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1. Patterns of Genomic Variations in the Plant Pathogen Dickeya solani

Author

Slimane Khayi, Denis Faure, Kok Gan Chan, Institut national de la recherche agronomique [Maroc] (INRA Maroc), University of Malaya = Universiti Malaya [Kuala Lumpur, Malaisie] (UM), JiangSu University, Institut de Biologie Intégrative de la Cellule (I2BC), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), the CNRS, grant number I2BC-2022, and University of Malaya, grant number RMF1252-2021

Subjects
Microbiology (medical), population genomics, Virology, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], soft rot, horizontal gene transfer, phylogenomics, Microbiology
Abstract

International audience; The plant pathogen Dickeya solani causes soft rot and blackleg diseases in several crops including Solanum tuberosum. Unveiling the patterns of its diversity contributes to understanding the emergence and virulence of this pathogen in potato agro-systems. In this study, we analyzed the genome of several D. solani strains exhibiting an atypically high number of genetic variations. Variant calling and phylogenomics support the evidence that the strains RNS10-105-1A, A623S-20A-17 and RNS05.1.2A belong to a divergent sub-group of D. solani for which we proposed RNS05.1.2A as a reference strain. In addition, we showed that the variations (1253 to 1278 snp/indels) in strains RNS13-30-1A, RNS13-31-1A and RNS13-48-1A were caused by a horizontal gene transfer event from a donor belonging to the D. solani RNS05.1.2A subgroup. The overall results highlight the patterns driving the diversification in D. solani species. This work contributes to understanding patterns and causes of diversity in the emerging pathogen D. solani.

Published
2022
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2. Modelling agricultural drought: a review of latest advances in big data technologies

Author

Ismaguil Hanadé Houmma, Loubna El Mansouri, Sébastien Gadal, Maman Garba, Rachid Hadria, Études des Structures, des Processus d’Adaptation et des Changements de l’Espace (ESPACE), Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (1965 - 2019) (UNS), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Avignon Université (AU)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA), Aix Marseille Université (AMU), Institut Agronomique et Vétérinaire Hassan II (IAV Hassan II), Institute of Agronomy and Veterinary Hassan II, North-Eastern Federal University, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique du Niger (INRAN), Faculté des Sciences Semlalia [Marrakech], Université Cadi Ayyad [Marrakech] (UCA), and Institut national de la recherche agronomique [Maroc] (INRA Maroc)

Subjects
[SHS.STAT]Humanities and Social Sciences/Methods and statistics, Multi-sensors modelling, Agricultural drought, [SHS.GEO]Humanities and Social Sciences/Geography, [INFO.INFO-MO]Computer Science [cs]/Modeling and Simulation, [SDE.ES]Environmental Sciences/Environmental and Society, Big data, [INFO.INFO-TI]Computer Science [cs]/Image Processing [eess.IV], Machine learning, General Earth and Planetary Sciences, Drought frequency, Artificial intelligence AI, Indices, General Environmental Science, Multivariate drought modelling
Abstract

International audience; This article reviews the main recent applications of multi-sensor remote sensing and Artificial Intelligence techniques in multivariate modelling of agricultural drought. The study focused mainly on three fundamental aspects, namely descriptive modelling, predictive modelling, and spatial modelling of expected risks and vulnerability to drought. Thus, out of 417 articles across all studies on drought, 226 articles published from 2010 to 2022 were analyzed to provide a global overview of the current state of knowledge on multivariate drought modelling using the inclusion criteria. The main objective is to review the recent available scientific evidence regarding multivariate drought modelling based on the joint use of geospatial technologies and artificial intelligence. The analysis focused on the different methods used, the choice of algorithms and the most relevant variables depending on whether they are descriptive or predictive models. Criteria such as the skill score, the given game complexity used, and the nature of validation data were considered to draw the main conclusions. The results highlight the very heterogeneous nature of studies on multivariate modelling of agricultural drought, and the very original nature of studies on multivariate modelling of agricultural drought in the recent literature. For future studies, in addition to scientific advances in prospects, case studies and comparative studies appear necessary for an in-depth analysis of the reproducibility and operational applicability of the different approaches proposed for spatial and temporal modelling of agricultural drought.

Published
2022

3. Prospective analysis of spatial heterogeneity influence on the concordance of remote sensing drought indices: a case of semi-arid agrosystems in Morocco (Moulouya and Tensift watersheds)

Author

Ismaguil Hanadé Houmma, Loubna El Mansouri, Sébastien Gadal, Mansour Badamassi Mamane Barkawi, Rachid Hadria, Institute of Agronomy and Veterinary Hassan II, Aix Marseille Université (AMU), Études des Structures, des Processus d’Adaptation et des Changements de l’Espace (ESPACE), Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (1965 - 2019) (UNS), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Avignon Université (AU)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA), North-Eastern Federal University, Drone Service Niger (DSN), Faculté des Sciences Semlalia [Marrakech], Université Cadi Ayyad [Marrakech] (UCA), Institut Agronomique et Vétérinaire Hassan II (IAV Hassan II), and Institut national de la recherche agronomique [Maroc] (INRA Maroc)

Subjects
[SHS.STAT]Humanities and Social Sciences/Methods and statistics, Semi-arid, [INFO.INFO-TI]Computer Science [cs]/Image Processing [eess.IV], Geography, Planning and Development, Drought index, Land spatial heterogeneity, Morrocco, [SHS.GEO]Humanities and Social Sciences/Geography, Agrosystem, Remote sensing, [INFO.INFO-MO]Computer Science [cs]/Modeling and Simulation, [SDE.ES]Environmental Sciences/Environmental and Society, Water Science and Technology
Abstract

International audience; Several drought indices are commonly used to quantify the severity and magnitude of agricultural drought. A comprehensive assessment of temporal and spatial convergences is important. This study evaluates the spatio-temporal concordances of eight drought indices, between October and April, over the period 2003 to 2021 under the semi-arid conditions of two watersheds in Morocco. These include three monovariate, two bivariate, and three composite indices. Taylor diagram, linear regression and Random Forest clustering were used to evaluate and compare the overall performance of the indices. The results indicate that spatio-temporal variability and spatial heterogeneity of the different agrosystems have little influence on the concordances of composite indices while TCI and VCI have a variable spatio-temporal concordance depending on the spatial extent considered. Nevertheless, depending on the spatial extent considered and the agroclimatic characteristics of each agrosystem, the seasonal correlations between the composite indices and precipitation anomalies, net primary productivity and cereal yield anomalies vary from 0.52 to 0.79, 0.23 to 0.78 and from 0.33 to 0.73, respectively. The correlations between the simple indices and precipitation anomalies, net primary productivity, and cereal yield anomalies range, respectively from 0.33 to 68 0.13 to 0.72, and from 0 to 0.84. In general, the composite indices showed the best agreement between them and reference indicators but the VCI seems better suited for the assessment of the seasonal profitability of studied agrosystems.

Published
2022

4. Intelligence artificielle et données images massives multi-capteurs pour l'optimisation des systèmes d'alerte précoce à la sècheresse dans les agrosystèmes à forte variabilité des extrêmes climatiques

Author

Hanadé Houmma, Ismaguil, Gadal, Sébastien, El Mansouri, Loubna, Hadria, Rachid, Études des Structures, des Processus d’Adaptation et des Changements de l’Espace (ESPACE), Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (1965 - 2019) (UNS), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Avignon Université (AU)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA), Aix Marseille Université (AMU), Institut Agronomique et Vétérinaire Hassan II (IAV Hassan II), North-Eastern Federal University, Institute of Agronomy and Veterinary Hassan II, Faculté des Sciences Semlalia [Marrakech], Université Cadi Ayyad [Marrakech] (UCA), and Institut national de la recherche agronomique [Maroc] (INRA Maroc)

Subjects
[SHS.STAT]Humanities and Social Sciences/Methods and statistics, [INFO.INFO-TI]Computer Science [cs]/Image Processing [eess.IV], [SHS.GEO]Humanities and Social Sciences/Geography, [INFO.INFO-MO]Computer Science [cs]/Modeling and Simulation, [SDE.ES]Environmental Sciences/Environmental and Society
Abstract

International audience

Published
2022

5. Assessment of the resilience of farming systems in the Saïss plain, Morocco

Author

Hossard, Laure, Fadlaoui, Aziz, Ricote, Elsa, Belhouchette, Hatem, Innovation et Développement dans l'Agriculture et l'Alimentation (UMR Innovation), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut Agro Montpellier, Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro), Institut national de la recherche agronomique [Maroc] (INRA Maroc), Institut Agronomique et Vétérinaire Hassan II (IAV Hassan II), Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier (CIHEAM-IAMM), Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes (CIHEAM), Agrosystèmes Biodiversifiés (UMR ABSys), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier (CIHEAM-IAMM), Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes (CIHEAM)-Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes (CIHEAM)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut Agro Montpellier, This study was carried out within the SEMI-ARID project founded by the French Agency of Research (ANR-16-ARM2-0007), ARIMNET2 european research program and MESRSFC (Morocco). We thank all farmers and actors who kindly participated in this study., International Farming System Association (IFSA), Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development (MED), Université Evora, ANR-16-ARM2-0007,SEMIARID,Sustainable and Efficient Mediterranean farming systems: Improving Agriculture Resilience through Irrigation and Diversification.(2016), and European Project: 618127,EC:FP7:KBBE,FP7-ERANET-2013-RTD,ARIMNET2(2014)

Subjects
[SDV.SA.STA]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences/Sciences and technics of agriculture, [SDV.SA.AGRO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences/Agronomy
Abstract

International audience; The Mediterranean region is expected to be a hotspot for climate change, making the resilience of farming systems a major challenge. Some studies have used quantitative models at the farm scale to analyze the resilience of farming systems but with little involvement of stakeholders. We used a participatory approach with local actors on the Saïs plain of Morocco to design possible future states and qualitatively assess the resilience of typical farm types (FTs) experiencing major change. Our approach combined individual interviews of farmers and local actors, mainly public, with participatory collective meetings to identify representative FTs and their performance, project their evolutions and future performance in the face of change, and evaluate their resilience. Performance, defined according to literature, interviews and meetings, included different types of capital, income, yields, markets, support of public policies, and water access. Four FTs were considered: highly irrigated horticulture (FT1), rainfed cereals (FT2), partly irrigated cereal-legumes (FT3), and mostly irrigated fruit-tree/horticulture (FT4). The primary driver for FT2 and FT3 was climate change; for FT1 and FT4, it was limiting access to water resources. Participants designed more diversified systems for all FTs in relation to those changes. Rankings of FT performance did not change between current and future states. Performance did not evolve significantly, but FT4 was seen as the most resilient and FT2 the least. These qualitative results differ somewhat from other studies mobilizing quantitative approaches, but they highlight the potential of local adaptation to limit the impacts of global change on vulnerable agriculture.

Published
2022

6. Performance assessment of combining rock-bed thermal energy storage and water filled passive solar sleeves for heating Canarian greenhouse

Author

Hicham Fatnassi, Ahmed Wifaya, A. Bazgaou, R. Tiskatine, K. Ezzaeri, H. Demrati, Rachid Bouharroud, A. Bekkaoui, Fouad Elame, L. Bouirden, L. Gourdo, A. Aharoune, Université Ibn Zohr [Agadir], Institut Sophia Agrobiotech (ISA), Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (... - 2019) (UNS), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA), Institut national de la recherche agronomique [Maroc] (INRA Maroc), Institut Agronomique et Vétérinaire Hassan II (IAV), and National Center for Scientific and Technical Research (CNRST), Morocco

Subjects
[SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], 020209 energy, Population, Greenhouse, 02 engineering and technology, Atmospheric sciences, Thermal energy storage, 7. Clean energy, 0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering, General Materials Science, Relative humidity, education, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 2. Zero hunger, education.field_of_study, Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment, business.industry, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Solar energy, Heating system, 13. Climate action, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, Environmental science, Passive solar building design, 0210 nano-technology, business, Thermal energy
Abstract

During the winter period, in Mediterranean region, the storage and reuse of solar energy in thermal form is an important issue for heating greenhouses. In the present work, the performance of a combination of two systems i.e. rock-bed thermal energy storage and water filled passive solar, for heating canarian greenhouse was analyzed and discussed. The surplus thermal energy available inside the greenhouse was stored in the rock-bed and in the water during daytime for use during cold periods. An experimental study was carried out in two Canarian-type greenhouses, the first is equipped with the combined heating system and the second without. Results show that the combined heating system can improve the nocturnal inside air temperature, during the winter period, by 3–5 °C during clear days and by 2–3 °C in cloudy/rainy days with less fluctuations. A reduction of 10–15% in the air relative humidity was observed in the heated greenhouse during the night. This heating system also improves the substrate temperature during the night by 4 °C on cloudless days and 3 °C on cloudy/rainy days. A very good growth of plants and an increase of 49% of tomato yield has been noted in the heated greenhouse. The thermal energy restored by this system covers a large part of the greenhouse heating requirements. It was also noted that the presence of this heating system lead to a decrease in the development the population of Tuta absoluta in the heated greenhouse. An economic analysis revealed that this system is very profitable and could generate profits for farmers.

Published
2020

7. Performance of photovoltaic canarian greenhouse: A comparison study between summer and winter seasons

Author

A. Bazgaou, K. Ezzaeri, Ahmed Wifaya, Hicham Fatnassi, L. Bouirden, C. Poncet, A. Aharoune, A. Bekkaoui, Université Ibn Zohr [Agadir], Institut Sophia Agrobiotech (ISA), Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (... - 2019) (UNS), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA), Institut national de la recherche agronomique [Maroc] (INRA Maroc), Institut Agronomique et Vétérinaire Hassan II (IAV), and CNRST (Centre National pour la Recherche Scientifique et Technique, Morocco)

Subjects
Mediterranean climate, Renewable energy, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], 020209 energy, Microclimate, Climate change, Greenhouse, 02 engineering and technology, 7. Clean energy, Shading, Tomatoes, 0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering, General Materials Science, Roof, 2. Zero hunger, Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment, business.industry, South Mediterranean area, Photovoltaic system, Environmental engineering, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, 13. Climate action, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, Flexible photovoltaic panels, Environmental science, 0210 nano-technology, business
Abstract

International audience; A large-scale use of the renewable energy in agriculture has become an optimal way to successfully deal with theissues of sustainability and climate change. Recently, the integration of solar panels on the roof of the green-house gave birth to a new crop production system called photovoltaic greenhouse.In this paper, we investigated the shading effect of theflexible photovoltaic panels, mounted on the green-house roof area in the checkerboard format, on the microclimate and the tomatoes yield during the summer andwinter period. This study was undertaken in a two tomato canarian greenhouses, typical of the southMediterranean region.The results of our study showed that the photovoltaic panels covering 40% roof area of the canary typegreenhouse does not have a significant effect on the climatic parameters. Additionally, during the hot period, thephotovoltaic panels reduced the temperature inside the greenhouse and sometimes falling in the optimum rangefor the tomatoes growth. Furthermore, this occupancy rate of the photovoltaic panels does not have a significanteffect on the overall yield of tomatoes

Published
2020

8. Intraspecific chemical variability of the essential oils of Moroccan endemic Origanum elongatum L. (Lamiaceae) from its whole natural habitats

Author

Chaouki Al Faiz, Noureddine El Mtili, Abdelkarim Khiraoui, Kaoutar Aboukhalid, Félix Tomi, Marc Gibernau, Fatima Zahra Amchra, Mohamed Bakha, Nathalie Machon, Institut national de la recherche agronomique [Maroc] (INRA Maroc), Université Abdelmalek Essaâdi (UAE), Centre d'Ecologie et des Sciences de la COnservation (CESCO), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Hassan 1er [Settat], Sciences pour l'environnement (SPE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Pascal Paoli (UPP), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, CRRA-Rabat, Conservation des espèces, Restauration et Suivi des Populations (CERSP), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Université Pascal Paoli (UPP)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
General Chemical Engineering, Chemical composition, Context (language use), 02 engineering and technology, 010402 general chemistry, Origanum elongatum, 01 natural sciences, lcsh:Chemistry, chemistry.chemical_compound, [CHIM.ANAL]Chemical Sciences/Analytical chemistry, Botany, Carvacrol, Thymol, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Essentials oils, 2. Zero hunger, Limonene, biology, Chemotype, GC/MS, General Chemistry, 15. Life on land, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, biology.organism_classification, 0104 chemical sciences, Morocco, lcsh:QD1-999, chemistry, Lamiaceae, Gas chromatography, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry, 0210 nano-technology
Abstract

In this study, the chemical variation of the essential oils of the endemic species Origanum elongatum has been studied in its biogeographical context. Essential oils of 168 individual plants collected from 30 populations growing wild in two Moroccan mountains: Rif and Middle Atlas, were analyzed by GC-FID (Gas Chromatography with Flame Ionization Detector), GC/MS (Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry) and 13C NMR (Nuclear Magnetic Resonance). Origanum elongatum produces an EOs yielding after hydrodistillation from 0.81% to 3.12% based on the dry weight of the original biomass. 28 compounds were identified, with a majority of oxygenated monoterpenes among them carvacrol, thymol and p-cymene constitute the most represented compounds. Moreover, a great amount of α-terpinene, limonene, thymoquinone and thymohydroquinone were reported in some samples. Four chemical groups have been identified, namely; carvacrol, carvacrol/thymol, carvacrol/p-cymene and thymol. The geographic distributions of these chemotypes appear to vary since the carvacrol chemotype was the most distributed, while the thymol was found more abundantly in populations from Rif. However, the carvacrol/p-cymene chemotype was revealed only in Taza region. For the first time the whole chemical picture of the EOs of O. elongatum is presented in relation to their geographical distribution such knowledge is primordial in developing a breeding program in order to protect this species widely and intensively used for both medicinal and food uses but also supply the continuous market needs by producing high quality and stable raw material. Keywords: Origanum elongatum, Morocco, Essentials oils, Chemical composition, GC/MS

