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1. Co-delivery of PLGA nanoparticles loaded with rSAG1 antigen and TLR ligands: An efficient vaccine against chronic toxoplasmosis

Author

Majid Golkar, Isabelle Dimier-Poisson, Mojgan Allahyari, Marie-Noëlle Mévélec, Pezhman Fard-Esfahani, Recombinant Protein Production Department, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, Institut Pasteur d'Iran, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), Department of Biochemistry, Infectiologie et Santé Publique (UMR ISP), Université de Tours (UT)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Institut Pasteur d'Iran, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), and Université de Tours-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)

Subjects
Protozoan Vaccines, Protozoan Proteins, Monophosphoryl Lipid A, Antibodies, Protozoan, Toxoplasma gondii, Antigens, Protozoan, macromolecular substances, Ligands, Microbiology, 03 medical and health sciences, chemistry.chemical_compound, Mice, 0302 clinical medicine, Immune system, Antigen, Adjuvants, Immunologic, medicine, Animals, [SDV.MP.PAR]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology/Parasitology, 030304 developmental biology, 0303 health sciences, Mice, Inbred BALB C, Imiquimod, biology, business.industry, technology, industry, and agriculture, medicine.disease, biology.organism_classification, Toxoplasmosis, 3. Good health, Vaccination, Poly (D, PLGA, Infectious Diseases, Toxoplasmosis, Animal, chemistry, Monophosphoryl lipid A, Immunology, biology.protein, Mice, Inbred CBA, Nanoparticles, l-lactide-co-glycolide) PLGA, rSAG1, Antibody, [SDV.IMM.VAC]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Immunology/Vaccinology, business, Toxoplasma, 030215 immunology
Abstract

International audience; Although vaccination is a promising approach for the control of toxoplasmosis, there is currently no commercially available human vaccine. Adjuvants such as delivery vehicles and immunomodulators are critical components of vaccine formulations. In this study, Poly (D, l-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) nanoparticles were applied to serve as delivery system for both surface antigen-1 (SAG1), a candidate vaccine against toxoplasmosis and two TLR ligands, monophosphoryl lipid A (MPL) and imiquimod (IMQ), respectively. Compared to rSAG1 alone, CBA/J mice immunized with rSAG1-PLGA produced higher anti-SAG1 IgG antibodies titers. This response was increased by the co-administration of IMQ-PLGA (p < 0.01). Compared to IMQ-PLGA co-administration, MPL-PLGA co-administration further increased the humoral response (p < 0.01) and potentiated the Th1 humoral response. Compared to rSAG1 alone, rSAG1-PLGA, or rSAG1-PLGA mixed with IMQ-PLGA or MPL-PLGA similarly enhanced the cellular response characterized by the production of IFN-γ, IL-2, TNF-α and low levels of IL-5, indicating a Th1-biased immunity. The induced immune responses, led to significant brain cyst reductions (p < 0.01) after oral challenge with T. gondii cysts in mice immunized with either rSAG1-PLGA, rSAG1-PLGA + IMQ-PLGA, rSAG1-PLGA + MPL-PLGA formulations. Taken together the results indicated that PLGA nanoparticles could serve as a platform for dual-delivery of antigens and immunomodulators to provide efficacious vaccines against toxoplasmosis.

Published
2022

2. Culture of Borrelia persica and its Flagellar Antigen in vitro

Author

Seyed Hossein Hosseini, Mohammad Soleimani, Fatemeh Pourfallah, Zahra Zamani, Farzad Oreiz, Mohammad Arjmand, Reza Saghiri, Saifeddin Javadian, Mehdi Assmar, Department of Biochemistry, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur - Institut Pasteur d'Iran, Department of Parasitology, Institut Pasteur d'Iran, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur - Institut Pasteur d'Iran - Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur - Institut Pasteur d'Iran, Department of Immunology, Razi institute of Serology, Institute Pasteur of Iran, and Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)

Subjects
relapsing fever, Cross Reactions, medicine.disease_cause, MESH: Flagella, 01 natural sciences, Cross-reactivity, Microbiology, MESH: Cross Reactions, 03 medical and health sciences, Antigen, Borrelia, Antigenic variation, medicine, MESH: Borrelia, [SDV.MP] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology, 030304 developmental biology, Antigens, Bacterial, 0303 health sciences, Borrelia persica, biology, Chemistry, 010401 analytical chemistry, Periplasmic space, biology.organism_classification, medicine.disease, 3. Good health, 0104 chemical sciences, [SDV.MP]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology, indirect haemmaglutination kit, Flagella, Spirochaete, Bacterial outer membrane, Agronomy and Crop Science, MESH: Antigens, Bacterial
Abstract

International audience; Borrelia persica is a strain seen only in the Middle East and responsible for relapsing fever. These spirochetes are notable for multiphasic antigenic variation of polymorphic outer membrane lipoproteins, a phenomenon responsible for immune evasion. Diagnosis of the disease is a problem and requires a fixed antigen like the flagellar antigen. In vitro culture of B. persica was carried out for the first time and flagellar antigen was purified from culture. 10% SDS was added to the mixture to dissolve the cell wall and then the solution was sheared in an Omni mixer. Electron microscopy confirmed the purity of a 42 KDa periplasmic antigen as revealed by SDS-PAGE. Indirect haemagglutination kits were designed using the pure flagella and tested for cross reactivity with another relapsing fever spirochaete Borrelia microtii positive serum. The kit showed 98% sensitivity and 95% specificity.

Published
2014

3. Role of the glycoprotein thorns in anxious effects of rabies virus: Evidence from an animal study

Author

Soheil, Ghassemi, Hamid Gholami, Pourbadie, Christophe, Prehaud, Monique, Lafon, Mohammad, Sayyah, Institut Pasteur d'Iran, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), Neuro-Immunologie Virale - Viral Neuro-immunology, Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and This work is part of the Ph.D. dissertation of Soheil Ghassemi ( PP. 9349) and supported by Pasteur Institute of Iran.

Subjects
Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System, Rabies, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], General Neuroscience, Pituitary-Adrenal System, Anxiety, Rabies envelope, Rats, Rabies virus, PBM, Animals, Humans, Corticosterone, Elevated plus maze, Glycoproteins
Abstract

International audience; Rabies is a lethal infectious disease caused by rabies virus (RABV). Fear and anxiety are the distinguished symptoms in rabies patients. Fusion of RABV envelope glycoprotein (RVG) to host cell membrane initiates rabies pathogenesis via interacting with PDZ domain of signaling proteins. We assessed the anxiety-like behaviors, and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA) response to RVG infection. Contribution of PDZ binding motif (PBM) of RVG to the observed effects was also examined using a mutant form of RVG, ΔRVG, with deleted last four amino acids at PBM C-terminus. Lentiviral vectors containing RVG and/or ΔRVG genes were injected into the rat brain areas involved in anxiety including hypothalamus, dorsal hippocampus, and amygdala. RVG/ΔRVG neural expression was examined by fluorescent microscopy. Anxiety-like behaviors were assessed by elevated plus maze (EPM) and open field (OF) tasks. HPA response was evaluated via measuring corticosterone serum level by ELISA technique. RVG/ΔRVG were successfully expressed in neurons of the injected areas. RVG, but not ΔRVG, infection of hypothalamus and amygdala increased the time spent in EPM open arms, and OF total distance moved and velocity. RVG, but not ΔRVG, infection of hypothalamus and dorsal hippocampus increased corticosterone level. The anxiety-like behaviors and exploratory/locomotor activities of rats with RVG infection in hypothalamus, and amygdala are mediated by PBM of RVG. The HPA response to RVG infection of hypothalamus and dorsal hippocampus is dependent to PBM of RVG. Triggering anxiety-related signaling by PBM of RVG seems to be one of the mechanisms involved in anxiety behaviors seen in patients with rabies.

Published
2022

4. Construction of HCV-polytope vaccine candidates harbouring immune-enhancer sequences and primary evaluation of their immunogenicity in BALB/c mice

Author

Arash Memarnejadian, Farzin Roohvand, Mohammad Reza Aghasadeghi, Arash Arashkia, Sima Rafati, Hepatitis & AIDS Dept., Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Institut Pasteur d'Iran, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), Institut Pasteur d'Iran, Financially supported by Pasteur Institute of Iran., and Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)

Subjects
HBsAg, T-Lymphocytes, Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte, Hepacivirus, MESH: Amino Acid Sequence, Epitope, Mice, 0302 clinical medicine, Chlorocebus aethiops, MESH: Animals, MESH: Hepacivirus, Antigens, Viral, Mice, Inbred BALB C, 0303 health sciences, biology, Viral Vaccine, ELISPOT, Immunogenicity, General Medicine, 3. Good health, MESH: COS Cells, COS Cells, [SDV.IMM]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Immunology, Female, 030211 gastroenterology & hepatology, MESH: Antigens, Viral, Molecular Sequence Data, MESH: Mice, Inbred BALB C, BALB/c, MESH: Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte, 03 medical and health sciences, Antigen, MESH: Viral Vaccines, Virology, Genetics, Animals, Humans, Amino Acid Sequence, MESH: Mice, Molecular Biology, MESH: HLA-A Antigens, 030304 developmental biology, MESH: Molecular Sequence Data, MESH: Humans, HLA-A Antigens, Viral Vaccines, biology.organism_classification, MESH: Cercopithecus aethiops, Molecular biology, MESH: T-Lymphocytes, MESH: Female, Minigene
Abstract

International audience; An efficient vaccine against hepatitis-C virus (HCV) infection requires vigorous and focused CD8(+) T-cell responses against viral antigens. Due to immunosuppressive effect of HCV antigens, polytope vaccines comprising the minimal CD8(+)CTL epitopes are of peculiar concern. Herein, to provide information for construction of efficient HCV polytope vaccine candidates, one H-2D(d) (E2(405-414):E(2)) and two HLA-A*0201 (E1(363-372):E(1) and Core(35-44):C)-restricted CD8(+) T-cell epitopes of HCV were selected. By employing number of in silico analyses, the E(2)E(1)C linear format was predicted as optimum epitope consecution and after amplification by SOEing-PCR, the corresponding DNA sequence was cloned in pcDNA3.1+ vector. To further evaluate the role of immune-enhancer elements, a universal T-helper epitope (PADRE), endoplasmic reticulum signal sequence (ERss) and hepatitis-B surface-antigen (HBsAg) gene were fused separately or in combination to the E(2)E(1)C minigene. In vitro analyses of polytopes by different DNA/protein-based assays demonstrated proper transcription/expression of constructs in transfected cells. Measurement of the HBsAg-mediated particle secretion by ELISA indicated lack of secretion in the related polytopes. Results of delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) as a preliminary in vivo analysis, and confirmatory ELISPOT assays showed the proper processing and presentation of H-2D(d)-restricted-E(2) epitope and approved the enhancing effect of PADRE and ERss sequences but not HBsAg for the immune responses against E(2) in immunized BALB/c mice. Our results pointed to the value of in silico predictions and application of immune-enhancer elements as well as DTH analysis for design and primary in vivo evaluation of HCV polytopes, prior to costly transgenic studies on immunogenicity of HLA-A*0201 epitopes.

Published
2009

5. The effect of ginger extract on glycoproteins of Raji cells

Author

Sedigheh Sadeghi, Nassir-Ud-Din, Mohammad Arjmand, Haleemeh Kabini Kohan, Nourooz Ali Rahimi, Behzad Laame Rad, Farideh Wahabi, Zahra Zamani, Mehdi Kadivar, Zahra Kalyee, Ayda Iravani, Fatemeh Pourfallah, Department of Biochemistry, Institut Pasteur d'Iran, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), Institute of Molecular Sciences and Bioinformatics, Payame Noor University, EMBGEN, Institut Pasteur d'Iran, and EMBGEN Collaboration with Pakistan

Subjects
ginger extract, MESH: Cell Line, Tumor, Cell Survival, Ginger Extract, MESH: Glycoproteins, MESH: Plant Extracts, Mannose, Ginger, chemistry.chemical_compound, Cell Line, Tumor, Plant Cells, Humans, Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, Glycoproteins, chemistry.chemical_classification, MESH: Humans, Chemistry, Plant Extracts, MESH: Ginger, 3. Good health, Raji cell, Sialic acid, MESH: Plant Cells, [SDV.MP]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology, Biochemistry, MESH: Cell Survival, Cell culture, sialic acid, Galactose, Raji clls, Glycoprotein, Agronomy and Crop Science
Abstract

International audience; Protein glycosylation is associated with the development and progression of specific diseases, including cancers. The ginger rhizome is known to have anti-cancer and anti-fungal properties. This investigation was carried out to study the effect of ginger on glycoproteins of Raji cells. A 10% yield of ginger extract was mixed with 0.01% DMSO and added to 6 x 10(4) Raji cells at different concentrations for 24, 48 and 72 h at 37 degrees C. Their half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) was determined and analyzed statistically using Graphpad prism software. Cell extracts were prepared and their glycoproteins purified using lectin-affinity chromatography (Q proteome total glycoprotein and O glycoprotein kits) and SDS PAGE was carried out. IC50 of ginger extract on Raji cells was 20 microg mL(-1) at 72 h with < 0.01 significance. Silver staining of purified glycoprotiens in Raji cells indicated the presence of O-glycans and N-glycans. N-linked mannose and N-linked sialic acids were detected with the total glycoprotein kit. O-linked galactose and O-linked sialic acids were identified with the O-glycoprotein. Ginger reduced the expression of O-linked sialic acid and also N-linked mannose on Raji cells but had no effect on other glycoproteins. Sialic acid is now well known as a cancer marker and investigations are on to use it as a drug-target in cancerous tissues.

Published
2014

6. Mitochondrial DNA Copy Number Variations in Gastrointestinal Tract Cancers: Potential Players

Author

Morteza Karimipoor, Mehdi Alikhani, Marjan Mohammadi, Eliette Touati, Massoud Vosough, Institut Pasteur d'Iran, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), Pathogenèse de Helicobacter / Helicobacter Pathogenesis, Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Academic Center for Education, Culture and Research (ACECR), and This project was supported by a grant #833 from Pasteur Institute of Iran, as partial fulfillment of MA Ph.D. dissertation (code: TP-9347).

Subjects
Mitochondrial DNA, mtDNA copy number, DNA Copy Number Variations, [SDV.CAN]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Cancer, Mitochondrion, DNA, Mitochondrial, Humans, Medicine, Copy-number variation, Cancer, Gastrointestinal Neoplasms, Gastrointestinal tract, business.industry, Gastroenterology, Biomarker, Causes, medicine.disease, Mitochondria, Oncology, DNA methylation, Cancer research, Cancer biomarkers, Reactive Oxygen Species, business, Gastrointestinal tract cancers
Abstract

International audience; Alterations of mitochondria have been linked to several cancers. Also, the mitochondrial DNA copy number (mtDNA-CN) is altered in various cancers, including gastrointestinal tract (GIT) cancers, and several research groups have investigated its potential as a cancer biomarker. However, the exact causes of mtDNA-CN variations are not yet revealed. This review discussed the conceivable players in this scheme, including reactive oxygen species (ROS), mtDNA genetic variations, DNA methylation, telomere length, autophagy, immune system activation, aging, and infections, and discussed their possible impact in the initiation and progression of cancer. By further exploring such mechanisms, mtDNA-CN variations may be effectively utilized as cancer biomarkers and provide grounds for developing novel cancer therapeutic agents.

Published
2021

7. Analysis of Fcgamma receptor IIa (cd32) gene polymorphism and anti-malarial IgG subclass antibodies to asexual blood-stage antigen of Plasmodium falciparum in an unstable malaria endemic area of Iran

Author

Navid Dinparast Djadid, Sedigheh Zakeri, Akram Abouie Mehrizi, Rahil Mashhadi, Malaria and Vector Research Group (MVRG), Institut Pasteur d'Iran, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Biotechnology Research Center (BRC), Biology department, Khatam University, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Biotechnology Research Center (BRC)-Institut Pasteur d'Iran, and Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)

Subjects
Male, CD32, Endemic Diseases, Antibodies, Protozoan, Iran, Immunoglobulin G, Subclass, MESH: Genotype, 0302 clinical medicine, Gene Frequency, MESH: Child, Malaria, Falciparum, Child, MESH: Plasmodium falciparum, MESH: Immunoglobulin G, MESH: Aged, 0303 health sciences, MESH: Middle Aged, MESH: Malaria, Falciparum, General Medicine, Middle Aged, 3. Good health, Infectious Diseases, MESH: Young Adult, Child, Preschool, Antibody response, MESH: Endemic Diseases, [SDV.IMM]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Immunology, Female, Antibody, Adult, Adolescent, Genotype, 030231 tropical medicine, Immunology, Plasmodium falciparum, MESH: DNA, Protozoan, Antigens, Protozoan, Biology, MESH: Receptors, IgG, 03 medical and health sciences, Young Adult, Antigen, MESH: Polymorphism, Genetic, medicine, MESH: Gene Frequency, Humans, MESH: Antibodies, Protozoan, IgG subclasses, Polymorphism, 030304 developmental biology, Aged, MESH: Adolescent, Polymorphism, Genetic, MESH: Humans, Receptors, IgG, Mild malaria, MESH: Child, Preschool, MESH: Adult, DNA, Protozoan, medicine.disease, biology.organism_classification, Virology, MESH: Male, FccRIIa gene, biology.protein, MESH: Iran, Parasitology, Gene polymorphism, MESH: Female, Malaria, MESH: Antigens, Protozoan
Abstract

International audience; One of the main host genetic factors involved in inflammation, immune responses and pathogenesis of malaria is FcγRIIa (cd32) gene. A single point mutation at position 131 replace an arginine (R) with a histidine (H) that can affect the affinity of the receptor for human IgG subclasses. This investigation was designed to explore the polymorphisms at FcγRIIa gene in association with both anti-malarial total IgG antibody and IgG subclass profiles to C-terminal region of Plasmodium falciparum merozoite surface protein 1 (PfMSP-1(19)). In this study, 166 infected patients with P. falciparum who are living in a malaria endemic area of Iran were studied using PCR-RFLP and ELISA methods. The results showed that the frequency of FcγRIIa-R/R131, -R/H131 and -H/H131 genotypes was 9.6%, 42.8% and 47.6%, respectively. Level of total IgG to recombinant PfMSP-1(19) antigen showed that there was no difference among the FcγRIIa-R/R131, -R/H131 and -H/H131 groups. With regards to the IgG subclasses, the anti-malarial IgG1 antibodies predominated. Also, there was a significant difference between the frequency of positive responders for anti-PfMSP-1(19) IgG and IgG1 antibodies in P. falciparum-infected individuals with FcγRIIa-R/R131, -R/H131 or -H/H131 genotypes (P

Published
2013

8. In vivo measurement of Helicobacter pylori infection

Author

Mohammadi , Marjan, Kashani , Samaneh Saberi, Garoosi , Yeganeh Talebkhan, Tazehkand , Sahar Jahangiri, Biotechnology Research Center, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur ( RIIP ) -Institut Pasteur d'Iran, Marjan Mohammadi, Samaneh Saberi Kashani, Yeganeh Talebkhan Garoosi, Sahar Jahangiri Tazehkand, Institut Pasteur d'Iran, and Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)

Subjects
[SDV.BIO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biotechnology, Stool-PCR, MESH: Urease, MESH : Urease, MESH : Stomach, Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay, Polymerase Chain Reaction, MESH: Stomach, Helicobacter Infections, MESH : Catalase, MESH: Catalase, Culture Techniques, MESH: Antibodies, Bacterial, Humans, MESH : Antibodies, Bacterial, MESH: Oxidoreductases, [INFO.INFO-BT]Computer Science [cs]/Biotechnology, MESH : Helicobacter Infections, MESH : Polymerase Chain Reaction, MESH: Humans, Helicobacter pylori, MESH: Helicobacter Infections, MESH : Humans, Stomach, MESH: Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay, [ SDV.BIO ] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biotechnology, MESH: Polymerase Chain Reaction, Culture medium, RUT, MESH : Oxidoreductases, Catalase, MESH : Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay, Antibodies, Bacterial, Urease, MESH : Culture Techniques, Serology, MESH: Culture Techniques, MESH: Helicobacter pylori, MESH : Helicobacter pylori, Transfer medium, Oxidoreductases, [ INFO.INFO-BT ] Computer Science [cs]/Biotechnology
Abstract

International audience; Helicobacter pylori is a well-recognized gastroduodenal pathogen (National Institute of Health Consensus Conference, JAMA 272:65-9, 1994) and a class I carcinogen (International Agency for Research on Cancer, IARC Monograph on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risk to Humans 61:177-240, 1994) which successfully colonizes the harsh acidic environment of the stomach. H. pylori is the causative factor for peptic ulcer disease (PUD) and an independent risk factor for gastric adenocarcinoma development. Therefore, accurate detection of infection is crucial for devising proper eradication regimens and preventing the more severe GI complications.Detection of H. pylori in the gastric mucosa can be performed via (1) direct detection of the bacterium; culture, histology and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) or (2) indirect detection of its enzymatic products particularly urease as well as serum H. pylori-specific antibody responses, which can be detected by rapid urease test (RUT) and serology, respectively.The accuracy of these diagnostic tests is reported as follows: 98.1% for bacterial culture, 98.1% for histology, 94.3% for PCR, 96.2% for RUT, and 84.9% for serology (Ni et al, J Pediatr 136(6):823-7, 2000).

Published
2012

9. Escherichia coli: a brief review of diarrheagenic pathotypes and their role in diarrheal diseases in Iran

Author

saied bouzari, Jafari, A., Aslani, M. M., Molecular Biology Unit, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Institut Pasteur d'Iran, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), Bacteriology Department, Institut Pasteur d'Iran, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), and National Escherichia coli Reference Laboratory (NERL)

Subjects
EPEC, ETEC, education, lcsh:QR1-502, Review Article, Iran, [SDV.MP.BAC]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology/Bacteriology, lcsh:Microbiology, EAEC, STEC, No Keywords, DAEC, Escherichia coli, EHEC, diarrheagenic pathotypes, EIEC, diarrheal diseases, brief review
Abstract

International audience; Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli have developed different strategies for establishment of infection in their host. Understanding these pathogenic mechanisms has led to the development of specific diagnostic tools for identification and categorization of E. coli strains into different pathotypes. This review aims to provide an overview of the various categories of diarrheagenic Escherichia coli and the data obtained in Iran pertaining to these pathotypes.

Published
2012

10. Serological evaluation of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever in humans with high-risk professions living in enzootic regions of Isfahan province of Iran and genetic analysis of circulating strains

Author

Behrouz Ataei, Norair Piazak, Neda Afzali, Saeed Naddaf, Mohammad Khalilifard-Brojeni, Kamyar Mostafavizadeh, Mohammad Reza Razavi, Seyed Mojtaba Ghiasi, Ali Haeri, M Moradi, Michèle Bouloy, Sadegh Chinikar, Sayed M. Husseini, Department of Arboviruses and Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers [Tehran], Institut Pasteur d'Iran, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), Parasitology department, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences [Tehran] (SBUMS), Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences [Iran] (MUI), Isfahan Veterinary Organization, Génétique Moléculaire des Bunyavirus, Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP), This study is granted by project number 381 of Pasteur Institute of Iran., Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Institut Pasteur d'Iran, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), Shahid Beheshti University, and Institut Pasteur [Paris]

Subjects
Crimean–Congo hemorrhagic fever, Male, Serological epidemiology, MESH: CCHF in Isfahan, Veterinary medicine, MESH: Serological epidemiology, Iran, Antibodies, Viral, Serology, 0302 clinical medicine, Ticks, Seroepidemiologic Studies, Surveys and Questionnaires, Zoonoses, 0303 health sciences, Transmission (medicine), Goats, Middle Aged, 3. Good health, Infectious Diseases, Molecular epidemiology, Hemorrhagic Fever Virus, Crimean-Congo, [SDV.MP.VIR]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology/Virology, MESH: Molecular epidemiology, Enzootic, RNA, Viral, Livestock, Female, Viral disease, Adult, 030231 tropical medicine, CCHF in Isfahan, Sheep Diseases, Biology, Microbiology, 03 medical and health sciences, Young Adult, Virology, parasitic diseases, medicine, Animals, Humans, 030304 developmental biology, Aged, Goat Diseases, Sheep, business.industry, Outbreak, Original Articles, Sequence Analysis, DNA, medicine.disease, Cross-Sectional Studies, Immunoglobulin G, Arachnid Vectors, Hemorrhagic Fever, Crimean, business
Abstract

International audience; Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is a zoonotic viral disease that is asymptomatic in infected livestock, but causes a serious threat to humans with a mortality rate up to 50%. Although the CCHF virus (CCHFV) is often transmitted by ticks, livestock-to-human and human-to-human transmission also occurs. In the current study, we focused on CCHF in the province of Isfahan, located in the center of Iran and deemed to be the second most infected province. Human and livestock sera and resident ticks in the livestock are collected from different regions of the province and analyzed with specific IgG ELISA and RT-PCR tests. Overall, 12% and 12.7% of studied human and livestock populations were IgG positive, respectively. The genome of CCHFV was detected in 9% of ticks resident in livestock involved in this survey. The CCHFV isolates from infected ticks were genetically examined. Nucleotide sequence of the S-segment revealed that the different isolates were closely related to each other, with nucleotide sequence identities higher than 98%. Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that a variant isolate clustered with the Iraq strain. This high proportion of IgG-positive sera and nearly high proportion of infected ticks increases the risk of CCHF outbreaks in the province and probably posits a great danger to other provinces.

Published
2012

11. Cloning of fimH and fliC and expression of the fusion protein FimH/FliC from Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) isolated in Iran

Author

Karam, M. R., mana oloomi, Habibi, M., Bouzari, S., Department of Molecular Biology [Tehran, Iran], Institut Pasteur d'Iran, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), Molecular Biology Department, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Institut Pasteur d'Iran, and This work was financially supported by grant No: 519 from Pasteur Institute of Iran.

Subjects
fusion protein expression, fimH, lcsh:QR1-502, fliC, bacterial infections and mycoses, urologic and male genital diseases, [SDV.MP.BAC]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology/Bacteriology, female genital diseases and pregnancy complications, lcsh:Microbiology, bacteria, Uropathogenic Escherichia coli, [SDV.BBM]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Original Article, [SDV.IMM.VAC]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Immunology/Vaccinology, urinary tract infection
Abstract

International audience; BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Urinary tract infection (UTI) is one of the most common infections in the world. The majority of UTIs are caused by Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) strains. FimH and FliC are the most important virulence factors of UPEC. To date, any ideal vaccine against UTI has not been approved for human use and we need to test new targets to develop an ideal vaccine against UTI. In this study, we constructed fusion fimH/fliC of UPEC as a novel vaccine candidate against UTI. MATERIAL AND METHODS: PCR amplification of fimH and fliC genes of the UPEC isolates was performed by specific primers designed for this purpose. Construction of fimH/fliC hybrid gene was performed by overlap PCR. The fimH, fliC and fimH/fliC were cloned in pET28a vector. The confirmation of expression of the proteins was done by SDS-PAGE and Western blot. RESULTS: The fliC and fimH genes were amplified in all of the UPEC isolates tested. The fimH showed significant homology with the sequences in GenBank. We generated a fusion consisting of the fimH linked to the N-terminal end of fliC. Sequencing of the fusion fimH/fliC showed that fusion was constructed correctly. SDS-PAGE and western blot confirmed the expression of the proteins in optimized condition. CONCLUSION: Urinary tract infection is a huge burden on healthcare system in many countries. UPEC is isolated in around 80% of UTI cases. Antibiotic therapy resulted in the emergence of antibiotic resistance in UPEC strains. This is the major cause for an increasing requirement for a vaccine to prevent UTI. This work describes for the first time the construction of a novel fusion protein from Iranian UPEC isolates. Further immunological studies are required for evaluation of this protein as a novel and safe vaccine candidate against UTI caused by UPEC.

