government expenditure is marked in agreement with the theory. Changes in the institutional variable of healthy (stable) money also increase the volume of liquidity. It is emphasized again that one of the components of the healthy money index is inflation in recent years, which has not been favorable in Iran and has increased liquidity. The designed institutional function is able to explain the institutional changes of the, and the sign of all coefficients agrees the expected sign. The increase in national income improves the country's institutions, while the increase in other variables such as government size, oil revenue, liquidity volume and inflation has destroyed the country's institutional situation, which government size and inflation have had the greatest impact on the institutional situation. Conclusion: Estimation of institutional function also shows that increasing national income has improved the country's institutions, while increasing other variables such as government size; oil revenue; liquidity and inflation have destroyed the country's institutional situation. Meanwhile improving the quality of institutions leads to an increase in national production and reduces the volume of liquidity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the onset of the pandemic, Philbrook Museum of Art's education department grappled with loss of staff, suspension of long-standing programs, and an unclear sense of identity and purpose. As the larger institution sought to continue a transformation towards more equitable and culturally resonant practices, we undertook a process of self-reflection that revealed how much previous program commitments had hindered the pace of change. Through choosing to leave behind inherited departmental structures and committing more time to relationships with colleagues and partners, we found a more sustainable, equitable, and impactful trajectory for our work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It has been frequently argued in the economics literature recently that physical and human capital is not only sufficient for sustainable growth, but incentive institutions and innovations play an important role in ensuring sustainable growth. In addition, studies proves that the factors that reveal innovation and lead to the spread of innovation are not independent of the institutional structures of countries. The aim of this study is to analyze the effects of institutional structure and innovations on economic growth for country groups with different levels of innovation. In the study, in which panel data analysis method was used, 15 countries with efficiency-driven and 24 countries with innovation-driven were included in the analysis during the 2003-2016 period. In the classification of countries, the Global Competitiveness Index prepared by the World Economic Forum has been considered. The findings show that institutional structure and innovations affect positively economic growth. However, the effect of innovation on economic growth was found to be higher in economies with efficiency-driven countries. This result reveals that policy implementers who want to make sustainable growth should consider the country-specific factors and support the encouraging institutional structure in order to benefit more from the positive effects of innovation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inappropriate water governance, which has been known as a variable to explain the water crisis in many parts of the world, needs to examine the institutional structures and required reforms. In the present study, the effectiveness and possibility of applying of five rural local organizations, as intermediate organizations for water resources protection in Anar and Rafsanjan areas, Kerman province, Iran, were investigated. These organizations are included as;village councils, Basij (non-governmental branch of Iranians military forces), agricultural production cooperatives, mosque board of trustees, and agricultural well curator. Here, in this research, we applied a survey method, and the research tool was two types of questionnaires which must be completed by farmers and organization managers. As the first step, the validity and reliability of questionnaires were determined. For first purpose, i.e., the determination of validity, the questionnaires were sent to a numbers of researchers, farmers, and organizations’ managers, and their received opinions were considered. For the second purpose, i.e., the determination of reliability of the questions, the Cronbach's alpha was calculated, which was about 0.83 (in a good and acceptable level). A sample of 1099 pistachio producers was selected. To measure the effects of socio-economic factors on rural local organizations efficiency, multivariate regression and the analysis of variances (ANOVA) were also applied. The final results indicated that none of these five organizations, solely, can be considered as an intermediate organization for water protection. Therefore, a formal or informal combination of the mentioned organizations might be enough efficient to improve the water resources protection factors.

The purpose of this article is to further confirm the author’s concept of supporting industries from the socio-cultural characteristics of the country on the facts of the history of the Russian national economy and its use for the formation of proposals for the choice of technological priorities of Russia. X–Y-theory of S.G. Kirdina explains the formation of sectoral priorities under the influence of socio-cultural characteristics of the country by the preference of forms of production organization used in industries – collective and monopoly ones in societies of “Eastern” (X) type, which include Russia, private and competitive ones in societies of “Western” (Y) type. However, this mechanism does not explain many phenomena of industry dynamics in Russia. At the same time, socio-cultural features of the country are not taken into account when forming the priorities of its technological development. The article provides an additional confirmation of the author’s concept of supporting industries from the socio-cultural characteristics of the country, based on the preference by X-societies of industries producing products of collective use or destination, and by Y-societies – of industries producing products of individual use or destination. The paper shows that, based on the proposed concept of industry preferences, industries traditionally considered as unpromising for successful development in Russia (road and passenger aircrafts construction) in fact correspond to the industry socio-cultural preferences of the Russian people. The author proposes to include aircraft construction, shipbuilding, construction and education, mainly producing products for collective use and purpose, in the Russia’s priorities of technological development.