Published
2020

9. In Vitro and In Vivo Antifungal Activities of Nine Commercial Essential Oils against Brown Rot in Apples

Author

Said Ezrari, Rachid Lahlali, Othmane Merah, Abdessalem Tahiri, Zineb Belabess, Lahsen El Ghadraoui, Lhoussain Ait Haddou, Assia El Khetabi, Ecole Nationale d'Agriculture de Meknès (ENA), Université Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah (USMBA), Institut national de la recherche agronomique [Maroc] (INRA Maroc), Chimie Agro-Industrielle (CAI), Ecole nationale supérieure des ingénieurs en arts chimiques et technologiques-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), and Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, Monilinia fructigena, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Thymus vulgaris, apple, Monilinia laxa, Plant Science, Horticulture, 01 natural sciences, SB1-1110, 0404 agricultural biotechnology, quality parameter, Spore germination, essential oils, Lavandula angustifolia, biology, Plant culture, food and beverages, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, brown rot, biology.organism_classification, 040401 food science, Fungicide, FT-IR, Postharvest, Citrus × sinensis, 010606 plant biology & botany
Abstract

After harvest, numerous plant pathogenic fungi can infect fresh fruits during transit and storage. Although synthetic fungicides are often used to manage postharvest fruit diseases, their application may lead to problems such as the development of fungicide resistance and residues on fruits. In the present study, the antifungal potential of nine commercial essential oils (EOs) extracted from Eucalyptus radiata ssp. radiata, Mentha pulegium, Rosmarinus officinalis, Origanum compactum, Lavandula angustifolia, Syzygium aromaticum, Thymus vulgaris, Citrus aurantium, and Citrus sinensis were tested against the apple brown rot fungi Monilinia laxa and Monilinia fructigena at different concentrations in vitro (against mycelial growth and spore germination) and in vivo (on detached apple fruit and in semi-commercial postharvest conditions). In addition, fruit quality parameters were evaluated and the composition of the EOs was characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. In vitro results showed significant antifungal activity of all tested EOs on both fungal species. EOs from S. aromaticum were the most effective, whereby inhibition percentages ranged from 64.0 to 94.7% against M. laxa and from 63.9 to 94.4% against M. fructigena for the concentrations 12.5 and 100 µL/mL, respectively, with an EC50 of 6.74 µL/mL for M. laxa and 10.1 µL/mL for M. fructigena. The higher concentrations tested of S. aromaticum, T. vulgaris, C. aurantium, and C. sinensis EOs significantly reduced spore germination, brown rot incidence, and lesion diameter. Evaluation of the treatments during storage for 20 days at 4 °C on apple fruit quality parameters demonstrated the preservation of the fruit quality characteristics studied (weight loss, total soluble solids, titratable acidity, firmness, and maturity index). FT-IR spectra obtained from all tested EO samples presented characteristic peaks and a high diversity of functional groups such as O–H groups, C–H bonds, and C–C stretching. The EOs examined here may have the potential for controlling postharvest fungal diseases of fruit such as brown rot.

Published
2021
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10. Occurrence in Morocco of potential vectors of Xylella fastidiosa that may contribute to the active spread of the bacteria

Author

Yamna Ouguas, Mohamed Afechtal, Rachid Benkirane, Jean Claude Streito, Moulay Chrif Smaili, Patrick Lhomme, Najat Haddad, Institut national de la recherche agronomique [Maroc] (INRA Maroc), INRA Centre Régional de Kenitra, Centre de Biologie pour la Gestion des Populations (UMR CBGP), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), INRA Regional Center of Agricultural Research of Marrakech, Université Ibn Tofail [Kenitra], Partenaires INRAE, International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas [Maroc] (ICARDA), International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA), and Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research [CGIAR] (CGIAR)-Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research [CGIAR] (CGIAR)

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, Flora, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], North africa, macromolecular substances, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Neophilaenus campestris, Microbiology, otorhinolaryngologic diseases, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, 2. Zero hunger, Xylella fastidiosa, biology, Potential risk, Philaenus tesselatus, biochemical phenomena, metabolism, and nutrition, biology.organism_classification, North Africa, 010602 entomology, PCR, Insect Science, ELISA, Bacteria
Abstract

International audience; The bacterium Xylella fastidiosa represents a potential risk to the Moroccan flora. For this reason, several surveys were conducted in 2019 and 2020 to assess its occurrence and to establish an inventory of its potential insect vectors with emphasis on their characterization and importance from 85 sites in 25 provinces across the country. Using a sweeping net, 2604 specimens belonging to the Auchenorrhyncha suborder (Hemiptera) were collected. A total of 213 samples from different crops, including two ornamental species Nerium oleander and Polygala spp., were sampled and tested for the presence of X. fastidiosa by ELISA and PCR techniques during the same period within the same surveyed provinces (plus two additional ones, i.e. 27 provinces). Aphrophoridae species were mainly located in the northern part of Morocco where five potential insect vectors occur, namely Philaenus tesselatus, P. maghresignus, Philaenus sp., Neophilaenus campestris and N. lineatus. Philaenus tesselatus was the most important spittlebug recorded with uneven occurrence throughout the country. Philaenus spumarius has not been found in the present surveys which could indicate that it has been replaced by P. tesselatus. Therefore, the latter should be considered as the main potential insect vector of X. fastidiosa in Morocco. Current status and importance of spittlebugs, sharpshooter-leafhoppers, treehoppers and planthoppers are given. ELISA and PCR results did not show any positive results, which may be seen as good news indicating that X. fastidiosa was not found in Morocco. Regarding occurrence and importance of P. tesselatus in Morocco, pest risk analysis of X. fastidiosa in the country should be revised. Our findings highlight the factors that would contribute to the active spread of the X. fastidiosa once introduced into the country.; La bactérie Xylella fastidiosa représente un risque potentiel pour la flore au Maroc. Pour cette raison, des prospections ont été menées entre 2019 et 2020 pour évaluer sa présence et établir un inventaire exhaustif de ses insectes vecteurs potentiels tout en mettant l’accent sur leurs caractéristiques et leur importance dans 85 sites au niveau de 25 provinces à travers le pays. À l’aide d’un filet fauchoir, 2604 spécimens appartenant au sous-ordre des Auchenorrhyncha (Hemiptera) ont été collectés. Un total de 213 échantillons provenant de différentes cultures, dont deux espèces ornementales, Nerium oleander et Polygala spp., ont été échantillonnées et testées pour la présence de X. fastidiosa par les techniques d’ELISA et PCR, et ce au cours de la même période dans les mêmes zones étudiées (plus deux autres supplémentaires, soit 27 provinces). Les espèces d’Aphrophoridae étaient principalement localisées dans la partie nord du Maroc où se trouvent cinq insectes vecteurs potentiels : Philaenus tesselatus, P. maghresignus, Philaenus sp., Neophilaenus campestris et N. lineatus. Philaenus tesselatus était le plus important vecteur recensé avec une présence inégale dans tout le pays. Philaenus spumarius n’a pas été trouvé lors des observations actuelles ce qui pourrait indiquer qu’il ait été remplacé par P. tesselatus. Ce dernier devrait donc être considéré comme le principal insecte vecteur potentiel de X. fastidiosa au Maroc. L’état actuel et l’importance des insectes appartenant aux familles Aphrophoridae, Cicadellidae, Membracidae, Issidae, Dictyopharidae et Tettigometridae sont indiqués. Les résultats d’ELISA et de PCR n’ont montré aucun résultat positif, ce qui peut être considéré comme une bonne nouvelle indiquant que X. fastidiosa n’a pas été trouvée au Maroc. Tenant en compte la présence et l’importance de P. tesselatus au Maroc, l’analyse du risque phytosanitaire de X. fastidiosa au Maroc devrait être revue. Nos données mettent en évidence les facteurs qui pourraient contribuer à la propagation active de X. fastidiosa une fois introduite dans le pays.

Published
2021

11. Aux confins de l’Atrébatie, de la Morinie et de la Ménapie, une microrégion au faciès céramique métissé

Author

Ledauphin, Anthony, Dubois, Stéphane, Bak, Virginie, Leriche, Benoît, Institut national de recherches archéologiques préventives (Inrap), Archéologie et Philologie d'Orient et d'Occident (AOROC), École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Département des Sciences de l'Antiquité - ENS Paris (DSA ENS-PSL), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL), Institut national de la recherche agronomique [Maroc] (INRA Maroc), Histoire, Archéologie et Littérature des Mondes Anciens - UMR 8164 (HALMA), Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Ministère de la Culture (MC), and Lucien Rivet

Subjects
ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, [SHS]Humanities and Social Sciences
Abstract

International audience

Published
2021

12. Farming with Alternative Pollinators benefits pollinators, natural enemies, and yields, and offers transformative change to agriculture

Author

Aden Aw-Hassan, Athanasios Tsivelikas, Moulay Chrif Smaili, Pierre Rasmont, Stefanie Christmann, Youssef Bencharki, Soukaina Anougmar, International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas [Maroc] (ICARDA), International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA), Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research [CGIAR] (CGIAR)-Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research [CGIAR] (CGIAR), Centre d'Economie de l'Environnement - Montpellier - UMR 5211 (CEE-M), Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), University of Mons [Belgium] (UMONS), Institut national de la recherche agronomique [Maroc] (INRA Maroc), and Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, Science, Biodiversity, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Article, [SHS]Humanities and Social Sciences, 03 medical and health sciences, Pollinator, Productivity, 030304 developmental biology, 2. Zero hunger, 0303 health sciences, Multidisciplinary, Wildflower, Ecology, business.industry, Agroforestry, 15. Life on land, [SHS.ECO]Humanities and Social Sciences/Economics and Finance, Pollinator decline, Environmental social sciences, Geography, Incentive, Habitat, Agriculture, Medicine, business
Abstract

Low- and middle-income countries cannot afford reward-based land sparing for wildflower strips to combat pollinator decline. Two small-grant projects assessed, if an opportunity-cost saving land-sharing approach, Farming with Alternative Pollinators, can provide a method-inherent incentive to motivate farmers to protect pollinators without external rewards. The first large-scale Farming-with-Alternative-Pollinators project used seven main field crops in 233 farmer fields of four agro-ecosystems (adequate rainfall, semi-arid, mountainous and oasis) in Morocco. Here we show results: higher diversity and abundance of wild pollinators and lower pest abundance in enhanced fields than in monocultural control fields; the average net-income increase per surface is 121%. The higher income is a performance-related incentive to enhance habitats. The income increase for farmers is significant and the increase in food production is substantial. Higher productivity per surface can reduce pressure on (semi)-natural landscapes which are increasingly used for agriculture. Land-use change additionally endangers biodiversity and pollinators, whereas this new pollinator-protection approach has potential for transformative change in agriculture.

Published
2021

13. Genetic Variations and Differential DNA Methylation to Face Contrasted Climates in Small Ruminants: An Analysis on Traditionally-Managed Sheep and Goats

Author

François Pompanon, Florian J. Alberto, Frédéric Boyer, Clément Gaffet, Meidhi Khelifi, Badr Benjelloun, Laure Denoyelle, Pierre de Villemereuil, Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine (LECA ), Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB ), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université des Antilles (UA), and Institut national de la recherche agronomique [Maroc] (INRA Maroc)

Subjects
Candidate gene, Context (language use), adaptation, Biology, acclimation, QH426-470, 03 medical and health sciences, Genetic variation, small ruminant, Genetics, Epigenetics, Gene, Genetics (clinical), Original Research, 030304 developmental biology, 2. Zero hunger, 0303 health sciences, Phenotypic plasticity, [SDV.GEN.GPO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Genetics/Populations and Evolution [q-bio.PE], whole genome, 0402 animal and dairy science, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, 040201 dairy & animal science, methylated DNA, Morocco, Evolutionary biology, DNA methylation, Molecular Medicine, Adaptation
Abstract

The way in which living organisms mobilize a combination of long-term adaptive mechanisms and short-term phenotypic plasticity to face environmental variations is still largely unknown. In the context of climate change, understanding the genetic and epigenetic bases for adaptation and plasticity is a major stake for preserving genomic resources and the resilience capacity of livestock populations. We characterized both epigenetic and genetic variations by contrasting 22 sheep and 21 goats from both sides of a climate gradient, focusing on free-ranging populations from Morocco. We produced for each individual Whole-Genome Sequence at 12X coverage and MeDIP-Seq data, to identify regions under selection and those differentially methylated. For both species, the analysis of genetic differences (FST) along the genome between animals from localities with high vs. low temperature annual variations detected candidate genes under selection in relation to environmental perception (5 genes), immunity (4 genes), reproduction (8 genes) and production (11 genes). Moreover, we found for each species one differentially methylated gene, namely AGPTA4 in goat and SLIT3 in sheep, which were both related, among other functions, to milk production and muscle development. In both sheep and goats, the comparison between genomic regions impacted by genetic and epigenetic variations suggests that climatic variations impacted similar biological pathways but different genes.

Published
2021

14. Cereal Yield Forecasting with Satellite Drought-Based Indices, Weather Data and Regional Climate Indices Using Machine Learning in Morocco

Author

Bouras, El houssaine, Jarlan, Lionel, Er-Raki, Salah, Balaghi, Riad, Amazirh, Abdelhakim, Richard, Bastien, Khabba, Saïd, Université Cadi Ayyad [Marrakech] (UCA), Centre d'études spatiales de la biosphère (CESBIO), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Institut national de la recherche agronomique [Maroc] (INRA Maroc), Université Mohammed VI Polytechnique [Ben Guerir] (UM6P), Gestion de l'Eau, Acteurs, Usages (UMR G-EAU), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-AgroParisTech-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut Agro - Montpellier SupAgro, Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro), ARTS program from IRD, France, H2020 PRIMA ALTOS project, MISTRALS/SICMED2, PHC Toubkal - 39064WG/2018, PRIMA-IDEWA project, CHAAMS project - ERANETMED03-62, ACCWA project - 823965, SAGESSE - PPR/2015/48, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Mohammed VI Polytechnic University [Marocco] (UM6P), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-AgroParisTech-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), and Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)

Subjects
machine learning, Remote sensing drought indices, Science, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, Crop yield forecasting, [SDU.STU]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences, [INFO]Computer Science [cs], Climate indices, Semiarid region, weather data
Abstract

International audience; Accurate seasonal forecasting of cereal yields is an important decision support tool for countries, such as Morocco, that are not self-sufficient in order to predict, as early as possible, importation needs. This study aims to develop an early forecasting model of cereal yields (soft wheat, barley and durum wheat) at the scale of the agricultural province considering the 15 most productive over 2000–2017 (i.e., 15 × 18 = 270 yields values). To this objective, we built on previous works that showed a tight linkage between cereal yields and various datasets including weather data (rainfall and air temperature), regional climate indices (North Atlantic Oscillation in particular), and drought indices derived from satellite observations in different wavelengths. The combination of the latter three data sets is assessed to predict cereal yields using linear (Multiple Linear Regression, MLR) and non-linear (Support Vector Machine, SVM; Random Forest, RF, and eXtreme Gradient Boost, XGBoost) machine learning algorithms. The calibration of the algorithmic parameters of the different approaches are carried out using a 5-fold cross validation technique and a leave-one-out method is implemented for model validation. The statistical metrics of the models are first analyzed as a function of the input datasets that are used, and as a function of the lead times, from 4 months to 2 months before harvest. The results show that combining data from multiple sources outperformed models based on one dataset only. In addition, the satellite drought indices are a major source of information for cereal prediction when the forecasting is carried out close to harvest (2 months before), while weather data and, to a lesser extent, climate indices, are key variables for earlier predictions. The best models can accurately predict yield in January (4 months before harvest) with an R2 = 0.88 and RMSE around 0.22 t. ha−1. The XGBoost method exhibited the best metrics. Finally, training a specific model separately for each group of provinces, instead of one global model, improved the prediction performance by reducing the RMSE by 10% to 35% depending on the provinces. In conclusion, the results of this study pointed out that combining remote sensing drought indices with climate and weather variables using a machine learning technique is a promising approach for cereal yield forecasting.