Published
2012

12. NCE102 homologue in Aspergillus fumigatus is required for normal sporulation, not hyphal growth or pathogenesis

Author

Mohammad Azizi, Dorsa Khorasanizadeh, Esmat Mirabzadeh Ardakani, Somayeh Enayati, Vahid Khalaj, Fungal Biotechnology Group, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Institut Pasteur d'Iran, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), This work was supported by grant No. 486 from Pasteur Institute of Iran., Khalaj V, Azizi M, Enayati S, Khorasanizadeh D, Ardakani EM., Institut Pasteur d'Iran, and Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)

Subjects
Hyphal growth, sporulation, [SDV.BIO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biotechnology, MESH: Sequence Homology, Amino Acid, Conidiation, Endoplasmic Reticulum, NCE102, Aspergillus fumigatus, MESH: Recombinant Proteins, Mice, MESH: Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins, MESH: Animals, [INFO.INFO-BT]Computer Science [cs]/Biotechnology, Microbiological Phenomena, 0303 health sciences, MESH: Microbiological Processes, MESH: Genetic Complementation Test, Plasma membrane organization, Spores, Fungal, MESH: Mycelium, Transmembrane protein, Recombinant Proteins, Cell biology, MESH: Survival Analysis, Female, MESH: Fungal Proteins, MESH: Membrane Proteins, MESH: Aspergillus fumigatus, Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins, MESH: Mutation, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Green Fluorescent Proteins, Biology, Microbiology, Fungal Proteins, 03 medical and health sciences, MESH: Green Fluorescent Proteins, MESH: Mice, Inbred C57BL, MESH: Spores, Fungal, MESH: Endoplasmic Reticulum, Genetics, Animals, Aspergillosis, Eisosome assembly, MESH: Aspergillosis, Molecular Biology, MESH: Mice, 030304 developmental biology, Mycelium, Sequence Homology, Amino Acid, 030306 microbiology, gene deletion, Endoplasmic reticulum, Genetic Complementation Test, Membrane Proteins, biology.organism_classification, Survival Analysis, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Mutation, MESH: Female
Abstract

International audience; In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Nce102 encodes a 173 amino acid transmembrane protein, which acts as a key player in eisosome assembly and plasma membrane organization. Here, we describe the characterization of Nce102 homologue in the human pathogen, Aspergillus fumigatus. Our results demonstrated that AfuNce102 is continuously expressed during fungal growth. In addition, microscopic examination of an AfuNce102-GFP-expressing transformant confirmed the localization of the fusion protein to the endoplasmic reticulum with higher density fluorescence at the tip of the mycelium. During conidiogenesis, the protein was localized to the conidiophores and the conidia. Abnormal conidiation of AfuNce102 deletion mutant suggests a potential role for AfuNce102 in sporulation process.

Published
2012

13. Survey for asymptomatic malaria cases in low transmission settings of Iran under elimination programme

Author

Asadallah Ahmadi Kahanali, Habibollah Turki, Ali A Haghdoost, Ahmad Raeisi, Akram Abouie Mehrizi, Reza Safari, Sedigheh Zakeri, Samaneh Zoghi, Institut Pasteur d'Iran, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), National Programme Manager for Malaria Control, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Research Center for Modeling in Health, Kerman University of Medical Science, Research Center for Infectious and Tropical diseases, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Jiroft University of Medical Science, This study was partially supported by Iranian Infectious Diseases and Tropical Research Network, the Ministry of Health and Medical Education and Institut Pasteur Iran (grant no. 483)., Samaneh Zoghi, Akram A Mehrizi, Ahmad Raeisi, Ali A Haghdoost, Habibolah Turki, Reza Safari, and Asadalla Ahmadi Kahanali

Subjects
Male, Endemic Diseases, Plasmodium vivax, Iran, Polymerase Chain Reaction, 0302 clinical medicine, low transmission settings, Prevalence, 030212 general & internal medicine, Malaria, Falciparum, Child, Microscopy, education.field_of_study, biology, 3. Good health, Blood, Infectious Diseases, Child, Preschool, Carrier State, [SDV.IMM]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Immunology, Female, medicine.symptom, Adult, medicine.medical_specialty, lcsh:Arctic medicine. Tropical medicine, Adolescent, lcsh:RC955-962, Plasmodium falciparum, 030231 tropical medicine, Population, Asymptomatic, lcsh:Infectious and parasitic diseases, Young Adult, 03 medical and health sciences, Environmental health, parasitic diseases, Malaria, Vivax, medicine, Humans, lcsh:RC109-216, Disease Eradication, education, elimination programme, Research, biology.organism_classification, medicine.disease, asymptomatic malaria cases, Cross-Sectional Studies, Parasitology, Asymptomatic Diseases, Tropical medicine, Immunology, Asymptomatic carrier, Malaria
Abstract

Background In malaria endemic areas, continuous exposure to Plasmodium parasites leads to asymptomatic carriers that provide a fundamental reservoir of parasites, contributing to the persistence of malaria transmission. Therefore, in the present investigation, the presence and prevalence of malaria asymptomatic cases were determined to evaluate the reservoir of infection in two malaria endemic areas with a previous history of malaria transmission in the south of Iran, Bashagard and Ghale-Ganj districts of Hormozgan and Kerman provinces, respectively, where malaria transmission has been drastically reduced in the recent years. Methods The population samples (n=500 from each of the studied areas) were randomly collected from non-febrile, long-term residing, aged two to over 60years, during 20092010. Three identical surveys were carried out in both study areas and in each phase all the consent participants were interviewed and clinically examined. In all, three surveys to detect hidden parasite reservoirs (both Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax), thick and thin blood smears and a highly sensitive nested-PCR were applied. In addition, the sero-prevalence survey for detecting malaria exposure was done by using a serological marker. Results In this study, P. vivax and P. falciparum parasites were not detected by light microscopy and nested-PCR assay in all three surveys of samples. Antibody responses against P. vivax and P. falciparum were detected in 1 % and 0.2 % of the total examined individuals, respectively, in Bashagard district. Regarding to Ghale-Ganj district, about 0.9% of the individuals had IgG -specific antibody to P. vivax at the first and second surveys, but at the third survey 0.45% of the participants had positive antibody to P. vivax parasite. IgG -specific antibody to P. falciparum was detected in 0.2% of the participants at the first and follow-up surveys. The overall regional differences were not statistically significant (P>0.05). Conclusion Taken together, the lack of asymptomatic carrier with the evidence of extremely low sero-positive to both P. vivax and P. falciparum among examined individuals supported the limited recent transmission in the studied areas and, therefore, these parts of Iran have potential to eliminate the disease in the next few years. However, continued follow up and action are still needed in both studied areas and also in their neighbouring province, Sistan and Baluchistan, which has the highest reported cases of malaria in Iran and also, has the largest border line with Afghanistan and Pakistan, with no elimination activities. This data will provide useful information for managing elimination activities in Iran.

Published
2012

14. Efficacy of Eosin B as a New Antimalarial Drug in a Murine Model

Author

Sedigheh Sadeghi, Zahra Zamani, Farideh Vahabi, Hossein Nahrevanian, Alireza Sadeghi Tafreshi, Behzad Lame-Rad, Fatemeh Pourfallah, Hossein Eslamifar, Mohammad Arjmand, Ayda Iravani, Department of Biochemistry, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Institut Pasteur d'Iran, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), Payame Noor University, Department of Parasitology, Institut Pasteur d'Iran, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), Department of Clinical Reasearch, and This project has been funded by the Pasteur Institute of Iran during the years 2008–2010.

Subjects
Drug, Article Subject, Epidemiology, media_common.quotation_subject, 030231 tropical medicine, Pharmacology, lcsh:Infectious and parasitic diseases, 03 medical and health sciences, chemistry.chemical_compound, 0302 clinical medicine, In vivo, Chloroquine, parasitic diseases, medicine, Plasmodium berghei, lcsh:RC109-216, Survival rate, media_common, 0303 health sciences, biology, 030306 microbiology, business.industry, medicine.disease, biology.organism_classification, In vitro, 3. Good health, [SDV.MP]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology, Infectious Diseases, chemistry, Eosin B, business, Malaria, Research Article, medicine.drug
Abstract

The initial success of any adopted anti-infective strategy to malaria is followed by a descent due to the emergence of resistance to it. The search for new drugs and drug targets is a consistent demand in this disease. Eosin B, a common laboratory dye, is reported to have good antiparasitic properties in vitro. It was studied for its antiparasitic effect in vivo on chloroquine-sensitive Plasmodium berghei murine malaria. Eosin B was administered in 2 different doses by either the oral or parenteral route, once or twice daily to mice infected with Plasmodium berghei. Both the doses of eosin B 400 mg/kg and 800 mg/kg gave better results than the controls which were 40 mg/kg chloroquine and 100 mg/kg of arteether with P<0.005 significance. Percentage suppressive activity by Peter’s test of eosin B was better, though at a higher dose than both the controls. Survival rate of mice receiving the higher dose of eosin B was longer than that of the controls. When administered twice daily, the mice were fully cured after 4 days. Eosin B seems to be a promising drug exhibiting good antimalarial effects in the murine model of the disease.

Published
2012

15. Immune responses elicited by co-immunization of Plasmodium vivax and P. falciparum MSP-1 using prime-boost immunization strategies

Author

Mehrizi, A. A., Zakeri, S., Rafati, Sima, Salmanian, A. H., Djadid, N. D., Institut Pasteur d'Iran, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), This work was supported by the Pasteur Institute of Iran (grant no. 311 to S. Zakeri), A. A. MEHRIZI, S. ZAKERI, S. RAFATI, A. H. SALMANIAN, N. D. DJADID1, Biotechnology Research Center, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), Molecular Immunology & Vaccine Research Lab (MIVRL), Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Institut Pasteur d'Iran, Department of Plant Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), and This work was supported by the Pasteur Institute of Iran (grant no. 311 to S. Zakeri).

Subjects
Protozoan Proteins, Antibodies, Protozoan, prime-boost strategy, MESH: Recombinant Proteins, Mice, Chlorocebus aethiops, MESH: Animals, Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Indirect, MESH: Protozoan Proteins, Merozoite Surface Protein 1, MESH: Plasmodium falciparum, MESH: Merozoite Surface Protein 1, Mice, Inbred BALB C, Vaccines, Synthetic, MESH: Cytokines, MESH: Malaria Vaccines, multi-species vaccine, Recombinant Proteins, MESH: Plasmodium vivax, MESH: COS Cells, COS Cells, Cytokines, MESH: Immunization, Female, Plasmids, MESH: Vaccines, Synthetic, MESH: Interferon-gamma, Plasmodium falciparum, MESH: Malaria, Immunization, Secondary, malaria, MESH: Mice, Inbred BALB C, Antigens, Protozoan, Plasmodium falci- parum, Interferon-gamma, MESH: Plasmids, Malaria Vaccines, Animals, MESH: Antibodies, Protozoan, MESH: Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Indirect, MESH: Immunization, Secondary, MESH: Mice, [SDV.GEN]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Genetics, Th1 Cells, MESH: Cercopithecus aethiops, MESH: Th1 Cells, Immunization, [SDV.IMM.VAC]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Immunology/Vaccinology, Plasmodium vivax, MESH: Female, MESH: Antigens, Protozoan
Abstract

International audience; Carboxy-terminus of merozoite surface protein-1 (MSP-1(19) ) is the major protein on the surface of the plasmodial merozoite that acts as one of the most important blood-stage vaccine candidates. The present investigation was designed to evaluate the immune responses when either two recombinant antigens (rPvMSP-1(19) + rPfMSP-1(19)) or two plasmid constructs (pcDNA3.1 hygro-PvMSP-1(19) + pcDNA3.1 hygro-PfMSP-1(19)) were administered in combination at a single site in mice by using different immunization strategies (protein/protein, DNA/DNA and DNA/protein) at weeks 0, 5 and 8. All mice were monitored for the level of MSP-1(19) -specific antibody for up to 40 weeks. The inclusion of both recombinant antigens in a vaccine mixture could not inhibit induction of antibodies to the other antigen when the two recombinant antigens were combined in immunization formulation. Interestingly, antisera from immunized mice with either recombinant antigen failed to cross-react with heterologous antigen. Moreover, the results of this study showed that co-immunization with both antigens at a single site generated a substantial PvMSP-1(19) - and PfMSP-1(19) -specific antibody responses and also IFN-γ cytokine production (Th1 response) in DNA/protein prime-boost immunization strategies. The increased humoral response to PvMSP-1(19) and PfMSP-1(19) lasted nearly a year after immunization. Therefore, the results of this study are encouraging for the development of multi-species malaria vaccine based on MSP-1(19) antigen.

Published
2011

16. The Problem of Mixing up of Leishmania Isolates in the Laboratory: Suggestion of ITS1 Gene Sequencing for Verification of Species

Author

Mahmoudzadeh-Niknam, H., Abrishami, F., Doroudian, M., Moradi, M., Mohammad Hossein Alimohammadian, Parvizi, P., Hatam, Gh R., Mohebali, M., Khalaj, V., Institut Pasteur d'Iran, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences [Iran] (SUMS), School of Public Health [Teheran], University of Tehran, Biotechnology Research Center, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), Cette recherche a reçu un soutien financier de l'Institut Pasteur d'Iran (Projet de recherche n ° 314)., H Mahmoudzadeh-Niknam, F Abrishami, M Doroudian, M Moradi, MH Alimohammadian, P Parvizi, GhR Hatam, M Mohebali, and V Khalaj

Subjects
Leishmania, [SDV.BIO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biotechnology, Crithidia, Internal transcribed spacer (ITS), parasitic diseases, lcsh:RC109-216, Original Article, Isoenzyme electrophoresis, [INFO.INFO-BT]Computer Science [cs]/Biotechnology, lcsh:Infectious and parasitic diseases
Abstract

International audience; BACKGROUND: Leishmaniasis is endemic in Iran. Different species of Leishmania (L.) parasites are causative agents of this disease. Correct identification of Leishmania species is important for clinical studies, prevention, and control of the diseases. Mix up of Leishmania isolates is possible in the laboratory, so there is need for verification of species for isolates of uncertain identity. Different methods may be used for this purpose including isoenzyme electrophoresis and molecular methods. The isoenzyme electrophoresis, due to its drawbacks, is feasible only in specialized laboratories while molecular methods may be more feasible. The aim of this research was to study the application of the internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS1) sequencing method, in comparison to isoenzyme electrophoresis method, for verification of Leishmania species. METHODS: Six Leishmania isolates were received from different research institutions in Iran. The species of these isolates were known by donating institution according to their isoenzyme profile. The species of these isolates were re-identified in Pasteur Institute of Iran by PCR amplification of ITS1 followed by sequencing and comparison of these sequences with Leishmania sequences in GenBank. Isoenzyme electrophoresis was performed for confirmation of the results of ITS1. RESULTS: ITS1 sequence showed that some isolates were mixed up or contaminated with Crithidia. Isoenzyme electrophoresis confirmed the results of ITS1 sequences. CONCLUSION: ITS1 sequencing is relatively more feasible than the traditional isoenzyme electrophoresis method and is suggested for verification of Leishmania species.

Published
2011

17. Aggregation-based in silico study for better understanding of related membrane interfering analogous of Amphotericin B

Author

Soroush, Sardari, Mostaan, Saied, Parisa, Azerang, Drug Design and Bioinformatics Unit, Medical Biotechnology Department, Biotechnology Research Center, Drug Design and Bioinformatics Unit, Institut Pasteur d'Iran, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Institut Pasteur d'Iran, and Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)

Subjects
ergosterol, Amphotericin B, cholesterol, similarity search, [INFO.INFO-BI]Computer Science [cs]/Bioinformatics [q-bio.QM], [SDV.BIBS]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Quantitative Methods [q-bio.QM], interaction energy
Abstract

International audience; Amphotericin B (AmB) is a choice antibiotic against fungal infections. Since AmB has many side effects, it is desired to come up with new molecules with similar activity and less toxicity. In this work, attempt has been made to design a series of molecules by chem/bioinformatics. The structure of AmB was divided into two fragments and the best modified molecules were chosen, according to binding energy obtained through in silico dock experiments. A similarity search was performed on the molecules, and the available similar compounds resulted to a set of structurally matched compounds with 70% and above for similarity value. Several molecules from the library were selected and evaluated for in vitro antifungal assay. The result of the evaluations was finding compounds, which their antifungal effect had not been reported before or proposed new mechanism of action possibly involve in binding to membrane components such as ergosterol.

Published
2010

18. The Cretan type of nondeletional hereditary persistence of fetal hemoglobin in an Iranian family

Author

Frouzandeh Mahjoubi, Mohammad Esmaeil Akbari, Morteza Karimipoor, Mohammad Hamid, Sirous Zeinali, Biotechnology Research Center, Institut Pasteur d'Iran, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), Clinical Genetics Department, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modaras University, Mohammad Hamid, Frouzandeh Mahjoubi, Mohammad Taghi Akbari, Sirous Zeinali, Morteza Karimipoor, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB)-Institut Pasteur d'Iran, and Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)

Subjects
Adult, fetal hemoglobin, Iranian family, MESH: Mutation, Hereditary persistence of fetal hemoglobin, Thalassemia, DNA Mutational Analysis, beta-Globins, Biology, Iran, medicine.disease_cause, hereditary persistence, MESH: gamma-Globins, 03 medical and health sciences, nondeletional, hemic and lymphatic diseases, Fetal hemoglobin, medicine, Humans, gamma-Globins, Gene conversion, MESH: DNA Mutational Analysis, Gene, Cretan type, 030304 developmental biology, Genetics, 0303 health sciences, Mutation, MESH: Humans, Greece, MESH: Fetal Hemoglobin, 030306 microbiology, Promoter, MESH: Adult, MESH: beta-Globins, Hematology, General Medicine, medicine.disease, 3. Good health, Arabs, DNA binding site, [SDV.GEN.GH]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Genetics/Human genetics, MESH: Greece, MESH: Iran, MESH: Arabs, Female, MESH: Female
Abstract

International audience; Dear Editor, The increase of fetal hemoglobin (HbF), in adult life, is mainly due to large deletions within β-globin cluster in hereditary persistence of fetal hemoglobin (HPFH) and δβ- thalassemia or in some cases of nondeletional HPFH (nd- HPFH) by mutations in promoter region of γ-globin genes [1-3]. Several nd-HPFH mutations have been reported; most of these mutations occur in transcription factor binding sites, creating new factor binding motifs or disrupting the existing ones [2]. The Cretan type of nd- HPFH (Aγ-158 C>T) is characterized by slightly elevated HbF levels (2.9-5.1%) and normal hematological indices [4]. This mutation has resulted from two independent gene conversion events [4, 5]. It is identical to Gγ-globin gene XmnI polymorphism (Gγ-158 C>T) which also occurs in healthy individuals.

Published
2009

19. Polytope DNA vaccine development against hepatitis C virus: a streamlined approach from in silico design to in vitro and primary in vivo analyses in BALB/c mice

Author

Arash Arashkia, Arash Memarnejadian, Sima Rafati, Mohammad Ali Shokrgozar, Farzin Roohvand, Hepatitis & AIDS Dept., Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Institut Pasteur d'Iran, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), Institut Pasteur d'Iran, and Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)

Subjects
HBsAg, MESH: Amino Acid Sequence, Hepacivirus, MESH: Base Sequence, medicine.disease_cause, Biochemistry, Epitope, Epitopes, Mice, 0302 clinical medicine, Plasmid, Structural Biology, Chlorocebus aethiops, Vaccines, DNA, MESH: Animals, MESH: Hepacivirus, Hypersensitivity, Delayed, Overlap extension polymerase chain reaction, 0303 health sciences, Mice, Inbred BALB C, Hepatitis C virus, Vaccination, MESH: DNA, General Medicine, 3. Good health, MESH: COS Cells, MESH: Cattle, 030220 oncology & carcinogenesis, COS Cells, [SDV.IMM]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Immunology, Female, Polytope vaccine, MESH: Computational Biology, DNA vaccine, MESH: Epitopes, In silico, MESH: Mice, Inbred BALB C, Biology, DNA vaccination, 03 medical and health sciences, medicine, Animals, Humans, Amino Acid Sequence, MESH: Hypersensitivity, Delayed, MESH: Mice, Gene, 030304 developmental biology, MESH: Humans, Hepatitis B Surface Antigens, Base Sequence, Computational Biology, MESH: Vaccination, DNA, MESH: Cercopithecus aethiops, Virology, Molecular biology, MESH: Hepatitis B Surface Antigens, MESH: Vaccines, DNA, Expression optimization, Cattle, Virus-like particle, MESH: Female, MESH: T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic, T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic
Abstract

International audience; For chronic viral infections like Hepatitis C, CD8-CTLs have emerged as important protective tools. Hence, isolated dominant epitopes arranged as polytope DNA or peptide vaccines represent a promising approach. However, because of controversial rules governing the polytope construction and epitope processing, proper design and primary analysis of such vaccines are prior to the costly transgenic animal studies. In this study, based on in silico epitope selection, four HLA-A2 (C132, E614 and N1406) and H-2d (E405 and C132) immunodominant CD8-epitopes of HCV were selected. The codon optimized nucleotide sequences of the epitopes were assembled by overlap extension PCR in three different sequential tandems for the best proteasomal cleavage predictions and cloned into pcDNA3.1 vector. In addition, to enhance particulate formation, three other plasmids containing the fusion of polytopes with hepatitis B surface antigen gene (HBsAg) were also constructed. Proper expression of all constructs in transfected Cos-7 cells was verified by RT-PCR, immunofluorescence, Western-blot, ELISA and dot blot techniques. Moreover, particle formation of HBsAg-fused polytopes was manifested by their secretion to the culture media albeit in lesser amounts compared to sole HBsAg protein. Finally, the positive delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) response of vaccinated mice indicated the in vivo expression of all constructs and efficient stimulation of immune response, which was stronger for HBsAg fusion constructs. In addition, proper processing of the epitopes was evidenced by the DTH response towards H-2d epitopic peptides. These data provide enough support and merit for the further evaluation of the designed constructs in HLA-A2 transgenic mice.

Published
2009

20. Hemitoxin, the first potassium channel toxin from the venom of the Iranian scorpion Hemiscorpius lepturus

Author

Srairi-Abid, Najet, Shahbazzadeh, Delavar, Chatti, Imen, Mlayah-Bellalouna, Saoussen, Mejdoub, Hafedh, Borchani, Lamia, Benkhalifa, Rym, Akbari, Abolfazl, El Ayeb, Mohamed, Laboratoire des Venins et Toxines, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), Medical Biotechnology Group, Venom and Toxin Lab, Institut Pasteur d'Iran, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Biotechnology Research Center, USCR Séquenceur de Protéines, Faculté des Sciences de Sfax, Université de Sfax - University of Sfax-Université de Sfax - University of Sfax, Razi Vaccine & Serum Research Institute, This research was supported by MRST and the International Network of the Pasteur Institutes., Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Biotechnology Research Center-Institut Pasteur d'Iran, and Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)

Subjects
Male, Models, Molecular, hemitoxin, Patch-Clamp Techniques, K+ channel, structure-function relationships, MESH: Rats, scorpion toxin, MESH: Sequence Homology, Amino Acid, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Molecular Sequence Data, Scorpion Venoms, MESH: Amino Acid Sequence, Iran, complex mixtures, MESH: Oocytes, Mice, Structure-Activity Relationship, Xenopus laevis, MESH: Scorpion Venoms, MESH: Structure-Activity Relationship, MESH: Xenopus laevis, MESH: Potassium Channel Blockers, MESH: Patch-Clamp Techniques, Potassium Channel Blockers, Animals, MESH: Animals, MESH: Disulfides, Amino Acid Sequence, Disulfides, Hemiscorpius lepturus, MESH: Mice, MESH: Elapid Venoms, Elapid Venoms, MESH: Molecular Sequence Data, Sequence Homology, Amino Acid, MESH: Male, Rats, MESH: Iran, Oocytes, MESH: Models, Molecular
Abstract

International audience; Hemitoxin (HTX) is a new K+ channel blocker isolated from the venom of the Iranian scorpion Hemiscorpius lepturus. It represents only 0.1% of the venom proteins, and displaces [125 I]alpha-dendrotoxin from its site on rat brain synaptosomes with an IC50 value of 16 nm. The amino acid sequence of HTX shows that it is a 35-mer basic peptide with eight cysteine residues, sharing 29-69% sequence identity with other K+ channel toxins, especially with those of the alphaKTX6 family. A homology-based molecular model generated for HTX shows the characteristic alpha/beta-scaffold of scorpion toxins. The pairing of its disulfide bridges, deduced from MS of trypsin-digested peptide, is similar to that of classical four disulfide bridged scorpion toxins (Cys1-Cys5, Cys2-Cys6, Cys3-Cys7 and Cys4-Cys8). Although it shows the highest sequence similarity with maurotoxin, HTX displays different affinities for Kv1 channel subtypes. It blocks rat Kv1.1, Kv1.2 and Kv1.3 channels expressed in Xenopus oocytes with IC50 values of 13, 16 and 2 nM, respectively. As previous studies have shown the critical role played by the beta-sheet in Kv1.3 blockers, we suggest that Arg231 is also important for Kv1.3 versus Kv1.2 HTX positive discrimination. This article gives information on the structure-function relationships of Kv1.2 and Kv1.3 inhibitors targeting developing peptidic inhibitors for the rational design of new toxins targeting given K+ channels with high selectivity.

Published
2008

21. Serodiagnosis of recently acquired Toxoplasma gondii infection in pregnant women using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays with a recombinant dense granule GRA6 protein

Author

Marie-Pierre Brenier-Pinchart, Ghader Khalili, Baharak Khoshkholgh-Sima, Hélène Fricker-Hidalgo, Majid Golkar, Marie-France Cesbron-Delauw, Kayhan Azadmanesh, Corinne Mercier, Jalal Babaie, Hervé Pelloux, Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Institut Pasteur d'Iran, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), Hepatitis and AIDS Department, Institut Pasteur d'Iran, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), Immunology Department, Laboratoire Adaptation et pathogénie des micro-organismes [Grenoble] (LAPM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF), Laboratoire de parasitologie-mycologie, and CHU Grenoble

Subjects
Protozoan Proteins, Antibodies, Protozoan, Immunoglobulin G, MESH: Pregnancy Complications, Parasitic, Serology, law.invention, MESH: Pregnancy, law, Pregnancy, MESH: Animals, MESH: Protozoan Proteins, MESH: Immunoglobulin G, 0303 health sciences, biology, MESH: Toxoplasma, MESH: Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay, General Medicine, MESH: Immunoglobulin M, 3. Good health, Infectious Diseases, Recombinant DNA, MESH: Toxoplasmosis, Female, Toxoplasma, Toxoplasmosis, Microbiology (medical), Antigens, Protozoan, Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay, Sensitivity and Specificity, Apicomplexa, 03 medical and health sciences, parasitic diseases, medicine, Animals, Humans, MESH: Antibodies, Protozoan, Serologic Tests, [SDV.BBM]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, 030304 developmental biology, MESH: Humans, 030306 microbiology, MESH: Serologic Tests, Toxoplasma gondii, biology.organism_classification, medicine.disease, Virology, MESH: Sensitivity and Specificity, Immunoglobulin M, Pregnancy Complications, Parasitic, Immunology, biology.protein, MESH: Pregnant Women, Pregnant Women, MESH: Female, MESH: Antigens, Protozoan
Abstract

Indirect immunoglobulin G (IgG) and IgM enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) with a recombinant GRA6 protein of Toxoplasma gondii were developed and evaluated for accurate diagnosis of recently acquired infection in pregnant women. According to the results from Toxoplasma serodiagnostic tests, women were classified into 3 groups representing acute (group I), chronic (group II), or no Toxoplasma infection (group III). To discriminate group I from group II sera, the GRA6-IgG-ELISA reached sensitivity and specificity of 87.5% and 94.1%, respectively. Although 22 (91.7%) of 24 group I sera were positive by the GRA6-IgM-ELISA, only 1 (2.9%) of 34 group II sera scored positive. The GRA6-IgM-ELISA displayed a meaningful correlation with Vidas Toxo IgM and exhibited higher specificity (97.1%) than Euroimmun IgM ELISA (88.2%) (Euroimmun, Lubeck, Germany) for detection of recent infection. These results demonstrate that IgG and IgM ELISA with rGRA6 are useful to identify and discriminate recent from past Toxoplasma infection in pregnant women.