Kurumsal iktisat literatürü, kapsayıcı kurumların ülkede hemen hemen tüm sektörlerde etkinliği arttırarak ekonomik büyümeyi teşvik ettiğini ileri sürmektedir. Kurumsal yapı, beraberinde getirdiği güven ortamı ve teşvikler sayesinde turizm sektörü üzerinde de etkili olmaktadır. Bu bağlamda turizmin belirleyicileri üzerine yapılan çalışmalar incelendiğinde, ekonomik ve sosyal faktörler üzerine çok sayıda çalışma yapıldığını ancak turizmin kurumsal belirleyicileri ile ilgili çalışmaların sınırlı sayıda olduğu dikkati çekmektedir. Bu çalışma, Türkiye’nin de aralarında bulunduğu Akdeniz’e kıyısı olan dokuz ülkede ekonomik ve kurumsal faktörler ile turizm arasındaki nedensellik ilişkilerini 1995-2015 yıllarını kapsayan dönemde Konya (2006) panel nedensellik analiz yöntemini kullanarak araştırmaktadır. Kurumsal yapının göstergesi olarak yolsuzluk ve demokratik hesap verebilirlik değişkenlerinin kullanıldığı çalışmada elde edilen sonuçlar, kurumsal faktörlerden turizme doğru bir nedensellik ilişkisini ortaya koymaktadır.

Ensuring food security while also protecting biodiversity requires a governance system that can address intra- and intersectoral complexity. In this paper, we sought to explore the governance challenges surrounding food security and biodiversity conservation through an empirical study in Jimma zone, southwestern Ethiopia. We used bottom-up snowball sampling to identify stakeholders and then held semi-structured interviews with 177 stakeholders across multiple levels of governance. We also conducted 24 focus group discussions with local people. Data were transcribed and thematically analyzed for its contents. Challenges in the structure of institutions and policy incoherence were the key challenges identified for the governance of food security and biodiversity conservation. The challenges around institutional structure included incompatibilities of the nature of governing institutions with the complexity inherent within and between the two sectors examined. Incoherences in policy goals, instruments, and contradictions of policy output relative to the actual problems of food security and biodiversity further hampered effective governance of food security and biodiversity conservation. Notably, many of the challenges that influenced an individual sector also posed a challenge for the integrated governance of food security and biodiversity conservation, often in a more pronounced way. Based on our findings, we argue that governance in our case study area requires a more integrated and collaborative approach that pays attention to institutional interplay in order to ensure institutional fit and consistency across policy goals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to interpret the institutional characteristics of organizing sport enthusiasts from the viewpoint of 4 Japanese soccer players in Germany, based on the theoretical framework of the subjective theory of sport organization. In this study, the institution of soccer in Germany was determined to be one that enables the organization of its enthusiasts. By clarifying its institutional characteristics, we demonstrate the direction through which the Japan Football Association could create and transform the organization of enthusiasts. The methodology used for our analysis was the life story interview method; the life stories of 4 Japanese soccer players in Germany were constructed based on interviews, and the institutional characteristics of soccer in Germany as recognized by those players were interpreted. Our analysis showed that, compared with the institution of soccer in Japan, the following are institutional characteristics of soccer in Germany as reflected in these players’ life stories: (1) A “Sport Ideology” component that emphasizes soccer play (practice) and separates evaluations in soccer from evaluations in everyday life. (2) A “Sport Rules” component, securing the opportunity for enthusiasts to play in official games and spending less time in practice. (3) A “Sport Symbols” component, such as rewards for enthusiasts. (4) A “Sport Behavior Patterns” component, such as promoting playing styles that respect individuals, and focusing on playing games, as well as drinking beer after practice and games. (5) A “Sport Civilization” component of such as guaranteeing the playing environment (soccer field) of enthusiasts. (6) A “Sport Organization” component such as a regional club league system (i.e. separation from school). These institutional characteristics can be interpreted as those that affirm the social character of enthusiasts, i.e. the institutional characteristics that give enthusiasts legitimacy. Therefore, it is a remaining challenge for Japanese sport organizations to create such institutional characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to analyze the reasons of the partition of Sudan into two countries namely Sudan and South Sudan, as a result of the civil wars that caused by tense atmosphere of the colonial past, ethnic and religious instability and the internal conflicts, by using theoretical explanations of new institutional economics and some examples from the other countries. The first and the main reason for the partition of Sudan is the fragmented institutional structure caused by the long-standing ethnic and religious distinction between northern and southern parts of the country; other is political, social and economic problems arising in this negative atmosphere and the last reason is the power struggle shaped by the dominance of oil/petroleum. The problem caused by the ongoing internal troubles in Sudan and South Sudan is an obstacle to the establishment of an inclusive institutional structure that will ensure stability in these countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While the ('ovid-19 pandemic is perceived as a social crisis worldwide, it has also revealed an invisible enemy and another in a sociological context. This situation has ensured states and nations to become withdrawn and take measures closing their borders. However, the understanding of risk society as a global epidemic contributes to different discussions on the development and spread of the epidemic. At the same time, the panic, shock effect and fear caused by the epidemic also raise the idea that it will cause radical changes in social context and structure. The coronavirus epidemic, as an exception, will cause a radical change in institutions belonging to the social structure, as well as providing an opportunity to talk about a new type of society. Institutions such as family, politics or religion become needy to be explained with new interpretations and theories. Especially the epidemic society type debate is deemed important in terms of showing how people adapt to change and what societies give up as a result of conditions. Our study aims to evaluate the developments that emerged with the pandemic in a sociological context by showing the change experienced by the family institution in the social platform, based on the perceptions and thoughts of the students of the Atatürk University Faculty Of Open University and the levels at which this change has reached. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]