Published
2021

15. Contrasting Genetic Footprints among Saharan Olive Populations: Potential Causes and Conservation Implications

Author

Océane Gorrilliot, Benoit Génot, Fabien Anthelme, Djamel Baali-Cherif, Guillaume Besnard, Ahmed El Bakkali, Pauline Raimondeau, Evolution et Diversité Biologique (EDB), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, UMR APCRPG, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique du Maroc (INRA), Botanique et Modélisation de l'Architecture des Plantes et des Végétations (UMR AMAP), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Laboratoire de Recherches sur les Zones Arides (LRZA), Faculty of Biology, Université des Sciences et de la Technologie Houari Boumediene [Alger] (USTHB), ANR-10-LABX-0025,CEBA,CEnter of the study of Biodiversity in Amazonia(2010), ANR-10-LABX-0041,TULIP,Towards a Unified theory of biotic Interactions: the roLe of environmental(2010), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut national de la recherche agronomique [Maroc] (INRA Maroc), and Université des Sciences et de la Technologie Houari Boumediene = University of Sciences and Technology Houari Boumediene [Alger] (USTHB)

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, Mediterranean climate, Laperrine's olive, Laperrine’s olive, Range (biology), Population, isolation by distance, Plant Science, Biology, [SDV.BID.SPT]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biodiversity/Systematics, Phylogenetics and taxonomy, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Article, microsatellites, Nucleotide diversity, Gene flow, [SDV.EE.ECO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment/Ecosystems, education, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, Isolation by distance, education.field_of_study, Genetic diversity, Habitat fragmentation, Ecology, Botany, plastid DNA, 15. Life on land, [SDV.BV.BOT]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Vegetal Biology/Botanics, wild olive genetic resources, dry area, Sahara desert, QK1-989, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, gene flow, seed and pollen dispersal, 010606 plant biology & botany
Abstract

The Laperrine’s olive is endemic to the Saharan Mountains. Adapted to arid environments, it may constitute a valuable genetic resource to improve water-stress tolerance in the cultivated olive. However, limited natural regeneration coupled with human pressures make it locally endangered in Central Sahara. Understanding past population dynamics is thus crucial to define management strategies. Nucleotide sequence diversity was first investigated on five nuclear genes and compared to the Mediterranean and African olives. These data confirm that the Laperrine’s olive has a strong affinity with the Mediterranean olive, but it shows lower nucleotide diversity than other continental taxa. To investigate gene flows mediated by seeds and pollen, polymorphisms from nuclear and plastid microsatellites from 383 individuals from four Saharan massifs were analyzed. A higher genetic diversity in Ahaggar (Hoggar, Algeria) suggests that this population has maintained over the long term a larger number of individuals than other massifs. High-to-moderate genetic differentiation between massifs confirms the role of desert barriers in limiting gene flow. Yet contrasting patterns of isolation by distance were observed within massifs, and also between plastid and nuclear markers, stressing the role of local factors (e.g., habitat fragmentation, historical range shift) in seed and pollen dispersal. Implications of these results in the management of the Laperrine’s olive genetic resources are discussed.

Published
2021
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16. Genetic homogenization of indigenous sheep breeds in Northwest Africa

Author

Badr Benjelloun, Elena Ciani, Abdelmajid Haddioui, Johannes A. Lenstra, Véronique Blanquet, Dominique Taurisson-Mouret, Mohamed Lafri, Abdessamad Ouhrouch, Sahraoui Harkat, Hakim Ould Ouelhadj, Ibrahim Belabdi, François Pompanon, Ahmed Redha Benali, Semir Bechir Suheil Gaouar, Anne Da Silva, Université de Saâd Dahlab [Blida] (USDB ), Institut national de la recherche agronomique [Maroc] (INRA Maroc), Université Moulay Ismail (UMI), Aboubakr Belkaid Tlemcen University, Partenaires INRAE, Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, Università degli studi di Bari Aldo Moro (UNIBA), Institut technique des Elevages Saida, Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine (LECA ), Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019]), Génomique AniMale, Amélioration, Adaptation (GAMAA), PEIRENE (PEIRENE), Institut Génomique, Environnement, Immunité, Santé, Thérapeutique (GEIST), Université de Limoges (UNILIM)-Université de Limoges (UNILIM)-Institut Génomique, Environnement, Immunité, Santé, Thérapeutique (GEIST), Université de Limoges (UNILIM)-Université de Limoges (UNILIM)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Dynamiques du droit (DD), Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Montpellier 1 (UM1), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University [Utrecht], and LS IRAS Tox Algemeen

Subjects
0301 basic medicine, Livestock, mouton, Population genetics, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], lcsh:Medicine, Breeding, Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide, Indigenous, Article, ressource génomique, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Africa, Northern, Animals, lcsh:Science, Sheep, Domestic, Animal breeding, 2. Zero hunger, Genetic diversity, Potential impact, [SDV.GEN]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Genetics, Multidisciplinary, afrique du nord, business.industry, lcsh:R, Genomics, maghreb, Colonial period, Breed, SNP genotyping, Morocco, [SDV.GEN.GA]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Genetics/Animal genetics, 030104 developmental biology, Geography, Evolutionary biology, Algeria, génotypage, lcsh:Q, business, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery
Abstract

Northwest-African sheep represent an ideal case-study for assessing the potential impact of genetic homogenization as a threat to the future of traditional breeds that are adapted to local conditions. We studied ten Algerian and Moroccan breeds of sheep, including three transboundary breeds, distributed over a large part of the Maghreb region, which represents a geographically and historically coherent unit. Our analysis of the dataset that involved carrying out Genome-wide SNP genotyping, revealed a high level of homogenization (ADMIXTURE, NetView, fineSTRUCTURE and IBD segments analyses), in such a way that some breeds from different origins appeared genetically undistinguished: by grouping the eight most admixed populations, we obtained a mean global FST value of 0.0024. The sPCA analysis revealed that the major part of Morocco and the Northern part of Algeria were affected by the phenomenon, including most of the breeds considered. Unsupervised cross-breeding with the popular Ouled-Djellal breed was identified as a proximate cause of this homogenization. The issue of transboundary breeds was investigated, and the Hamra breed in particular was examined via ROH fragments analysis. Genetic diversity was considered in the light of historical archives and anthropological works. All of these elements taken together suggest that homogenization as a factor affecting the Maghrebin sheep stock, has been particularly significant over the last few decades, although this process probably started much earlier. In particular, we have identified the policies set by the French administration during the colonial period of the region’s history as a causal factor that probably contributed significantly to this process. The genetic homogenization that we have observed calls into question the integrity of the farm animal genomic resources represented by these local breeds, whose conservation is of critical importance to the future of the livestock sector.

Published
2019

17. Validated model for apple flowering prediction in the Mediterranean area in response to temperature variation

Author

Jean-Michel Legave, Sidi Imad Cherkaoui, Tarik Ainane, Ahmed Oukabli, Adnane El Yaacoubi, Isabelle Farrera, Majida Hafidi, Université Moulay Ismail (UMI), Plant Breeding and Genetic Resources, Regional Agricultural Research Center of Meknès, Institut national de la recherche agronomique [Maroc] (INRA Maroc), Amélioration génétique et adaptation des plantes méditerranéennes et tropicales (UMR AGAP), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad), and Agricultural Research for Development Program (PRAD 11-08)

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, 0301 basic medicine, Mediterranean climate, Apple tree, Phenology, [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, Global warming, Modeling, Context (language use), Mediterranean, Horticulture, Biology, 01 natural sciences, 03 medical and health sciences, 030104 developmental biology, 13. Climate action, Temperate climate, [SDV.BV]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Vegetal Biology, Dormancy, Physical geography, Mean radiant temperature, Adaptation, 010606 plant biology & botany
Abstract

International audience; Forceasting the phenological stages of fruit trees have a great meaning in term of making decisions about agricultural practices in orchards. Phenological modeling is one of prediction approches that play this role when it concerns flowering stages, particularly in the context of global warming mostly uncertain and continuously in change and the difficult adaptation of fruit trees to the future climatic trends. This study was aimed to develop and select a sequential model with best fit in three contrasting Mediterranean locations, including Moroccan sites characterized by mild climate in order to compare them with European sites (temperate climate), where phenological models were previously developed. Full flowering is the phenological stage investigated in this study. Statistical analysis of mean temperature during the period from October to April showed a significant difference between Moroccan and European sites. Consequently, full flowering dates observed in all locations demonstrated different behaviors in response to temperature variation during winter and spring period. Modeling process showed a sequential model with good fit to account for the full flowering stage observations with RMSE of 4.4 days of the validated data. Output of the fitted model revealed a delayed date of breaking dormancy and consequently a long endodormancy period in Morocco, intermediate in France and short in Italy, showing a gradient from the south (Morocco), where apple trees showed difficulty of adaptation due to lack of chilling, to the north areas.

Published
2019

18. Survey of Phenolic Acids, Flavonoids and In Vitro Antioxidant Potency Between Fig Peels and Pulps: Chemical and Chemometric Approach

Author

Francisca Hernández, Ilham Hmid, Rachid Razouk, Driss Elothmani, Hafida Hanine, Jamal Charafi, Lahcen Hssaini, Said Ennahli, Marie-Laure Fauconnier, Karim Houmanat, Manuel Viuda-Martos, Rachida Ouaabou, Institut national de la recherche agronomique [Maroc] (INRA Maroc), Groupe de Recherche en Agroalimentaire sur les Produits et les Procédés (GRAPPE), and Ecole supérieure d'Agricultures d'Angers (ESA)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, Antioxidant, Chemical Phenomena, heatmap, DPPH, medicine.medical_treatment, Phytochemicals, Pharmaceutical Science, antioxidant activity, 01 natural sciences, Antioxidants, Analytical Chemistry, Lipid peroxidation, chemistry.chemical_compound, QD241-441, Drug Discovery, Hydroxybenzoates, Cultivar, Food science, Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid, 0303 health sciences, ABTS, Molecular Structure, Pulp (paper), Ficus carica L, Organ Specificity, Spectrophotometry, Chemistry (miscellaneous), Molecular Medicine, engineering.material, Article, 03 medical and health sciences, medicine, Potency, [SDV.BBM]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, 030304 developmental biology, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Plant Extracts, Organic Chemistry, Computational Biology, Ficus, In vitro, chemistry, flavonoids, engineering, phenolic acids, 010606 plant biology & botany, chemometric
Abstract

In the present study, chromatic coordinates, phenolic acids, flavonoids and antioxidant capacity assessed by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2′-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonate (ABTS) and lipid peroxidation inhibition capacity (LPIC) essays and their relative IC50 were investigated in 25 fig cultivars growing in Morocco. The aims of this study were to determine (i) the variation in these compounds among light and dark-colored cultivars, (ii) their partitioning between fruit peel and pulp and (iii) to display network connections among these variables. Twelve phenolic compounds (PCs) were isolated in peel extract versus eight in pulp samples. Anthocyanins, mainly cyanidin-3,5-diglucoside and cyanidin-3-O-rutinoside, were the predominant compounds in peels, where the mean concentrations were 75.90 ± 18.76 and 77.97 ± 18.95 µg/g dw, respectively. On the other hand, (−)-epicatechin and cyanidin-3-O-rutinoside were the major compounds in the pulp extracts, where the mean values were 5.23 ± 4.03 and 9.01 ± 5.67 µg/g dw, respectively. A two-dimensional hierarchically clustered heatmap was applied to the dataset to explore correlations in the dataset and similarities between cultivars, without dimensionality reduction. Results showed that anthocyanins, particularly pelargonidin-3-O-rutinoside, cyanidin-3,5-diglucoside and cyanidin-3-O-rutinoside, were the main contributors to the peels’ free radical scavenging capacity. This capacity was particularly higher in the peel of dark-colored figs compared to the fruit pulp. The local cultivar “INRA 1301” showed the most promising phenolic profile due to its very high levels of almost all detected PCs, especially (−)-epicatechin, quercetin-3-O-rutinoside, quercetin-3-O-glucoside, cyanidine-3,5-diglucoside, cyanidine-3-O-rutinoside and pelargonidin-3-O-rutinoside (54.66, 141.08, 35.48, 494.08, 478.66, 12.56 µg/g dw, respectively). Having the darkest figs in the collection (L* = 25.72, c* = 22.09 and h° = 20.99), this cultivar has also combined promising IC50 values, which were of 19.85, 40.58 and 124.78 µg/mL for DPPH, ABTS and LPIC essays, respectively.

Published
2021
Full Text
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19. MedECC 2020 Summary for Policymakers

Author

Cramer, Wolfgang, Guiot, Joel, Marini, Katarzyna, Azzopardi, Brian, Balzan, Mario V, Cherif, Semia, Doblas-Miranda, Enrique, Santos, Maria José Palma Lampreia Dos, Drobinski, Philippe, Fader, Marianela, Hassoun, Abed El Rahman, Giupponi, Carlo, Koubi, Vassiliki, Lange, Manfred, Lionello, Piero, Llasat, Maria Carmen, Moncada, Stefano, Mrabet, Rachid, Paz, Shlomit, Savé, Robert, Snoussi, Maria, Toreti, Andrea, Vafeidis, Athanasios T., Xoplaki, Elena, Institut méditerranéen de biodiversité et d'écologie marine et continentale (IMBE), Avignon Université (AU)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UMR237-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre européen de recherche et d'enseignement des géosciences de l'environnement (CEREGE), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Collège de France (CdF (institution))-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Mediterranean Experts on Climate and environmental Change (MedECC), Malta College of Arts, Science and Technology, Partenaires INRAE, Malta Council for Science and Technology, Institut supérieur des sciences biologiques appliquées de Tunis = Higher Institute of Applied Biological Sciences of Tunis (ISSBAT), Université de Tunis El Manar (UTM), Centre for Ecological Research and Forestry Applications (CREAF), University Institute of Lisbon (ISCTE), Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique (UMR 8539) (LMD), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Département des Géosciences - ENS Paris, École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL), International Centre for Water Resources and Global Change, Federal Institute of Hydrology, National Council for Scientific Research = Conseil national de la recherche scientifique du Liban [Lebanon] (CNRS-L), University of Ca’ Foscari [Venice, Italy], Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Cyprus Institute (CyI), Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche e Ambientali (DiSTeBA), Università del Salento [Lecce], Department of Applied Physics, University of Barcelona, Islands and Small States Institute, University of Malta, Institut national de la recherche agronomique [Maroc] (INRA Maroc), Department of Geography and Environmental Studies [Haifa], University of Haifa [Haifa], Institute of Agrifood Research and Technology (IRTA), Faculté des Sciences de Rabat, Université Mohammed V, Rabat, European Commission - Joint Research Centre [Ispra] (JRC), Institute of Geography, Christian-Albrechts University, Department of Geography, Justus-Liebig- University, Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen (JLU), Cramer W, Guiot J, Marini K, and Mediterranean Experts on Climate and Environmental change

Subjects
Anthropogenic changes, Climate, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, Mediterranean Basin, Environmental change
Abstract

ISBN: 978-2-9577416-0-1; International audience; Virtually all sub-regions of the Mediterranean Basin, on land and in the sea, are impacted by recent anthropogenic changes in the environment. The main drivers of change include climate (temperature, precipitation, atmospheric circulation, extreme events, sea-level rise, sea water temperature, salinity and acidification), population increase, pollution, unsustainable land and sea use practices and non-indigenous species. In most areas, both natural ecosystems and human livelihoods are affected. Due to global and regional trends in the drivers, impacts will be exacerbated in the coming decades, especially if global warming exceeds 1.5 to 2°C above the pre-industrial level. Significantly enhanced efforts are needed in order to adapt to inevitable changes, mitigate change drivers and increase resilience.

Published
2021

20. Productivité et efficience des systèmes agroforestiers à base d’oliviers au Maroc : cas de Moulay Driss Zerhoun

Author

Amassaghrou, Asmae, Bouaziz, Ahmed, Daoui, Khalid, Belhouchette, Hatem, Ezzahouani, Abdelaziz, Barkaoui, Karim, Institut Agronomique et Vétérinaire Hassan II - IAV (MOROCCO) (IAV), Institut national de la recherche agronomique [Maroc] (INRA Maroc), Centre Régional de la Recherche Agronomique (CRRA), Agrosystèmes Biodiversifiés (UMR ABSys), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier (CIHEAM-IAMM), Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes (CIHEAM)-Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes (CIHEAM)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Département Performances des systèmes de production et de transformation tropicaux (Cirad-PERSYST), and Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)

Subjects
cereals, LER, légumineuses, céréales, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], cultures associées, pulses, Agroforestry, Agroforesterie, intercropping
Abstract

International audience; In Morocco, agroforestry systems based on olive trees are widespread and diverse. This work aims at characterizing their diversity and performance. To this end, 72 farmers surveys were conducted in the Moulay Driss Zerhoun region (Morocco). For each farm, agroforestry plots were compared to corresponding monocrops and pure olive orchards. Under rainfed conditions, the insertion of legumes and cereals in olive orchards is the dominant association. There are very significant differences in yields of annual crops and olive between agroforestry systems, and monocrops and pure orchards. The Land Equivalent Ratio of yields and gross margins is always greater than 1 with cereals and legumes in agroforestry. Our results suggest that agroforestry systems are more productive, profitable and land-efficient than monocrops. Therefore, agroforestry may constitute a relevant strategy for a sustainable production. Nevertheless, additional experiments are needed to better understand the productivity of these systems and their advantages and limits.; Au Maroc, les systèmes agroforestiers à base d’olivier sont très répandus et diversifiés. Cetravail vise à caractériser leur diversité et leurs performances dans la région de Moulay Driss Zerhoun, auNord du Maroc. Pour ce faire, 72 enquêtes ont été réalisées auprès des agriculteurs. Pour chaqueexploitation, les systèmes agroforestiers ont été comparés à des systèmes de culture pure et à des vergersd’oliviers purs. En condition pluviale, l’insertion des légumineuses et des céréales dans les oliveraiesconstitue la pratique dominante. Il y a des différences très significatives de rendements pour les culturesannuelles et pour les oliviers entre systèmes associés d’agroforesterie, témoins en cultures annuelles pures ettémoins en verger d’olivier. LeLand Equivalent Ratio(surface équivalente assolée) des rendements et celuides marges brutes sont toujours supérieurs à 1 avec les céréales et les légumineuses en agroforesterie. Nosrésultats suggèrent que les systèmes agroforestiers sont plus productifs, rentables et efficients que lescultures pures. L’agroforesterie constituerait donc une stratégie pour une production durable, mais il faudraitd’autres expérimentations pour mieux appréhender la productivité de ces systèmes et préciser leurs atouts etleurs limites.