Published
2008

22. Lentiviral Expression of Rabies Virus Glycoprotein in the Rat Hippocampus Strengthens Synaptic Plasticity

Author

Kayhan Azadmanesh, Mohammad Sayyah, Monique Lafon, Nima Naderi, Soheil Ghassemi, Alireza Gholami, Hadi Mirzapourdelavar, Christophe Prehaud, Hamid Gholami Pourbadie, Shayan Aliakbari, Tara Asgari, Institut Pasteur d'Iran, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), Neuro-Immunologie Virale - Viral Neuro-immunology, Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences [Tehran] (SBUMS), Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Shahid Beheshti University

Subjects
0301 basic medicine, Plasticity, Long-Term Potentiation, Population, Hippocampus, Hippocampal formation, Biology, medicine.disease_cause, 03 medical and health sciences, Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience, 0302 clinical medicine, Postsynaptic potential, medicine, Animals, Dentate gyrus, education, Glycoproteins, education.field_of_study, Neuronal Plasticity, Rabies virus, Long-term potentiation, Cell Biology, General Medicine, Long term potentiation, Electric Stimulation, Rats, PDZ binding motif, 3. Good health, Cell biology, 030104 developmental biology, Synaptic plasticity, [SDV.IMM]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Immunology, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery
Abstract

“This is a pre-print of an article published in journal of Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology. The final authenticated version is available online at: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10571-020-01032-9"; International audience; Rabies virus (RABV) is a neurotropic virus exclusively infecting neurons in the central nervous system. RABV encodes five proteins. Among them, the viral glycoprotein (RVG) plays a key role in viral entry into neurons and rabies pathogenesis. It was shown that the nature of the C-terminus of the RABV G protein, which possesses a PDZ-binding motif (PBM), modulates the virulence of the RABV strain. The neuronal protein partners recruited by this PBM may alter host cell function. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of RVG on synaptic function in the hippocampal dentate gyrus (DG) of rat. Two μl (108 T.U./ml) of the lentiviral vector containing RVG gene was injected into the DG of rat hippocampus. After 2 weeks, the rat’s brain was cross-sectioned and RVG-expressing cells were detected by fluorescent microscopy. Hippocampal synaptic activity of the infected rats was then examined by recording the local field potentials from DG after stimulation of the perforant pathway. Short-term synaptic plasticity was also assessed by double pulse stimulation. Expression of RVG in DG increased long-term potentiation population spikes (LTP-PS), whereas no facilitation of LTP-PS was found in neurons expressing δRVG (deleted PBM). Furthermore, RVG and δRVG strengthened paired-pulse facilitation. Heterosynaptic long-term depression (LTD) in the DG was significantly blocked in RVG-expressing group compared to the control group. This blockade was dependent to PBM motif as rats expressing δRVG in the DG-expressed LTD comparable to the RVG group. Our data demonstrate that RVG expression facilitates both short- and long-term synaptic plasticity in the DG indicating that it may involve both pre- and postsynaptic mechanisms to alter synaptic function. Further studies are needed to elucidate the underlying mechanisms.

Published
2021

23. In silico Analysis of Pasteurella multocida PlpE Protein Epitopes As Novel Subunit Vaccine Candidates

Author

Mohsen Abolhassani, Mohammad Ali Shokrgozar, Parastoo Ehsani, Gholamreza Nikbakht Brujeni, Soroush Sardari, Saied Mostaan, Abbas Ghasemzadeh, Molecular Biology Department [Tehran, Iran], Institut Pasteur d'Iran, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), Biotechnology Research Center, National Cell Bank of Iran [Tehran, Iran] (NCBI), Department of Immunology [Tehran, Iran], University of Tehran, and This project honorably sponsored financially by the Pasteur Institute of Iran as a Ph.D. dissertation project.

Subjects
Serotype, Pasteurella multocida, Lipoproteins, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], In silico, Full Length, Pasteurella Infections, Clinical Biochemistry, Virulence, Serogroup, General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, Epitope, Epitopes, 03 medical and health sciences, Immunogenicity, Vaccine, 0302 clinical medicine, medicine, Computer Simulation, Pasteurella, Vaccines, 0303 health sciences, Molecular Structure, biology, 030306 microbiology, Biochemistry (medical), Reverse vaccinology, Computational Biology, Polytope, biology.organism_classification, medicine.disease, Virology, 3. Good health, 030220 oncology & carcinogenesis, Bacterial Vaccines, Vaccines, Subunit, Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions, Pasteurellosis, Epitope Mapping, Bacterial Outer Membrane Proteins
Abstract

International audience; Background: Pasteurella multocida is a Gram-negative, non-motile, non-spore forming, and aerobic/anaerobic cocobacillus known as the causative agent of human and animal diseases. Humans can often be affected by cat scratch or bite, which may lead to soft tissue infections and in rare cases to bacteremia and septicemia. Commercial vaccines against this agent include inactivated, live attenuated, and non-pathogenic bacteria. Current vaccines have certain disadvantages such as reactogenicity or reversion to virulence. Therefore, the aim of this study was to reach a multi-epitope vaccine candidate that could be serotype independent and covers most incident serotypes of P. multocida. Methods: In this study, reverse vaccinology strategy was used to identify potentially immunogenic and protective epitopes. First, multiple alignments of different sequences of Pasteurella lipoprotein E (PlpE) from various serotypes of P. multocida were analyzed to identify the conserved regions. Bioinformatics tools were then applied to predict and select epitopes for further studies. Results: Three different conserved immunogenic regions were selected according to the selected criteria, and their various sequential orders were evaluated structurally by in silico tools to find the best order. Conclusion: In searching the epitopes of PlpE to design a new vaccine candidate against pasteurellosis, we found the region 1 + region 2 + region 3 (without any linker between regions) of epitope, including the regions of PlpE protein of P. multocida, as the appropriate serotype independent vaccine candidate against pasteurellosis.

Published
2021

24. Detection of haemosporidian parasites in wild and domestic birds in northern and central provinces of Iran: Introduction of new lineages and hosts

Author

Mahmood Shakiba, Reza Khaltabadi Farahani, Navid Dinparast Djadid, Hasan Bakhshi, Borhan Shokrollahi, Koros Rabiee, Leila Nourani, Morteza Shirzoor Mezerji, Malaria and Vector Research Group (MVRG), Institut Pasteur d'Iran, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), Islamic Azad University, and Iranian Veterinary Organization [Iran] (IVO)

Subjects
0301 basic medicine, Leucocytozoon, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], 030231 tropical medicine, Wildlife, Zoology, Iran, Blood or Tissue, Plasmodium, Article, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Avian malaria, lcsh:Zoology, medicine, lcsh:QL1-991, Migratory water birds, Blood parasites, biology, Host (biology), 030108 mycology & parasitology, biology.organism_classification, medicine.disease, Poultries, 3. Good health, Infectious Diseases, Birds of prey, Animal Science and Zoology, Parasitology, Haemoproteus, Apicomplexa, Mosquito-borne diseases
Abstract

Haemosporidian parasites characterize multi-host and multi-parasite structures which are prevalent among wild bird populations. Here, determination of host records, estimation of the prevalence and diversity of haemosporidian lineages were performed in wild and domestic birds in 11 provinces in Iran. To our knowledge, for the first time in this region, molecular characterization of haemosporidians in migratory water birds, raptors, and domestic birds was carried out: blood or tissue samples were collected from 246 birds belonging to 36 species, 12 families, and 11 orders. The prevalence of Plasmodium, Haemoproteus, and Leucocytozoon were documented as 1.21%, 3.65%, and 0.4%, respectively. Of 36 birds' species inspected in this investigation, 13 individuals of 9 species were parasitized by blood parasites. To our knowledge, five lineages including hANACRE03, hAYTFER01, hAYTFER02, hAQUCYR01, and hSTAL06 were found as un-described lineages, while six known lineages of hLK03, pLK05, lTUSW04, pSW5, hMILANS02, and hHAECOL1 were recorded in hosts within novel geographical regions. Such results are required to fill the gaps in understanding the geographical distribution patterns of wildlife related vector-borne parasites in migratory birds as potential carriers, raptors with high vulnerability, and domestic birds as pet or with economic value., Graphical abstract Image 1, Highlights • Molecular characterization of haemosporidians in migratory, raptors, and domestic birds. • Eleven avian haemosporidian lineages discovered in new geographical regions of West Asia. • Novelhost records of blood parasites in Iran.

Published
2020

25. Selection and characterization of specific nanobody against neuropilin-1 for inhibition of angiogenesis

Author

Mohammad Ali Shokrgozar, Mahdi Behdani, Fatemeh Kazemi-Lomedasht, Sara Mahmoudi, Reyhaneh Roshan, Mahdi Habibi-Anbouhi, Shamsi Naderi, Hajarsadat Ghaderi, Biotechnology Research Center, Institut Pasteur d'Iran, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), and National Cell Bank of Iran [Tehran, Iran] (NCBI)

Subjects
Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A, 0301 basic medicine, Neuropilins, Angiogenesis, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Immunology, Cell Line, 03 medical and health sciences, chemistry.chemical_compound, 0302 clinical medicine, Cell Line, Tumor, Neuropilin 1, Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells, Humans, Molecular Biology, Cell Proliferation, Tube formation, Neovascularization, Pathologic, Chemistry, Single-Domain Antibodies, Neuropilin-1, In vitro, 3. Good health, Vascular endothelial growth factor, HEK293 Cells, 030104 developmental biology, Monoclonal, MCF-7 Cells, Cancer research, Ex vivo, 030215 immunology
Abstract

Neuropilin-1 (NRP-1), non-tyrosine kinase receptor, was initially identified as axonal protein and later recognized as co-receptor for vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Neuropilins (NRPs) are involved in vascular development and tumor angiogenesis. Over the last years, many studies have been accomplished to inhibit angiogenesis. In this study, the nanobody library was panned against immobilized NRP-1 antigen. High affinity and specificity nanobodies were selected through monoclonal ELISA. The selected nanobodies inhibited proliferation and tube formation of HUVEC and MCF-7 cells in vitro and ex vivo. The results highlight potential of anti-NRP1 nanobodies in inhibition of angiogenesis both in vitro and ex vivo and promises development of novel therapeutics against pathologic angiogenesis.

Published
2020

26. Characterization of Antimicrobial Susceptibility, Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamase Genes and Phylogenetic Groups of Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli Isolated from Patients with Diarrhea

Author

mostaan, Saied, Jafari, Erfaneh, Mostaan, Saeid, Bouzari, Saeid, Institut Pasteur d'Iran, and Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)

Subjects
Tetracycline, medicine.drug_class, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Antibiotics, Virulence, Biology, 01 natural sciences, Microbiology, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Antibiotic resistance, Ampicillin, medicine, 030212 general & internal medicine, 0101 mathematics, Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 010102 general mathematics, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, biochemical phenomena, metabolism, and nutrition, bacterial infections and mycoses, 3. Good health, Multiple drug resistance, Diarrhea, Infectious Diseases, bacteria, medicine.symptom, medicine.drug
Abstract

Objectives Infectious diarrhea is one of the most common causes of pediatric death worldwide and enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) is one of the main causes. There are 2 subgroups of EPEC, typical and atypical, based on the presence or absence of bundle forming pili (bfp), of which atypical EPEC is considered less virulent, but not less pathogenic. Antimicrobial resistance towards atypical EPEC among children is growing and is considered a major problem. In this study the pattern of antibiotic resistance in clinical isolates was determined. Methods Using 130 isolates, antibiotic resistance patterns and phenotypes were assessed, and genotypic profiles of extended spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) production using disc diffusion and PCR was carried out. Phylogenetic groups were analyzed using quadruplex PCR. Results There were 65 E. coli isolates identified as atypical EPEC by PCR, among which the highest antibiotic resistance was towards ampicillin, followed by trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, and tetracycline. Multidrug resistance was detected in 44.6% of atypical EPEC isolates. Around 33% of isolates were determined to be extended spectrum β-lactamase producers, and in 90% of isolates, genes responsible for ESBL production could be detected. Moreover, the majority of atypical EPEC strains belonged to Group E, followed by Groups B1, B2 and C. Conclusion High rates of multidrug resistance and ESBL production among atypical EPEC isolates warrant periodical surveillance studies to select effective antibiotic treatment for patients. It is considered a critical step to manage antibiotic resistance by avoiding unnecessary prescriptions for antibiotics.

Published
2020

27. A nanobody-derived mimotope against VEGF inhibits cancer angiogenesis

Author

Mahdi Behdani, Fatemeh Kazemi-Lomedasht, Elmira Karami, Shiva Irani, Jean-Marc Sabatier, Institut Pasteur d'Iran, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), Institut de neurophysiopathologie (INP), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Islamic Azad University, Iran National ScienceFoundation (INSF) [grant number 94012812 to F Kazemi-Lomedasht] and Pasteur Institute of Iran, and Pasteur Institute of Iran

Subjects
Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A, Angiogenesis, medicine.drug_class, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Peptide, [SDV.CAN]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Cancer, [SDV.BC]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Cellular Biology, RM1-950, Monoclonal antibody, 03 medical and health sciences, chemistry.chemical_compound, 0302 clinical medicine, Neoplasms, Drug Discovery, medicine, Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells, Humans, [SDV.BBM]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, 030304 developmental biology, Cell Proliferation, Pharmacology, chemistry.chemical_classification, Tube formation, 0303 health sciences, Neovascularization, Pathologic, Cell growth, Mimotope, mimotope, Computational Biology, General Medicine, Single-Domain Antibodies, VEGF, peptide, Recombinant Proteins, 3. Good health, Vascular endothelial growth factor, nanobody, chemistry, Cell culture, 030220 oncology & carcinogenesis, Cancer research, Therapeutics. Pharmacology, Research Article, Research Paper
Abstract

International audience; Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) promotes angiogenesis in tumours of various cancers. Monoclonal antibodies and nanobodies are one of the potent agents in the treatment of cancer. Due to their high costs, researchers are considering to design and produce peptides as a substitute approach in recent years. The aim of the current study was designing a mimotope against VEGF and evaluate its effects on cell proliferation and tube formation in the HUVEC cell line. For this, a peptide was designed against VEGF and chemically produced. The effects of synthetic peptide and nanobody on the inhibition of proliferation of HUVEC cells were examined using MTT and tube formation assays. The data indicate that the peptide was able to significantly inhibit both HUVEC cell proliferation and tube formation through inhibition of VEGF, highlighting the potential of peptides as a 'novel' class of candidate drugs to inhibit angiogenesis.

Published
2020

28. A microfabrication method of PCL scaffolds for tissue engineering by simultaneous two PDMS molds replication

Author

Nooshin Haghighipour, Hassan Najafi sani, Karen Abrinia, Majid Baniassadi, Daniel George, Yves Rémond, University of Tehran, Institut Pasteur d'Iran, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), Laboratoire des sciences de l'ingénieur, de l'informatique et de l'imagerie (ICube), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Strasbourg (INSA Strasbourg), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École Nationale du Génie de l'Eau et de l'Environnement de Strasbourg (ENGEES)-Réseau nanophotonique et optique, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Matériaux et nanosciences d'Alsace (FMNGE), Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), École Nationale du Génie de l'Eau et de l'Environnement de Strasbourg (ENGEES)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Strasbourg (INSA Strasbourg), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Les Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg (HUS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Matériaux et Nanosciences Grand-Est (MNGE), Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Réseau nanophotonique et optique, Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and univOAK, Archive ouverte

Subjects
Replica molding, Scaffold, Fabrication, Biomedical Engineering, soft lithography, Nanotechnology, 02 engineering and technology, 010402 general chemistry, 01 natural sciences, Soft lithography, law.invention, Biomaterials, chemistry.chemical_compound, Cell culturing, law, Tissue engineering, Dimethylpolysiloxanes, Lithography, Fused deposition modeling, Polydimethylsiloxane, technology, industry, and agriculture, [PHYS.MECA]Physics [physics]/Mechanics [physics], 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Electrospinning, 3. Good health, 0104 chemical sciences, chemistry, Printing, Three-Dimensional, Microtechnology, Printing, [PHYS.MECA] Physics [physics]/Mechanics [physics], 0210 nano-technology, Two PDMS molds, Microfabrication
Abstract

Not very far away, "tissue engineering" will become one of the most important branches of medical science for curing many types of diseases. This branch needs the cooperation of a wide range of sciences like medicine, chemistry, cellular biology, and genetic and mechanical engineering. Different parameters affect the final produced tissue, but the most important one is the quality and biocompatibility of the scaffold with the desired tissue which can provide the functionality of "native ECM" as well. The quality of the scaffold is directly dependent on its materials, design, and method of fabrication. As to the design and fabrication, there are two main categories: (a) random microporosity such as phase separation, electrospinning, and fused deposition modeling (3D printing) and (b) designed microporosity mostly achievable by stereo lithography and soft lithography. The method of fabrication implemented in this research is a novel method in soft lithography employing a type of "replica molding" with one pair of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) molds in contrast to traditional replica molding with just one single mold. In this operation, the solution of polycaprolactone in chloroform is initially prepared, and one droplet of the solution is placed between the molds while a preset pressure is applied to maintain the molds tightly together during the solidification of the polymer layer and vaporization of the solvent. Thus, a perfect warp and woof pattern is created. In this research, it has been approved that this is a feasible method for creating complex patterns and simple straight fiber patterns with different spacings and pore sizes. Cell attachment and migration was studied to find the optimum pore size. It was shown that the small pore size improves the cells' adhesion while reducing cell migration capability within the scaffold.

Published
2021

29. Mitochondrial DNA Copy Number Variations and Serum Pepsinogen Levels for Risk Assessment in Gastric Cancer

Author

Alikhani, Mehdi, Saberi, Samaneh, Esmaeili, Maryam, Michel, Valérie, Tashakoripour, Mohammad, Abdirad, Afshin, Aghakhani, Arezoo, Eybpoosh, Sana, Vosough, Massoud, Mohagheghi, Mohammad Ali, Eshagh Hosseini, Mahmoud, Touati, Eliette, Mohammadi, Marjan, Institut Pasteur d'Iran, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), Pathogenèse de Helicobacter / Helicobacter Pathogenesis, Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Academic Center for Education, Culture and Research (ACECR), This project was supported by an ACIP (Pasteur International Concerted Action) grant (ACIP2015-10) from Institut Pasteur Paris, and and Grant #833 from Pasteur Institute of Iran, as partial fulfillment of MA Ph.D. dissertation (code: TP-9347).

Subjects
Male, serum pepsinogen, DNA Copy Number Variations, Full Length, Stomach neoplasms, DNA copy number variation, [SDV.CAN]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Cancer, MESH: Pepsinogen A, MESH: Risk Assessment, DNA, Mitochondrial, Risk Assessment, Pepsinogen A, Humans, Lymphocytes, MESH: Humans, MESH: Middle Aged, Helicobacter pylori, gastric cancer, MESH: DNA, Mitochondrial, MESH: Stomach Neoplasms, Middle Aged, MESH: ROC Curve, Mitochondrial DNA, MESH: Male, mitochondrial DNA copy number, ROC Curve, Female, MESH: DNA Copy Number Variations, MESH: Lymphocytes, MESH: Female, Biomarkers
Abstract

Variations in mitochondrial DNA copy number (mtDNA-CN) of peripheral blood leukocytes (PBLs), as a potential biomarker for gastric cancer (GC) screening has currently been subject to controversy. Herein, we have assessed its efficiency in GC screening, in parallel and in combination with serum pepsinogen (sPG) I/II ratio, as an established indicator of gastric atrophy.The study population included GC (n = 53) and non-GC (n = 207) dyspeptic patients. The non-GC group was histologically categorized into CG (n = 104) and NM (n = 103) subgroups. The MtDNA-CN of PBLs was measured by quantitative real-time PCR. The sPG I and II levels and anti-H. pylori serum IgG were measured by ELISA.The mtDNA-CN was found significantly higher in GC vs. non-GC (OR = 3.0; 95% CI = 1.4, 6.4) subjects. Conversely, GC patients had significantly lower sPG I/II ratio than the non-GC (OR = 3.2; CI = 1.4, 7.2) subjects. The combination of these two biomarkers yielded a dramatic amplification of the odds of GC risk in double-positive (high mtDNA-CN-low sPGI/II) subjects, in reference to double-negatives (low mtDNA-CN-high sPGI/II), when assessed against non-GC (OR = 27.1; CI = 5.0, 147.3), CG (OR = 13.1; CI = 2.4, 72.6), or NM (OR = 49.5; CI = 7.9, 311.6) groups.The combination of these two biomarkers, namely mtDNA-CN in PBLs and serum PG I/II ratio, drastically enhanced the efficiency of GC risk assessment, which calls for further validations.

Published
2021

30. Antimicrobial ionic liquid‐based materials for biomedical applications

Author

Nasser Nikfarjam, Danial Khorsandi, Ehsan Nazarzadeh Zare, Filippo Rossi, Tarun Agarwal, Esmaeel Sharifi, Matineh Ghomi, Arianna Rossetti, Tapas K. Maiti, Navid Rabiee, Moonis Ali Khan, Virgilio Mattoli, Pooyan Makvandi, Davoud Afshar, Massoud Vosough, Mahnaz Hassanpour, Eric Lichtfouse, Franklin R. Tay, Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences (IASBS), Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz (SCU), Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur (IIT Kharagpur), Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, University of Barcelona, King Saud University [Riyadh] (KSU), Politecnico di Milano [Milan] (POLIMI), Damghan University, Institut Pasteur d'Iran, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), Centre européen de recherche et d'enseignement des géosciences de l'environnement (CEREGE), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Collège de France (CdF (institution))-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Xi'an Jiaotong University (Xjtu), Augusta University, University System of Georgia (USG), Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Politecnico di Milano Technical University, Pasteur Institute of Iran, and Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Collège de France (CdF (institution))-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)

Subjects
Materials science, Nanotechnology, 02 engineering and technology, Ionic liquid, 010402 general chemistry, 01 natural sciences, Biomaterials, chemistry.chemical_compound, Electrochemistry, chemistry.chemical_classification, Bacteria, Antimicrobial efficacy, Biomolecule, [SDV.SP]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Pharmaceutical sciences, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Condensed Matter Physics, Antimicrobial, 0104 chemical sciences, Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials, Chain length, [SDV.MP]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology, chemistry, [SDV.TOX]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Toxicology, Drug delivery, Antimicrobial Agents, 0210 nano-technology, [SDV.MHEP]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology
Abstract

International audience; Excessive and unwarranted administration of antibiotics has invigorated the evolution of multidrug-resistant microbes. There is, therefore, an urgent need for advanced active compounds. Ionic liquids with short-lived ion-pair structures are highly tunable and have diverse applications. Apart from their unique physicochemical features, the newly discovered biological activities of ionic liquids have fascinated biochemists, microbiologists, and medical scientists. In particular, their antimicrobial properties have opened new vistas in overcoming the current challenges associated with combating antibiotic-resistant pathogens. Discussions regarding ionic liquid derivatives in monomeric and polymeric forms with antimicrobial activities are presented here. The antimicrobial mechanism of ionic liquids and parameters that affect their antimicrobial activities, such as chain length, cation/anion type, cation density, and polymerization, are considered. The potential applications of ionic liquids in the biomedical arena, including regenerative medicine, biosensing, and drug/biomolecule delivery, are presented to stimulate the scientific community to further improve the antimicrobial efficacy of ionic liquids.