Published
2021

21. Assessing the resilience of farming systems on the Saïs plain, Morocco

Author

Laure Hossard, Hatem Belhouchette, Aziz Fadlaoui, Elsa Ricote, Innovation et Développement dans l'Agriculture et l'Alimentation (UMR Innovation), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Centre Régional de la Recherche Agronomique de Meknès (INRA - Meknès), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Institut Agronomique et Vétérinaire Hassan II - IAV (MOROCCO) (IAV), Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier (CIHEAM-IAMM), Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes (CIHEAM), Agrosystèmes Biodiversifiés (UMR ABSys), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier (CIHEAM-IAMM), Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes (CIHEAM)-Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes (CIHEAM)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), ANR-16-ARM2-0007,SEMIARID,Sustainable and Efficient Mediterranean farming systems: Improving Agriculture Resilience through Irrigation and Diversification.(2016), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut Agro - Montpellier SupAgro, Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro), Institut national de la recherche agronomique [Maroc] (INRA Maroc), Institut Agronomique et Vétérinaire Hassan II (IAV Hassan II), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier (CIHEAM-IAMM), Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes (CIHEAM)-Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes (CIHEAM)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut Agro - Montpellier SupAgro, This study was carried out within the SEMI-ARID project (ARIMNET2 research program) founded by the French Agency of Research (ANR) and MESRSFC (Morocco). We thank all farmers and actors who kindly participated in this study., and European Project: 618127,EC:FP7:KBBE,FP7-ERANET-2013-RTD,ARIMNET2(2014)

Subjects
010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Water scarcity, EAU DISPONIBLE, media_common.quotation_subject, Performance, APPROCHE PARTICIPATIVE, Participatory approach, [SDV.SA.AGRO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences/Agronomy, Public policy, Climate change, 010501 environmental sciences, EXPLOITATION AGRICOLE, 01 natural sciences, CLASSIFICATION, [SDV.SA.STA]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences/Sciences and technics of agriculture, Environmental planning, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, media_common, 2. Zero hunger, Farm type, Global and Planetary Change, MAROC, business.industry, STRUCTURE AGRICOLE, Citizen journalism, SYSTEME DE PRODUCTION, RESILIENCE, Water resources, Hotspot (Wi-Fi), Geography, 13. Climate action, Agriculture, CHANGEMENT CLIMATIQUE, Scale (social sciences), Diversification, Psychological resilience, business, PENURIE
Abstract

International audience; Highlights:• A participatory approach was used to study farm resilience after a shock.• Shocks differed according to farm type, but were all related to water.• Mental models were used with local actors to design future farming systems.• Performance was assessed according to eight complementary indicators.• According to local actors, all farm types would adapt, suggesting a good resilience.Abstract:The Mediterranean region is expected to be a hotspot for climate change, making the resilience of farming systems a major challenge. Some studies have used quantitative models at the farm scale to analyze the resilience of farming systems but with little involvement of stakeholders. We used a participatory approach with local actors on the Saïs plain of Morocco to design possible future states and qualitatively assess the resilience of typical farm types (FTs) experiencing major change. Our approach combined individual interviews of farmers and local actors, mainly public, with participatory collective meetings to identify representative FTs and their performance, project their evolutions and future performance in the face of change, and evaluate their resilience. Performance, defined according to literature, interviews and meetings, included different types of capital, income, yields, markets, support of public policies, and water access. Four FTs were considered: highly irrigated horticulture (FT1), rainfed cereals (FT2), partly irrigated cereal-legumes (FT3), and mostly irrigated fruit-tree/horticulture (FT4). The primary driver for FT2 and FT3 was climate change; for FT1 and FT4, it was limiting access to water resources. Participants designed more diversified systems for all FTs in relation to those changes. Rankings of FT performance did not change between current and future states. Performance did not evolve significantly, but FT4 was seen as the most resilient and FT2 the least. These qualitative results differ somewhat from other studies mobilizing quantitative approaches, but they highlight the potential of local adaptation to limit the impacts of global change on vulnerable agriculture.

Published
2021

22. Local adaptations of Mediterranean sheep and goats through an integrative approach

Author

Marco Cavalazzi, Gwenola Tosser-Klopp, Dominique Taurisson-Mouret, Bruno Serranito, Stephen J. G. Hall, Anne Da Silva, Eric Rouvellac, Marie Bal, Elena Ciani, Johannes A. Lenstra, Badr Benjelloun, François Pompanon, Carole Moreno-Romieux, Bertrand Servin, Pablo Vidal, Génomique AniMale, Amélioration, Adaptation (GAMAA), PEIRENE (PEIRENE), Institut Génomique, Environnement, Immunité, Santé, Thérapeutique (GEIST), Université de Limoges (UNILIM)-Université de Limoges (UNILIM)-Institut Génomique, Environnement, Immunité, Santé, Thérapeutique (GEIST), Université de Limoges (UNILIM)-Université de Limoges (UNILIM)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN), Laboratoire de Géographie Physique et Environnementale (GEOLAB), Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand 2 (UBP)-Université Clermont Auvergne [2017-2020] (UCA [2017-2020])-Université Clermont Auvergne (UCA)-Institut Sciences de l'Homme et de la Société (IR SHS UNILIM), Université de Limoges (UNILIM)-Université de Limoges (UNILIM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Universidad Catolica de Valencia (UCV), Dynamiques du droit (DD), Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Montpellier 1 (UM1), Università degli studi di Bari Aldo Moro (UNIBA), Génétique Physiologie et Systèmes d'Elevage (GenPhySE ), Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse (ENVT), Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-École nationale supérieure agronomique de Toulouse [ENSAT]-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Estonian University of Life Sciences (EMU), Universiteit Utrecht, Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine (LECA ), Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), Institut national de la recherche agronomique [Maroc] (INRA Maroc), One Health Toxicologie, Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand 2 (UBP)-Institut Sciences de l'Homme et de la Société (IR SHS UNILIM), Université de Limoges (UNILIM)-Université de Limoges (UNILIM)-Université Clermont Auvergne [2017-2020] (UCA [2017-2020])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Clermont Auvergne (UCA), Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Università degli studi di Bari Aldo Moro = University of Bari Aldo Moro (UNIBA), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-École nationale supérieure agronomique de Toulouse (ENSAT), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Serranito B., Cavalazzi M., Vidal P., Taurisson-Mouret D., Ciani E., Bal M., Rouvellac E., Servin B., Moreno-Romieux C., Tosser-Klopp G., Hall S.J.G., Lenstra J.A., Pompanon F., Benjelloun B., and Da Silva A.

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, Mediterranean climate, Ecological selection, Population genetics, Molecular biology, Acclimatization, Breeding, 01 natural sciences, Intergenic region, Lung function, 2. Zero hunger, 0303 health sciences, Multidisciplinary, Mediterranean Region, Goats, Altitude, [SDV.BID.EVO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biodiversity/Populations and Evolution [q-bio.PE], Ecological genetics, Ruminants, Adaptation, Physiological, Breed, Heat stress, Habitat, Italy, Goat, Medicine, France, Science, Climate change, Context (language use), [SDV.SA.ZOO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences/Zootechny, Biology, 010603 evolutionary biology, Mediterranean area, Article, historical archives, 03 medical and health sciences, Animals, General, Selection (genetic algorithm), Ecosystem, 030304 developmental biology, Animal breeding, Sheep, Animal, [SDV.GEN.GA]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Genetics/Animal genetics, Evolutionary biology, Spain, Adaptation, Function (biology)
Abstract

In a context of climate change, identifying the genes underlying adaptations to extreme environments is essential. Small ruminants are adapted to a wide variety of habitats and thus, are promising study models. Here, we considered 17 goat and 25 sheep local Mediterranean breeds, in Italy, France and Spain. We proposed, and empirically tested a new methodology to highlight selection signatures in relation to the environments. Based on historical archives, we selected the breeds potentially most linked to a territory and defined their original geographical cradle, including transhumant pastoral areas. For both species, the cradles were arranged along latitudinal gradient of aridity and altitude. Then we used the programs PCAdapt and LFMM. Considering cradles, instead of current GPS coordinates, markedly improved the sensitivity of the LFMM analyses. All the results combined with a systematic literature review, revealed a set of genes with potentially key adaptive roles. Some of these genes, have been found implicated in lipid metabolism (SUCLG2, BMP2), hypoxia/heat stress (UBE2R2/UBAP2), lung function (BMPR2), seasonal patterns (SOX2, DPH6) or neuronal function (TRPC4, TRPC6). For the intergenic region between PCDH9 and KLH1, as well as NBEA, identified in both species, the adaptive role could be strong. We found for RXFP2, associated with sheep horn development, and MSRB3 and SLC26A4, both associated with hearing of sheep, a strong association with the environment gradient. We conclude that our new methodology, which considers breeds in their historical, environmental and anthropological context, provides novel and essential information on local breeds and their unique adaptations.

Published
2021

23. Linkages between Rainfed Cereal Production and Agricultural Drought through Remote Sensing Indices and a Land Data Assimilation System: A Case Study in Morocco

Author

Bouras, Elhoussaine, Jarlan, Lionel, Er-Raki, Salah, Albergel, Clément, Richard, Bastien, Balaghi, Riad, Khabba, Said, Université Cadi Ayyad [Marrakech] (UCA), Centre d'études spatiales de la biosphère (CESBIO), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Faculté des Sciences et Techniques Marrakech, Centre national de recherches météorologiques (CNRM), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Météo France-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Gestion de l'Eau, Acteurs, Usages (UMR G-EAU), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-AgroParisTech-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Institut national de la recherche agronomique [Maroc] (INRA Maroc), European Commission - 645642, European Commission Joint Research Centre - 823965, SAGESSE 'Systeme d'Aide à la décision pour la GEstion des reSSources en Eau' - PPR/2015/48, PHC Toubkal - 39064WG/2018, ARTS program from IRD, France, H2020 PRIMA ALTOS project, MISTRALS/SICMED2, European Project: 645642,H2020,H2020-MSCA-RISE-2014,REC(2015), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Faculté des Sciences et Techniques Marrakech (FSTG), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-AgroParisTech-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut Agro - Montpellier SupAgro, and Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)

Subjects
remote sensing, Science, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, assimilation systems, cereal yield, semiarid region, land data, agricultural drought, land data assimilation systems
Abstract

International audience; In Morocco, cereal production shows high interannual variability due to uncertain rainfall and recurrent drought periods. Considering the socioeconomic importance of cereal for the country, there is a serious need to characterize the impact of drought on cereal yields. In this study, drought is assessed through (1) indices derived from remote sensing data (the vegetation condition index (VCI), temperature condition index (TCI), vegetation health ind ex (VHI), soil moisture condition index (SMCI) and soil water index for different soil layers (SWI)) and (2) key land surface variables (Land Area Index (LAI), soil moisture (SM) at different depths, soil evaporation and plant transpiration) from a Land Data Assimilation System (LDAS) over 2000–2017. A lagged correlation analysis was conducted to assess the relationships between the drought indices and cereal yield at monthly time scales. The VCI and LAI around the heading stage (March-April) are highly linked to yield for all provinces (R = 0.94 for the Khemisset province), while a high link for TCI occurs during the development stage in January-February (R = 0.83 for the Beni Mellal province). Interestingly, indices related to soil moisture in the superficial soil layer are correlated with yield earlier in the season around the emergence stage (December). The results demonstrate the clear added value of using an LDAS compared with using a remote sensing product alone, particularly concerning the soil moisture in the root-zone, considered a key variable for yield production, that is not directly observable from space. The time scale of integration is also discussed. By integrating the indices on the main phenological stages of wheat using a dynamic threshold approach instead of the monthly time scale, the correlation between indices and yield increased by up to 14%. In addition, the contributions of VCI and TCI to VHI were optimized by using yield anomalies as proxies for drought. This study opens perspectives for the development of drought early warning systems in Morocco and over North Africa, as well as for seasonal crop yield forecasting.

Published
2020
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24. First Mediterranean Assessment Report – Chapter 3.2: Resources – Food

Author

Mrabet, Rachid, Savé, Robert, Toreti, Andrea, Caiola, Nuno, Chentouf, Mouad, Llasat, Maria Carmen, Mohamed, Assem Abdelmonem Ahmed, Santeramo, Fabio G., Sanz-Cobena, Alberto, Tsikliras, Athanassios, Institut national de la recherche agronomique [Maroc] (INRA Maroc), Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries = Institute of Agrifood Research and Technology (IRTA), European Commission - Joint Research Centre [Ispra] (JRC), Climate Change department, Technology Centre of Catalonia, EURECAT, Spain, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain, Agricultural Research Center (ARC), University of Foggia [Italy], Centro de Estudios e Investigación para la Gestión de Riesgos Agrarios y Medioambientales (CEIGRAM), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Union for the Mediterranean (UfM) thanks to the financial support from the Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (SIDA), United Nations Environment Programme / Mediterranean Action, Plan Bleu (Regional Activity Center of UNEP/MAP), Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Cooperation of the Principality of Monaco, Cramer W, Guiot J, and Marini K

Subjects
[SDE]Environmental Sciences
Abstract

International audience

Published
2020

25. In: Climate and Environmental Change in the Mediterranean Basin – Current Situation and Risks for the Future. First Mediterranean Assessment Report

Author

Wolfgang, Cramer, Joël, Guiot, Katarzyna, Marini, Brian, Azzopardi, Mario, V Balzan, Semia, Cherif, Enrique, Doblas-Miranda, Maria dos Santos, Philippe, Drobinski, Marianela, Fader, Abed El Rahman Hassoun, Giupponi, Carlo, Vassiliki, Koubi, Manfred, Lange, Piero, Lionello, Maria Carmen Llasat, Stefano, Moncada, Rachid, Mrabet, Shlomit, Paz, Robert, Savé, Maria, Snoussi, Andrea, Toreti, Vafeidis, Athanasios T., Elena, Xoplaki, Institut méditerranéen de biodiversité et d'écologie marine et continentale (IMBE), Avignon Université (AU)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UMR237-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre européen de recherche et d'enseignement des géosciences de l'environnement (CEREGE), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Collège de France (CdF (institution))-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), MedECC Secretariat, Plan Bleu, France (MedECC), Malta College of Arts, Science and Technology, Partenaires INRAE, Malta Council for Science and Technology, Institut supérieur des sciences biologiques appliquées de Tunis = Higher Institute of Applied Biological Sciences of Tunis (ISSBAT), Université de Tunis El Manar (UTM), CREAF - Centre for Ecological Research and Applied Forestries, University Institute of Lisbon (ISCTE), Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique (UMR 8539) (LMD), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Département des Géosciences - ENS Paris, École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL), International Centre for Water Resources and Global Change, Federal Institute of Hydrology, National Council for Scientific Research = Conseil national de la recherche scientifique du Liban [Lebanon] (CNRS-L), University of Ca’ Foscari [Venice, Italy], Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Cyprus Institute (CyI), Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche e Ambientali (DiSTeBA), Università del Salento [Lecce], University of Salento [Lecce], Department of Applied Physics, University of Barcelona, University of Malta [Malta], Islands and Small States Institute (ISSI), Institut national de la recherche agronomique [Maroc] (INRA Maroc), Department of Geography and Environmental Studies [Haifa], University of Haifa [Haifa], Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries = Institute of Agrifood Research and Technology (IRTA), Université Mohammed V de Rabat [Agdal] (UM5), European Commission - Joint Research Centre [Ispra] (JRC), Coastal Risks & Sea-level Rise Research Group (CRSLR), Christian-Albrechts University of Kiel, Department of Geography, Justus-Liebig- University, Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen = Justus Liebig University (JLU), Union for the Mediterranean (UfM) thanks to the financial support from the Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (SIDA), United Nations Environment Programme / Mediterranean Action, Plan Bleu (Regional Activity Center of UNEP/MAP), Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Cooperation of the Principality of Monaco, [Cramer W, Guiot J, Marini K (eds.)], and Institute of Agrifood Research and Technology (IRTA)

Subjects
Settore BIO/07 - Ecologia, Anthropogenic changes, Climate, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, Mediterranean Basin, Settore SECS-P/06 - Economia Applicata, Environmental change
Abstract

International audience; Virtually all sub-regions of the Mediterranean Basin, on land and in the sea, are impacted by recent anthropogenic changes in the environment. The main drivers of change include climate (temperature, precipitation, atmospheric circulation, extreme events, sea-level rise, sea water temperature, salinity and acidification), population increase, pollution, unsustainable land and sea use practices and non-indigenous species. In most areas, both natural ecosystems and human livelihoods are affected. Due to global and regional trends in the drivers, impacts will be exacerbated in the coming decades, especially if global warming exceeds 1.5 to 2°C above the pre-industrial level. Significantly enhanced efforts are needed in order to adapt to inevitable changes, mitigate change drivers and increase resilience.

Published
2020

26. Food

Author

Mrabet, Rachid, Savé, Robert, Toreti, Andrea, Caiola, Nuno, Chentouf, Mouad, Llasat, Maria Carmen, Mohamed, Assem Abdelmonem Ahmed, Santeramo, Fabio G., Sanz-Cobena, Alberto, Tsikliras, Athanassios, Institut national de la recherche agronomique [Maroc] (INRA Maroc), Institute of Agrifood Research and Technology (IRTA), European Commission - Joint Research Centre [Ispra] (JRC), Climate Change department, Technology Centre of Catalonia, EURECAT, Spain, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain, Agricultural Research Center (ARC), Central Laboratory for Agricultural Climate (CLAC), Giza, Egypt, University of Foggia [Italy], Centro de Estudios e Investigación para la Gestión de Riesgos Agrarios y Medioambientales (CEIGRAM), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Union for the Mediterranean (UfM) thanks to the financial support from the Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (SIDA), United Nations Environment Programme / Mediterranean Action, Plan Bleu (Regional Activity Center of UNEP/MAP), Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Cooperation of the Principality of Monaco, Cramer W, Guiot J, Marini K, CEIGRAM, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), Madrid, Spain, and Marini K (eds)

Subjects
[SDE]Environmental Sciences, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS
Abstract

International audience

Published
2020

27. Differential Activation of Partially Redundant Δ9 Stearoyl-ACP Desaturase Genes Is Critical for Omega-9 Monounsaturated Fatty Acid Biosynthesis During Seed Development in Arabidopsis

Author

Delphine De Vos, Guillaume Barthole, Damien Vasselon, Sami Kazaz, Hasna Ettaki, Alexandra To, Loïc Lepiniec, Sébastien Baud, Frédéric Domergue, Katia Belcram, Institut national de la recherche agronomique [Maroc] (INRA Maroc), Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin (IJPB), AgroParisTech-Université Paris-Saclay-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Laboratoire de biogenèse membranaire (LBM), Université Bordeaux Segalen - Bordeaux 2-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), ANR-10-GENM-0009,SOLAR,Développer et tester de nouveaux outils biotechnologiques pour accroître la teneur en huile de la graine : une clé pour la production de chaînes hydrocarbonées chez les oléagineux.(2010), and ANR-17-EURE-0007,SPS-GSR,Ecole Universitaire de Recherche de Sciences des Plantes de Paris-Saclay(2017)

Subjects
Fatty Acid Desaturases, 0106 biological sciences, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Mutant, Arabidopsis, Plant Science, 01 natural sciences, In Brief, Mixed Function Oxygenases, Endosperm, Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated, 03 medical and health sciences, chemistry.chemical_compound, Gene Expression Regulation, Plant, Arabidopsis thaliana, Gene, Research Articles, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 030304 developmental biology, chemistry.chemical_classification, 0303 health sciences, biology, Arabidopsis Proteins, food and beverages, Fatty acid, Embryo, Cell Biology, Plants, Genetically Modified, biology.organism_classification, Lipids, Cell biology, Oleic acid, chemistry, Mutation, Seeds, lipids (amino acids, peptides, and proteins), Transcription Factors, 010606 plant biology & botany
Abstract

The spatiotemporal pattern of deposition, final amount, and relative abundance of oleic acid (cis-ω-9 C18:1) and its derivatives in the different lipid fractions of the seed of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) indicates that omega-9 monoenes are synthesized at high rates in this organ. Accordingly, we observed that four Δ9 stearoyl-ACP desaturase (SAD)-coding genes (FATTY ACID BIOSYNTHESIS2 [FAB2], ACYL-ACYL CARRIER PROTEIN5 [AAD5], AAD1, and AAD6) are transcriptionally induced in seeds. We established that the three most highly expressed ones are directly activated by the WRINKLED1 transcription factor. We characterized a collection of 30 simple, double, triple, and quadruple mutants affected in SAD-coding genes and thereby revealed the functions of these desaturases throughout seed development. Production of oleic acid by FAB2 and AAD5 appears to be critical at the onset of embryo morphogenesis. Double homozygous plants from crossing fab2 and aad5 could never be obtained, and further investigations revealed that the double mutation results in the arrest of embryo development before the globular stage. During later stages of seed development, these two SADs, together with AAD1, participate in the elaboration of the embryonic cuticle, a barrier essential for embryo–endosperm separation during the phase of invasive embryo growth through the endosperm. This study also demonstrates that the four desaturases redundantly contribute to storage lipid production during the maturation phase.

Published
2020

28. Biological activities of essential oils and lipopeptides applied to control plant pests and diseases: a review

Author

Bouchra Chebli, Timothy C. Paulitz, El Hassan Mayad, James Nicholas Furze, Mustapha Barakate, Rachid Bouharroud, Khadija Basaid, F. Krier, Biotechnology and Environmental Engineering Team, Laboratory for Process Environmental and Energy Engineering, National School of Applied Sciences, Ibn Zohr University-Ibn Zohr University-National School of Applied Sciences, Ibn Zohr University-Ibn Zohr University, Laboratory of Biotechnologies and Valorization of Natural Resources, Faculty of Sciences, Université Ibn Zohr [Agadir]-Université Ibn Zohr [Agadir], Institut national de la recherche agronomique [Maroc] (INRA Maroc), Institut Charles Viollette (ICV) - ULR 7394 (ICV), Université d'Artois (UA)-Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale (ULCO)-Institut Supérieur d'Agriculture-Université de Lille-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Laboratory of Biology and Biotechnology of Microorganisms, Department of Biology, Faculté des Sciences Semlalia [Marrakech], Université Cadi Ayyad [Marrakech] (UCA)-Université Cadi Ayyad [Marrakech] (UCA)-Faculté des Sciences Semlalia [Marrakech], Université Cadi Ayyad [Marrakech] (UCA)-Université Cadi Ayyad [Marrakech] (UCA), Morocco & Agrobiosciences Program, Université Mohammed VI Polytechnique [Ben Guerir] (UM6P), Genetics and Quality Research Unit, Wheat Health, United States Department of Agriculture (USDA)-United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Integrated Crop Production Unit, Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Faculty of Sciences Semlalia -Faculty of Sciences Semlalia, and Mohammed VI Polytechnic University [Marocco] (UM6P)

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, Antifungal, medicine.drug_class, Yield (finance), Biology, 01 natural sciences, nematicidal, synergistic activity, medicine, [SDV.BV]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Vegetal Biology, 2. Zero hunger, business.industry, fungi, food and beverages, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, 15. Life on land, lipopeptides, Biotechnology, Crop protection, 010602 entomology, [SDV.MP]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology, 13. Climate action, Essential oils, Insect Science, [SDV.TOX]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Toxicology, 040103 agronomy & agriculture, 0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries, insecticidal, business, Agronomy and Crop Science, antifungal
Abstract

Plants are often subject to attack by fungi, nematodes and insects, which generate immense yield losses. Hence, the quest for crop protection solutions is ongoing, concurrent with greater awareness towards the use of synthetic chemicals in agricultural practice. Scientific research has shifted towards the use of natural products, which possess good efficacy and are environment friendly. This review details two classes of natural products. The first one is the plant essential oils with their volatile constituents, which have been proven to possess antifungal, nematicidal and insecticidal activities. The second class is the lipopeptides produced by antagonistic microorganisms. Their biological activities are discussed, as they have been shown effective against plant fungi and pests. Essential oils and lipopeptides have huge potential to be used as biopesticides. The combinatorial approach between essential oils, antagonistic microorganisms and lipopeptides for crop protection is discussed, potentially both can produce a synergistic effect, resulting from their combination against plant fungi, nematodes and pests.

Published
2020

29. May passive dispersal of fungal enemies with native substrates in olive nurseries help to control phytonematodes?

Author

Aït Hamza, Mohamed, Tazi, Hafssa, Fossati-Gaschignard, Odile, Moukhli, Abdelmajid, Lakhtar, Hicham, Ferji, Zahra, Roussos, Sebastianos, El Mousadik, Abdelhamid, Boubaker, Hassan, Mateille, Thierry, Université Ibn Zohr [Agadir], Laboratoire LBVRN, Faculté des Sciences d’Agadir, Centre de Biologie pour la Gestion des Populations (UMR CBGP), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut Agro - Montpellier SupAgro, Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro), Centre Régional de la Recherche Agronomique (CRRA), Institut Agronomique et Vétérinaire Hassan II (IAV Hassan II), Institut méditerranéen de biodiversité et d'écologie marine et continentale (IMBE), Avignon Université (AU)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UMR237-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (Marseille, France) supported this research under the Ph.D grant. It was co-funded by PESTOLIVE project: Contribution of olive history for the management of soil-borne parasites in the Mediterranean Basin (ARIMNet action KBBE 219262), and BIONEMAR project: Development of fungal bionematicides for organic production in Morocco (PHC-Toubkal action 054/SVS/13)., PESTOLIVE project, BIONEMAR project, ANR-12-AGRI-0002,PESTOLIVE,CONTRIBUTION DE L'HISTOIRE DE L'OLIVIER A LA GESTION DES BIOAGRESSEURS TELLURIQUES DANS LE BASSIN MEDITERRANEEN(2012), European Project: 219262,EC:FP7:KBBE,FP7-ERANET-2007-RTD,ARIMNET(2008), Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national de la recherche agronomique [Maroc] (INRA Maroc), Institut Agronomique et Vétérinaire Hassan II - IAV (MOROCCO) (IAV), Institut de Recherche pour le Developpement (Marseille, France) supported this research under the Ph.D grant. It was co-funded by PESTOLIVE project: Contribution of olive history for the management of soil-borne parasites in the Mediterranean Basin (ARIMNet action KBBE 219262), and BIONEMAR project: Development of fungal bionematicides for organic production in Morocco (PHC-Toubkal action 054/SVS/13)., Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), and Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)

Subjects
communautés, [SDV.BIO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biotechnology, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], lcsh:Biotechnology, Geography, Planning and Development, Plant Science, Soil fungi, Biology, [SDV.SA.SDS]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences/Soil study, lcsh:TP248.13-248.65, [SDV.SA.STA]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences/Sciences and technics of agriculture, Natural enemies, écologie des sols, lcsh:Environmental sciences, 2. Zero hunger, lcsh:GE1-350, prédation, Forestry, 15. Life on land, invasion, Lutte biologique, soil ecology, communities, Biological control, predation, Agronomy and Crop Science, Biotechnology
Abstract

Description of the subject. In Morocco, expanding agricultural sector under “Morocco Green Plan” will also introduce plant diseases and plant parasitic nematodes (PPN). Soil substrate used in most of the olive nurseries is potentially inhabited by PPN and natural enemies. Objectives. This work assessed the co-occurrence of PPN and nematophagous fungi (NF) in substrates and potential of NF to suppress PPN. Method. The diversity of PPN and NF genera was characterized in 305 substrate samples, isolated from 25 olive nurseries and functional activity (nematicidal and enzymatic) of NF was evaluated. Results. High PPN diversity was detected in the isolated samples and substrates were differentiated by NF activity. Global partition between PPN and NF diversity patterns confirmed prey-predator antagonism. Moreover, PPN-NF patterns depend on the fungal survival (saprophytes vs obligate parasites) and antagonism (predation vs toxicity) processes. However, even the NF strains with maximum fitness (growth, sporulation, enzymatic activity) were not inevitably the most effective against PPN. Consequently, it was hypothesized that predation and competition could be an adaptation process of NF to overcome environmental stress and exploit alternative or supplementary nutrient sources.Conclusions. The use of diverse native NF from cultivated and wild soils offer future prospects for the development of PPN management strategies in olive nurseries., La dispersion passive de champignons prédateurs par les substrats de culture peut-elle favoriser le biocontrôle des nématodes phytoparasites en pépinières d’oliviers ?Description du sujet. Au Maroc, le développement d’une agriculture intensive dans le cadre du « Plan Maroc Vert » induira très probablement l’émergence de pathologies végétales, dont des nématoses. Dans le cas de l’olivier, la majorité des pépiniéristes utilisent des substrats constitués de sols d\'origine indigène potentiellement contaminés en nématodes phytoparasites (NPP) et en champignons nématophages (CNP).Objectifs. Le but de ce travail était de pouvoir évaluer la co-occurrence des NPP et des CNP dans les substrats ainsi que le potentiel antagoniste des CNP.Méthode. La diversité des genres de NPP et de CNP a été caractérisée dans 305 échantillons de substrats prélevés dans 25 pépinières d\'oliviers. L\'activité fonctionnelle (nématicide et enzymatique) des CNP a été évaluée.Résultats. Une grande diversité de NPP a été détectée, dont les 10 espèces les plus pathogènes à l’échelle mondiale. Les substrats se sont avérés riches en CNP qui diffèrent par leur activité prédatrice. L’analyse des communautés a révélé une partition nette entre NPP et CNP dans les substrats, confirmant l’antagonisme proie-prédateur. De plus, les patrons de NPP et de CNP dépendent de la stratégie trophique des CNP (saprophytes vs parasites obligatoires) et du mode d’antagonisme (prédation vs toxicité) impliqués. Mais les souches de CNP les plus performantes (croissance, sporulation, activité enzymatique) n\'étaient pas forcément les plus efficaces contre les NPP. Par conséquent, la prédation et la compétition pourraient être un processus d\'adaptation permettant au CNP de surmonter le stress environnemental et d\'exploiter des sources nutritives alternatives ou supplémentaires.Conclusions. L\'utilisation des CNP indigènes offre des perspectives pour le développement de stratégies de gestion microbiologique des NPP respectueuses de l’environnement.lutte biologique, communautés, écologie des sols, invasion, prédation

Published
2020

30. Response to 'The '4p1000' initiative: A new name should be adopted' by Baveye and White (2019)

Author

Pete Smith, Beata Emoke Madari, Yasuhito Shirato, Jagdish K. Ladha, Farshad Amiraslani, Cornelia Rumpel, David Whitehead, Brahim Soudi, Magali García Cárdenas, Claire Chenu, Martin Kaonga, Jean-François Soussana, Eva K. Wollenberg, Lydie-Stella Koutika, Institut d'écologie et des sciences de l'environnement de Paris (IEES (UMR_7618 / UMR_D_242 / UMR_A_1392 / UM_113) ), Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), University of Tehran, Ecologie fonctionnelle et écotoxicologie des agroécosystèmes (ECOSYS), AgroParisTech-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Université Paris-Saclay, Universidad Mayor de San Andrés (UMSA), Cambridge Center for Environment, Centre de Recherche sur la Durabilité et la Productivité des Plantations Industrielles (Dispositif en Partenariat) (CRDPI), UR Génétique Amélioration Diversité-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad), University of California [Davis] (UC Davis), University of California, Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (Embrapa), National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, University of Aberdeen, Institut Agronomique et Vétérinaire Hassan II - IAV (MOROCCO) (IAV), Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Manaaki Whenua-Landcare Research, University of Vermont [Burlington], Institut d'écologie et des sciences de l'environnement de Paris (iEES Paris ), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), AgroParisTech-Université Paris-Saclay-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Manaaki Whenua – Landcare Research [Lincoln], Sorbonne Université (SU), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Université de loraine, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Institut national de la recherche agronomique [Maroc] (INRA Maroc), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institute of Software Chinese Academy of Sciences [Beijing], Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-UR Génétique Amélioration Diversité, University of California (UC), and Institut Agronomique et Vétérinaire Hassan II (IAV Hassan II)

Subjects
[SDV.EE]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment, Carbon Sequestration, White (horse), 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Ecology, [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, Ecology (disciplines), [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Geography, Planning and Development, Comment, Environmental ethics, General Medicine, [SDV.SA.SDS]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences/Soil study, 010501 environmental sciences, Sustainable Development, 01 natural sciences, Carbon, Soil, Geography, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, Environmental Chemistry, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract

Response to “The “4p1000” initiative: A new name should be adopted” by Baveye and White (2019)

Published
2020

31. The effect of photovoltaic panels on the microclimate and on the tomato production under photovoltaic canarian greenhouses

Author

L. Gourdo, Rachid Bouharroud, Hicham Fatnassi, A. Bazgaou, H. Demrati, Ahmed Wifaya, K. Ezzaeri, A. Aharoune, L. Bouirden, C. Poncet, A. Bekkaoui, Université Ibn Zohr [Agadir], Institut Sophia Agrobiotech (ISA), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (... - 2019) (UNS), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Institut national de la recherche agronomique [Maroc] (INRA Maroc), Institut Agronomique et Vétérinaire Hassan II (IAV), and CNRST (Centre National pour la Recherche Scientifique et Technique, Morocco) [PPR2015/56]

Subjects
Yield, Greenhouse, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], 020209 energy, Population, Microclimate, 02 engineering and technology, 7. Clean energy, Tomato, Photovoltaic panels, Solar radiation, 0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering, Production (economics), General Materials Science, education, Roof, 2. Zero hunger, education.field_of_study, biology, Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment, business.industry, Photovoltaic system, Environmental engineering, 15. Life on land, biology.organism_classification, 13. Climate action, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, Environmental science, Tuta absoluta, Electricity, business
Abstract

International audience; Photovoltaic greenhouses are mixed systems, combining electricity and agricultural production in the same area. Moreover, this type of greenhouse conserves all the properties of a conventional greenhouse, as well as offering the possibility of producing and selling electricity. The aim of the present study is to assess both the impact of the shade caused by the photovoltaic panels on the microclimate and the quality of fruits in the greenhouse. Measurements were carried out in an experimental Canary type greenhouse covered with flexible photovoltaic panels on 10% of its total roof area. Results illustrate that this occupancy rate of the photovoltaic panels arranged in checkerboard pattern does not have a significant effect on the agronomic parameters e.g. height, stem diameter and tomato yield, and climatic parameters under the greenhouse cover. Additionally, the presence of photovoltaic panels has a negative effect on the development of the population of Tuta absoluta.