Published
2021

31. Hospital-based prospective study of pertussis in infants and close contacts in Tehran, Iran

Author

Gaelle Noel, Masoumeh Nakhost Lotfi, Sajedeh Mirshahvalad, Sedaghatpour Mahdi, David Tavel, Seyed M. Zahraei, Roxana Mansour Ghanaie, Tahereh Heidary, Aliahmad Goudarzi, Azardokht Kazemi, Abdollah Karimi, Alireza Nateghian, Mohand Ait-Ahmed, Nicole Guiso, Fereshteh Shahcheraghi, Fabien Taieb, Centre de Recherche Translationnelle - Center for Translational Science (CRT), Institut Pasteur [Paris], Department of Bacteriology [Tehran, Iran], Institut Pasteur d'Iran, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), Epidémiologie des Maladies Emergentes - Emerging Diseases Epidemiology, Pasteur-Cnam Risques infectieux et émergents (PACRI), Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM)-Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), Ministry of Health and Medical Education [Tehran, Iran] (MOHME), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences [Tehran] (SBUMS), Shahid Beheshti University, Iran University of Medical Sciences [Tehran, Iran] (IUMS), Direction Internationale de l'Institut Pasteur, This study was funded by the Institut Pasteur, Paris. Donation from the Clara Belliveau Foundation also supported this work., Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP), Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), and HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)

Subjects
Adult, Male, Whooping Cough, Infectious and parasitic diseases, RC109-216, MESH: Molecular Diagnostic Techniques, Iran, Pertussis, Diagnosis, Contact, Humans, Prospective Studies, MESH: Humans, Research, MESH: Child, Preschool, Infant, Whole-cell vaccine, MESH: Adult, MESH: Whooping Cough, MESH: Hospitals, MESH: Infant, Hospitals, MESH: Male, MESH: Prospective Studies, Molecular Diagnostic Techniques, Vaccine compliance, Child, Preschool, MESH: Iran, Female, [SDV.SPEE]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Santé publique et épidémiologie, Infection, MESH: Female
Abstract

Background Pertussis remain a global health concern, especially in infants too young to initiate their vaccination. Effective vaccination and high coverage limit the circulation of the pathogen, yet duration of protection is limited and boosters are recommended during a lifetime. In Iran, boosters are given at 18 months and 6 years old using whole pertussis vaccines for which efficacy is not known, and pertussis surveillance is scant with only sporadic biological diagnosis. Burden of pertussis is not well understood and local data are needed. Methods Hospital-based prospective study implementing molecular laboratory testing in infants aged ≤6 months and presenting ≥5 days of cough associated to one pertussis-like symptom in Tehran. Household and non-household contact cases of positive infants were evaluated by comprehensive pertussis diagnosis (molecular testing and serology) regardless of clinical signs. Clinical evaluation and source of infection were described. Results A total of 247 infants and 130 contact cases were enrolled. Pertussis diagnosis result was obtained for 199 infants and 104 contact cases. Infant population was mostly

Published
2021

32. Rabies virus glycoprotein enhances spatial memory via the PDZ binding motif

Author

Soheil Ghassemi, Monique Lafon, Christophe Prehaud, Nima Naderi, Alireza Gholami, Tara Asgari, Kayhan Azadmanesh, Mohammad Sayyah, Hamid Gholami Pourbadie, Institut Pasteur d'Iran, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), Neuro-Immunologie Virale - Viral Neuro-immunology, Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences [Tehran] (SBUMS), Shahid Beheshti University, and Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
Male, 0301 basic medicine, Gene Expression, Morris water navigation task, Hippocampus, Hippocampal formation, medicine.disease_cause, CA1, Stereotaxic Techniques, 0302 clinical medicine, Genes, Reporter, Transgenes, Spatial Memory, Neurons, chemistry.chemical_classification, 3. Good health, Cell biology, PDZ binding motif, Neurology, [SDV.IMM]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Immunology, Signal transduction, learning and memory, dorsal hippocampus, Recombinant Fusion Proteins, Genetic Vectors, Green Fluorescent Proteins, PDZ domain, Biology, Viral vector, Viral Proteins, 03 medical and health sciences, Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience, Virology, Avoidance Learning, medicine, Animals, Rats, Wistar, Maze Learning, CA1 Region, Hippocampal, Glycoproteins, Injections, Intraventricular, Lentivirus, Rabies virus, Rats, 030104 developmental biology, chemistry, rabies glycoprotein, Neurology (clinical), Glycoprotein, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery
Abstract

“This is a pre-print of an article published in J. Neurovirol. The final authenticated version is available online at: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13365-021-00972-2”; International audience; Rabies is a life-threatening viral infection of the brain. Rabies virus (RABV) merely infects excitable cells including neurons provoking drastic behaviors including negative emotional memories. RABV glycoprotein (RVG) plays a critical role in RABV pathogenesis. RVG interacts with various cytoplasmic PDZ (PSD-95/Dlg/ZO-1) containing proteins through its PDZ binding motif (PBM). PTZ domains have crucial role in formation and function of signal transduction. Hippocampus is one of the cerebral regions that contains high load of viral antigens. We examined impact of RVG expression in the dorsal hippocampus on aversive as well as spatial learning and memory performance in rats. Two μl of the lentiviral vector (~108 T.U. /ml) encoding RVG or ∆RVG (deleted PBM) genomes was microinjected into the hippocampal CA1. After one week, rat’s brain was cross-sectioned and RVG/∆RVG-expressing neuronal cells were confirmed by fluorescent microscopy. Passive avoidance and spatial learning and memory were assessed in rats by Shuttle box and Morris water maze (MWM). In the shuttle box, both RVG and ∆RVG decreased the time spent in the dark compartment compared to control (p

Published
2021

33. Optimization of culture conditions for high-level expression of soluble and active tumor necrosis factor-α in E. coli

Author

Elham Bayat, Farzaneh Barkhordari, Ahmad Adeli, Hoda Jahandar, Fereidoun Mahboudi, Shadi Damough, Yeganeh Talebkhan, Leila Nematollahi, Fatemeh Torkashvand, Masoumeh Sabzalinezhad, Biotechnology Research Center, Institut Pasteur d'Iran, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), and Islamic Azad University

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, Recombinant Fusion Proteins, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], 01 natural sciences, Chromatography, Affinity, Protein Refolding, Cell Line, law.invention, Mice, 03 medical and health sciences, Affinity chromatography, law, 010608 biotechnology, Protein purification, Escherichia coli, Animals, Humans, MTT assay, 030304 developmental biology, 0303 health sciences, Expression vector, Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha, Chemistry, Biological activity, Culture Media, Dissociation constant, Biochemistry, Cell culture, Recombinant DNA, Biotechnology
Abstract

Anti-TNF inhibitors exert their therapeutic effect by inhibition of the excessive amounts of TNF-α within the body. Recombinant TNF-α should be produced in a soluble refolded form to investigate the effectiveness and efficiency of anti-TNF-α compounds. In this research, the designed cassette was subcloned in the pET28a expression vector and expressed in E. coli BL21 (DE3). The identity of the protein was confirmed through SDS-PAGE and Western blotting. After optimizing expression conditions, protein purification was performed using native Ni-NTA affinity chromatography. The biological activity of the soluble recombinant TNF-α was investigated using MTT assay. Also, the affinity of an anti-TNF-α agent, Altebrel, was investigated against the expressed protein through ELISA. Optimization of TNF-α expression conditions represented that the highest expression could be achieved at 37 °C using 0.5 mM IPTG 6 h post-induction. The recombinant protein represented an inhibitory effect on the L929 murine fibroblast cell line and was successfully detected by Altebrel in ELISA. Binding kinetics were also studied using Cimzia as an anti-TNF-α molecule and 7.2 E−13M was calculated as the equilibrium dissociation constant value (KD). The significant expression level of the recombinant protein in the soluble form, its high purity, and assessment of its biological activity showed that the expressed protein could be used in tests of ELISA and MTT to assess the activity of anti-TNF-α agents.

Published
2021

34. Developing a Vaccine to Block West Nile Virus Transmission: In Silico Studies, Molecular Characterization, Expression, and Blocking Activity of Culex pipiens mosGCTL-1

Author

Hasan, Bakhshi, Mehdi, Fazlalipour, Javad, Dadgar-Pakdel, Sedigheh, Zakeri, Abbasali, Raz, Anna-Bella, Failloux, Navid, Dinparast Djadid, Malaria and Vector Research Group (MVRG), Institut Pasteur d'Iran, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), Department of Arboviruses and Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers [Tehran], Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Arbovirus et Insectes Vecteurs - Arboviruses and Insect Vectors, Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP), H.B. received scholarships from the education office of Pasteur Institute of Iran, Institut Pasteur of Paris, and Campus France. This work was also supported by the MATI Program of the Institut Pasteur International Network 'ENVIRONmental changes and MOSquito-borne diseases: the example of West Nile (Environ-MOS)'., We would like to thank Arezoo Beig-Parikhani for her assistance in performing the protein structure prediction and interaction. We thank our colleagues in MVRG, National Insectary, and AIV for their support during performing this project., and Institut Pasteur [Paris]

Subjects
Culex pipiens, transmission blocking vaccine, viruses, mosGCTL-1, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], lcsh:R, lcsh:Medicine, virus diseases, West Nile virus, Article
Abstract

Background: Mosquito galactose-specific C-type lectins (mosGCTLs), such as mosGCTL-1, act as ligands to facilitate the invasion of flaviviruses like West Nile virus (WNV). WNV interacts with the mosGCTL-1 of Aedes aegypti (Culicidae) and facilitates the invasion of this virus. Nevertheless, there is no data about the role of mosGCTL-1 as a transmission-blocking vaccine candidate in Culex pipiens, the most abundant Culicinae mosquito in temperate regions. Methods: Adult female Cx. pipiens mosquitoes were experimentally infected with a WNV infectious blood meal, and the effect of rabbit anti-rmosGCTL-1 antibodies on virus replication was evaluated. Additionally, in silico studies such as the prediction of protein structure, homology modeling, and molecular interactions were carried out. Results: We showed a 30% blocking activity of Cx. pipiens mosGCTL-1 polyclonal antibodies (compared to the 10% in the control group) with a decrease in infection rates in mosquitoes at day 5 post-infection, suggesting that there may be other proteins in the midgut of Cx. pipiens that could act as cooperative-receptors for WNV. In addition, docking results revealed that WNV binds with high affinity, to the Culex mosquito lectin receptors. Conclusions: Our results do not support the idea that mosGCTL-1 of Cx. pipiens primarily interacts with WNV to promote viral infection, suggesting that other mosGCTLs may act as primary infection factors in Cx. pipiens.

Published
2021

35. Frequency of five Escherichia Coli pathotypes in Iranian adults and children with acute diarrhea

Author

Saeid Bouzari, Mohammad Mehdi Gouya, Sana Eybpoosh, Parviz Owlia, Hossein Masoumi-Asl, Saeid Mostaan, Babak Eshrati, Mohammad Reza Montazer Khorasan, Department of Epidemiology and Bio-statistics [Tehran, Iran], Institut Pasteur d'Iran, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), Molecular Biology Department [Tehran, Iran], Ministry of Health and Medical Education [Tehran, Iran] (MOHME), Shahed University [Téhéran], Shiraz University of Medical Sciences [Iran] (SUMS), Initials of the authors who received each award: MMG, HMA, and SB. Grant numbers awarded to each author: IR.PII.1394.672 (Awarded to SB). The full name of each funder: Pasteur Institute of Iran and office for food- and water-borne diseases and deputy of research and technology in the ministry of health.

Subjects
Male, Serotype, Acute diarrhea, Veterinary medicine, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Social Sciences, Iran, Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, medicine.disease_cause, Polymerase Chain Reaction, Geographical Locations, Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli, Feces, Medical Conditions, 0302 clinical medicine, Prevalence, Medicine and Health Sciences, 030212 general & internal medicine, Child, Escherichia coli Infections, 2. Zero hunger, Escherichia Coli, Vaccines, 0303 health sciences, Multidisciplinary, Virulence, Geography, Under-five, Incidence (epidemiology), Middle Aged, Bacterial Pathogens, 3. Good health, Diarrhea, Infectious Diseases, Experimental Organism Systems, Medical Microbiology, Child, Preschool, Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli, Acute Disease, Prokaryotic Models, Medicine, Female, Seasons, Pathogens, medicine.symptom, Research Article, Adult, Escherichia, Asia, Adolescent, Infectious Disease Control, Science, 030231 tropical medicine, Genus Escherichia, Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Biology, Research and Analysis Methods, Human Geography, Microbiology, Urban Geography, Young Adult, 03 medical and health sciences, Signs and Symptoms, Model Organisms, Antibiotic resistance, Enterobacteriaceae, Age groups, medicine, Humans, Cities, Microbial Pathogens, Escherichia coli, Aged, Bacteria, 030306 microbiology, Gut Bacteria, Infant, Newborn, Organisms, Infant, Biology and Life Sciences, biology.organism_classification, Cross-Sectional Studies, Genes, Bacterial, Age Groups, People and Places, Animal Studies, Earth Sciences, Population Groupings, Clinical Medicine
Abstract

Backgroundknowledge about the distribution ofEscherichia Coli(E. coli) pathotypes in Iran is limited to studies with small scale and limited scope. This nation-wide survey aims to provide a more generalizable estimate of pathogenicE. colidistribution in Iran.MethodsDuring January 2013 and January 2014, stool samples were collected from 1306 acute diarrhea cases of 15 provinces. Culture-positiveE. colisamples were tested with PCR for detection of fiveE. colipathotypes (STEC, ETEC, EPEC, EAEC, and EIEC). Frequency of these pathotypes was estimated for different provinces, age groups, and months/seasons.ResultsOf 1305 diarrheal samples, 979 wereE. coli-positive (prevalence: 75.0%; 95% CI: 72.6, 77.3%). PathogenicE. coliwas detected in 659 diarrheal samples (prevalence: 50.5%; 95% CI: 47.8, 53.2%). STEC and EIEC was the most and the least frequent pathotypes (35.4% and 0.3%, respectively). ETEC (14.0%) and EPEC (13.1%) were the second and the third frequent pathotypes, respectively. EAEC was not highly prevalent (4.3%). Fars and Razavi Khorasan provinces had the highest and lowest frequencies (88.7% and 34.8%, respectively).E. colipathotypes were more frequent in warmer (i.e., spring and summer) than cooler (i.e., fall and winter) seasons. The highest frequency of pathogenicE. coliwas observed in infants and children under 5 years (73% each). There was no association between sex and pathogenicE. coliinfection.ConclusionsDiarrheagenicE. colimay be an important cause of acute diarrhea in adults and children in Iran. STEC and ETEC seem to be widespread and show a peak in warmer seasons. This finding could impact the recommended use of STEC and ETEC vaccines during warmer seasons, especially for infants, young children and elderlies. Monitoring the rate of diarrheagenicE. coliinfection,E. coliserotypes, and their antibiotic resistance is recommended for evaluations of time-trends and effectiveness of interventions.Author summaryEscherichia coli, also known asE. coliis a bacterium of the genusEscherichiathat is normally found in the lower intestine of human. MostE. colistrains are harmless, but some can cause infection in the gastrointestinal tract, causing diarrhea. These pathogenicE. colistrains are classified based on their mechanism of pathogenesis. In this regard, five importantE. colistrains include Shiga toxin-producingE. coli(STEC), enterotoxigenicE. coli(ETEC), enteropathogenicE. coli(EPEC), enteroaggregativeE. coli(EAEC), and enteroinvasiveE. coli(EIEC). In a national survey conducted in Jan 2013 till Jan 2014, we collected 1305 diarrheal samples from 15 (out of 31) provinces of Iran. Of these, 979 samples (75%) wereE. coli-positive in the culture test. Molecular tests showed that 659 samples were pathogenicE. coli, suggesting that 50.5% of the diarrhea cases were induced due to pathogenicE. coliinfection. The most prevalent pathogenicE. colistrains in Iran were STEC (35.4%) and ETEC (0.3%), and were more commonly detected in warmer seasons, infants, and children less than five years. So, the use of vaccines, especially for STEC and ETEC, during warmer seasons and for infants, young children and elderlies are recommended.

Published
2021

36. Isolation and characterization of nanobodies against epithelial cell adhesion molecule as novel theranostic agents for cancer therapy

Author

Reyhaneh Roshan, Shamsi Naderi, Mahdi Behdani, Reza Ahangari Cohan, Mohammad Ali Shokrgozar, Hajarsadat Ghaderi, Fatemeh Kazemi-Lomedasht, Majid Golkar, Biotechnology Research Center, Institut Pasteur d'Iran, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), and National Cell Bank of Iran [Tehran, Iran] (NCBI)

Subjects
0301 basic medicine, Male, Phage display, Camelus, medicine.drug_class, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Immunology, Antibody Affinity, Mice, Nude, Biopanning, Monoclonal antibody, Cell Line, 03 medical and health sciences, chemistry.chemical_compound, Mice, 0302 clinical medicine, Antigen, Peptide Library, Cell Line, Tumor, Neoplasms, medicine, Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells, Animals, Humans, Antigens, Molecular Biology, Cell Proliferation, biology, Antibodies, Monoclonal, Epithelial cell adhesion molecule, Single-Domain Antibodies, Epithelial Cell Adhesion Molecule, HCT116 Cells, Molecular biology, 3. Good health, 030104 developmental biology, Single-domain antibody, HEK293 Cells, chemistry, Monoclonal, biology.protein, MCF-7 Cells, Antibody, 030215 immunology
Abstract

Epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM) plays an important role in tumorigenesis. Camelids produce functional antibodies composed of heavy chains only that bind to their antigens via a single domain variable fragment known as nanobody. Nanobodies show multiple advantages over traditional monoclonal antibodies. Isolation of functional anti-EpCAM nanobodies (Nbs) was the main aim of this study. An immune nanobody library containing 108 members was constructed previously. Anti -EpCAM nanobodies were isolated from camel immune library using phage display. Four consecutive rounds of biopanning were performed on immobilized EpCAM. Four nanobodies (Nb4, Nb5, Nb22, and Nb23) with highest signal intensity in monoclonal phage ELISA were selected. Affinity of these selected nanobodies for EpCAM was in the nanomolar range. Selected nanobodies significantly inhibited proliferation of MCF-7 cells. The in vivo study revealed that a significant reduction in tumor size occurred when treated with nanobodies Nb4 and Nb5, after 14 days monitoring. Our data revealed that nanobodies Nb4 and Nb5 could be considered as attractive theranostic agents for EpCAM overexpressing cancers.

Published
2021

37. Dynamic Changes of Mitochondrial DNA Copy Number in Gastrointestinal Tract Cancers: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Author

Sana Eybpoosh, Eliette Touati, Mehdi Alikhani, Morteza Karimipoor, Massoud Vosough, Marjan Mohammadi, Institut Pasteur d'Iran, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), Pathogenèse de Helicobacter / Helicobacter Pathogenesis, Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Academic Center for Education, Culture and Research (ACECR), and This study was carried out in partial fulfillment of MA PhD dissertation (code: TP-9347) at Pasteur Institute of Iran and was supported by IPI grant [number 833].

Subjects
0301 basic medicine, Oncology, Cancer Research, medicine.medical_specialty, Mitochondrial DNA, tumor, DNA Copy Number Variations, mtDNA copy number, MESH: Mitochondria, [SDV.CAN]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Cancer, DNA, Mitochondrial, Mean difference, systematic review and meta-analysis, 03 medical and health sciences, MESH: Gastrointestinal Neoplasms, 0302 clinical medicine, systematic review, Internal medicine, PBL, medicine, Humans, MESH: Early Detection of Cancer, Genetic Predisposition to Disease, Early Detection of Cancer, Gastrointestinal Neoplasms, Gastrointestinal Tract Cancers, Gastrointestinal tract, MESH: Humans, business.industry, MESH: DNA, Mitochondrial, MESH: Genetic Predisposition to Disease, gastrointestinal tract cancers, General Medicine, Tumor tissue, Peripheral blood, Mitochondria, MESH: Leukocytes, Mononuclear, 030104 developmental biology, 030220 oncology & carcinogenesis, Meta-analysis, Leukocytes, Mononuclear, MESH: DNA Copy Number Variations, Cancer development, business
Abstract

International audience; We have performed a systematic review and meta-analysis for evaluation of mitochondrial DNA copy number (mtDNA-CN) alterations in peripheral blood leukocytes (PBL), and tumor tissues of gastrointestinal tract (GIT) cancers. Analysis of the PBL demonstrated a significant decrease [OR: 0.6 (0.5, 0.8)] and increase [OR: 1.4 (1.1, 1.9)] prior to and following GIT cancer development, respectively. This trend was more evident in CRC, and GC subgroups. Analysis of tissue yielded high levels of heterogeneity. However, the mean difference for the CRC subgroup was statistically significant [1.5 (1.0, 2.2)]. Our analysis suggests mtDNA-CN deserves further investigations as a GIT-cancer screening tool.