Published
2018

32. Morphometry and depth of inseminating catheter penetration in prolific and non- prolific ewes at different ages: A post mortem study

Author

Zineb Moussafir, Kaoutar El Khalil, Naima Hamidallah, Mustapha Ibnelbachyr, Anass Benmoula, Bouchra El Amiri, Abdelmoughit Badi, Alice Fatet, Larbi Allai, Centre Régional de la Recherche Agronomique de Settat, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique du Maroc (INRA), Université Hassan 1er [Settat], Physiologie de la reproduction et des comportements [Nouzilly] (PRC), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Institut Français du Cheval et de l'Equitation [Saumur]-Université de Tours-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut national de la recherche agronomique [Maroc] (INRA Maroc), and Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Institut Français du Cheval et de l'Equitation [Saumur]-Université de Tours (UT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
medicine.medical_treatment, Uterus, Cervix Uteri, Biology, Insemination, Ewe, Catheterization, Sexual Behavior, Animal, 03 medical and health sciences, Age, 0302 clinical medicine, Endocrinology, Animal science, Food Animals, Pregnancy, medicine, Animals, 10. No inequality, Prolific, Cervix, Insemination, Artificial, Sheep, 030219 obstetrics & reproductive medicine, [SDV.BA]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Animal biology, Artificial insemination, Significant difference, 0402 animal and dairy science, [SDV.BDLR]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Reproductive Biology, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, General Medicine, Penetration (firestop), Cervical penetration, 040201 dairy & animal science, Breed, 3. Good health, Catheter, Fertility, medicine.anatomical_structure, Cervix anatomy, Female, Animal Science and Zoology, Autopsy, Non-Prolific
Abstract

International audience; The ewe's cervix structure is highly variable among females, which may limit the application of transcervical artificial insemination (TCAI). This work aimed to study the variation in cervix anatomy in two different prolificacy breeds (D'man a prolific and Boujaad a non-prolific sheep). Reproductive tracts were collected from D'man (n = 64) and Boujaad (n = 187) females aged between 1 and 4 years. The weight of the uterus, length of the cervix and depth of penetration of the inseminating pipette were recorded. The number of cervical rings was counted and their arrangement graded. The cervix anatomy of D'man ewes differs from that of Boujaad. The cervix morphology of Boujaad ewes is more complex compared to D'man ewes; this complexity depends on the age of the ewe. No significant difference was found regarding the depth of penetration of the insemination catheter for the two breeds at 1, 2 and 4 years old (P > 0.05). However, at 3 years old, the highest depth of penetration (P < 0.05) was recorded in D'man ewes. In addition, for both breeds, grade 2 was the most frequent (P < 0.05), and the cervix became less complicated for TCAI with advanced age (4 years old). To conclude, the cervix of D'man ewes is less complex and more favorable to TCAI. In addition, to overcome the complexity of the cervix in Boujaad sheep, a selection of 4-year-old ewes will make the penetration of the artificial insemination catheter possible.

Published
2018

33. Cultivated Olive Diversification at Local and Regional Scales: Evidence From the Genetic Characterization of French Genetic Resources

Author

Bouchaib Khadari, Ahmed El Bakkali, Laila Essalouh, Christine Tollon, Christian Pinatel, Guillaume Besnard, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Amélioration génétique et adaptation des plantes méditerranéennes et tropicales (UMR AGAP), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro), Conservatoire Botanique National Méditerranéen de Porquerolles, UR Amélioration des Plantes et Conservation des Ressources Phytogénétiques, Institut national de la recherche agronomique [Maroc] (INRA Maroc), Etablissement Public Local (EPL), Maison des Agriculteurs, Association pour le Développement de l'Apiculture Provençale (ADAPI), Evolution et Diversité Biologique (EDB), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, OliveMed/Agropolis Fondation N° 1202-066 project through the Investissements d’avenir/Labex Agro ANR- 10-Labex-0001-01 managed by the French National Research Agency (ANR), LABEX TULIP (ANR-10-LABX-0041), CEBA (ANR-10-LABX-25-01)., ANR-11-IDEX-0002,UNITI,Université Fédérale de Toulouse(2011), ANR-10-LABX-0001,AGRO,Agricultural Sciences for sustainable Development(2010), ANR-10-LABX-0025,CEBA,CEnter of the study of Biodiversity in Amazonia(2010), Association pour le Developpement de l'Apiculture Provencale (ADAPI), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), and Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, 0301 basic medicine, Germplasm, Mediterranean climate, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Genetic resource management, ex situ collection of Porquerolles, Plant Science, lcsh:Plant culture, Biology, Diversification (marketing strategy), ressource génétique, 01 natural sciences, caractérisation moléculaire, [SHS]Humanities and Social Sciences, Crop, génotype méditerranéen, 03 medical and health sciences, [SDV.BV]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Vegetal Biology, lcsh:SB1-1110, Cultivar, Parentage analysis, olea europaea, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Original Research, 2. Zero hunger, Genetic diversity, Vegetal Biology, Olea europaea L, food and beverages, 15. Life on land, Simple sequence repeat, Genetic structure, Core collection, 030104 developmental biology, Agronomy, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, Gene pool, germplasme, Biologie végétale, 010606 plant biology & botany
Abstract

International audience; Molecular characterization of crop genetic resources is a powerful approach to elucidate the origin of varieties and facilitate local cultivar management. Here we aimed to decipher the origin and diversification of French local olive germplasm. The 113 olive accessions of the ex situ collection of Porquerolles were characterized with 20 nuclear microsatellites plus their plastid haplotype. We then compared this collection to Mediterranean olive varieties from the Worldwide Olive Germplasm Bank of Marrakech, Morocco. High genetic diversity was observed within local French varieties, indicating a high admixture level, with an almost equal contribution from the three main Mediterranean gene pools. Nearly identical and closely related genotypes were observed among French and Italian/Spanish varieties. A high number of parent-offspring relationships were also detected among French varieties and between French and two Italian varieties ('Frantoio' and 'Moraiolo') and the Spanish variety ('Gordal Sevillana'). Our investigations indicated that French olive germplasm resulted from the diffusion of material from multiple origins followed by diversification based on parentage relationships between varieties. We strongly suggest that farmers have been actively selecting olives based on local French varieties. French olive agroecosystems more affected by unexpected frosts than southernmost regions could also be seen as incubators and as a bridge between Italy and Spain that has enhanced varietal olive diversification.

Published
2019

34. Elucidation of the genetic architecture of self‐incompatibility in olive: Evolutionary consequences and perspectives for orchard management

Author

Pierre Saumitou-Laprade, Ahmed El Bakkali, Laila Essalouh, Philippe Vernet, Bouchaib Khadari, Abdelmajid Moukhli, S. Pandolfi, Luciana Baldoni, Ali Mhaïs, Roberto Mariotti, Xavier Vekemans, Fiammetta Alagna, Martina Rossi, Sophie Gallina, Nicolò G. M. Cultrera, Sylvain Billiard, Gianni Barcaccia, Évolution, Écologie et Paléontologie (Evo-Eco-Paleo) - UMR 8198 (Evo-Eco-Paléo (EEP)), Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Amélioration génétique et adaptation des plantes méditerranéennes et tropicales (UMR AGAP), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), UR Amélioration des Plantes et Conservation des Ressources Phytogénétiques, Institut national de la recherche agronomique [Maroc] (INRA Maroc), Università degli Studi di Padova = University of Padua (Unipd), Università degli Studi di Perugia = University of Perugia (UNIPG), projet 'OliveMed' N° 1202-066 through the 'Investissements d'avenir' / Labex Agro ANR-10-Labex-0001-01 Agropolis Fondation, Project OLEA – Genomics and Breeding of Olive, funded by MiPAAF, Italy, Project 'BeFOre - Bioresources for Oliviculture,' 2015–2019, H2020-MSCA-RISE-Marie Skłodowska-Curie Research and Innovation Staff Exchange, Grant Agreement N. 645595, projet project 'TRANS' (ANR-11-BSV7-013-03), French-Moroccan scientific cooperation PRAD 14-03, Évolution, Écologie et Paléontologie (Evo-Eco-Paleo) - UMR 8198 (Evo-Eco-Paléo), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Lille, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad), Universita degli Studi di Padova, Università degli Studi di Perugia (UNIPG), and Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)

Subjects
0301 basic medicine, plant mating systems, Evolution, Oleaceae, medicine.disease_cause, Trans-generic conservation of SI functionality, 03 medical and health sciences, Behavior and Systematics, olive diversity, Pollen, Botany, Genetics, medicine, Biologie de la reproduction, coefficient de détermination génétique, Ovule, trans‐generic conservation of SI functionality, olea europaea, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, Reproductive Biology, [SDV.GEN.GPO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Genetics/Populations and Evolution [q-bio.PE], Olea europaea L, Ecology, biology, Diallelic self-incompatibility system, Sporophytic genetic control, Homomorphic system, Olive diversity, Plant mating systems, diallelic self‐incompatibility system, Interspecific competition, Original Articles, 15. Life on land, biology.organism_classification, Genetic architecture, conduite du verger, 030104 developmental biology, Agricultural and Biological Sciences (all), homomorphic system, Olea, sporophytic genetic control, diallelic self-incompatibility system, trans-generic conservation of SI functionality, architecture génétique, Pollen tube, Original Article, Orchard, stigmate, autostérilité, General Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Abstract

UMR AGAP - équipe AFEF - Architecture et fonctionnement des espèces fruitières; International audience; The olive (Olea europaea L.) is a typical important perennial crop species for which the genetic determination and even functionality of self-incompatibility (SI) are still largely unresolved. It is still not known whether SI is under gametophytic or sporophytic genetic control, yet fruit production in orchards depends critically on successful ovule fertilization. We studied the genetic determination of SI in olive in light of recent discoveries in other genera of the Oleaceae family. Using intra- and inter-specific stigma tests on 89 genotypes representative of species-wide olive diversity and the compatibility/incompatibility reactions of progeny plants from controlled crosses, we confirmed that O. europaea shares the same homomorphic diallelic self-incompatibility (DSI) system as the one recently identified in Phillyrea angustifolia and Fraxinus ornus. SI is sporophytic in olive. The incompatibility response differs between the two SI groups in terms of how far pollen tubes grow before growth is arrested within stigma tissues. As a consequence of this DSI system, the chance of cross-incompatibility between pairs of varieties in an orchard is high (50%) and fruit production may be limited by the availability of compatible pollen. The discovery of the DSI system in O. europaea will undoubtedly offer opportunities to optimize fruit production.

Published
2017

35. Effect of water gradient on the intensity of competition and productivity of annual crops intercropped with olive trees

Author

Temani, Fida, El Mrini, S., Daoui, K., Bouaziz, Ahmed, Wéry, Jacques, Barkaoui, Karim, Fonctionnement et conduite des systèmes de culture tropicaux et méditerranéens (UMR SYSTEM), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier (CIHEAM-IAMM), Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes (CIHEAM)-Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes (CIHEAM)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro), Institut Agronomique et Vétérinaire Hassan II (IAV), Institut national de la recherche agronomique [Maroc] (INRA Maroc), Amélioration génétique et adaptation des plantes méditerranéennes et tropicales (UMR AGAP), and Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro)

Subjects
[SDV.SA]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences, agroforestry, annual crops, olive tree, interactions, water gradient, agroforesterie, olivier, système de culture, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Sciences agricoles, Agricultural sciences
Abstract

National audience

Published
2019

36. Characterization of worldwide olive germplasm banks of Marrakech (Morocco) and Córdoba (Spain): Towards management and use of olive germplasm in breeding programs

Author

Abdelmajid Moukhli, Pierre Mournet, Lhassane Sikaoui, Christine Tollon, Bouchaib Khadari, Hayat Zaher, Amal Hadidou, Laila Essalouh, Abderrahmane Mekkaoui, Ahmed El Bakkali, Ronan Rivallan, UR Amélioration des Plantes et Conservation des Ressources Phytogénétiques, Institut national de la recherche agronomique [Maroc] (INRA Maroc), Amélioration génétique et adaptation des plantes méditerranéennes et tropicales (UMR AGAP), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro), Etablissement Public Local (EPL), Centre de Formation Professionnel pour Adultes du Gard, Partenaires INRAE, UR Amélioration Plantes, Conservatoire Botanique National Méditerranéen de Porquerolles, International Olive Oil Council, INRA Morocco, and ANR-10-LABX-0001,AGRO,Agricultural Sciences for sustainable Development(2010)

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, Germplasm, endocarpe, Heredity, espagne, Banque de gènes, 01 natural sciences, Mediterranean Basin, Microsatellite Loci, Trees, F30 - Génétique et amélioration des plantes, Diversity index, maroc, Cultivar, Association mapping, Olea europaea, [SDV.BDD]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Development Biology, 0303 health sciences, Multidisciplinary, Geography, Geographical regions, Biologie du développement, Regional geography, Eukaryota, Olives, Olive, Agriculture, Plants, Development Biology, Genetic Mapping, Morocco, Phenotype, marqueur microsatellite, diversité génétique, Medicine, Génotype, Research Article, Olive Trees, Genotype, Locus, Science, Variant Genotypes, Biology, ressource génétique, Fruits, 03 medical and health sciences, Variation génétique, Gene Types, Olea, Genetics, Plant breeding, Alleles, 030304 developmental biology, amélioration génétique, Genetic diversity, Polymorphism, Genetic, business.industry, Organisms, Biology and Life Sciences, Microsatellite, 15. Life on land, Agronomy, Olive trees, Biotechnology, Plant Breeding, Earth sciences, Genetic Loci, Seed Bank, Spain, germplasme, business, Microsatellite Repeats, 010606 plant biology & botany
Abstract

International audience; Olive (Olea europaea L.) is a major fruit crop in the Mediterranean Basin. Ex-situ olive management is essential to ensure optimal use of genetic resources in breeding programs. The Worldwide Olive Germplasm Bank of Córdoba (WOGBC), Spain, and Marrakech (WOGBM), Morocco, are currently the largest existing olive germplasm collections. Characterization, identification, comparison and authentication of all accessions in both collections could thus provide useful information for managing olive germplasm for its preservation, exchange within the scientific community and use in breeding programs. Here we applied 20 microsatellite markers (SSR) and 11 endocarp morphological traits to discriminate and authenticate 1091 olive accessions belonging to WOGBM and WOGBC (554 and 537, respectively). Of all the analyzed accessions, 672 distinct SSR profiles considered as unique genotypes were identified, but only 130 were present in both collections. Combining SSR markers and endocarp traits led to the identification of 535 cultivars (126 in common) and 120 authenticated cultivars. No significant differences were observed between collections regarding the allelic richness and diversity index. We concluded that the genetic diversity level was stable despite marked contrasts in varietal composition between collections, which could be explained by their different collection establishment conditions. This highlights the extent of cultivar variability within WOGBs. Moreover, we detected 192 mislabeling errors, 72 of which were found in WOGBM. A total of 228 genotypes as molecular variants of 74 cultivars, 79 synonyms and 39 homonyms as new cases were identified. Both collections were combined to define the nested core collections of 55, 121 and 150 sample sizes proposed for further studies. This study was a preliminary step towards managing and mining the genetic diversity in both collections while developing collaborations between olive research teams to conduct association mapping studies by exchanging and phenotyping accessions in contrasted environmental sites.

Published
2019

37. Solar energy storing rock-bed to heat an agricultural greenhouse

Author

L. Bouirden, L. Gourdo, A. Aharoune, Ahmed Wifaya, Hicham Fatnassi, R. Tiskatine, H. Demrati, Université Ibn Zohr [Agadir], Institut Sophia Agrobiotech (ISA), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (... - 2019) (UNS), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), and Institut national de la recherche agronomique [Maroc] (INRA Maroc)

Subjects
020209 energy, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], solar energy, Greenhouse, Context (language use), rock-bed microclimate, 02 engineering and technology, 7. Clean energy, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering, 020401 chemical engineering, 0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering, Relative humidity, Coal, 0204 chemical engineering, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Civil and Structural Engineering, solar heating system, 2. Zero hunger, business.industry, Mechanical Engineering, heating greenhouses, Environmental engineering, Building and Construction, 15. Life on land, Solar energy, Pollution, Renewable energy, General Energy, 13. Climate action, Agriculture, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, Environmental science, business, Energy source
Abstract

International audience; The quality requirements of crops, particularly for export, are causing more and more Moroccan producers to consider heating their greenhouses. As the heating costs by conventional energy sources (coal, oil and natural gas) is too high, especially for developing countries, the use of renewable energy technologies and systems to heat the greenhouses have gained much attention in recent years. In this context, to maintain the optimum growth environment for plants, a solar energy storing rock-bed has been used to heat the ambient air inside a canarian type greenhouse. This system stores excess heat from the greenhouse during the day and restitutes it at night. The results of experimental measurements of the climatic parameters show that air temperature inside the greenhouse equipped with rock-bed is on average 3 degrees C higher than inside the conventional greenhouse during the night and 1.9 degrees C lower during the day. As the greenhouse equipped with the solar energy storing system was cooled down during the day and heated-up at night, its relative humidity was naturally higher during the day and lower at night. In addition, this system has a positive effect on the tomato yield, which has been improved by 22% compared to the conventional greenhouse. (C) 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Published
2019

38. Response of almond flowering and dormancy to Mediterranean temperature conditions in the context of adaptation to climate variations

Author

A. Mouhajir, Adnane El Yaacoubi, Tarik Ainane, Ahmed Oukabli, Jean-Michel Legave, Rachid Zouhair, Majida Hafidi, Université Moulay Ismail (UMI), Plant Breeding and Genetic Resources, Regional Agricultural Research Center of Meknès, Institut national de la recherche agronomique [Maroc] (INRA Maroc), Amélioration génétique et adaptation des plantes méditerranéennes et tropicales (UMR AGAP), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), and Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, 0301 basic medicine, Mediterranean climate, Chill requirements, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Context (language use), Horticulture, Biology, Almond, Flowering time, 01 natural sciences, Degree (temperature), Heat requirements, Flowering, Crop, 03 medical and health sciences, Dormancy, [SDV.BV]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Vegetal Biology, Cultivar, 2. Zero hunger, 15. Life on land, 030104 developmental biology, 13. Climate action, Adaptation, 010606 plant biology & botany
Abstract

International audience; Determining the flowering and the dormancy phases in fruit trees is a crucial process because of their substantial role in some agricultural practices and crop managements. However, few of these studies were conducted on almond flowering and dormancy, particularly in mild climate areas. This study aimed to simulate the dormancy phases, closely involved in the determination of flowering time of almond species in response to temperature variations. To reach this objective, Partial Least Squares analysis was used. In this regard, climatic and flowering data were collected from Ain Taoudjate in Morocco during the period from 1974 to 2014. In fact, a significant temperature increase was highlighted, inducing a decrease in amounts of chill during the studied period. Using Partial Least Squares analysis, a good fit of data was obtained, particularly using mean and maximal temperatures. Two relevant periods controlling the flowering process were highlighted in Tuono cultivar, in concordance with the sequential model in prediction of flowering times. The first long chilling period started from October 01st to January 11th. During this period, temperatures correlated positively with flowering dates, inducing consequently a delayed flowering dates because of low and slow accumulation of chilling requirements. However, the second short forcing period extended from January 18th to March 09th, during which flowering dates were negatively correlated with temperatures. In fact, the accumulation of certain threshold of Growing Degree Hours and Chill Portions during the two periods respectively could delay flowering, particularly in the context of chilling privation in the coming future, causing a serious problem for fruit trees. Significantly, temperatures during the chilling period seemed to affect effectively the flowering dates of almond than temperatures during the forcing period. In this investigation, we demonstrated that Partial Least Squares showed a good fit in explanation of the flowering process and can be used for prediction of dormancy phases and flowering process.

Published
2019

39. Convergent genomic signatures of domestication in sheep and goats

Author

Alberto, Florian J., Boyer, Frédéric, Orozco-terWengel, Pablo, Streeter, Ian, Servin, Bertrand, de Villemereuil, Pierre, Benjelloun, Badr, Librado, Pablo, Biscarini, Filippo, Colli, Licia, Barbato, Mario, Zamani, Wahid, Alberti, Adriana, Engelen, Stefan, Stella, Alessandra, Joost, Stéphane, Ajmone-Marsan, Paolo, Negrini, Riccardo, Orlando, Ludovic, Rezaei, Hamid Reza, Naderi, Saeid, Clarke, Laura, Flicek, Paul, Wincker, Patrick, Coissac, Eric, Kijas, James, Tosser-Klopp, Gwenola, Chikhi, Abdelkader, Bruford, Michael W., Taberlet, Pierre, Pompanon, François, Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine (LECA), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), School of Biosciences [Cardiff], Cardiff University, European Bioinformatics Institute [Hinxton] (EMBL-EBI), EMBL Heidelberg, Génétique Physiologie et Systèmes d'Elevage (GenPhySE ), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse (ENVT), Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-École nationale supérieure agronomique de Toulouse [ENSAT], Section for GeoGenetics, Globe Institute, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (KU)-University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (KU)-Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (KU)-University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (KU), PTP Science Park, Institute of Zootechnics [Piacenza], Università Cattolica del S. Cuore - Catholic University of the Sacred Hearth, Department of Environmental Sciences [Tarbiat], Faculty of Natural Resources and Marine Sciences [Tarbiat], Tarbiat Modaras University-Tarbiat Modaras University, Genoscope - Centre national de séquençage [Evry] (GENOSCOPE), Direction de Recherche Fondamentale (CEA) (DRF (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay, Institut de Biologie François JACOB (JACOB), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), Laboratory of Geographical Information Systems (LASIG), School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering (ENAC), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Research Center on Biodiversity and Ancient DNA [Piacenza] (BioDNA), Environmental Sciences Department [Gorgan], Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Génomique métabolique (UMR 8030), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Direction de Recherche Fondamentale (CEA) (DRF (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université d'Évry-Val-d'Essonne (UEVE), CSIRO Agriculture Flagship, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation [Canberra] (CSIRO), Institut national de la recherche agronomique [Maroc] (INRA Maroc), ANR-14-JFAC-0002,ClimGen,Climate Genomics for farm animal adaptation(2014), ANR10 LABX56,ANR10 LABX56, European Project: 244356,EC:FP7:KBBE,FP7-KBBE-2009-3,NEXTGEN(2010), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Université d'Évry-Val-d'Essonne (UEVE)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine (LECA ), Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019]), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-École nationale supérieure agronomique de Toulouse (ENSAT), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT), University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (UCPH)-University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (UCPH)-Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (UCPH)-University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (UCPH), Università cattolica del Sacro Cuore [Piacenza e Cremona] (Unicatt), Tarbiat Modares University [Tehran]-Tarbiat Modares University [Tehran], Université Paris-Saclay-Direction de Recherche Fondamentale (CEA) (DRF (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université d'Évry-Val-d'Essonne (UEVE)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), FACCE ERA-NET Plus project CLIMGEN ANR-14-JFAC-0002-01 / LabEx OSUG (Investissements d'avenir) ANR10LABX56 / Wellcome Trust WT108749/Z/15/Z, ANR-10-LABX-0056,OSUG@2020,Innovative strategies for observing and modelling natural systems(2010), École nationale supérieure agronomique de Toulouse [ENSAT]-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse (ENVT), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, and Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université d'Évry-Val-d'Essonne (UEVE)

Subjects
sheep, Science, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], selection signature, selection, Article, domestication, evolution, genomics, Animals, dna-sequencing data, animal domestication, population history, analysis toolkit, gene, discovery, reveals, association, Selection, Genetic, lcsh:Science, Phylogeny, Sheep, Domestic, Genome, Settore AGR/17 - ZOOTECNICA GENERALE E MIGLIORAMENTO GENETICO, Whole Genome Sequencing, Goats, goat, evolutionary basis of domestication, Genetic Variation, Biological Evolution, [SDV.GEN.GA]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Genetics/Animal genetics, Phenotype, Haplotypes, Animals, Domestic, lcsh:Q
Abstract

The evolutionary basis of domestication has been a longstanding question and its genetic architecture is becoming more tractable as more domestic species become genome-enabled. Before becoming established worldwide, sheep and goats were domesticated in the fertile crescent 10,500 years before present (YBP) where their wild relatives remain. Here we sequence the genomes of wild Asiatic mouflon and Bezoar ibex in the sheep and goat domestication center and compare their genomes with that of domestics from local, traditional, and improved breeds. Among the genomic regions carrying selective sweeps differentiating domestic breeds from wild populations, which are associated among others to genes involved in nervous system, immunity and productivity traits, 20 are common to Capra and Ovis. The patterns of selection vary between species, suggesting that while common targets of selection related to domestication and improvement exist, different solutions have arisen to achieve similar phenotypic end-points within these closely related livestock species., The sheep and goat were domesticated ~10,500 years ago in the same region of the Middle-East. Here, Alberto et al compare the genomes of wild Asiatic mouflon and Bezoar ibex with that of domestics from local, traditional and improved breeds and find common targets of selection related to domestication and improvement in sheep and goats.

Published
2018

40. Evaluating NDVI Data Continuity Between SPOT-VEGETATION and PROBA-V Missions for Operational Yield Forecasting in North African Countries

Author

Michele Meroni, Josh Hooker, Hamid Mahyou, Myriam Haffani, Moncef Ben Moussa, Ismael Haythem, Raúl López-Lozano, Nabil Sghaier, Talhaoui Wafa, Olivier Leo, Mustapha Dali, Riad Balaghi, Mouanis Lahlou, Dominique Fasbender, JRC Institute for Environment and Sustainability (IES), European Commission - Joint Research Centre [Ispra] (JRC), Institut national de la recherche agronomique [Maroc] (INRA Maroc), National Institute for Agricultural Research of Algeria, Partenaires INRAE, Centre National de Cartographie et de la Télédétection / National Center for Mapping and Remote Sensing [Tunisie] (CNCT), Ministère de la Défense, Tunisie, Institut Agronomique et Vétérinaire Hassan II (IAV), Environnement Méditerranéen et Modélisation des Agro-Hydrosystèmes (EMMAH), and Avignon Université (AU)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)

Subjects
Monitoring, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Meteorology, Mean squared error, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Yield (finance), PROBA-V, normalized difference vegetation index, 0211 other engineering and technologies, 02 engineering and technology, crop yield forecasting, sensors, source transition, 01 natural sciences, Normalized Difference Vegetation Index, Predictive models, vegetation, Data continuity, Statistics, Analytical models, different spatial quality, PROBA-V Missions, SPOT-VEGETATION Missions, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, normalized difference vegetation index (NVDI), 021101 geological & geomatics engineering, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Mathematics, Vegetation mapping, Estimation, NDVI Data Continuity, Anomaly (natural sciences), crop area, Agriculture, Vegetation, Enhanced vegetation index, Project for On-Board Autonomy-Vegetation (PROBA-V), Crop monitoring, crops, Operational Yield Forecasting, North African Countries, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, root mean square error, General Earth and Planetary Sciences, cereal yield forecasts, Instruments, Système Pour l'Observation de la Terre (SPOT)-VEGETATION (VGT), Forecasting
Abstract

International audience; After 15 years, the Système Pour l'Observation de la Terre (SPOT)-VEGETATION (VGT) program reached the end of its life in May 2014 and was replaced by the Project for On-Board Autonomy-Vegetation (PROBA-V) mission. Exploiting the period of overlap between instruments, this study compares the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) of two instruments from the point of view of the user interested in operational crop monitoring. The comparison is performed for Morocco, Algeria, and Tunisia, where NDVI is used to derive anomaly maps, temporal profiles, and cereal yield forecasts. A relevant scatter due to unexplained unsystematic variability exists between anomaly values. A mismatch between anomaly classes is observed for 20%-30% of the crop area. However, when the NDVI is averaged over cropland and administrative units to derive temporal profiles, the two data sources show a high agreement. Results for yield estimation comparison indicate an overall high agreement, and both the (null) hypotheses that the model predictions and the root mean square error (RMSE) in yield estimation are not different, when using PROBA-V instead of SPOT-VGT, cannot be rejected in all cases for Morocco and Algeria. On the contrary, in Tunisia, where RMSE is lower using PROBA-V, the hypothesis of no difference in RMSE is rejected. These findings therefore indicate that yield estimation performances are not affected (Morocco and Algeria) or improved (Tunisia) by the source transition. Finally, despite the same nominal spatial resolution, the different spatial quality of the sensors was found to have an effect on yield estimation in areas characterized by sharp transitions between cropland and desert.

Published
2016

41. Complete Genome Sequences of the Plant Pathogens Dickeya solani RNS 08.23.3.1.A and Dickeya dianthicola RNS04.9

Author

Teik Min Chong, Denis Faure, Kévin Robic, Pauline Blin, Slimane Khayi, Kok-Gan Chan, Biotechnology Research Unit, Institut national de la recherche agronomique [Maroc] (INRA Maroc), Institut de Biologie Intégrative de la Cellule (I2BC), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Département Microbiologie (Dpt Microbio), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Intéractions Plantes-Bactéries (PBI), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Biologie Intégrative de la Cellule (I2BC), Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Malaya = Universiti Malaya [Kuala Lumpur, Malaisie] (UM), ANR-15-CE21-0003,COMBICONTROL,Combinaison de strategies de biocontrôle ciblant les populations complexes des pathogènes bactériens Pectobacterium and Dickeya des cultures de pomme de terre.(2015), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique du Maroc (INRA), and Universiti Malaya

Subjects
0301 basic medicine, MICROBIO, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], fungi, Blackleg, Dickeya dianthicola, food and beverages, Dickeya, PBI, Biology, biology.organism_classification, Genome, Microbiology, 03 medical and health sciences, 030104 developmental biology, Genetics, Dickeya solani, Molecular Biology
Abstract

Dickeya spp. are bacterial pathogens causing soft-rot and blackleg diseases on a wide range of ornamental plants and crops. In this paper, we announce the PacBio complete genome sequences of the plant pathogens Dickeya solani RNS 08.23.3.1.A (PRI3337) and Dickeya dianthicola RNS04.9.

Published
2018

42. An experimental study on the effect of a rock-bed heating system on the microclimate and the crop development under canarian greenhouse

Author

R. Tiskatine, L. Gourdo, L. Bouirden, Hicham Fatnassi, H. Demrati, A. Bazgaou, Ahmed Wifaya, K. Ezzaeri, R. Bouhroud, A. Aharoune, A. Bekkaoui, Université Ibn Zohr [Agadir], Institut Sophia Agrobiotech (ISA), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (... - 2019) (UNS), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Institut national de la recherche agronomique [Maroc] (INRA Maroc), Institut Agronomique et Vétérinaire Hassan II (IAV), and National Center for Scientific and Technical Research (CNRST) in Morocco

Subjects
020209 energy, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Microclimate, Greenhouse, Overheating (economics), 02 engineering and technology, 7. Clean energy, 0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering, Greenhouse climate control, General Materials Science, Relative humidity, 2. Zero hunger, Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment, business.industry, Crop development control, Environmental engineering, Sowing, Humidity, Solar energy, Heating system, Rock-bed heating system, 13. Climate action, Heating greenhouse, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, Environmental science, business
Abstract

International audience; The use of thermal solar energy for heating greenhouse in winter period, where climatic conditions are unfavorable for the plant, is an important issue. In this paper, the performance of a rock-bed heating system is analyzed and discussed in a conventional Canarian type greenhouse in Morocco. An experimental comparative study is conducted in two East-West orientated greenhouses for solving the problem of conventional greenhouses that are facing overheating problems during the day and excessive cold at night, and improving the quality and quantity of agricultural production. The geometry, building materials and date of planting are identical for studying the impact of the heating system on the temperature and humidity inside greenhouse, as well as their influence on the crop development. Results show that the temperature at night inside the greenhouse equipped with the rock-bed exceeds that of the control greenhouse by 2.6 degrees C. The relative humidity is found to be 10% lower at night inside the heated greenhouse. This improvement in the microclimate during night has a very positive impact on the quality of fruit and the yield increased by almost 29%.

Published
2018

43. Complete Chromosome and Plasmid Sequences of Two Plant Pathogens, Dickeya solani Strains D s0432-1 and PPO 9019

Author

Khayi, Slimane, Blin, Pauline, Chong, Teik Min, Chan, Kok-Gan, Faure, Denis, Biotechnology Research Unit, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique du Maroc (INRA), Institut de Biologie Intégrative de la Cellule (I2BC), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Département Microbiologie (Dpt Microbio), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Intéractions Plantes-Bactéries (PBI), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Biologie Intégrative de la Cellule (I2BC), Institute of Biological Sciences, Universiti Malaya, Institut national de la recherche agronomique [Maroc] (INRA Maroc), and University of Malaya = Universiti Malaya [Kuala Lumpur, Malaisie] (UM)

Subjects
MICROBIO, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], food and beverages, Prokaryotes, PBI, bacterial infections and mycoses, equipment and supplies
Abstract

Dickeya solani species are emerging bacterial pathogens of Solanum tuberosum. Here, we announce the complete genome sequences of two strains, Dickeya solani D s0432-1 and PPO 9019. Strain PPO 9019 represents the first described member of the genus Dickeya with an extrachromosomal genetic element.

Published
2018

44. Primary Selection and Secondary Diversification: Two Key Processes in the History of Olive Domestication

Author

Bouchaib Khadari, Ahmed El Bakkali, Amélioration génétique et adaptation des plantes méditerranéennes et tropicales (UMR AGAP), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro), UR Amélioration des Plantes et Conservation des Ressources Phytogénétiques, Institut national de la recherche agronomique [Maroc] (INRA Maroc), OliveMed/Agropolis Fondation no. 1202-066 through the Investissements d'avenir/Labex Agro ANR-10-Labex-0001-01 managed by the French National Research Agency (ANR), ANR-10-LABX-0001,AGRO,Agricultural Sciences for sustainable Development(2010), and European Project: 645595,H2020,H2020-MSCA-RISE-2014,BeFOre(2015)

Subjects
0301 basic medicine, Article Subject, Biodiversité et Ecologie, Biology, Diversification (marketing strategy), Crop species, Mediterranean Basin, Biodiversity and Ecology, 03 medical and health sciences, olivier, lcsh:Agriculture (General), Domestication, olea europaea, 2. Zero hunger, Middle East, Ecology, business.industry, domestication des espèces, 15. Life on land, biology.organism_classification, lcsh:S1-972, 030104 developmental biology, Agronomy, Genetic marker, Agriculture, Olea, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, business, Agronomy and Crop Science
Abstract

Knowledge on the crop domestication process is important from a cultural and agricultural standpoint since it can shed light on the origin and history of human civilizations as well as the management of genetic resources, while offering guidance for modern breeding. The olive tree (Olea europaeassp.europaea) is the most iconic of the old crop species of the Mediterranean Basin (MB). Primary domestication from wild olive probably occurred around 6000 BP in the Middle East. However, the question remains as to whether cultivated olive derived from a single domestication event in the Levant, followed by secondary diversification, or whether it was the result of independent domestication events. Here, we analyzed a comprehensive sample collected from 35 wild populations (722 individuals) and 410 cultivars from across the MB using nuclear and plastid DNA markers. Our genetic investigations argue in favor of a single primary domestication event in the eastern MB, followed by diffusion of the first domesticated olive and diversification in the central and western MB as key processes in the olive tree history.