Published
2021

38. Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy (4th edition) 1

Author

Klionsky, Daniel, Abdel-Aziz, Amal Kamal, Abdelfatah, Sara, Abdellatif, Mahmoud, Abdoli, Asghar, Abel, Steffen, Abeliovich, Hagai, Abildgaard, Marie, Abudu, Yakubu Princely, Acevedo-Arozena, Abraham, Adamopoulos, Iannis, Adeli, Khosrow, Adolph, Timon, Adornetto, Annagrazia, Aflaki, Elma, Agam, Galila, Agarwal, Anupam, Aggarwal, Bharat, Agnello, Maria, Agostinis, Patrizia, Agrewala, Javed, Agrotis, Alexander, Aguilar, Patricia, Ahmad, S Tariq, Ahmed, Zubair, Ahumada-Castro, Ulises, Aits, Sonja, Aizawa, Shu, Akkoc, Yunus, Akoumianaki, Tonia, Akpinar, Hafize Aysin, Al-Abd, Ahmed, Al-Akra, Lina, Al-Gharaibeh, Abeer, Alaoui-Jamali, Moulay, Alberti, Simon, Alcocer-Gómez, Elísabet, Alessandri, Cristiano, Ali, Muhammad, Alim Al-Bari, M Abdul, Aliwaini, Saeb, Alizadeh, Javad, Almacellas, Eugènia, Almasan, Alexandru, Alonso, Alicia, Alonso, Guillermo, Altan-Bonnet, Nihal, Altieri, Dario, Álvarez, Élida, Alves, Sara, Alves Da Costa, Cristine, Alzaharna, Mazen, Amadio, Marialaura, Amantini, Consuelo, Amaral, Cristina, Ambrosio, Susanna, Amer, Amal, Ammanathan, Veena, An, Zhenyi, Andersen, Stig, Andrabi, Shaida, Andrade-Silva, Magaiver, Andres, Allen, Angelini, Sabrina, Ann, David, Anozie, Uche, Ansari, Mohammad, Antas, Pedro, Antebi, Adam, Antón, Zuriñe, Anwar, Tahira, Apetoh, Lionel, Apostolova, Nadezda, Araki, Toshiyuki, Araki, Yasuhiro, Arasaki, Kohei, Araújo, Wagner, Araya, Jun, Arden, Catherine, Arévalo, Maria-Angeles, Arguelles, Sandro, Arias, Esperanza, Arikkath, Jyothi, Arimoto, Hirokazu, Ariosa, Aileen, Armstrong-James, Darius, Arnauné-Pelloquin, Laetitia, Aroca, Angeles, Arroyo, Daniela, Arsov, Ivica, Artero, Rubén, Asaro, Dalia Maria Lucia, Aschner, Michael, Ashrafizadeh, Milad, Ashur-Fabian, Osnat, Atanasov, Atanas, Au, Alicia, Auberger, Patrick, Auner, Holger, Aurelian, Laure, Autelli, Riccardo, Avagliano, Laura, Ávalos, Yenniffer, Aveic, Sanja, Aveleira, Célia Alexandra, Avin-Wittenberg, Tamar, Aydin, Yucel, Ayton, Scott, Ayyadevara, Srinivas, Azzopardi, Maria, Baba, Misuzu, Backer, Jonathan, Backues, Steven, Bae, Dong-Hun, Bae, Ok-Nam, Bae, Soo Han, Baehrecke, Eric, Baek, Ahruem, Baek, Seung-Hoon, Baek, Sung Hee, Bagetta, Giacinto, Bagniewska-Zadworna, Agnieszka, Bai, Hua, Bai, Jie, Bai, Xiyuan, Bai, Yidong, Bairagi, Nandadulal, Baksi, Shounak, Balbi, Teresa, Baldari, Cosima, Balduini, Walter, Ballabio, Andrea, Ballester, Maria, Balazadeh, Salma, Balzan, Rena, Bandopadhyay, Rina, Banerjee, Sreeparna, Banerjee, Sulagna, Bánréti, Ágnes, Bao, Yan, Baptista, Mauricio, Baracca, Alessandra, Barbati, Cristiana, Bargiela, Ariadna, Barilà, Daniela, Barlow, Peter, Barmada, Sami, Barreiro, Esther, Barreto, George, Bartek, Jiri, Bartel, Bonnie, Bartolome, Alberto, Barve, Gaurav, Basagoudanavar, Suresh, Bassham, Diane, Bast, Robert, Basu, Alakananda, Batoko, Henri, Batten, Isabella, Baulieu, Etienne, Baumgarner, Bradley, Bayry, Jagadeesh, Beale, Rupert, Beau, Isabelle, Beaumatin, Florian, Bechara, Luiz, Beck, George, Beers, Michael, Begun, Jakob, Behrends, Christian, Behrens, Georg, Bei, Roberto, Bejarano, Eloy, Bel, Shai, Behl, Christian, Belaid, Amine, Belgareh-Touzé, Naïma, Bellarosa, Cristina, Belleudi, Francesca, Belló Pérez, Melissa, Bello-Morales, Raquel, Beltran, Jackeline Soares de Oliveira, Beltran, Sebastián, Benbrook, Doris Mangiaracina, Bendorius, Mykolas, Benitez, Bruno, Benito-Cuesta, Irene, Bensalem, Julien, Berchtold, Martin, Berezowska, Sabina, Bergamaschi, Daniele, Bergami, Matteo, Bergmann, Andreas, Berliocchi, Laura, Berlioz-Torrent, Clarisse, Bernard, Amélie, Berthoux, Lionel, Besirli, Cagri, Besteiro, Sebastien, Betin, Virginie, Beyaert, Rudi, Bezbradica, Jelena, Bhaskar, Kiran, Bhatia-Kissova, Ingrid, Bhattacharya, Resham, Bhattacharya, Sujoy, Bhattacharyya, Shalmoli, Bhuiyan, Md Shenuarin, Bhutia, Sujit Kumar, Bi, Lanrong, Bi, Xiaolin, Biden, Trevor, Bijian, Krikor, Billes, Viktor, Binart, Nadine, Bincoletto, Claudia, Birgisdottir, Asa, Bjorkoy, Geir, Blanco, Gonzalo, Blas-Garcia, Ana, Blasiak, Janusz, Blomgran, Robert, Blomgren, Klas, Blum, Janice, Boada-Romero, Emilio, Boban, Mirta, Boesze-Battaglia, Kathleen, Boeuf, Philippe, Boland, Barry, Bomont, Pascale, Bonaldo, Paolo, Bonam, Srinivasa Reddy, Bonfili, Laura, Bonifacino, Juan, Boone, Brian, Bootman, Martin, Bordi, Matteo, Borner, Christoph, Bornhauser, Beat, Borthakur, Gautam, Bosch, Jürgen, Bose, Santanu, botana, luis, Botas, Juan, Boulanger, Chantal, Boulton, Michael, Bourdenx, Mathieu, Bourgeois, Benjamin, Bourke, Nollaig, Bousquet, Guilhem, Boya, Patricia, Bozhkov, Peter, Bozi, Luiz, Bozkurt, Tolga, Brackney, Doug, Brandts, Christian, Braun, Ralf, Braus, Gerhard, Bravo-Sagua, Roberto, Bravo-San Pedro, José, Brest, Patrick, Bringer, Marie-Agnès, Briones-Herrera, Alfredo, Broaddus, V Courtney, Brodersen, Peter, Brodsky, Jeffrey, Brody, Steven, Bronson, Paola, Bronstein, Jeff, Brown, Carolyn, Brown, Rhoderick, Brum, Patricia, Brumell, John, Brunetti-Pierri, Nicola, Bruno, Daniele, Bryson-Richardson, Robert, Bucci, Cecilia, Buchrieser, Carmen, Bueno, Marta, Buitrago-Molina, Laura Elisa, Buraschi, Simone, Buch, Shilpa, Buchan, J Ross, Buckingham, Erin, Budak, Hikmet, Budini, Mauricio, Bultynck, Geert, Burada, Florin, Burgoyne, Joseph, Burón, M Isabel, Bustos, Victor, Büttner, Sabrina, Butturini, Elena, Byrd, Aaron, Cabas, Isabel, Cabrera-Benitez, Sandra, Cadwell, Ken, Cai, Jingjing, Cai, Lu, Cai, Qian, Cairó, Montserrat, Calbet, Jose, Caldwell, Guy, Caldwell, Kim, Call, Jarrod, Calvani, Riccardo, Calvo, Ana, Calvo-Rubio Barrera, Miguel, Camara, Niels OS, Camonis, Jacques, Camougrand, Nadine, Campanella, Michelangelo, Campbell, Edward, Campbell-Valois, François-Xavier, Campello, Silvia, Campesi, Ilaria, Campos, Juliane, Camuzard, Olivier, Cancino, Jorge, Candido de Almeida, Danilo, Canesi, Laura, Caniggia, Isabella, Canonico, Barbara, Cantí, Carles, Cao, Bin, Caraglia, Michele, Caramés, Beatriz, Carchman, Evie, Cardenal-Muñoz, Elena, Cardenas, Cesar, Cardenas, Luis, Cardoso, Sandra, Carew, Jennifer, Carle, Georges, Carleton, Gillian, Carloni, Silvia, Carmona-Gutierrez, Didac, Carneiro, Leticia, Carnevali, Oliana, Carosi, Julian, Carra, Serena, Carrier, Alice, Carrier, Lucie, Carroll, Bernadette, Carter, A Brent, Carvalho, Andreia Neves, Casanova, Magali, Casas, Caty, Casas, Josefina, Cassioli, Chiara, Castillo, Eliseo, Castillo, Karen, Castillo-Lluva, Sonia, Castoldi, Francesca, Castori, Marco, Castro, Ariel, Castro-Caldas, Margarida, Castro-Hernandez, Javier, Castro-Obregon, Susana, Catz, Sergio, Cavadas, Claudia, Cavaliere, Federica, Cavallini, Gabriella, Cavinato, Maria, Cayuela, Maria, Cebollada Rica, Paula, Cecarini, Valentina, Cecconi, Francesco, Cechowska-Pasko, Marzanna, Cenci, Simone, Ceperuelo-Mallafré, Victòria, Cerqueira, João, Cerutti, Janete, Cervia, Davide, Cetintas, Vildan Bozok, Cetrullo, Silvia, Chae, Han-Jung, Chagin, Andrei, Chai, Chee-Yin, Chakrabarti, Gopal, Chakrabarti, Oishee, Chakraborty, Tapas, Chakraborty, Trinad, Chami, mounia, Chamilos, Georgios, Chan, David, Chan, Edmond, Chan, Edward, Chan, H.Y. Edwin, Chan, Helen, Chan, Hung, Chan, Matthew, Chan, Yau Sang, Chandra, Partha, Chang, Chih-Peng, Chang, Chunmei, Chang, Hao-Chun, Chang, Kai, Chao, Jie, Chapman, Tracey, Charlet-Berguerand, Nicolas, Chatterjee, Samrat, Chaube, Shail, Chaudhary, Anu, Chauhan, Santosh, Chaum, Edward, Checler, Frédéric, Cheetham, Michael, Chen, Chang-Shi, Chen, Guang-Chao, Chen, Jian-Fu, Chen, Liam, Chen, Leilei, Chen, Lin, Chen, Mingliang, Chen, Mu-Kuan, Chen, Ning, Chen, Quan, Chen, Ruey-Hwa, Chen, Shi, Chen, Wei, Chen, Weiqiang, Chen, Xin-Ming, Chen, Xiong-Wen, Chen, Xu, Chen, Yan, Chen, Ye-Guang, Chen, Yingyu, Chen, Yongqiang, Chen, Yu-Jen, Chen, Yue-Qin, Chen, Zhefan Stephen, Chen, Zhi, Chen, Zhi-Hua, Chen, Zhijian, Chen, Zhixiang, Cheng, Hanhua, Cheng, Jun, Cheng, Shi-Yuan, Cheng, Wei, Cheng, Xiaodong, Cheng, Xiu-Tang, Cheng, Yiyun, Cheng, Zhiyong, Chen, Zhong, Cheong, Heesun, Cheong, Jit Kong, Chernyak, Boris, Cherry, Sara, Cheung, Chi Fai Randy, Cheung, Chun Hei Antonio, Cheung, King-Ho, Chevet, Eric, Chi, Richard, Chiang, Alan Kwok Shing, Chiaradonna, Ferdinando, Chiarelli, Roberto, Chiariello, Mario, Chica, Nathalia, Chiocca, Susanna, Chiong, Mario, Chiou, Shih-Hwa, Chiramel, Abhilash, Chiurchiù, Valerio, Cho, Dong-Hyung, Choe, Seong-Kyu, Choi, Augustine, Choi, Mary, Choudhury, Kamalika Roy, Chow, Norman, Chu, Charleen, Chua, Jason, Chua, John Jia En, Chung, Hyewon, Chung, Kin Pan, Chung, Seockhoon, Chung, So-Hyang, Chung, Yuen-Li, Cianfanelli, Valentina, Ciechomska, Iwona, Cifuentes, Mariana, Cinque, Laura, Cirak, Sebahattin, Cirone, Mara, Clague, Michael, Clarke, Robert, Clementi, Emilio, Coccia, Eliana, Codogno, Patrice, Cohen, Ehud, Cohen, Mickael, Colasanti, Tania, Colasuonno, Fiorella, Colbert, Robert, Colell, Anna, Čolić, Miodrag, Coll, Nuria, Collins, Mark, Colombo, María, Colón-Ramos, Daniel, Combaret, Lydie, Comincini, Sergio, Cominetti, Márcia, Consiglio, Antonella, Conte, Andrea, Conti, Fabrizio, Contu, Viorica Raluca, Cookson, Mark, Coombs, Kevin, Coppens, Isabelle, Corasaniti, Maria Tiziana, Corkery, Dale, Cordes, Nils, Cortese, Katia, Costa, Maria do Carmo, Costantino, Sarah, Costelli, Paola, Coto-Montes, Ana, Crack, Peter, Crespo, Jose, Criollo, Alfredo, Crippa, Valeria, Cristofani, Riccardo, Csizmadia, Tamas, Cuadrado, Antonio, Cui, Bing, Cui, Jun, Cui, Yixian, Cui, Yong, Culetto, Emmanuel, Cumino, Andrea, Cybulsky, Andrey, Czaja, Mark, Czuczwar, Stanislaw, D'Adamo, Stefania, D'Amelio, Marcello, D'Arcangelo, Daniela, D'Lugos, Andrew, D'Orazi, Gabriella, da Silva, James, Dafsari, Hormos Salimi, Dagda, Ruben, Dagdas, Yasin, Daglia, Maria, Dai, Xiaoxia, Dai, Yun, Dai, Yuyuan, Dal Col, Jessica, Dalhaimer, Paul, Dalla Valle, Luisa, Dallenga, Tobias, Dalmasso, Guillaume, Damme, Markus, Dando, Ilaria, Dantuma, Nico, Darling, April, Das, Hiranmoy, Dasarathy, Srinivasan, Dasari, Santosh, Dash, Srikanta, Daumke, Oliver, Dauphinee, Adrian, Davies, Jeffrey, Dávila, Valeria, Davis, Roger, Davis, Tanja, Dayalan Naidu, Sharadha, De Amicis, Francesca, De Bosscher, Karolien, De Felice, Francesca, De Franceschi, Lucia, De Leonibus, Chiara, de Mattos Barbosa, Mayara, De Meyer, Guido, De Milito, Angelo, De Nunzio, Cosimo, De Palma, Clara, De Santi, Mauro, De Virgilio, Claudio, De Zio, Daniela, Debnath, Jayanta, DeBosch, Brian, Decuypere, Jean-Paul, Deehan, Mark, Deflorian, Gianluca, DeGregori, James, Dehay, Benjamin, Del Rio, Gabriel, Delaney, Joe, Delbridge, Lea, Delorme-Axford, Elizabeth, Delpino, M Victoria, Demarchi, Francesca, Dembitz, Vilma, Demers, Nicholas, Deng, Hongbin, Deng, Zhiqiang, Dengjel, Joern, Dent, Paul, Denton, Donna, DePamphilis, Melvin, Der, Channing, Deretic, Vojo, Descoteaux, Albert, Devis, Laura, Devkota, Sushil, Devuyst, Olivier, Dewson, Grant, Dharmasivam, Mahendiran, Dhiman, Rohan, di Bernardo, Diego, Di Cristina, Manlio, Di Domenico, Fabio, Di Fazio, Pietro, Di Fonzo, Alessio, Di Guardo, Giovanni, Di Guglielmo, Gianni, Di Leo, Luca, Di Malta, Chiara, Di Nardo, Alessia, Di Rienzo, Martina, Di Sano, Federica, Diallinas, George, Diao, Jiajie, Diaz-Araya, Guillermo, Díaz-Laviada, Inés, Dickinson, Jared, Diederich, Marc, Dieudé, Mélanie, Dikic, Ivan, Ding, Shiping, Ding, Wen-Xing, Dini, Luciana, Dinić, Jelena, Dinic, Miroslav, Dinkova-Kostova, Albena, Dionne, Marc, Distler, Jörg, Diwan, Abhinav, Dixon, Ian, Djavaheri-Mergny, Mojgan, Dobrinski, Ina, Dobrovinskaya, Oxana, Dobrowolski, Radek, Dobson, Renwick, Đokić, Jelena, Dokmeci Emre, Serap, Donadelli, Massimo, Dong, Bo, Dong, Xiaonan, Dong, Zhiwu, Dorn Ii, Gerald, Dotsch, Volker, Dou, Huan, Dou, Juan, Dowaidar, Moataz, Dridi, Sami, Drucker, Liat, Du, Ailian, Du, Caigan, Du, Guangwei, Du, Hai-Ning, Du, Li-Lin, du Toit, André, Duan, Shao-Bin, Duan, Xiaoqiong, Duarte, Sónia, Dubrovska, Anna, Dunlop, Elaine, Dupont, Nicolas, Durán, Raúl, Dwarakanath, Bilikere, Dyshlovoy, Sergey, Ebrahimi-Fakhari, Darius, Eckhart, Leopold, Edelstein, Charles, Efferth, Thomas, Eftekharpour, Eftekhar, Eichinger, Ludwig, Eid, Nabil, Eisenberg, Tobias, Eissa, N Tony, Eissa, Sanaa, Ejarque, Miriam, El Andaloussi, Abdeljabar, El-Hage, Nazira, El-Naggar, Shahenda, Eleuteri, Anna Maria, El-Shafey, Eman, Elgendy, Mohamed, Eliopoulos, Aristides, Elizalde, María, Elks, Philip, Elsasser, Hans-Peter, Elsherbiny, Eslam, Emerling, Brooke, Emre, N., Eng, Christina, Engedal, Nikolai, Engelbrecht, Anna-Mart, Engelsen, Agnete, Enserink, Jorrit, Escalante, Ricardo, Esclatine, Audrey, Escobar-Henriques, Mafalda, Eskelinen, Eeva-Liisa, Espert, Lucile, Eusebio, Makandjou-Ola, Fabrias, Gemma, Fabrizi, Cinzia, Facchiano, Antonio, Facchiano, Francesco, Fadeel, Bengt, Fader, Claudio, Faesen, Alex, Fairlie, W Douglas, Falcó, Alberto, Falkenburger, Bjorn, Fan, Daping, Fan, Jie, Fan, Yanbo, Fang, Evandro, Fang, Yanshan, Fang, Yognqi, Fanto, Manolis, Farfel-Becker, Tamar, Faure, Mathias, Fazeli, Gholamreza, Fedele, Anthony, Feldman, Arthur, Feng, Du, Feng, Jiachun, Feng, Lifeng, Feng, Yibin, Feng, Yuchen, Feng, Wei, Fenz Araujo, Thais, Ferguson, Thomas, Fernández, Álvaro, Fernandez-Checa, Jose, Fernández-Veledo, Sonia, Fernie, Alisdair, Ferrante, Anthony, Ferraresi, Alessandra, Ferrari, Merari, Ferreira, Julio, Ferro-Novick, Susan, Figueras, Antonio, Filadi, Riccardo, Filigheddu, Nicoletta, Filippi-Chiela, Eduardo, Filomeni, Giuseppe, Fimia, Gian Maria, Fineschi, Vittorio, Finetti, Francesca, Finkbeiner, Steven, Fisher, Edward, Fisher, Paul, Flamigni, Flavio, Fliesler, Steven, Flo, Trude, Florance, Ida, Florey, Oliver, Florio, Tullio, Fodor, Erika, Follo, Carlo, Fon, Edward, Forlino, Antonella, Fornai, Francesco, Fortini, Paola, Fracassi, Anna, Fraldi, Alessandro, Franco, Brunella, Franco, Rodrigo, Franconi, Flavia, Frankel, Lisa, Friedman, Scott, Fröhlich, Leopold, Frühbeck, Gema, Fuentes, Jose, Fujiki, Yukio, Fujita, Naonobu, Fujiwara, Yuuki, Fukuda, Mitsunori, Fulda, Simone, Furic, Luc, Furuya, Norihiko, Fusco, Carmela, Gack, Michaela, Gaffke, Lidia, Galadari, Sehamuddin, Galasso, Alessia, Galindo, Maria, Gallolu Kankanamalage, Sachith, Galluzzi, Lorenzo, Galy, Vincent, Gammoh, Noor, Gan, Boyi, Ganley, Ian, Gao, Feng, Gao, Hui, Gao, Minghui, Gao, Ping, Gao, Shou-Jiang, Gao, Wentao, Gao, Xiaobo, Garcera, Ana, Garcia, Maria Noé, Garcia, Verónica, García-del Portillo, Francisco, Garcia-Escudero, Vega, Garcia-Garcia, Aracely, Garcia-Macia, Marina, García-Moreno, Diana, Garcia-Ruiz, Carmen, García-Sanz, Patricia, Garg, Abhishek, Gargini, Ricardo, Garofalo, Tina, Garry, Robert, Gassen, Nils, Gatica, Damian, Ge, Liang, Ge, Wanzhong, Geiss-Friedlander, Ruth, Gelfi, Cecilia, Genschik, Pascal, Gentle, Ian, Gerbino, Valeria, Gerhardt, Christoph, Germain, Kyla, Germain, Marc, Gewirtz, David, Ghasemipour Afshar, Elham, Ghavami, Saeid, Ghigo, Alessandra, Ghosh, Manosij, Giamas, Georgios, Giampietri, Claudia, Giatromanolaki, Alexandra, Gibson, Gary, Gibson, Spencer, Ginet, Vanessa, Giniger, Edward, Giorgi, Carlotta, Girao, Henrique, Girardin, Stephen, Giridharan, Mridhula, Giuliano, Sandy, Giulivi, Cecilia, Giuriato, Sylvie, Giustiniani, Julien, Gluschko, Alexander, Goder, Veit, Goginashvili, Alexander, Golab, Jakub, Goldstone, David, Golebiewska, Anna, Gomes, Luciana, Gomez, Rodrigo, Gómez-Sánchez, Rubén, Gomez-Puerto, Maria Catalina, Gomez-Sintes, Raquel, Gong, Qingqiu, Goni, Felix, González-Gallego, Javier, Gonzalez-Hernandez, Tomas, Gonzalez-Polo, Rosa, Gonzalez-Reyes, Jose, González-Rodríguez, Patricia, Goping, Ing Swie, Gorbatyuk, Marina, Gorbunov, Nikolai, Görgülü, Kıvanç, Gorojod, Roxana, Gorski, Sharon, Goruppi, Sandro, Gotor, Cecilia, Gottlieb, Roberta, Gozes, Illana, Gozuacik, Devrim, Graef, Martin, Gräler, Markus, Granatiero, Veronica, Grasso, Daniel, Gray, Joshua, Green, Douglas, Greenhough, Alexander, Gregory, Stephen, Griffin, Edward, Grinstaff, Mark, Gros, Frederic, Grose, Charles, Gross, Angelina, Gruber, Florian, Grumati, Paolo, Grune, Tilman, Gu, Xueyan, Guan, Jun-Lin, Guardia, Carlos, Guda, Kishore, Guerra, Flora, Guerri, Consuelo, Guha, Prasun, Guillén, Carlos, Gujar, Shashi, Gukovskaya, Anna, Gukovsky, Ilya, Gunst, Jan, Günther, Andreas, Guntur, Anyonya, Guo, Chuanyong, Guo, Chun, Guo, Hongqing, Guo, Lian-Wang, Guo, Ming, Gupta, Pawan, Gupta, Shashi Kumar, Gupta, Swapnil, Gupta, Veer Bala, Gupta, Vivek, Gustafsson, Asa, Gutterman, David, H B, Ranjitha, Haapasalo, Annakaisa, Haber, James, Hać, Aleksandra, Hadano, Shinji, Hafrén, Anders, Haidar, Mansour, Hall, Belinda, Halldén, Gunnel, Hamacher-Brady, Anne, Hamann, Andrea, Hamasaki, Maho, Han, Weidong, Hansen, Malene, Hanson, Phyllis, Hao, Zijian, Harada, Masaru, Harhaji-Trajkovic, Ljubica, Hariharan, Nirmala, Haroon, Nigil, Harris, James, Hasegawa, Takafumi, Hasima Nagoor, Noor, Haspel, Jeffrey, Haucke, Volker, Hawkins, Wayne, Hay, Bruce, Haynes, Cole, Hayrabedyan, Soren, Hays, Thomas, He, Congcong, He, Qin, He, Rong-Rong, He, You-Wen, He, Yu-Ying, Heakal, Yasser, Heberle, Alexander, Hejtmancik, J Fielding, Helgason, Gudmundur Vignir, Henkel, Vanessa, Herb, Marc, Hergovich, Alexander, Herman-Antosiewicz, Anna, Hernández, Agustín, Hernandez, Carlos, Hernandez-Diaz, Sergio, Hernandez-Gea, Virginia, Herpin, Amaury, Herreros, Judit, Hervás, Javier, Hesselson, Daniel, Hetz, Claudio, Heussler, Volker, Higuchi, Yujiro, Hilfiker, Sabine, Hill, Joseph, Hlavacek, William, Ho, Emmanuel, Ho, Idy, Ho, Philip Wing-Lok, Ho, Shu-Leong, Ho, Wan Yun, Hobbs, G Aaron, Hochstrasser, Mark, Hoet, Peter, Hofius, Daniel, Hofman, Paul, Höhn, Annika, Holmberg, Carina, Hombrebueno, Jose, Yi-Ren Hong, Chang-Won Hong, Hooper, Lora, Hoppe, Thorsten, Horos, Rastislav, Hoshida, Yujin, Hsin, I-Lun, Hsu, Hsin-Yun, Hu, Bing, Hu, Dong, Hu, Li-Fang, Hu, Ming Chang, Hu, Ronggui, Hu, Wei, Hu, Yu-Chen, Hu, Zhuo-Wei, Hua, Fang, Hua, Jinlian, Hua, Yingqi, Huan, Chongmin, Huang, Canhua, Huang, Chuanshu, Huang, Chuanxin, Huang, Chunling, Huang, Haishan, Huang, Kun, Huang, Michael, Huang, Rui, Huang, Shan, Huang, Tianzhi, Huang, Xing, Huang, Yuxiang Jack, Huber, Tobias, Hubert, Virginie, Hubner, Christian, Hughes, Stephanie, Hughes, William, Humbert, Magali, Hummer, Gerhard, Hurley, James, Hussain, Sabah, Hussain, Salik, Hussey, Patrick, Hutabarat, Martina, Hwang, Hui-Yun, Hwang, Seungmin, Ieni, Antonio, Ikeda, Fumiyo, Imagawa, Yusuke, Imai, Yuzuru, Imbriano, Carol, Imoto, Masaya, Inman, Denise, Inoki, Ken, Iovanna, Juan, Iozzo, Renato, Ippolito, Giuseppe, Irazoqui, Javier, Iribarren, Pablo, Ishaq, Mohd, ISHIKAWA, Makoto, Ishimwe, Nestor, Isidoro, Ciro, Ismail, Nahed, Issazadeh-Navikas, Shohreh, Itakura, Eisuke, Ito, Daisuke, Ivankovic, Davor, Ivanova, Saška, Iyer, Anand Krishnan V, Izquierdo, José, Izumi, Masanori, Jäättelä, Marja, Jabir, Majid Sakhi, Jackson, William, Jacobo-Herrera, Nadia, Jacomin, Anne-Claire, Jacquin, Elise, Jadiya, Pooja, Jaeschke, Hartmut, Jagannath, Chinnaswamy, Jakobi, Arjen, Jakobsson, Johan, Janji, Bassam, Jansen-Dürr, Pidder, Jansson, Patric, Jantsch, Jonathan, Januszewski, Sławomir, Jassey, Alagie, Jean, Steve, Jeltsch-David, Hélène, Jendelova, Pavla, Jenny, Andreas, Jensen, Thomas, Jessen, Niels, Jewell, Jenna, Ji, Jing, Jia, Lijun, Jia, Rui, Jiang, Liwen, Jiang, Qing, Jiang, Richeng, Jiang, Teng, Jiang, Xuejun, Jiang, Yu, Jimenez-Sanchez, Maria, Jin, Eun-Jung, Jin, Fengyan, Jin, Hongchuan, Jin, Li, Jin, Luqi, Jin, Meiyan, Jin, Si, Jo, Eun-Kyeong, Joffre, Carine, Johansen, Terje, Johnson, Gail, Johnston, Simon, Jokitalo, Eija, Jolly, Mohit Kumar, Joosten, Leo, Jordan, Joaquin, Joseph, Bertrand, Ju, Dianwen, Ju, Jeong-Sun, Ju, Jingfang, Juárez, Esmeralda, Judith, Delphine, Juhász, Gábor, Jun, Youngsoo, Jung, Chang Hwa, Jung, Sung-Chul, Jung, Yong Keun, Jungbluth, Heinz, Jungverdorben, Johannes, Just, Steffen, Kaarniranta, Kai, Kaasik, Allen, Kabuta, Tomohiro, Kaganovich, Daniel, Kahana, Alon, Kain, Renate, Kajimura, Shinjo, Kalamvoki, Maria, Kalia, Manjula, Kalinowski, Danuta, Kaludercic, Nina, Kalvari, Ioanna, Kaminska, Joanna, Kaminskyy, Vitaliy, Kanamori, Hiromitsu, Kanasaki, Keizo, Kang, Chanhee, Kang, Rui, Kang, Sang Sun, Kaniyappan, Senthilvelrajan, Kanki, Tomotake, Kanneganti, Thirumala-Devi, Kanthasamy, Anumantha, Kanthasamy, Arthi, Kantorow, Marc, Kapuy, Orsolya, Karamouzis, Michalis, Karim, Md Razaul, Karmakar, Parimal, Katare, Rajesh, Kato, Masaru, Kaufmann, Stefan, Kauppinen, Anu, Kaushal, Gur, Kaushik, Susmita, Kawasaki, Kiyoshi, Kazan, Kemal, Ke, Po-Yuan, Keating, Damien, Keber, Ursula, Kehrl, John, Keller, Kate, Keller, Christian, Kemper, Jongsook Kim, Kenific, Candia, Kepp, Oliver, Kermorgant, Stephanie, Kern, Andreas, Ketteler, Robin, Keulers, Tom, Khalfin, Boris, Khalil, Hany, Khambu, Bilon, Khan, Shahid, Khandelwal, Vinoth Kumar Megraj, Khandia, Rekha, Kho, Widuri, Khobrekar, Noopur, Khuansuwan, Sataree, Khundadze, Mukhran, Killackey, Samuel, Kim, Dasol, Kim, Deok Ryong, Kim, Do-Hyung, Kim, Dong-Eun, Kim, Eun Young, Kim, Eun-Kyoung, Kim, Hak-Rim, Kim, Hee-Sik, Kim, Hyung Ryong, Kim, Jeong Hun, Kim, Jin Kyung, Kim, Jin-Hoi, Kim, Joungmok, Kim, Ju Hwan, Kim, Keun Il, Kim, Peter, Kim, Seong-Jun, Kimball, Scot, Kimchi, Adi, Kimmelman, Alec, Kimura, Tomonori, King, Matthew, Kinghorn, Kerri, Kinsey, Conan, Kirkin, Vladimir, Kirshenbaum, Lorrie, Kiselev, Sergey, Kishi, Shuji, Kitamoto, Katsuhiko, Kitaoka, Yasushi, Kitazato, Kaio, Kitsis, Richard, Kittler, Josef, Kjaerulff, Ole, Klein, Peter, Klopstock, Thomas, Klucken, Jochen, Knævelsrud, Helene, Knorr, Roland, Ko, Ben, Ko, Fred, Ko, Jiunn-Liang, Kobayashi, Hotaka, Kobayashi, Satoru, Koch, Ina, Koch, Jan, Koenig, Ulrich, Kögel, Donat, Koh, Young Ho, Koike, Masato, Kohlwein, Sepp, Kocaturk, Nur, Komatsu, Masaaki, König, Jeannette, Kono, Toru, Kopp, Benjamin, Korcsmaros, Tamas, Korkmaz, Gözde, Korolchuk, Viktor, Korsnes, Mónica Suárez, Koskela, Ali, Kota, Janaiah, Kotake, Yaichiro, Kotler, Monica, Kou, Yanjun, Koukourakis, Michael, Koustas, Evangelos, Kovacs, Attila, Kovács, Tibor, Koya, Daisuke, Kozako, Tomohiro, Kraft, Claudine, Krainc, Dimitri, Krämer, Helmut, Krasnodembskaya, Anna, Kretz-Remy, Carole, Kroemer, Guido, Ktistakis, Nicholas, Kuchitsu, Kazuyuki, Kuenen, Sabine, Kuerschner, Lars, Kukar, Thomas, Kumar, Ajay, Kumar, Ashok, Kumar, Deepak, Kumar, Dhiraj, Kumar, Sharad, Kume, Shinji, Kumsta, Caroline, Kundu, Chanakya, Kundu, Mondira, Kunnumakkara, Ajaikumar, Kurgan, Lukasz, Kutateladze, Tatiana, Kutlu, Ozlem, Kwak, SeongAe, Kwon, Ho Jeong, Kwon, Taeg Kyu, Kwon, Yong Tae, Kyrmizi, Irene, La Spada, Albert, Labonté, Patrick, Ladoire, Sylvain, Laface, Ilaria, Lafont, Frank, Lagace, Diane, Lahiri, Vikramjit, Lai, Zhibing, Laird, Angela, Lakkaraju, Aparna, Lamark, Trond, Lan, Sheng-Hui, Landajuela, Ane, Lane, Darius, Lane, Jon, Lang, Charles, Lange, Carsten, Langel, Ülo, Langer, Rupert, Lapaquette, Pierre, Laporte, Jocelyn, LaRusso, Nicholas, Lastres-Becker, Isabel, Lau, Wilson Chun Yu, Laurie, Gordon, Lavandero, Sergio, Law, Betty Yuen Kwan, Law, Helen Ka-wai, Layfield, Rob, Le, Weidong, Le Stunff, Herve, Leary, Alexandre, Lebrun, Jean-Jacques, Leck, Lionel, Leduc-Gaudet, Jean-Philippe, Lee, Changwook, Lee, Chung-Pei, Lee, 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Ignacio, Ramsden, David, Randow, Felix, Rangarajan, Pundi, Ranieri, Danilo, Rao, Hai, Rao, Lang, Rao, Rekha, Rathore, Sumit, Ratnayaka, J Arjuna, Ratovitski, Edward, Ravanan, Palaniyandi, Ravegnini, Gloria, Ray, Swapan, Razani, Babak, Rebecca, Vito, Reggiori, Fulvio, Régnier-Vigouroux, Anne, Reichert, Andreas, Reigada, David, Reiling, Jan, Rein, Theo, Reipert, Siegfried, Rekha, Rokeya Sultana, Ren, Hongmei, Ren, Jun, Ren, Weichao, Renault, Tristan, Renga, Giorgia, Reue, Karen, Rewitz, Kim, Ribeiro de Andrade Ramos, Bruna, Riazuddin, S Amer, Ribeiro-Rodrigues, Teresa, Ricci, Jean-Ehrland, Ricci, Romeo, Riccio, Victoria, Richardson, Des, Rikihisa, Yasuko, Risbud, Makarand, Risueño, Ruth, Ritis, Konstantinos, Rizza, Salvatore, Rizzuto, Rosario, Roberts, Helen, Roberts, Luke, Robinson, Katherine, Roccheri, Maria Carmela, Rocchi, Stephane, Rodney, George, Rodrigues, Tiago, Rodrigues Silva, Vagner Ramon, Rodriguez, Amaia, Rodriguez-Barrueco, Ruth, Rodriguez-Henche, Nieves, Rodriguez-Rocha, 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Sahni, Sumit, Saito, Nayuta, Saito, Shigeru, Saito, Tsunenori, Sakai, Ryohei, Sakai, Yasuyoshi, Sakamaki, Jun-Ichi, Saksela, Kalle, Salazar, Gloria, Salazar-Degracia, Anna, Salekdeh, Ghasem, Saluja, Ashok, Sampaio-Marques, Belém, Sanchez, Maria Cecilia, Sanchez-Alcazar, Jose, Sanchez-Vera, Victoria, Sancho-Shimizu, Vanessa, Sanderson, J Thomas, Sandri, Marco, Santaguida, Stefano, Santambrogio, Laura, Santana, Magda, Santoni, Giorgio, Sanz, Alberto, Sanz, Pascual, Saran, Shweta, Sardiello, Marco, Sargeant, Timothy, Sarin, Apurva, Sarkar, Chinmoy, Sarkar, Sovan, Sarrias, Maria-Rosa, Sarkar, Surajit, Sarmah, Dipanka Tanu, Sarparanta, Jaakko, Sathyanarayan, Aishwarya, Sathyanarayanan, Ranganayaki, Scaglione, K Matthew, Scatozza, Francesca, Schaefer, Liliana, Schafer, Zachary, Schaible, Ulrich, Schapira, Anthony, Scharl, Michael, Schatzl, Hermann, Schein, Catherine, Scheper, Wiep, Scheuring, David, Schiaffino, Maria Vittoria, Schiappacassi, Monica, Schindl, Rainer, Schlattner, Uwe, Schmidt, 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Pierre-Louis, Thedieck, Kathrin, Thekkinghat, Arvind, Thellung, Stefano, Thinwa, Josephine, Thirumalaikumar, V.P., Thomas, Sufi Mary, Thomes, Paul, Thorburn, Andrew, Thukral, Lipi, Thum, Thomas, Thumm, Michael, Tian, Ling, Tichy, Ales, Till, Andreas, Timmerman, Vincent, Titorenko, Vladimir, Todi, Sokol, Todorova, Krassimira, Toivonen, Janne, Tomaipitinca, Luana, Tomar, Dhanendra, Tomas-Zapico, Cristina, Tomić, Sergej, Tong, Benjamin Chun-Kit, Tong, Chao, Tong, Xin, Tooze, Sharon, Torgersen, Maria, Torii, Satoru, Torres-López, Liliana, Torriglia, Alicia, Towers, Christina, Towns, Roberto, Toyokuni, Shinya, Trajkovic, Vladimir, Tramontano, Donatella, Tran, Quynh-Giao, Travassos, Leonardo, Trelford, Charles, Tremel, Shirley, Trougakos, Ioannis, Tsao, Betty, Tschan, Mario, Tse, Hung-Fat, Tse, Tak Fu, Tsugawa, Hitoshi, Tsvetkov, Andrey, Tumbarello, David, Tumtas, Yasin, Tuñón, María, Turcotte, Sandra, Turk, Boris, Turk, Vito, Turner, Bradley, Tuxworth, Richard, Tyler, Jessica, Tyutereva, Elena, Uchiyama, Yasuo, Ugun-Klusek, Aslihan, Uhlig, Holm, Ułamek-Kozioł, Marzena, Ulasov, Ilya, Umekawa, Midori, Ungermann, Christian, Unno, Rei, Urbe, Sylvie, Uribe-Carretero, Elisabet, Üstün, Suayib, Uversky, Vladimir, Vaccari, Thomas, Vaccaro, Maria, Vahsen, Björn, Vakifahmetoglu-Norberg, Helin, Valdor, Rut, Valente, Maria, Valko, Ayelén, Vallee, Richard, Valverde, Angela, Van