Published
2018

45. Diversity of plant-parasitic nematode communities associated with olive nurseries in Morocco : origin and environmental impacts

Author

Abdelmajid Moukhli, Abdelhamid El Mousadik, H. Boubaker, Mohamed Ait Hamza, Odile Fossati-Gaschignard, Zahra Ferji, Johannes Tavoillot, Nadine Ali, Thierry Mateille, Centre de Biologie pour la Gestion des Populations (UMR CBGP), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Université Ibn Zohr [Agadir], CRRA, Institut national de la recherche agronomique [Maroc] (INRA Maroc), Institut Agronomique et Vétérinaire Hassan II (IAV Hassan II), Faculty of Agriculture, Plant Protection Department, Mustafa Kemal University, IRD (Institut de Recherche pour le Developpement, Marseille, France), BIONEMAR project: Development of fungal bionematicides for organic production in Morocco (PHC-Toubkal action) : 054/SVS/13, European Project: 219262,EC:FP7:KBBE,FP7-ERANET-2007-RTD,ARIMNET(2008), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique du Maroc (INRA), and Institut Agronomique et Vétérinaire Hassan II (IAV)

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, [SDV.SA]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences, Nursery, Soil ecology, Soil biology, Biodiversity, Soil Science, Context (language use), 01 natural sciences, Tylenchorhynchus, Botany, Helicotylenchus, 2. Zero hunger, Abiotic component, Ecology, biology, Species diversity, Olive, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, 15. Life on land, biology.organism_classification, Agricultural and Biological Sciences (miscellaneous), 040103 agronomy & agriculture, 0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries, Species richness, Plant-parasitic nematode, 010606 plant biology & botany
Abstract

International audience; Plant-parasitic nematodes (PPN) are key impediments to efficient global crop production and impair the quality of susceptible plants in nurseries as well. In this context, nematode communities were determined in 305 solid substrate samples collected from 25 olive (Olea. europaea. subsp. europaea) nurseries in Morocco. Taxonomical and functional diversity as well as the structures of PPN communities were described and then compared between regions, cultivars as well as according to biotic and abiotic factors. A high diversity of PPN was observed, with the detection of 63 species and 26 genera. The most dominant taxa detected were spiral nematodes (Helicotylenchus spp. and Rotylenchus spp.), stunt nematodes (Tylenchorhynchus spp.), grazer nematodes (Tylenchus spp.) and root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.). Hoplolaimidae nematodes (Helicotylenchus spp. and Rotylenchus spp.) and Tylenchus spp. were better adapted to rainy conditions that prevailed in the northern regions of Morocco. Multiblock analyses demonstrated that functional diversity (cp and trophic groups) was more affected by the environment than taxonomical diversity (total number, species richness, locale diversity and evenness). They also indicated that PPN communities were more impacted by climatic variables (rainfall and minimum temperature) and nursery substrate origins than by soil physic-chemical factors. Nevertheless, a co-inertia analysis showed that N, P and K amendments in olive nurseries enhanced the development of harmful PPN, especially root-knot nematodes.

Published
2018

46. Managing Mediterranean soil resources under global change: expected trends and mitigation strategies

Author

Ali Hammani, Philippe Lagacherie, Abdelkader Douaoui, Olivier Grünberger, Luca Montanarella, Rachid Mrabet, Sami Bouarfa, Jorge Álvaro-Fuentes, Martial Bernoux, Mohamed Annabi, Mohammed Sabir, Damien Raclot, Laboratoire d'étude des Interactions Sol - Agrosystème - Hydrosystème (UMR LISAH), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Spain] (CSIC), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique de Tunisie (INRAT), Ecologie fonctionnelle et biogéochimie des sols et des agro-écosystèmes (UMR Eco&Sols), Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Gestion de l'Eau, Acteurs, Usages (UMR G-EAU), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-AgroParisTech-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Université de Djilali Bounaama Khemis Miliana (univ-DBKM), Institut Agronomique et Vétérinaire Hassan II - IAV (MOROCCO) (IAV), European Commission - Joint Research Centre [Ispra] (JRC), Institut national de la recherche agronomique [Maroc] (INRA Maroc), Ecole Nationale Forestière d'Ingénieurs du Maroc [Salé] (ENFI), Álvaro-Fuentes, Jorge, Voltz M. (ed.), Ludwig W. (ed.), Leduc Christian (ed.), Bouarfa S. (ed.), Álvaro-Fuentes, Jorge [0000-0002-0192-7954], Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-AgroParisTech-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), and Institut Agronomique et Vétérinaire Hassan II (IAV Hassan II)

Subjects
Mediterranean climate, Soil salinity, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, EROSION, CLIMATE CHANGE, Climate change, 01 natural sciences, Mediterranean Basin, CARBON, Soil, Environmental protection, Soil retrogression and degradation, SALINIZATION, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, 2. Zero hunger, Soil map, Global and Planetary Change, Salinization, BASSIN MEDITERRANEEN, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, Soil carbon, 15. Life on land, Carbon, SOIL, Erosion, 13. Climate action, Soil water, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, 040103 agronomy & agriculture, 0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries, Environmental science
Abstract

13 Pags.- 3 Figs., The soils of the Mediterranean Basin are the products of soil processes that have been governed by a unique convergence of highly differentiated natural and anthropogenic drivers. These soils are expected to be dramatically affected by future climate and societal changes. These changes imply that suitable adaptive management strategies for these resources cannot simply be transposed from experiments that are performed in other regions of the world. Following a framework that considers the chain of “drivers-soil process-soil capital-ecosystem services/disservices,” the paper review the research undertaken in the Mediterranean area on three types of Mediterranean soil degradation than can be expected under global change: (i) soil losses due to the increase of drought and torrential rainfall; (ii) soil salinization due the increase of droughts, irrigation, and sea level; and (iii) soil carbon stock depletion with the increase of temperature and droughts. The possible strategies for mitigating each of these degradations have been largely addressed and are still studied in current research projects. They should include changes in agricultural practices, soil water management, and vegetal material. As a pre-requisite for the site-specific adaptations of such mitigation strategies within viable Mediterranean agrosystems, it is highlighted that methodological advances are necessary in integrated assessment of agricultural systems and in finer resolution soil mapping.

Published
2018

47. Genetic homogeneity of North-African goats

Author

Nadjet-Amina Ouchene-Khelifi, Mohamed Lafri, François Pompanon, Johannes A. Lenstra, Badr Benjelloun, Anne Da Silva, Abdessamad Ouhrouch, Nassim Ouchene, Véronique Blanquet, LS IRAS Tox Algemeen, Université de Saâd Dahlab [Blida] (USDB ), Université Grenoble Alpes (COMUE) (UGA), Institut national de la recherche agronomique [Maroc] (INRA Maroc), Université Moulay Ismail (UMI), Génomique AniMale, Amélioration, Adaptation (GAMAA), PEIRENE (PEIRENE), Institut Génomique, Environnement, Immunité, Santé, Thérapeutique (GEIST), Université de Limoges (UNILIM)-Université de Limoges (UNILIM)-Institut Génomique, Environnement, Immunité, Santé, Thérapeutique (GEIST), Université de Limoges (UNILIM)-Université de Limoges (UNILIM)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, and Utrecht University [Utrecht]

Subjects
0301 basic medicine, Heredity, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], lcsh:Medicine, Population genetics, Breeding, Gene flow, Geographical Locations, Africa, Northern, Ethnicities, lcsh:Science, Mammals, 2. Zero hunger, education.field_of_study, Multidisciplinary, Ecology, Goats, Eukaryota, Agriculture, Ruminants, Breed, SNP genotyping, Morocco, Geography, Vertebrates, Livestock, Research Article, Gene Flow, Ecological Metrics, Berber People, Population, Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide, 03 medical and health sciences, Species Specificity, Genetic variation, Genetics, Animals, education, Evolutionary Biology, [SDV.GEN]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Genetics, Genetic diversity, Sheep, Population Biology, business.industry, Ecology and Environmental Sciences, lcsh:R, Organisms, Genetic Variation, Biology and Life Sciences, Species Diversity, [SDV.GEN.GA]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Genetics/Animal genetics, Genetics, Population, 030104 developmental biology, Algeria, Amniotes, People and Places, Africa, Hybridization, Genetic, Population Groupings, lcsh:Q, business, Population Genetics
Abstract

International audience; North Africa represents a rich and early reservoir of goat genetic diversity, from which the main African breeds have been derived. In this study, the genetic diversity of four indigenous Algerian goat breeds (i.e., Arabia, Makatia, M'Zabite and Kabyle, with n = 12 for each breed) has been investigated for the first time by genome-wide SNP genotyping; moreover in a broader context, genetic structuration of Algerian and Moroccan goats was explored (via FST, MDS, STRUCTURE, FineSTRUCTURE, BAPS, sPCA and DAPC analyses). At national level, the study revealed high level of genetic diversity and a significant phenomenon of admixture affecting all the Algerian breeds. At broader scale, clear global genetic homogeneity appeared considering both Algerian and Moroccan stocks. Indeed, genetic structuration was almost nonexistent among Arabia (from Algeria), Draa, Black and Nord (from Morocco), while the ancestral Kabyle and M'Zabite breeds, reared by Berber peoples, showed genetic distinctness. The study highlighted the threat to the Maghrebin stock, probably induced by unsupervised cross-breeding practices which have intensified in recent centuries. Moreover, it underlined the necessity to deepen our understanding of the genetic resources represented by the resilient North-African goat stock.

Published
2018

48. COMPARATIVE GENETIC MAPPING BETWEEN CLEMENTINE, PUMMELO AND SWEET ORANGE AND THE INTERSPECICIC STRUCTURE OF THE CLEMENTINE GENOME

Author

Aurélie Chauveau, José Cuenca, Samia Lotfy, Anne Boland, Pablo Aleza, Mikeal L. Roose, Isabelle Hippolyte, A.Yildiz Kacar, François Luro, Claire T. Federici, Claire Billot, Yann Froelicher, Lisa Mu, Andrés Garcia-Lor, Frédérique Ollitrault, Frederick G. Gmitter, Gilles Costantino, Manuel Talon, Luis Navarro, Javier Terol, Dominique Brunel, Aurélie Bérard, Franck Curk, Patrick Ollitrault, Chunxian Chen, Amélioration génétique et adaptation des plantes méditerranéennes et tropicales (UMR AGAP), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro), Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias - Institut Valencià d'Investigacions Agraries - Valencian Institute for agricultural Research (IVIA), Centro de Genómica - Centre de Genòmica [IVIA], University of Florida [Gainesville] (UF), Department of Botany and Plant Science, University of California [Riverside] (UCR), University of California-University of California, Institut national de la recherche agronomique [Maroc] (INRA Maroc), Etude du Polymorphisme des Génomes Végétaux (EPGV), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Station de recherches agronomiques de San Giuliano, Cukurova University, Institut de Génomique, International Society of Citriculture (ISC). INT., and Çukurova Üniversitesi

Subjects
[SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Introgression, Single-nucleotide polymorphism, Horticulture, Biology, Genome, F30 - Génétique et amélioration des plantes, Gene mapping, [SDV.BV]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Vegetal Biology, Indel, c. sinensis, 2. Zero hunger, Whole genome sequencing, Genetics, c. clementina, food and beverages, F70 - Taxonomie végétale et phytogéographie, Phenotypic trait, 15. Life on land, Indels, SSRs, c. maxima, genetic maps, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, Ploidy, SNPs
Abstract

The availability of a saturated genetic map of Clementine was identified by the International Citrus Genome Consortium as an essential prerequisite to assist the assembly of the reference whole genome sequence based on a Clementine derived haploid. The primary goals of the present study were to establish a Clementine reference map, and to perform comparative mapping with pummelo and sweet orange. Five parental genetic maps were established with SNPs, SSRs and InDels. A medium density reference map (961 markers for 1084.1 cM) of Clementine was established and used by the ICGC to facilitate the chromosome assembly of the haploid genome sequence. Comparative mapping with pummelo and sweet orange revealed that the linear order of markers was highly conserved. Reasonable inferences of most citrus genomes should be obtained by mapping next-generation sequencing data against the haploid reference genome sequence. Skewed segregations were frequent and higher in the male than female Clementine potentially leading to false interpretation of the genetic determinism of phenotypic traits. The mapping data confirmed that Clementine arose from hybridization between 'Mediterranean' mandarin and sweet orange and identified nine recombination break points for the sweet orange gamete that contributed to the Clementine genome. Introgression of pummelo genome fragments were identified in heterozygosity in each chromosome. Moreover, it appeared that the genome of the haploid Clementine used to establish the citrus reference genome sequence was inherited primarily from the 'Mediterranean' mandarin. The usefulness of this genetic map, anchored in the reference whole genome sequence, is discussed. Citrus Research and Development Foundation 108O568 Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación: AGL2008-00596-MCI, 2008/121, IPT-010000-2010-43, PSE-060000-2009-8, AGL2007-65437-C04-01/AGR European Commission Citrus Research and Development Foundation itl-bio-03-10122 015453 This work was principally funded by the French ANR CITRUSSEQ project. The European Commission, under the FP6-2003-INCO-DEV-2 project CIBEWU (n°015453), the Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación grants, AGL2007-65437-C04-01/AGR and AGL2008-00596-MCI, the Spanish PSE-060000-2009-8 and IPT-010000-2010-43 projects, the Prometeo project 2008/121 Generalidad Valenciana, the Turkish TUBITAK Project No: 108O568; the California Citrus Research Board and UC Discovery grant itl-bio-03-10122 and the Florida Citrus Research and Development Foundation (CRDF), grants #67 and 71 also contributed to the work.

Published
2015

49. Global warming impact on floral phenology of fruit trees species in Mediterranean region

Author

Jean-Michel Legave, Gustavo Malagi, Adnane El Yaacoubi, Ahmed Oukabli, Majida Hafidi, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Université de Moulay Ismail (UMI), Plant breeding and Genetic Ressources, Regional Agricultural Research Center of Meknès, Institut national de la recherche agronomique [Maroc] (INRA Maroc), Universidade Federal de Pelotas = Federal University of Pelotas (UFPel), Plant Breeding and Genetic Resources, Regional Agricultural Research Center of Meknès, Amélioration génétique et adaptation des plantes méditerranéennes et tropicales (UMR AGAP), Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro), Université Moulay Ismail (UMI), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad), Architecture et Fonctionnement des Espèces Fruitières [AGAP] (AFEF), and Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro)

Subjects
2. Zero hunger, Mediterranean climate, Malus, Phenology, Global warming, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Flowering earliness, Climate change, 15. Life on land, Horticulture, Biology, biology.organism_classification, Air temperature, Latitude, 13. Climate action, Phenologya, Dormancy, Mediterranean region, Fruit tree
Abstract

IUMR AGAP - équipe AFEF - Architecture et fonctionnement des espèces fruitières; This study was carried out in three geographically contrasting countries of the Mediterranean region. Itaims to understand the impact of climate change, particularly the temperature increases, on phenologicalstage of three taxonomically different species (early and late-spring-flowering species). Three species,namely olive (Olea europaea), apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) and almond (Prunus dulcis (Mill.)) wereinvestigated to highlight the phenological behavior of one species at different locations and differentspecies at one location. Climatic and phenological data were collected from Morocco, France and Italyover the last 40 years. Analysis of data on temperature showed a strong warming in the northern locations(coldest areas), particularly in Nîmes, compared to the southern ones (warmer locations) during theperiod October to May. The marked spring warming in all locations since the end of 1980s in France(the beginning of 1990s in Italy and Morocco) resulted in blooming earliness, with regional patterns interms of impact. The late-spring-flowering species (olive and apple) showed a remarkable sensitivity tocontinuous warming in different areas. No flowering earliness was observed in early-spring-floweringspecies (almond), due to the stability of mean temperature during February. Thus, a strong control ofmean temperature during the forcing period on flowering earliness of apple was found in all areas.Physiological processes (dormancy and dormancy release) of trees during the dormant and growth periodexplain, in part, the regional differences observed in flowering dates among sites and species. Overall, thepronounced warming in the southern France reflects a relative trend toward aridity of climate at this site,and consequently some vulnerability of fruit trees. As result, the process of flowering in a high latitudelocations (northern areas) in the future can be represented by that in a low latitude locations at present(southern areas), particularly for apple.

Published
2014

50. Olive tree varieties cultivated for the great Baetican oil trade between the 1st and the 4th centuries ad: morphometric analysis of olive stones from Las Delicias (Ecija, Province of Seville, Spain)

Author

Oriane Bourgeon, Abdelmajid Moukhli, Clémence Pagnoux, Vincent Bonhomme, Mohammed Ater, Stéphane Mauné, Jean-Frédéric Terral, Sarah Ivorra, Enrique García Vargas, Archéologie des Sociétés Méditerranéennes (ASM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-Ministère de la Culture (MC), Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution de Montpellier (UMR ISEM), École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UR226, Universidad de Sevilla, Université Abdelmalek Essaâdi (UAE), Institut national de la recherche agronomique [Maroc] (INRA Maroc), and Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Ministère de la Culture (MC)

Subjects
Mediterranean climate, 010506 paleontology, Archeology, [SHS.ARCHEO]Humanities and Social Sciences/Archaeology and Prehistory, [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, Plant Science, Ancient history, 01 natural sciences, [SDV.EE.ECO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment/Ecosystems, 0601 history and archaeology, Domestication, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Hybrid, 060102 archaeology, Paleontology, 06 humanities and the arts, Oil mill, [SDV.BV.BOT]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Vegetal Biology/Botanics, Archaeology, [SDE.ES]Environmental Sciences/Environmental and Society, Roman Empire, Olive trees, Geography, Pottery, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, Amphora
Abstract

International audience; During the excavations of a Roman amphora workshop and oil mill of the 1st–4th century ad in Las Delicias, Genil valley, Ecija, Spain, large quantities of charred olive stones were recovered. The assemblages discovered in the pottery kilns demonstrate the use as fuel of olive residues, which were obtained from the extraction of the oil in the nearby mill. The abundance of material offered the opportunity to study the infra-specific diversity of the olives growing in the province of Baetica, which is known to have been an important oil-producing region during the Roman Empire. In total, 335 intact charred archaeological olive stones were analysed using geometric morphometry (outline analysis) and compared with several current morphotypes. These have been identified within a set of dimensional references of the stones established from the morphometric study of current varieties and wild populations, including genuinely wild and feral forms of olives, from various areas around the Mediterranean. The morphotype mainly found in wild populations was widely represented among the olive stones from Las Delicias. A large proportion of the archaeological stones were however close to various domesticated forms, which reflect the history of the region and of its varied cultural Mediterranean influences, Punic, Greek and Roman. Moreover, intermediate forms between two distinct morphotypes were identified. They suggest that hybrid olive trees derived from crosses among domesticated varieties and also between domesticated and wild forms, were grown in Las Delicias. In the Genil valley, Roman olive cultivation was based on a set of local olives which included wild and domesticated varieties from various origins, and whose diversity arose from breeding for improvement of varieties.

Published
2017

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