Den Berghe, Greet, van der Veen, Stijn, Van Kaer, Luc, van Loosdregt, Jorg, van Wijk, Sjoerd, Vandenberghe, Wim, Vanhorebeek, Ilse, Vannier-Santos, Marcos, Vannini, Nicola, Vanrell, M Cristina, Vantaggiato, Chiara, Varano, Gabriele, Varela-Nieto, Isabel, Varga, Máté, Vasconcelos, M Helena, Vats, Somya, Vavvas, Demetrios, Vega-Naredo, Ignacio, Vega-Rubin-de-Celis, Silvia, Velasco, Guillermo, Velázquez, Ariadna, Vellai, Tibor, Vellenga, Edo, Velotti, Francesca, Verdier, Mireille, Verginis, Panayotis, Vergne, Isabelle, Verkade, Paul, Verma, Manish, Verstreken, Patrik, Vervliet, Tim, Vervoorts, Jörg, Vessoni, Alexandre, Victor, Victor, Vidal, Michel, Vidoni, Chiara, Vieira, Otilia, Vierstra, Richard, Viganó, Sonia, Vihinen, Helena, Vijayan, Vinoy, Vila, Miquel, Vilar, Marçal, Villalba, José, Villalobo, Antonio, Villarejo-Zori, Beatriz, Villarroya, Francesc, Villarroya, Joan, Vincent, Olivier, Vindis, Cecile, Viret, Christophe, Viscomi, Maria Teresa, Visnjic, Dora, Vitale, Ilio, Vocadlo, David, Voitsekhovskaja, Olga, Volonté, Cinzia, Volta, Mattia, Vomero, Marta, Von Haefen, Clarissa, Vooijs, Marc, Voos, Wolfgang, Vucicevic, Ljubica, Wade-Martins, Richard, Waguri, Satoshi, Waite, Kenrick, Wakatsuki, Shuji, Walker, David, Walker, Mark, Walker, Simon, Walter, Jochen, Wandosell, Francisco, Wang, Bo, Wang, Chao-Yung, Wang, Chen, Wang, Chenran, Wang, Chenwei, Wang, Cun-Yu, Wang, Dong, Wang, Fangyang, Wang, Feng, Wang, Fengming, Wang, Guansong, Wang, Han, Wang, Hao, Wang, Hexiang, Wang, Hong-Gang, Wang, Jianrong, Wang, Jigang, Wang, Jiou, Wang, Jundong, Wang, Kui, Wang, Lianrong, Wang, Liming, Wang, Maggie Haitian, Wang, Meiqing, Wang, Nanbu, Wang, PengWei, Wang, PeiPei, Wang, Ping, Wang, Qing Jun, Wang, Qing, Wang, Qing Kenneth, Wang, Qiong, Wang, Wen-Tao, Wang, Wuyang, Wang, Xinnan, Wang, Xuejun, Wang, Yan, Wang, Yanchang, Wang, Yanzhuang, Wang, Yen-Yun, Wang, Yihua, Wang, Yipeng, Wang, Yu, wang, yuqi, Wang, Zhe, Wang, Zhenyu, Wang, Zhouguang, Warnes, Gary, Warnsmann, Verena, Watada, Hirotaka, Watanabe, Eizo, Watchon, Maxinne, Wawrzyńska, Anna, Weaver, Timothy, Wegrzyn, Grzegorz, Wehman, Ann, Wei, Huafeng, Wei, Lei, Wei, Taotao, Wei, Yongjie, Weiergräber, Oliver, Weihl, Conrad, Weindl, Günther, Weiskirchen, Ralf, Wells, Alan, Wen, Runxia, Wen, Xin, Werner, Antonia, Weykopf, Beatrice, Wheatley, Sally, Whitton, J Lindsay, Whitworth, Alexander, Wiktorska, Katarzyna, Wildenberg, Manon, Wileman, Tom, Wilkinson, Simon, Willbold, Dieter, Williams, Brett, Williams, Robin, Williams, Roger, Williamson, Peter, Wilson, Richard, Winner, Beate, Winsor, Nathaniel, Witkin, Steven, Wodrich, Harald, Woehlbier, Ute, Wollert, Thomas, Wong, Esther, Wong, Jack Ho, Wong, Richard, Wong, Vincent Kam Wai, Wong, W Wei-Lynn, Wu, An-Guo, Wu, Chengbiao, Wu, Jian, Wu, Junfang, Wu, Kenneth, Wu, Min, Wu, Shan-Ying, Wu, Shengzhou, Wu, Shu-Yan, Wu, Shufang, Wu, William, Wu, Xiaohong, Wu, Xiaoqing, Wu, Yao-Wen, Wu, Yihua, Xavier, Ramnik, Xia, Hongguang, Xia, Lixin, Xia, Zhengyuan, Xiang, Ge, Xiang, Jin, Xiang, Mingliang, Xiang, Wei, Xiao, Bin, Xiao, Guozhi, Xiao, Hengyi, Xiao, Hong-tao, Xiao, Jian, Xiao, Lan, Xiao, Shi, Xiao, Yin, Xie, Baoming, Xie, Chuan-Ming, Xie, Min, Xie, Yuxiang, Xie, Zhiping, Xie, Zhonglin, Xilouri, Maria, Xu, Congfeng, Xu, En, Xu, Haoxing, Xu, Jing, Xu, Jinrong, Xu, Liang, Xu, Wen Wen, Xu, Xiulong, Xue, Yu, Yakhine-Diop, Sokhna, Yamaguchi, Masamitsu, Yamaguchi, Osamu, Yamamoto, Ai, Yamashina, Shunhei, Yan, Shengmin, Yan, Shian-Jang, Yan, Zhen, Yanagi, Yasuo, Yang, Chuanbin, Yang, Dun-Sheng, Yang, Huan, Yang, Huang-Tian, Yang, Hui, Yang, Jin-Ming, Yang, Jing, Yang, Jingyu, Yang, Ling, Yang, Liu, Yang, Ming, Yang, Pei-Ming, Yang, Qian, Yang, Seungwon, Yang, Shu, Yang, Shun-Fa, Yang, Wannian, Yang, Wei Yuan, Yang, Xiaoyong, Yang, Xuesong, Yang, Yi, Yang, Ying, Yao, Honghong, Yao, Shenggen, Yao, Xiaoqiang, Yao, Yong-Gang, Yao, Yong-Ming, Yasui, Takahiro, Yazdankhah, Meysam, Yen, Paul, Yi, Cong, Yin, Xiao-Ming, Yin, Yanhai, Yin, Zhangyuan, Yin, Ziyi, Ying, Meidan, Ying, Zheng, Yip, Calvin, Yiu, Stephanie Pei Tung, Yoo, Young, Yoshida, Kiyotsugu, Yoshii, Saori, Yoshimori, Tamotsu, Yousefi, Bahman, Yu, Boxuan, Yu, Haiyang, Yu, Jun, Yu, Li, Yu, Ming-Lung, Yu, Seong-Woon, Yu, Victor, Yu, W Haung, Yu, Zhengping, Yu, Zhou, Yuan, Junying, Yuan, Ling-Qing, Yuan, Shilin, Yuan, Shyng-Shiou, Yuan, Yanggang, Yuan, Zengqiang, Yue, Jianbo, Yue, Zhenyu, Yun, Jeanho, Yung, Raymond, Zacks, David, Zaffagnini, Gabriele, Zambelli, Vanessa, Zanella, Isabella, Zang, Qun, Zanivan, Sara, Zappavigna, Silvia, Zaragoza, Pilar, Zarbalis, Konstantinos, Zarebkohan, Amir, Zarrouk, Amira, Zeitlin, Scott, Zeng, Jialiu, Zeng, Ju-deng, Žerovnik, Eva, Zhan, Lixuan, Zhang, Bin, Zhang, Donna, Zhang, Hanlin, Zhang, Hong, Zhang, Honghe, Zhang, Huafeng, Zhang, Huaye, Zhang, Hui, Zhang, Hui-Ling, Zhang, Jianbin, Zhang, Jianhua, Zhang, Jing-Pu, Zhang, Kalin, Zhang, Leshuai, Zhang, Lin, Zhang, Lisheng, Zhang, Lu, Zhang, Luoying, Zhang, Menghuan, Zhang, Peng, Zhang, Sheng, Zhang, Wei, Zhang, Xiangnan, Zhang, Xiao-Wei, Zhang, Xiaolei, Zhang, Xiaoyan, Zhang, Xin, Zhang, Xinxin, Zhang, Xu Dong, Zhang, Yang, Zhang, Yanjin, Zhang, Yi, Zhang, Ying-Dong, Zhang, Yingmei, Zhang, Yuan-Yuan, Zhang, Yuchen, Zhang, Zhe, Zhang, Zhengguang, Zhang, Zhibing, Zhang, Zhihai, Zhang, Zhiyong, Zhang, Zili, Zhao, Haobin, Zhao, Lei, Zhao, Shuang, Zhao, Tongbiao, Zhao, Xiao-Fan, Zhao, Ying, Zhao, Yongchao, Zhao, Yongliang, Zhao, Yuting, Zheng, Guoping, Zheng, Kai, Zheng, Ling, Zheng, Shizhong, Zheng, Xi-Long, Zheng, Yi, Zheng, Zu-Guo, Zhivotovsky, Boris, Zhong, Qing, Zhou, Ao, Zhou, Ben, Zhou, Cefan, ZHOU, Gang, Zhou, Hao, Zhou, Hong, Zhou, Hongbo, Zhou, Jie, Zhou, Jing, Zhou, Jiyong, Zhou, Kailiang, Zhou, Rongjia, Zhou, Xu-jie, Zhou, Yanshuang, Zhou, Yinghong, Zhou, Yubin, Zhou, Zheng-Yu, Zhou, Zhou, Zhu, Binglin, Zhu, Changlian, Zhu, Guo-Qing, Zhu, Haining, Zhu, Hongxin, Zhu, Hua, Zhu, Wei-Guo, Zhu, Yanping, Zhu, Yushan, Zhuang, Haixia, Zhuang, Xiaohong, Zientara-Rytter, Katarzyna, Zimmermann, Christine, Ziviani, Elena, Zoladek, Teresa, Zong, Wei-Xing, Zorov, Dmitry, Zorzano, Antonio, Zou, Weiping, Zou, Zhen, Zou, Zhengzhi, Zuryn, Steven, Zwerschke, Werner, Brand-Saberi, Beate, Dong, X Charlie, Kenchappa, Chandra Shekar, Li, Zuguo, Lin, Yong, Oshima, Shigeru, Rong, Yueguang, Sluimer, Judith, Stallings, Christina, Tong, Chun-Kit, Ahmad, S. Tariq, Alim Al-Bari, M. Abdul, Bechara, Luiz R.G., Behrens, Georg M.N., Bhuiyan, Md. Shenuarin, Broaddus, V. Courtney, Buchan, J. Ross, Burón, M. Isabel, Carter, A. Brent, Chan, Matthew T.V., Choi, Augustine M.K., D’Adamo, Stefania, D’Amelio, Marcello, D’Arcangelo, Daniela, D’Lugos, Andrew, D’Orazi, Gabriella, De Meyer, Guido R.Y., Delpino, M. Victoria, Distler, Jörg H.W., Dixon, Ian M.C., Dobson, Renwick C.J., 2nd Dorn, Gerald, Eissa, N. Tony, Engelsen, Agnete S.T., Fairlie, W. Douglas, Ferreira, Julio C.B., H.B., Ranjitha, Hanson, Phyllis I., Hejtmancik, J. Fielding, Ho, Idy H.T., Hobbs, G. Aaron, Hoet, Peter H.M., Huang, Michael L.H., Iyer, Anand Krishnan V., Johnson, Gail V.W., Joosten, Leo A.B., Karim, Md. Razaul, Kaufmann, Stefan H.E., Ko, Ben C.B., Leck, Lionel Y.W., Lima, Thania R.R., Livingston, J. Andrew, Martin, Alexandre P.J., Montes, L. Ruth, Murphy, J. Patrick, Ng, Charlene C.W., Nicolao, M. Celeste, O’Donovan, Tracey, O’Leary, Seónadh, O’Rourke, Eyleen, O’Sullivan, Mary, O’Sullivan, Timothy, Omary, M. Bishr, Pereira, Gustavo J.S., Ratnayaka, J. Arjuna, Riazuddin, S. Amer, Rouschop, Kasper M.A., Sanderson, J. Thomas, Scaglione, K. Matthew, Schapira, Anthony H.V., Scovassi, A. Ivana, St. Clair, Daret, Sunahara, Karen K.S., Symons, J. David, Triola, Gemma, van Wijk, Sjoerd J.L., Vanrell, M. Cristina, Vasconcelos, M. Helena, Whitton, J. Lindsay, Williams, Robin S.B., Wong, W. Wei-Lynn, Wu, William K.K., Yakhine-Diop, Sokhna M.S., Yu, W. Haung, Zhang, Kalin Y.B., Dong, X. Charlie, Ain Shams University [ASU], Johannes Gutenberg - Universität Mainz = Johannes Gutenberg University [JGU], Medical University Graz, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers [CRC (UMR_S_1138 / U1138)], Institut Pasteur d'Iran, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry [IPB], The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center [Houston], Institut de pharmacologie moléculaire et cellulaire [IPMC], Lipides - Nutrition - Cancer [Dijon - U1231] [LNC], Centre méditerranéen de médecine moléculaire [C3M], Institut de Biologie Valrose [IBV], Petites Molécules de neuroprotection, neurorégénération et remyélinisation, Signalisation Hormonale, Physiopathologie Endocrinienne et Métabolique, Institut Cochin [IC UM3 (UMR 8104 / U1016)], Institut NeuroMyoGène [INMG], Paris-Centre de Recherche Cardiovasculaire [PARCC (UMR_S 970/ U970)], Marqueurs cardiovasculaires en situation de stress [MASCOT (UMR_S_942 / U942)], Institut de Recherche sur le Cancer et le Vieillissement [IRCAN], Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille [CRCM], Centre for Integrative Biology - CBI [Inserm U964 - CNRS UMR7104 - IGBMC], Oncogenesis, Stress, Signaling [OSS], Institut Necker Enfants-Malades [INEM - UM 111 (UMR 8253 / U1151)], Institut de Biologie Intégrative de la Cellule [I2BC], Microbes, Intestin, Inflammation et Susceptibilité de l'Hôte [M2iSH], Centre de Recherches en Cancérologie de Toulouse [CRCT], Physiopathologie et traitement des maladies du foie, Centre d’Infection et d’Immunité de Lille - INSERM U 1019 - UMR 9017 - UMR 8204 [CIIL], Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire [IGBMC], Laboratoire Bio-PeroxIL. Biochimie du peroxysome, inflammation et métabolisme lipidique [Dijon] [BIO-PEROXIL], Centre de recherche sur l'Inflammation [CRI (UMR_S_1149 / ERL_8252 / U1149)], Unité de génétique et biologie des cancers [U830], Laboratoire d'Optique et Biosciences [LOB], Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Casdiovasculaires [UPS/Inserm U1297 - I2MC], Différenciation et communication neuronale et neuroendocrine [DC2N], Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier [IRCM - U1194 Inserm - UM], Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille - Luminy [CIML], Physiopathologie et imagerie des troubles neurologiques [PhIND], Laboratory of Fundamental and Applied Bioenergetics = Laboratoire de bioénergétique fondamentale et appliquée [LBFA], Imagine - Institut des maladies génétiques (IHU) [Imagine - U1163], Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale [IMRB], Franco-czech Laboratory for clinical research on obesity, University of Michigan [Ann Arbor], University of Michigan System, Institut de pharmacologie moléculaire et cellulaire (IPMC), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (... - 2019) (UNS), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015 - 2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015 - 2019) (COMUE UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA), Lipides - Nutrition - Cancer [Dijon - U1231] (LNC), Université de Bourgogne (UB)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement, Centre méditerranéen de médecine moléculaire (C3M), Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (... - 2019) (UNS), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015 - 2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015 - 2019) (COMUE UCA)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA), Institut de Biologie Valrose (IBV), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015 - 2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015 - 2019) (COMUE UCA)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11), Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers (CRC (UMR_S_1138 / U1138)), École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université de Paris (UP), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-AP-HP Hôpital Bicêtre (Le Kremlin-Bicêtre), Nutrition, Métabolisme, Aquaculture (NuMéA), Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour (UPPA)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Institut Cochin (IC UM3 (UMR 8104 / U1016)), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP), Institut NeuroMyoGène (INMG), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Paris-Centre de Recherche Cardiovasculaire (PARCC - UMR-S U970), Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou [APHP] (HEGP), Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris Ouest - Hôpitaux Universitaires Île de France Ouest (HUPO)-Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris Ouest - Hôpitaux Universitaires Île de France Ouest (HUPO)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université de Paris (UP), Institut de Recherche sur le Cancer et le Vieillissement (IRCAN), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015 - 2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015 - 2019) (COMUE UCA)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA), Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation [Dijon] (CSGA), Université de Bourgogne (UB)-AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC), Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille (CRCM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Fédération nationale des Centres de lutte contre le Cancer (FNCLCC)-Fédération nationale des Centres de lutte contre le Cancer (FNCLCC)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU), Centre for Integrative Biology - CBI (Inserm U964 - CNRS UMR7104 - IGBMC), Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Institute of genetics and molecular and cellular biology-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Chemistry, Oncogenesis, Stress and Signaling (COSS), Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-CRLCC Eugène Marquis (CRLCC)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Institut Necker Enfants-Malades (INEM - UM 111 (UMR 8253 / U1151)), Unité de Nutrition Humaine (UNH), Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Université Clermont Auvergne (UCA), Institut de Biologie Intégrative de la Cellule (I2BC), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Microbes, Intestin, Inflammation et Susceptibilité de l'Hôte (M2iSH), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine d'Auvergne (CRNH d'Auvergne)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Université Clermont Auvergne (UCA), Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives [Bordeaux] (IMN), Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie - UMR (CIRI), École normale supérieure - Lyon (ENS Lyon)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre de Recherches en Cancérologie de Toulouse (CRCT), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de Physiologie et Génomique des Poissons (LPGP), Structure Fédérative de Recherche en Biologie et Santé de Rennes ( Biosit : Biologie - Santé - Innovation Technologique )-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Hôpital Paul Brousse-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université Paris-Saclay, Centre d’Infection et d’Immunité de Lille - INSERM U 1019 - UMR 9017 - UMR 8204 (CIIL), Institut Pasteur de Lille, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université de Lille-Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire [Lille] (CHRU Lille)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA), Laboratoire Bio-PeroxIL. Biochimie du peroxysome, inflammation et métabolisme lipidique [Dijon] (BIO-PEROXIL), Université de Bourgogne (UB)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC), Centre de recherche sur l'Inflammation (CRI (UMR_S_1149 / ERL_8252 / U1149)), Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin (IJPB), AgroParisTech-Université Paris-Saclay-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Unité de génétique et biologie des cancers (U830), Institut Curie [Paris]-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Laboratoire d'Optique et Biosciences (LOB), École polytechnique (X)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires (I2MC), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Différenciation et communication neuronale et neuroendocrine (DC2N), Université de Rouen Normandie (UNIROUEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier (IRCM - U1194 Inserm - UM), CRLCC Val d'Aurelle - Paul Lamarque-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université de Montpellier (UM), Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille - Luminy (CIML), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Physiopathologie et imagerie des troubles neurologiques (PhIND), Université de Caen Normandie (UNICAEN), Laboratory of Fundamental and Applied Bioenergetics = Laboratoire de bioénergétique fondamentale et appliquée (LBFA), Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Epithelial biology and disease - Liliane Bettencourt Chair of Developmental Biology (Equipe Inserm U1163), Imagine - Institut des maladies génétiques (IHU) (Imagine - U1163), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université de Paris (UP)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université de Paris (UP), Biomécanique cellulaire et respiratoire (BCR), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Charles University [Prague]-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), This work was supported by the National Institute of General Medical Sciences [GM131919]., Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Marqueurs cardiovasculaires en situation de stress (MASCOT (UMR_S_942 / U942)), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Groupe Hospitalier Saint Louis - Lariboisière - Fernand Widal [Paris], Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Physiopathologie des Adaptations Nutritionnelles (PhAN), Université de Nantes (UN)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Département Plateforme (PF I2BC), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut Gustave Roussy (IGR), Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris Ouest - Hôpitaux Universitaires Île de France Ouest (HUPO), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences [Suzhou, Chine] (CAMS), Karolinska Institutet [Stockholm], Karolinska University Hospital [Stockholm], Department of Women's and Children's Health [Stockholm, Sweden], Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire [Lille] (CHRU Lille)-Université de Lille-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Institut Pasteur de Lille, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-École polytechnique (X), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, FHU OncoAge - Pathologies liées à l’âge [CHU Nice] (OncoAge), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire [UNIV Côte d'Azur] (UPMC), Institut Universitaire du Cancer de Toulouse - Oncopole (IUCT Oncopole - UMR 1037), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-CHU Toulouse [Toulouse]-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Life Sciences Institute [Ann Arbor, MI, USA], University of Michigan System-University of Michigan System, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS [Milan, Italy] (EIO), Ain Shams University (ASU), Johannes Gutenberg - Universität Mainz = Johannes Gutenberg University (JGU), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry (IPB), Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (1965 - 2019) (UNS), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA), Université de Bourgogne (UB)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Institut Agro Dijon, Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Paris-Centre de Recherche Cardiovasculaire (PARCC (UMR_S 970/ U970)), Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris Ouest - Hôpitaux Universitaires Île de France Ouest (HUPO)-Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris Ouest - Hôpitaux Universitaires Île de France Ouest (HUPO)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Fédération nationale des Centres de lutte contre le Cancer (FNCLCC)-Fédération nationale des Centres de lutte contre le Cancer (FNCLCC)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Oncogenesis, Stress, Signaling (OSS), Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Casdiovasculaires (UPS/Inserm U1297 - I2MC), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale (IMRB), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-IFR10-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12), Charles University [Prague] (CU)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Klionsky, D. 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C., Brodersen, P., Brodsky, J. L., Brody, S. L., Bronson, P. G., Bronstein, J. M., Brown, C. N., Brown, R. E., Brum, P. C., Brumell, J. H., Brunetti-Pierri, N., Bruno, D., Bryson-Richardson, R. J., Bucci, C., Buchrieser, C., Bueno, M., Buitrago-Molina, L. E., Buraschi, S., Buch, S., Buchan, J. R., Buckingham, E. M., Budak, H., Budini, M., Bultynck, G., Burada, F., Burgoyne, J. R., Buron, M. I., Bustos, V., Buttner, S., Butturini, E., Byrd, A., Cabas, I., Cabrera-Benitez, S., Cadwell, K., Cai, J., Cai, L., Cai, Q., Cairo, M., Calbet, J. A., Caldwell, G. A., Caldwell, K. A., Call, J. A., Calvani, R., Calvo, A. C., Calvo-Rubio Barrera, M., Camara, N. O. S., Camonis, J. H., Camougrand, N., Campanella, M., Campbell, E. M., Campbell-Valois, F. -X., Campello, S., Campesi, I., Campos, J. C., Camuzard, O., Cancino, J., Candido de Almeida, D., Canesi, L., Caniggia, I., Canonico, B., Canti, C., Cao, B., Caraglia, M., Carames, B., Carchman, E. 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K., Chang, C. -P., Chang, C., Chang, H. -C., Chang, K., Chao, J., Chapman, T., Charlet-Berguerand, N., Chatterjee, S., Chaube, S. K., Chaudhary, A., Chauhan, S., Chaum, E., Checler, F., Cheetham, M. E., Chen, C. -S., Chen, G. -C., Chen, J. -F., Chen, L. L., Chen, L., Chen, M., Chen, M. -K., Chen, N., Chen, Q., Chen, R. -H., Chen, S., Chen, W., Chen, X. -M., Chen, X. -W., Chen, X., Chen, Y., Chen, Y. -G., Chen, Y. -J., Chen, Y. -Q., Chen, Z. S., Chen, Z., Chen, Z. -H., Chen, Z. J., Cheng, H., Cheng, J., Cheng, S. -Y., Cheng, W., Cheng, X., Cheng, X. -T., Cheng, Y., Cheng, Z., Cheong, H., Cheong, J. K., Chernyak, B. V., Cherry, S., Cheung, C. F. R., Cheung, C. H. A., Cheung, K. -H., Chevet, E., Chi, R. J., Chiang, A. K. S., Chiaradonna, F., Chiarelli, R., Chiariello, M., Chica, N., Chiocca, S., Chiong, M., Chiou, S. -H., Chiramel, A. I., Chiurchiu, V., Cho, D. -H., Choe, S. -K., Choi, A. M. K., Choi, M. E., Choudhury, K. R., Chow, N. S., Chu, C. T., Chua, J. P., Chua, J. J. E., Chung, H., Chung, K. P., Chung, S., Chung, S. -H., Chung, Y. -L., Cianfanelli, V., Ciechomska, I. A., Cifuentes, M., Cinque, L., Cirak, S., Cirone, M., Clague, M. J., Clarke, R., Clementi, E., Coccia, E. M., Codogno, P., Cohen, E., Cohen, M. M., Colasanti, T., Colasuonno, F., Colbert, R. A., Colell, A., Colic, M., Coll, N. S., Collins, M. O., Colombo, M. I., Colon-Ramos, D. A., Combaret, L., Comincini, S., Cominetti, M. R., Consiglio, A., Conte, A., Conti, F., Contu, V. R., Cookson, M. R., Coombs, K. M., Coppens, I., Corasaniti, M. T., Corkery, D. P., Cordes, N., Cortese, K., Costa, M. D. C., Costantino, S., Costelli, P., Coto-Montes, A., Crack, P. J., Crespo, J. L., Criollo, A., Crippa, V., Cristofani, R., Csizmadia, T., Cuadrado, A., Cui, B., Cui, J., Cui, Y., Culetto, E., Cumino, A. C., Cybulsky, A. V., Czaja, M. J., Czuczwar, S. J., D'Adamo, S., D'Amelio, M., D'Arcangelo, D., D'Lugos, A. C., D'Orazi, G., da Silva, J. A., Dafsari, H. S., Dagda, R. K., Dagdas, Y., Daglia, M., Dai, X., Dai, Y., Dal Col, J., Dalhaimer, P., Dalla Valle, L., Dallenga, T., Dalmasso, G., Damme, M., Dando, I., Dantuma, N. P., Darling, A. L., Das, H., Dasarathy, S., Dasari, S. K., Dash, S., Daumke, O., Dauphinee, A. N., Davies, J. S., Davila, V. A., Davis, R. J., Davis, T., Dayalan Naidu, S., De Amicis, F., De Bosscher, K., De Felice, F., De Franceschi, L., De Leonibus, C., de Mattos Barbosa, M. G., De Meyer, G. R. Y., De Milito, A., De Nunzio, C., De Palma, C., De Santi, M., De Virgilio, C., De Zio, D., Debnath, J., Debosch, B. J., Decuypere, J. -P., Deehan, M. A., Deflorian, G., Degregori, J., Dehay, B., Del Rio, G., Delaney, J. R., Delbridge, L. M. D., Delorme-Axford, E., Delpino, M. V., Demarchi, F., Dembitz, V., Demers, N. D., Deng, H., Deng, Z., Dengjel, J., Dent, P., Denton, D., Depamphilis, M. L., Der, C. 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A., Ebrahimi-Fakhari, D., Eckhart, L., Edelstein, C. L., Efferth, T., Eftekharpour, E., Eichinger, L., Eid, N., Eisenberg, T., Eissa, N. T., Eissa, S., Ejarque, M., El Andaloussi, A., El-Hage, N., El-Naggar, S., Eleuteri, A. M., El-Shafey, E. S., Elgendy, M., Eliopoulos, A. G., Elizalde, M. M., Elks, P. M., Elsasser, H. -P., Elsherbiny, E. S., Emerling, B. M., Emre, N. C. T., Eng, C. H., Engedal, N., Engelbrecht, A. -M., Engelsen, A. S. T., Enserink, J. M., Escalante, R., Esclatine, A., Escobar-Henriques, M., Eskelinen, E. -L., Espert, L., Eusebio, M. -O., Fabrias, G., Fabrizi, C., Facchiano, A., Facchiano, F., Fadeel, B., Fader, C., Faesen, A. C., Fairlie, W. D., Falco, A., Falkenburger, B. H., Fan, D., Fan, J., Fan, Y., Fang, E. F., Fang, Y., Fanto, M., Farfel-Becker, T., Faure, M., Fazeli, G., Fedele, A. O., Feldman, A. M., Feng, D., Feng, J., Feng, L., Feng, Y., Feng, W., Fenz Araujo, T., Ferguson, T. A., Fernandez, A. F., Fernandez-Checa, J. C., Fernandez-Veledo, S., Fernie, A. 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Subjects
0301 basic medicine, Programmed cell death, Settore BIO/06, Autophagosome, Autolysosome, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], lnfectious Diseases and Global Health Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences [Radboudumc 4], Autophagy-Related Proteins, Review, Computational biology, [SDV.BC]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Cellular Biology, Biology, Settore MED/04, 03 medical and health sciences, stress, Chaperone-mediated autophagy, ddc:570, Autophagy, LC3, Animals, Humans, cancer, Settore BIO/10, flux, lysosome, macroautophagy, neurodegeneration, phagophore, vacuole, Set (psychology), Molecular Biology, 030102 biochemistry & molecular biology, business.industry, Interpretation (philosophy), Autophagosomes, Cell Biology, Multicellular organism, 030104 developmental biology, Knowledge base, Biological Assay, Lysosomes, business, Biomarkers, [SDV.MHEP]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology
Abstract

Contains fulltext : 232759.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Closed access) In 2008, we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, this topic has received increasing attention, and many scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Thus, it is important to formulate on a regular basis updated guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Despite numerous reviews, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to evaluate autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. Here, we present a set of guidelines for investigators to select and interpret methods to examine autophagy and related processes, and for reviewers to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of reports that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a dogmatic set of rules, because the appropriateness of any assay largely depends on the question being asked and the system being used. Moreover, no individual assay is perfect for every situation, calling for the use of multiple techniques to properly monitor autophagy in each experimental setting. Finally, several core components of the autophagy machinery have been implicated in distinct autophagic processes (canonical and noncanonical autophagy), implying that genetic approaches to block autophagy should rely on targeting two or more autophagy-related genes that ideally participate in distinct steps of the pathway. Along similar lines, because multiple proteins involved in autophagy also regulate other cellular pathways including apoptosis, not all of them can be used as a specific marker for bona fide autophagic responses. Here, we critically discuss current methods of assessing autophagy and the information they can, or cannot, provide. Our ultimate goal is to encourage intellectual and technical innovation in the field.

Published
2021

39. Autophagy

Author

Klionsky, Daniel J., Abdel-Aziz, Amal Kamal, Abdelfatah, Sara, Abdellatif, Mahmoud, Abdoli, Asghar, Abel, Steffen, Abeliovich, Hagai, Abildgaard, Marie H., Abudu, Yakubu Princely, Acevedo-Arozena, Abraham, Adamopoulos, Iannis E., Adeli, Khosrow, Adolph, Timon E., Adornetto, Annagrazia, Aflaki, Elma, Agam, Galila, Agarwal, Anupam, Aggarwal, Bharat B., Agnello, Maria, Agostinis, Patrizia, Agrewala, Javed N., Agrotis, Alexander, Aguilar, Patricia V., Ahmad, S. Tariq, Ahmed, Zubair M., Ahumada-Castro, Ulises, Aits, Sonja, Aizawa, Shu, Akkoc, Yunus, Akoumianaki, Tonia, Akpinar, Hafize Aysin, Al-Abd, Ahmed M., Al-Akra, Lina, Al-Gharaibeh, Abeer, Alaoui-Jamali, Moulay A., Alberti, Simon, Alcocer-Gómez, Elísabet, Alessandri, Cristiano, Ali, Muhammad, Alim Al-Bari, M. Abdul, Aliwaini, Saeb, Alizadeh, Javad, Almacellas, Eugènia, Almasan, Alexandru, Alonso, Alicia, Alonso, Guillermo D., Altan-Bonnet, Nihal, Altieri, Dario C., Álvarez, Élida M. C., Alves, Sara, Alves da Costa, Cristine, Alzaharna, Mazen M., Amadio, Marialaura, Amantini, Consuelo, Amaral, Cristina, Ambrosio, Susanna, Amer, Amal O., Ammanathan, Veena, An, Zhenyi, Andersen, Stig U., Andrabi, Shaida A., Andrade-Silva, Magaiver, Andres, Allen M., Angelini, Sabrina, Ann, David, Anozie, Uche C., Ansari, Mohammad Y., Antas, Pedro, Antebi, Adam, Antón, Zuriñe, Anwar, Tahira, Apetoh, Lionel, Apostolova, Nadezda, Araki, Toshiyuki, Araki, Yasuhiro, Arasaki, Kohei, Araújo, Wagner L., Araya, Jun, Arden, Catherine, Arévalo, Maria-Angeles, Arguelles, Sandro, Arias, Esperanza, Arikkath, Jyothi, Arimoto, Hirokazu, Ariosa, Aileen R., Armstrong-James, Darius, Arnauné-Pelloquin, Laetitia, Aroca, Angeles, Arroyo, Daniela S., Arsov, Ivica, Artero, Rubén, Asaro, Dalia Maria Lucia, Aschner, Michael, Ashrafizadeh, Milad, Ashur-Fabian, Osnat, Atanasov, Atanas G., Au, Alicia K., Auberger, Patrick, Auner, Holger W., Aurelian, Laure, Autelli, Riccardo, Avagliano, Laura, Ávalos, Yenniffer, Aveic, Sanja, Aveleira, Célia Alexandra, Avin-Wittenberg, Tamar, Aydin, Yucel, Ayton, Scott, Ayyadevara, Srinivas, Azzopardi, Maria, Baba, Misuzu, Backer, Jonathan M., Backues, Steven K., Bae, Dong-Hun, Bae, Ok-Nam, Bae, Soo Han, Baehrecke, Eric H., Baek, Ahruem, Baek, Seung-Hoon, Baek, Sung Hee, Bagetta, Giacinto, Bagniewska-Zadworna, Agnieszka, Bai, Hua, Bai, Jie, Bai, Xiyuan, Bai, Yidong, Bairagi, Nandadulal, Baksi, Shounak, Balbi, Teresa, Baldari, Cosima T., Balduini, Walter, Ballabio, Andrea, Ballester, Maria, Balazadeh, Salma, Balzan, Rena, Bandopadhyay, Rina, Banerjee, Sreeparna, Banerjee, Sulagna, Bánréti, Ágnes, Bao, Yan, Baptista, Mauricio S., Baracca, Alessandra, Barbati, Cristiana, Bargiela, Ariadna, Barilà, Daniela, Barlow, Peter G., Barmada, Sami J., Barreiro, Esther, Barreto, George E., Bartek, Jiri, Bartel, Bonnie, Bartolome, Alberto, Barve, Gaurav R., Basagoudanavar, Suresh H., Bassham, Diane C., Bast, Robert C., Basu, Alakananda, Batoko, Henri, Batten, Isabella, Baulieu, Etienne E., Baumgarner, Bradley L., Bayry, Jagadeesh, Beale, Rupert, Beau, Isabelle, Beaumatin, Florian, Bechara, Luiz R.G., Beck, George R., Beers, Michael F., Begun, Jakob, Behrends, Christian, Behrens, Georg M.N., Bei, Roberto, Bejarano, Eloy, Bel, Shai, Behl, Christian, Belaid, Amine, Belgareh-Touzé, Naïma, Bellarosa, Cristina, Belleudi, Francesca, Belló Pérez, Melissa, Bello-Morales, Raquel, Beltran, Jackeline Soares de Oliveira, Beltran, Sebastián, Benbrook, Doris Mangiaracina, Bendorius, Mykolas, Benitez, Bruno A., Benito-Cuesta, Irene, Bensalem, Julien, Berchtold, Martin W., Berezowska, Sabina, Bergamaschi, Daniele, Bergami, Matteo, Bergmann, Andreas, Berliocchi, Laura, Berlioz-Torrent, Clarisse, Bernard, Amélie, Berthoux, Lionel, Besirli, Cagri G., Besteiro, Sebastien, Betin, Virginie M., Beyaert, Rudi, Bezbradica, Jelena S., Bhaskar, Kiran, Bhatia-Kissova, Ingrid, Bhattacharya, Resham, Bhattacharya, Sujoy, Bhattacharyya, Shalmoli, Bhuiyan, Md. Shenuarin, Bhutia, Sujit Kumar, Bi, Lanrong, Bi, Xiaolin, Biden, Trevor J., Bijian, Krikor, Billes, Viktor A., Binart, Nadine, Bincoletto, Claudia, Birgisdottir, Asa B., Bjorkoy, Geir, Blanco, Gonzalo, Blas-Garcia, Ana, Blasiak, Janusz, Blomgran, Robert, Blomgren, Klas, Blum, Janice S., Boada-Romero, Emilio, Boban, Mirta, Boesze-Battaglia, Kathleen, Boeuf, Philippe, Boland, Barry, Bomont, Pascale, Bonaldo, Paolo, Bonam, Srinivasa Reddy, Bonfili, Laura, Bonifacino, Juan S., Boone, Brian A., Bootman, Martin D., Bordi, Matteo, Borner, Christoph, Bornhauser, Beat C., Borthakur, Gautam, Bosch, Jürgen, Bose, Santanu, Botana, Luis M., Botas, Juan, Boulanger, Chantal M., Boulton, Michael E., Bourdenx, Mathieu, Bourgeois, Benjamin, Bourke, Nollaig M., Bousquet, Guilhem, Boya, Patricia, Bozhkov, Peter V., Bozi, Luiz H. M., Bozkurt, Tolga O., Brackney, Doug E., Brandts, Christian H., Braun, Ralf J., Braus, Gerhard H., Bravo-Sagua, Roberto, Bravo-San Pedro, José M., Brest, Patrick, Bringer, Marie-Agnès, Briones-Herrera, Alfredo, Broaddus, V. Courtney, Brodersen, Peter, Brodsky, Jeffrey L., Brody, Steven L., Bronson, Paola G., Bronstein, Jeff M., Brown, Carolyn N., Brown, Rhoderick E., Brum, Patricia C., Brumell, John H., Brunetti-Pierri, Nicola, Bruno, Daniele, Bryson-Richardson, Robert J., Bucci, Cecilia, Buchrieser, Carmen, Bueno, Marta, Buitrago-Molina, Laura Elisa, Buraschi, Simone, Buch, Shilpa, Buchan, J. Ross, Buckingham, Erin M., Budak, Hikmet, Budini, Mauricio, Bultynck, Geert, Burada, Florin, Burgoyne, Joseph R., Burón, M. Isabel, Bustos, Victor, Büttner, Sabrina, Butturini, Elena, Byrd, Aaron, Cabas, Isabel, Cabrera-Benitez, Sandra, Cadwell, Ken, Cai, Jingjing, Cai, Lu, Cai, Qian, Cairó, Montserrat, Calbet, Jose A., Caldwell, Guy A., Caldwell, Kim A., Call, Jarrod A., Calvani, Riccardo, Calvo, Ana C., Calvo-Rubio Barrera, Miguel, Camara, Niels OS, Camonis, Jacques H., Camougrand, Nadine, Campanella, Michelangelo, Campbell, Edward M., Campbell-Valois, François-Xavier, Campello, Silvia, Campesi, Ilaria, Campos, Juliane C., Camuzard, Olivier, Cancino, Jorge, Candido de Almeida, Danilo, Canesi, Laura, Caniggia, Isabella, Canonico, Barbara, Cantí, Carles, Cao, Bin, Caraglia, Michele, Caramés, Beatriz, Carchman, Evie H., Cardenal-Muñoz, Elena, Cardenas, Cesar, Cardenas, Luis, Cardoso, Sandra M., Carew, Jennifer S., Carle, Georges F., Carleton, Gillian, Carloni, Silvia, Carmona-Gutierrez, Didac, Carneiro, Leticia A., Carnevali, Oliana, Carosi, Julian M., Carra, Serena, Carrier, Alice, Carrier, Lucie, Carroll, Bernadette, Carter, A. Brent, Carvalho, Andreia Neves, Casanova, Magali, Casas, Caty, Casas, Josefina, Cassioli, Chiara, Castillo, Eliseo F., Castillo, Karen, Castillo-Lluva, Sonia, Castoldi, Francesca, Castori, Marco, Castro, Ariel F., Castro-Caldas, Margarida, Castro-Hernandez, Javier, Castro-Obregon, Susana, Catz, Sergio D., Cavadas, Claudia, Cavaliere, Federica, Cavallini, Gabriella, Cavinato, Maria, Cayuela, Maria L., Cebollada Rica, Paula, Cecarini, Valentina, Cecconi, Francesco, Cechowska-Pasko, Marzanna, Cenci, Simone, Ceperuelo-Mallafré, Victòria, Cerqueira, João J., Cerutti, Janete M., Cervia, Davide, Cetintas, Vildan Bozok, Cetrullo, Silvia, Chae, Han-Jung, Chagin, Andrei S., Chai, Chee-Yin, Chakrabarti, Gopal, Chakrabarti, Oishee, Chakraborty, Tapas, Chakraborty, Trinad, Chami, Mounia, Chamilos, Georgios, Chan, David W., Chan, Edmond Y. W., Chan, Edward D., Chan, H.Y. Edwin, Chan, Helen H., Chan, Hung, Chan, Matthew T.V., Chan, Yau Sang, Chandra, Partha K., Chang, Chih-Peng, Chang, Chunmei, Chang, Hao-Chun, Chang, Kai, Chao, Jie, Chapman, Tracey, Charlet-Berguerand, Nicolas, Chatterjee, Samrat, Chaube, Shail K., Chaudhary, Anu, Chauhan, Santosh, Chaum, Edward, Checler, Frédéric, Cheetham, Michael E., Chen, Chang-Shi, Chen, Guang-Chao, Chen, Jian-Fu, Chen, Liam L., Chen, Leilei, Chen, Lin, Chen, Mingliang, Chen, Mu-Kuan, Chen, Ning, Chen, Quan, Chen, Ruey-Hwa, Chen, Shi, Chen, Wei, Chen, Weiqiang, Chen, Xin-Ming, Chen, Xiong-Wen, Chen, Xu, Chen, Yan, Chen, Ye-Guang, Chen, Yingyu, Chen, Yongqiang, Chen, Yu-Jen, Chen, Yue-Qin, Chen, Zhefan Stephen, Chen, Zhi, Chen, Zhi-Hua, Chen, Zhijian J., Chen, Zhixiang, Cheng, Hanhua, Cheng, Jun, Cheng, Shi-Yuan, Cheng, Wei, Cheng, Xiaodong, Cheng, Xiu-Tang, Cheng, Yiyun, Cheng, Zhiyong, Chen, Zhong, Cheong, Heesun, Cheong, Jit Kong, Chernyak, Boris V., Cherry, Sara, Cheung, Chi Fai Randy, Cheung, Chun Hei Antonio, Cheung, King-Ho, Chevet, Eric, Chi, Richard J., Chiang, Alan Kwok Shing, Chiaradonna, Ferdinando, Chiarelli, Roberto, Chiariello, Mario, Chica, Nathalia, Chiocca, Susanna, Chiong, Mario, Chiou, Shih-Hwa, Chiramel, Abhilash I., Chiurchiù, Valerio, Cho, Dong-Hyung, Choe, Seong-Kyu, Choi, Augustine M.K., Choi, Mary E., Choudhury, Kamalika Roy, Chow, Norman S., Chu, Charleen T., Chua, Jason P., Chua, John Jia En, Chung, Hyewon, Chung, Kin Pan, Chung, Seockhoon, Chung, So-Hyang, Chung, Yuen-Li, Cianfanelli, Valentina, Ciechomska, Iwona A., Cifuentes, Mariana, Cinque, Laura, Cirak, Sebahattin, Cirone, Mara, Clague, Michael J., Clarke, Robert, Clementi, Emilio, Coccia, Eliana M., Codogno, Patrice, Cohen, Ehud, Cohen, Mickael M., Colasanti, Tania, Colasuonno, Fiorella, Colbert, Robert A., Colell, Anna, Čolić, Miodrag, Coll, Nuria S., Collins, Mark O., Colombo, María I., Colón-Ramos, Daniel A., Combaret, Lydie, Comincini, Sergio, Cominetti, Márcia R., Consiglio, Antonella, Conte, Andrea, Conti, Fabrizio, Contu, Viorica Raluca, Cookson, Mark R., Coombs, Kevin M., Coppens, Isabelle, Corasaniti, Maria Tiziana, Corkery, Dale P., Cordes, Nils, Cortese, Katia, Costa, Maria do Carmo, Costantino, Sarah, Costelli, Paola, Coto-Montes, Ana, Crack, Peter J., Crespo, Jose L., Criollo, Alfredo, Crippa, Valeria, Cristofani, Riccardo, Csizmadia, Tamas, Cuadrado, Antonio, Cui, Bing, Cui, Jun, Cui, Yixian, Cui, Yong, Culetto, Emmanuel, Cumino, Andrea C., Cybulsky, Andrey V., Czaja, Mark J., Czuczwar, Stanislaw J., D’Adamo, Stefania, D’Amelio, Marcello, D’Arcangelo, Daniela, D’Lugos, Andrew C., D’Orazi, Gabriella, da Silva, James A., Dafsari, Hormos Salimi, Dagda, Ruben K., Dagdas, Yasin, Daglia, Maria, Dai, Xiaoxia, Dai, Yun, Dai, Yuyuan, Dal Col, Jessica, Dalhaimer, Paul, Dalla Valle, Luisa, Dallenga, Tobias, Dalmasso, Guillaume, Damme, Markus, Dando, Ilaria, Dantuma, Nico P., Darling, April L., Das, Hiranmoy, Dasarathy, Srinivasan, Dasari, Santosh K., Dash, Srikanta, Daumke, Oliver, Dauphinee, Adrian N., Davies, Jeffrey S., Dávila, Valeria A., Davis, Roger J., Davis, Tanja, Dayalan Naidu, Sharadha, De Amicis, Francesca, De Bosscher, Karolien, De Felice, Francesca, De Franceschi, Lucia, De Leonibus, Chiara, de Mattos Barbosa, Mayara G., De Meyer, Guido R.Y., De Milito, Angelo, De Nunzio, Cosimo, De Palma, Clara, De Santi, Mauro, De Virgilio, Claudio, De Zio, Daniela, Debnath, Jayanta, DeBosch, Brian J., Decuypere, Jean-Paul, Deehan, Mark A., Deflorian, Gianluca, DeGregori, James, Dehay, Benjamin, Del Rio, Gabriel, Delaney, Joe R., Delbridge, Lea M. D., Delorme-Axford, Elizabeth, Delpino, M. Victoria, Demarchi, Francesca, Dembitz, Vilma, Demers, Nicholas D., Deng, Hongbin, Deng, Zhiqiang, Dengjel, Joern, Dent, Paul, Denton, Donna, DePamphilis, Melvin L., Der, Channing J., Deretic, Vojo, Descoteaux, Albert, Devis, Laura, Devkota, Sushil, Devuyst, Olivier, Dewson, Grant, Dharmasivam, Mahendiran, Dhiman, Rohan, di Bernardo, Diego, Di Cristina, Manlio, Di Domenico, Fabio, Di Fazio, Pietro, Di Fonzo, Alessio, Di Guardo, Giovanni, Di Guglielmo, Gianni M., Di Leo, Luca, Di Malta, Chiara, Di Nardo, Alessia, Di Rienzo, Martina, Di Sano, Federica, Diallinas, George, Diao, Jiajie, Diaz-Araya, Guillermo, Díaz-Laviada, Inés, Dickinson, Jared M., Diederich, Marc, Dieudé, Mélanie, Dikic, Ivan, Ding, Shiping, Ding, Wen-Xing, Dini, Luciana, Dinić, Jelena, Dinic, Miroslav, Dinkova-Kostova, Albena T., Dionne, Marc S., Distler, Jörg H.W., Diwan, Abhinav, Dixon, Ian M.C., Djavaheri-Mergny, Mojgan, Dobrinski, Ina, Dobrovinskaya, Oxana, Dobrowolski, Radek, Dobson, Renwick C.J., Đokić, Jelena, Dokmeci Emre, Serap, Donadelli, Massimo, Dong, Bo, Dong, Xiaonan, Dong, Zhiwu, 2nd Dorn, Gerald W., Dotsch, Volker, Dou, Huan, Dou, Juan, Dowaidar, Moataz, Dridi, Sami, Drucker, Liat, Du, Ailian, Du, Caigan, Du, Guangwei, Du, Hai-Ning, Du, Li-Lin, du Toit, André, Duan, Shao-Bin, Duan, Xiaoqiong, Duarte, Sónia P., Dubrovska, Anna, Dunlop, Elaine A., Dupont, Nicolas, Durán, Raúl V., Dwarakanath, Bilikere S., Dyshlovoy, Sergey A., Ebrahimi-Fakhari, Darius, Eckhart, Leopold, Edelstein, Charles L., Efferth, Thomas, Eftekharpour, Eftekhar, Eichinger, Ludwig, Eid, Nabil, Eisenberg, Tobias, Eissa, N. Tony, Eissa, Sanaa, Ejarque, Miriam, El Andaloussi, Abdeljabar, El-Hage, Nazira, El-Naggar, Shahenda, Eleuteri, Anna Maria, El-Shafey, Eman S., Elgendy, Mohamed, Eliopoulos, Aristides G., Elizalde, María M., Elks, Philip M., Elsasser, Hans-Peter, Elsherbiny, Eslam S., Emerling, Brooke M., Emre, N. C. Tolga, Eng, Christina H., Engedal, Nikolai, Engelbrecht, Anna-Mart, Engelsen, Agnete S.T., Enserink, Jorrit M., Escalante, Ricardo, Esclatine, Audrey, Escobar-Henriques, Mafalda, Eskelinen, Eeva-Liisa, Espert, Lucile, Eusebio, Makandjou-Ola, Fabrias, Gemma, Fabrizi, Cinzia, Facchiano, Antonio, Facchiano, Francesco, Fadeel, Bengt, Fader, Claudio, Faesen, Alex C., Fairlie, W. Douglas, Falcó, Alberto, Falkenburger, Bjorn H., Fan, Daping, Fan, Jie, Fan, Yanbo, Fang, Evandro F., Fang, Yanshan, Fang, Yognqi, Fanto, Manolis, Farfel-Becker, Tamar, Faure, Mathias, Fazeli, Gholamreza, Fedele, Anthony O., Feldman, Arthur M., Feng, Du, Feng, Jiachun, Feng, Lifeng, Feng, Yibin, Feng, Yuchen, Feng, Wei, Fenz Araujo, Thais, Ferguson, Thomas A., Fernández, Álvaro F., Fernandez-Checa, Jose C., Fernández-Veledo, Sonia, Fernie, Alisdair R., Ferrante, Anthony W., Ferraresi, Alessandra, Ferrari, Merari F., Ferreira, Julio C.B., Ferro-Novick, Susan, Figueras, Antonio, Filadi, Riccardo, Filigheddu, Nicoletta, Filippi-Chiela, Eduardo, Filomeni, Giuseppe, Fimia, Gian Maria, Fineschi, Vittorio, Finetti, Francesca, Finkbeiner, Steven, Fisher, Edward A., Fisher, Paul B., Flamigni, Flavio, Fliesler, Steven J., Flo, Trude H., Florance, Ida, Florey, Oliver, Florio, Tullio, Fodor, Erika, Follo, Carlo, Fon, Edward A., Forlino, Antonella, Fornai, Francesco, Fortini, Paola, Fracassi, Anna, Fraldi, Alessandro, Franco, Brunella, Franco, Rodrigo, Franconi, Flavia, Frankel, Lisa B., Friedman, Scott L., Fröhlich, Leopold F., Frühbeck, Gema, Fuentes, Jose M., Fujiki, Yukio, Fujita, Naonobu, Fujiwara, Yuuki, Fukuda, Mitsunori, Fulda, Simone, Furic, Luc, Furuya, Norihiko, Fusco, Carmela, Gack, Michaela U., Gaffke, Lidia, Galadari, Sehamuddin, Galasso, Alessia, Galindo, Maria F., Gallolu Kankanamalage, Sachith, Galluzzi, Lorenzo, Galy, Vincent, Gammoh, Noor, Gan, Boyi, Ganley, Ian G., Gao, Feng, Gao, Hui, Gao, Minghui, Gao, Ping, Gao, Shou-Jiang, Gao, Wentao, Gao, Xiaobo, Garcera, Ana, Garcia, Maria Noé, Garcia, Verónica E., García-Del Portillo, Francisco, Garcia-Escudero, Vega, Garcia-Garcia, Aracely, Garcia-Macia, Marina, García-Moreno, Diana, Garcia-Ruiz, Carmen, García-Sanz, Patricia, Garg, Abhishek D., Gargini, Ricardo, Garofalo, Tina, Garry, Robert F., Gassen, Nils C., Gatica, Damian, Ge, Liang, Ge, Wanzhong, Geiss-Friedlander, Ruth, Gelfi, Cecilia, Genschik, Pascal, Gentle, Ian E., Gerbino, Valeria, Gerhardt, Christoph, Germain, Kyla, Germain, Marc, Gewirtz, David A., Ghasemipour Afshar, Elham, Ghavami, Saeid, Ghigo, Alessandra, Ghosh, Manosij, Giamas, Georgios, Giampietri, Claudia, Giatromanolaki, Alexandra, Gibson, Gary E., Gibson, Spencer B., Ginet, Vanessa, Giniger, Edward, Giorgi, Carlotta, Girao, Henrique, Girardin, Stephen E., Giridharan, Mridhula, Giuliano, Sandy, Giulivi, Cecilia, Giuriato, Sylvie, Giustiniani, Julien, Gluschko, Alexander, Goder, Veit, Goginashvili, Alexander, Golab, Jakub, Goldstone, David C., Golebiewska, Anna, Gomes, Luciana R., Gomez, Rodrigo, Gómez-Sánchez, Rubén, Gomez-Puerto, Maria Catalina, Gomez-Sintes, Raquel, Gong, Qingqiu, Goni, Felix M., González-Gallego, Javier, Gonzalez-Hernandez, Tomas, Gonzalez-Polo, Rosa A., Gonzalez-Reyes, Jose A., González-Rodríguez, Patricia, Goping, Ing Swie, Gorbatyuk, Marina S., Gorbunov, Nikolai V., Görgülü, Kıvanç, Gorojod, Roxana M., Gorski, Sharon M., Goruppi, Sandro, Gotor, Cecilia, Gottlieb, Roberta A., Gozes, Illana, Gozuacik, Devrim, Graef, Martin, Gräler, Markus H., Granatiero, Veronica, Grasso, Daniel, Gray, Joshua P., Green, Douglas R., Greenhough, Alexander, Gregory, Stephen L., Griffin, Edward F., Grinstaff, Mark W., Gros, Frederic, Grose, Charles, Gross, Angelina S., Gruber, Florian, Grumati, Paolo, Grune, Tilman, Gu, Xueyan, Guan, Jun-Lin, Guardia, Carlos M., Guda, Kishore, Guerra, Flora, Guerri, Consuelo, Guha, Prasun, Guillén, Carlos, Gujar, Shashi, Gukovskaya, Anna, Gukovsky, Ilya, Gunst, Jan, Günther, Andreas, Guntur, Anyonya R., Guo, Chuanyong, Guo, Chun, Guo, Hongqing, Guo, Lian-Wang, Guo, Ming, Gupta, Pawan, Gupta, Shashi Kumar, Gupta, Swapnil, Gupta, Veer Bala, Gupta, Vivek, Gustafsson, Asa B., Gutterman, David D., H.B., Ranjitha, Haapasalo, Annakaisa, Haber, James E., Hać, Aleksandra, Hadano, Shinji, Hafrén, Anders J., Haidar, Mansour, Hall, Belinda S., Halldén, Gunnel, Hamacher-Brady, Anne, Hamann, Andrea, Hamasaki, Maho, Han, Weidong, Hansen, Malene, Hanson, Phyllis I., Hao, Zijian, Harada, Masaru, Harhaji-Trajkovic, Ljubica, Hariharan, Nirmala, Haroon, Nigil, Harris, James, Hasegawa, Takafumi, Hasima Nagoor, Noor, Haspel, Jeffrey A., Haucke, Volker, Hawkins, Wayne D., Hay, Bruce A., Haynes, Cole M., Hayrabedyan, Soren B., Hays, Thomas S., He, Congcong, He, Qin, He, Rong-Rong, He, You-Wen, He, Yu-Ying, Heakal, Yasser, Heberle, Alexander M., Hejtmancik, J. Fielding, Helgason, Gudmundur Vignir, Henkel, Vanessa, Herb, Marc, Hergovich, Alexander, Herman-Antosiewicz, Anna, Hernández, Agustín, Hernandez, Carlos, Hernandez-Diaz, Sergio, Hernandez-Gea, Virginia, Herpin, Amaury, Herreros, Judit, Hervás, Javier H., Hesselson, Daniel, Hetz, Claudio, Heussler, Volker T., Higuchi, Yujiro, Hilfiker, Sabine, Hill, Joseph A., Hlavacek, William S., Ho, Emmanuel A., Ho, Idy H.T., Ho, Philip Wing-Lok, Ho, Shu-Leong, Ho, Wan Yun, Hobbs, G. 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Razaul, Karmakar, Parimal, Katare, Rajesh G., Kato, Masaru, Kaufmann, Stefan H.E., Kauppinen, Anu, Kaushal, Gur P., Kaushik, Susmita, Kawasaki, Kiyoshi, Kazan, Kemal, Ke, Po-Yuan, Keating, Damien J., Keber, Ursula, Kehrl, John H., Keller, Kate E., Keller, Christian W., Kemper, Jongsook Kim, Kenific, Candia M., Kepp, Oliver, Kermorgant, Stephanie, Kern, Andreas, Ketteler, Robin, Keulers, Tom G., Khalfin, Boris, Khalil, Hany, Khambu, Bilon, Khan, Shahid Y., Khandelwal, Vinoth Kumar Megraj, Khandia, Rekha, Kho, Widuri, Khobrekar, Noopur V., Khuansuwan, Sataree, Khundadze, Mukhran, Killackey, Samuel A., Kim, Dasol, Kim, Deok Ryong, Kim, Do-Hyung, Kim, Dong-Eun, Kim, Eun Young, Kim, Eun-Kyoung, Kim, Hak-Rim, Kim, Hee-Sik, Hyung-Ryong Kim, Kim, Jeong Hun, Kim, Jin Kyung, Kim, Jin-Hoi, Kim, Joungmok, Kim, Ju Hwan, Kim, Keun Il, Kim, Peter K., Kim, Seong-Jun, Kimball, Scot R., Kimchi, Adi, Kimmelman, Alec C., Kimura, Tomonori, King, Matthew A., Kinghorn, Kerri J., Kinsey, Conan G., Kirkin, Vladimir, Kirshenbaum, Lorrie A., Kiselev, Sergey L., Kishi, Shuji, Kitamoto, Katsuhiko, Kitaoka, Yasushi, Kitazato, Kaio, Kitsis, Richard N., Kittler, Josef T., Kjaerulff, Ole, Klein, Peter S., Klopstock, Thomas, Klucken, Jochen, Knævelsrud, Helene, Knorr, Roland L., Ko, Ben C.B., Ko, Fred, Ko, Jiunn-Liang, Kobayashi, Hotaka, Kobayashi, Satoru, Koch, Ina, Koch, Jan C., Koenig, Ulrich, Kögel, Donat, Koh, Young Ho, Koike, Masato, Kohlwein, Sepp D., Kocaturk, Nur M., Komatsu, Masaaki, König, Jeannette, Kono, Toru, Kopp, Benjamin T., Korcsmaros, Tamas, Korkmaz, Gözde, Korolchuk, Viktor I., Korsnes, Mónica Suárez, Koskela, Ali, Kota, Janaiah, Kotake, Yaichiro, Kotler, Monica L., Kou, Yanjun, Koukourakis, Michael I., Koustas, Evangelos, Kovacs, Attila L., Kovács, Tibor, Koya, Daisuke, Kozako, Tomohiro, Kraft, Claudine, Krainc, Dimitri, Krämer, Helmut, Krasnodembskaya, Anna D., Kretz-Remy, Carole, Kroemer, Guido, Ktistakis, Nicholas T., Kuchitsu, Kazuyuki, Kuenen, Sabine, Kuerschner, Lars, Kukar, Thomas, Kumar, Ajay, Kumar, Ashok, Kumar, Deepak, Kumar, Dhiraj, Kumar, Sharad, Kume, Shinji, Kumsta, Caroline, Kundu, Chanakya N., Kundu, Mondira, Kunnumakkara, Ajaikumar B., Kurgan, Lukasz, Kutateladze, Tatiana G., Kutlu, Ozlem, Kwak, SeongAe, Kwon, Ho Jeong, Kwon, Taeg Kyu, Kwon, Yong Tae, Kyrmizi, Irene, La Spada, Albert, Labonté, Patrick, Ladoire, Sylvain, Laface, Ilaria, Lafont, Frank, Lagace, Diane C., Lahiri, Vikramjit, Lai, Zhibing, Laird, Angela S., Lakkaraju, Aparna, Lamark, Trond, Lan, Sheng-Hui, Landajuela, Ane, Lane, Darius J. R., Lane, Jon D., Lang, Charles H., Lange, Carsten, Langel, Ülo, Langer, Rupert, Lapaquette, Pierre, Laporte, Jocelyn, LaRusso, Nicholas F., Lastres-Becker, Isabel, Lau, Wilson Chun Yu, Laurie, Gordon W., Lavandero, Sergio, Law, Betty Yuen Kwan, Law, Helen Ka-wai, Layfield, Rob, Le, Weidong, Le Stunff, Herve, Leary, Alexandre Y., Lebrun, Jean-Jacques, Leck, Lionel Y.W., Leduc-Gaudet, Jean-Philippe, Lee, Changwook, Lee, Chung-Pei, Lee, Da-Hye, Lee, Edward B., Lee, Erinna F., Lee, Gyun Min, Lee, He-Jin, Lee, Heung Kyu, Lee, Jae Man, Lee, Jason S., Lee, Jin-A, Lee, Joo-Yong, Lee, Jun Hee, Lee, Michael, Lee, Min Goo, Lee, Min Jae, Lee, Myung-Shik, Lee, Sang Yoon, Lee, Seung-Jae, Lee, Stella Y., Lee, Sung Bae, Lee, Won Hee, Lee, Ying-Ray, Lee, Yong-ho, Lee, Youngil, Lefebvre, Christophe, Legouis, Renaud, Lei, Yu L., Lei, Yuchen, Leikin, Sergey, Leitinger, Gerd, Lemus, Leticia, Leng, Shuilong, Lenoir, Olivia, Lenz, Guido, Lenz, Heinz Josef, Lenzi, Paola, León, Yolanda, Leopoldino, Andréia M., Leschczyk, Christoph, Leskelä, Stina, Letellier, Elisabeth, Leung, Chi-Ting, Leung, Po Sing, Leventhal, Jeremy S., Levine, Beth, Lewis, Patrick A., Ley, Klaus, Li, Bin, Li, Da-Qiang, Li, Jianming, Li, Jing, Li, Jiong, Li, Ke, Li, Liwu, Li, Mei, Li, Min, Li, Ming, Li, Mingchuan, Li, Pin-Lan, Li, Ming-Qing, Li, Qing, Li, Sheng, Li, Tiangang, Li, Wei, Li, Wenming, Li, Xue, Li, Yi-Ping, Li, Yuan, Li, Zhiqiang, Li, Zhiyong, Li, Zhiyuan, Lian, Jiqin, Liang, Chengyu, Liang, Qiangrong, Liang, Weicheng, Liang, Yongheng, Liang, YongTian, Liao, Guanghong, Liao, Lujian, Liao, Mingzhi, Liao, Yung-Feng, Librizzi, Mariangela, Lie, Pearl P. Y., Lilly, Mary A., Lim, Hyunjung J., Lima, Thania R.R., Limana, Federica, Lin, Chao, Lin, Chih-Wen, Lin, Dar-Shong, Lin, Fu-Cheng, Lin, Jiandie D., Lin, Kurt M., Lin, Kwang-Huei, Lin, Liang-Tzung, Lin, Pei-Hui, Lin, Qiong, Lin, Shaofeng, Lin, Su-Ju, Lin, Wenyu, Lin, Xueying, Lin, Yao-Xin, Lin, Yee-Shin, Linden, Rafael, Lindner, Paula, Ling, Shuo-Chien, Lingor, Paul, Linnemann, Amelia K., Liou, Yih-Cherng, Lipinski, Marta M., Lipovšek, Saška, Lira, Vitor A., Lisiak, Natalia, Liton, Paloma B., Liu, Chao, Liu, Ching-Hsuan, Liu, Chun-Feng, Liu, Cui Hua, Liu, Fang, Liu, Hao, Liu, Hsiao-Sheng, Liu, Hua-feng, Liu, Huifang, Liu, Jia, Liu, Jing, Liu, Julia, Liu, Leyuan, Liu, Longhua, Liu, Meilian, Liu, Qin, Liu, Wei, Liu, Wende, Liu, Xiao-Hong, Liu, Xiaodong, Liu, Xingguo, Liu, Xu, Liu, Xuedong, Liu, Yanfen, Liu, Yang, Liu, Yueyang, Liu, Yule, Livingston, J. Andrew, Lizard, Gerard, Lizcano, Jose M., Ljubojevic-Holzer, Senka, LLeonart, Matilde E., Llobet-Navàs, David, Llorente, Alicia, Lo, Chih Hung, Lobato-Márquez, Damián, Long, Qi, Long, Yun Chau, Loos, Ben, Loos, Julia A., López, Manuela G., López-Doménech, Guillermo, López-Guerrero, José Antonio, López-Jiménez, Ana T., López-Pérez, Óscar, López-Valero, Israel, Lorenowicz, Magdalena J., Lorente, Mar, Lorincz, Peter, Lossi, Laura, Lotersztajn, Sophie, Lovat, Penny E., Lovell, Jonathan F., Lovy, Alenka, Lőw, Péter, Lu, Guang, Lu, Haocheng, Lu, Jia-Hong, Lu, Jin-Jian, Lu, Mengji, Lu, Shuyan, Luciani, Alessandro, Lucocq, John M., Ludovico, Paula, Luftig, Micah A., Luhr, Morten, Luis-Ravelo, Diego, Lum, Julian J., Luna-Dulcey, Liany, Lund, Anders H., Lund, Viktor K., Lünemann, Jan D., Lüningschrör, Patrick, Luo, Honglin, Luo, Rongcan, Luo, Shouqing, Luo, Zhi, Luparello, Claudio, Lüscher, Bernhard, Luu, Luan, Lyakhovich, Alex, Lyamzaev, Konstantin G., Lystad, Alf Håkon, Lytvynchuk, Lyubomyr, Ma, Alvin C., Ma, Changle, Ma, Mengxiao, Ma, Ning-Fang, Ma, Quan-Hong, Ma, Xinliang, Ma, Yueyun, Ma, Zhenyi, MacDougald, Ormond A., Macian, Fernando, MacIntosh, Gustavo C., MacKeigan, Jeffrey P., Macleod, Kay F., Maday, Sandra, Madeo, Frank, Madesh, Muniswamy, Madl, Tobias, Madrigal-Matute, Julio, Maeda, Akiko, Maejima, Yasuhiro, Magarinos, Marta, Mahavadi, Poornima, Maiani, Emiliano, Maiese, Kenneth, Maiti, Panchanan, Maiuri, Maria Chiara, Majello, Barbara, Major, Michael B., Makareeva, Elena, Malik, Fayaz, Mallilankaraman, Karthik, Malorni, Walter, Maloyan, Alina, Mammadova, Najiba, Man, Gene Chi Wai, Manai, Federico, Mancias, Joseph D., Mandelkow, Eva-Maria, Mandell, Michael A., Manfredi, Angelo A., Manjili, Masoud H., Manjithaya, Ravi, Manque, Patricio, Manshian, Bella B., Manzano, Raquel, Manzoni, Claudia, Mao, Kai, Marchese, Cinzia, Marchetti, Sandrine, Marconi, Anna Maria, Marcucci, Fabrizio, Mardente, Stefania, Mareninova, Olga A., Margeta, Marta, Mari, Muriel, Marinelli, Sara, Marinelli, Oliviero, Mariño, Guillermo, Mariotto, Sofia, Marshall, Richard S., Marten, Mark R., Martens, Sascha, Martin, Alexandre P.J., Martin, Katie R., Martin, Sara, Martin, Shaun, Martín-Segura, Adrián, Martín-Acebes, Miguel A., Martin-Burriel, Inmaculada, Martin-Rincon, Marcos, Martin-Sanz, Paloma, Martina, José A., Martinet, Wim, Martinez, Aitor, Martinez, Ana, Martinez, Jennifer, Martinez Velazquez, Moises, Martinez-Lopez, Nuria, Martinez-Vicente, Marta, Martins, Daniel O., Martins, Joilson O., Martins, Waleska K., Martins-Marques, Tania, Marzetti, Emanuele, Masaldan, Shashank, Masclaux-Daubresse, Celine, Mashek, Douglas G., Massa, Valentina, Massieu, Lourdes, Masson, Glenn R., Masuelli, Laura, Masyuk, Anatoliy I., Masyuk, Tetyana V., Matarrese, Paola, Matheu, Ander, Matoba, Satoaki, Matsuzaki, Sachiko, Mattar, Pamela, Matte, Alessandro, Mattoscio, Domenico, Mauriz, José L., Mauthe, Mario, Mauvezin, Caroline, Maverakis, Emanual, Maycotte, Paola, Mayer, Johanna, Mazzoccoli, Gianluigi, Mazzoni, Cristina, Mazzulli, Joseph R., McCarty, Nami, McDonald, Christine, McGill, Mitchell R., McKenna, Sharon L., McLaughlin, BethAnn, McLoughlin, Fionn, McNiven, Mark A., McWilliams, Thomas G., Mechta-Grigoriou, Fatima, Medeiros, Tania Catarina, Medina, Diego L., Megeney, Lynn A., Megyeri, Klara, Mehrpour, Maryam, Mehta, Jawahar L., Meijer, Alfred J., Meijer, Annemarie H., Mejlvang, Jakob, Meléndez, Alicia, Melk, Annette, Memisoglu, Gonen, Mendes, Alexandrina F., Meng, Delong, Meng, Fei, Meng, Tian, Menna-Barreto, Rubem, Menon, Manoj B., Mercer, Carol, Mercier, Anne E., Mergny, Jean-Louis, Merighi, Adalberto, Merkley, Seth D., Merla, Giuseppe, Meske, Volker, Mestre, Ana Cecilia, Metur, Shree Padma, Meyer, Christian, Meyer, Hemmo, Mi, Wenyi, Mialet-Perez, Jeanne, Miao, Junying, Micale, Lucia, Miki, Yasuo, Milan, Enrico, Milczarek, Małgorzata, Miller, Dana L., Miller, Samuel I., Miller, Silke, Millward, Steven W., Milosevic, Ira, Minina, Elena A., Mirzaei, Hamed, Mirzaei, Hamid Reza, Mirzaei, Mehdi, Mishra, Amit, Mishra, Nandita, Mishra, Paras Kumar, Misirkic Marjanovic, Maja, Misasi, Roberta, Misra, Amit, Misso, Gabriella, Mitchell, Claire, Mitou, Geraldine, Miura, Tetsuji, Miyamoto, Shigeki, Miyazaki, Makoto, Miyazaki, Mitsunori, Miyazaki, Taiga, Miyazawa, Keisuke, Mizushima, Noboru, Mogensen, Trine H., Mograbi, Baharia, Mohammadinejad, Reza, Mohamud, Yasir, Mohanty, Abhishek, Mohapatra, Sipra, Möhlmann, Torsten, Mohmmed, Asif, Moles, Anna, Moley, Kelle H., Molinari, Maurizio, Mollace, Vincenzo, Møller, Andreas Buch, Mollereau, Bertrand, Mollinedo, Faustino, Montagna, Costanza, Monteiro, Mervyn J., Montella, Andrea, Montes, L. 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Patrick, Murthy, Aditya, Myöhänen, Timo T., Mysorekar, Indira U., Mytych, Jennifer, Nabavi, Seyed Mohammad, Nabissi, Massimo, Nagy, Péter, Nah, Jihoon, Nahimana, Aimable, Nakagawa, Ichiro, Nakamura, Ken, Nakatogawa, Hitoshi, Nandi, Shyam S., Nanjundan, Meera, Nanni, Monica, Napolitano, Gennaro, Nardacci, Roberta, Narita, Masashi, Nassif, Melissa, Nathan, Ilana, Natsumeda, Manabu, Naude, Ryno J., Naumann, Christin, Naveiras, Olaia, Navid, Fatemeh, Nawrocki, Steffan T., Nazarko, Taras Y., Nazio, Francesca, Negoita, Florentina, Neill, Thomas, Neisch, Amanda L., Neri, Luca M., Netea, Mihai G., Neubert, Patrick, Neufeld, Thomas P., Neumann, Dietbert, Neutzner, Albert, Newton, Phillip T., Ney, Paul A., Nezis, Ioannis P., Ng, Charlene C.W., Ng, Tzi Bun, Nguyen, Hang T. T., Nguyen, Long T., Ni, Hong-Min, Ní Cheallaigh, Clíona, Ni, Zhenhong, Nicolao, M. Celeste, Nicoli, Francesco, Nieto-Diaz, Manuel, Nilsson, Per, Ning, Shunbin, Niranjan, Rituraj, Nishimune, Hiroshi, Niso-Santano, Mireia, Nixon, Ralph A., Nobili, Annalisa, Nobrega, Clevio, Noda, Takeshi, Nogueira-Recalde, Uxía, Nolan, Trevor M., Nombela, Ivan, Novak, Ivana, Novoa, Beatriz, Nozawa, Takashi, Nukina, Nobuyuki, Nussbaum-Krammer, Carmen, Nylandsted, Jesper, O’Donovan, Tracey R., O’Leary, Seónadh M., O’Rourke, Eyleen J., O’Sullivan, Mary P., O’Sullivan, Timothy E., Oddo, Salvatore, Oehme, Ina, Ogawa, Michinaga, Ogier-Denis, Eric, Ogmundsdottir, Margret H., Ogretmen, Besim, Oh, Goo Taeg, Oh, Seon-Hee, Oh, Young J., Ohama, Takashi, Ohashi, Yohei, Ohmuraya, Masaki, Oikonomou, Vasileios, Ojha, Rani, Okamoto, Koji, Okazawa, Hitoshi, Oku, Masahide, Oliván, Sara, Oliveira, Jorge M. A., Ollmann, Michael, Olzmann, James A., Omari, Shakib, Omary, M. Bishr, Önal, Gizem, Ondrej, Martin, Ong, Sang-Bing, Ong, Sang-Ging, Onnis, Anna, Orellana, Juan A., Orellana-Muñoz, Sara, Ortega-Villaizan, Maria Del Mar, Ortiz-Gonzalez, Xilma R., Ortona, Elena, Osiewacz, Heinz D., Osman, Abdel-Hamid K., Osta, Rosario, Otegui, Marisa S., Otsu, Kinya, Ott, Christiane, Ottobrini, Luisa, Ou, Jing-hsiung James, Outeiro, Tiago F., Oynebraten, Inger, Ozturk, Melek, Pagès, Gilles, Pahari, Susanta, Pajares, Marta, Pajvani, Utpal B., Pal, Rituraj, Paladino, Simona, Pallet, Nicolas, Palmieri, Michela, Palmisano, Giuseppe, Palumbo, Camilla, Pampaloni, Francesco, Pan, Lifeng, Pan, Qingjun, Pan, Wenliang, Pan, Xin, Panasyuk, Ganna, Pandey, Rahul, Pandey, Udai B., Pandya, Vrajesh, Paneni, Francesco, Pang, Shirley Y., Panzarini, Elisa, Papademetrio, Daniela L., Papaleo, Elena, Papinski, Daniel, Papp, Diana, Park, Eun Chan, Park, Hwan Tae, Park, Ji-Man, Park, Jong-In, Park, Joon Tae, Park, Junsoo, Park, Sang Chul, Park, Sang-Youel, Parola, Abraham H., Parys, Jan B., Pasquier, Adrien, Pasquier, Benoit, Passos, João F., Pastore, Nunzia, Patel, Hemal H., Patschan, Daniel, Pattingre, Sophie, Pedraza-Alva, Gustavo, Pedraza-Chaverri, Jose, Pedrozo, Zully, Pei, Gang, Pei, Jianming, Peled-Zehavi, Hadas, Pellegrini, Joaquín M., Pelletier, Joffrey, Peñalva, Miguel A., Peng, Di, Peng, Ying, Penna, Fabio, Pennuto, Maria, Pentimalli, Francesca, Pereira, Cláudia MF, Pereira, Gustavo J.S., Pereira, Lilian C., Pereira de Almeida, Luis, Perera, Nirma D., Pérez-Lara, Ángel, Perez-Oliva, Ana B., Pérez-Pérez, María Esther, Periyasamy, Palsamy, Perl, Andras, Perrotta, Cristiana, Perrotta, Ida, Pestell, Richard G., Petersen, Morten, Petrache, Irina, Petrovski, Goran, Pfirrmann, Thorsten, Pfister, Astrid S., Philips, Jennifer A., Pi, Huifeng, Picca, Anna, Pickrell, Alicia M., Picot, Sandy, Pierantoni, Giovanna M., Pierdominici, Marina, Pierre, Philippe, Pierrefite-Carle, Valérie, Pierzynowska, Karolina, Pietrocola, Federico, Pietruczuk, Miroslawa, Pignata, Claudio, Pimentel-Muiños, Felipe X., Pinar, Mario, Pinheiro, Roberta O., Pinkas-Kramarski, Ronit, Pinton, Paolo, Pircs, Karolina, Piya, Sujan, Pizzo, Paola, Plantinga, Theo S., Platta, Harald W., Plaza-Zabala, Ainhoa, Plomann, Markus, Plotnikov, Egor Y., Plun-Favreau, Helene, Pluta, Ryszard, Pocock, Roger, Pöggeler, Stefanie, Pohl, Christian, Poirot, Marc, Poletti, Angelo, Ponpuak, Marisa, Popelka, Hana, Popova, Blagovesta, Porta, Helena, Porte Alcon, Soledad, Portilla-Fernandez, Eliana, Post, Martin, Potts, Malia B., Poulton, Joanna, Powers, Ted, Prahlad, Veena, Prajsnar, Tomasz K., Praticò, Domenico, Prencipe, Rosaria, Priault, Muriel, Proikas-Cezanne, Tassula, Promponas, Vasilis J., Proud, Christopher G., Puertollano, Rosa, Puglielli, Luigi, Pulinilkunnil, Thomas, Puri, Deepika, Puri, Rajat, Puyal, Julien, Qi, Xiaopeng, Qi, Yongmei, Qian, Wenbin, Qiang, Lei, Qiu, Yu, Quadrilatero, Joe, Quarleri, Jorge, Raben, Nina, Rabinowich, Hannah, Ragona, Debora, Ragusa, Michael J., Rahimi, Nader, Rahmati, Marveh, Raia, Valeria, Raimundo, Nuno, Rajasekaran, Namakkal-Soorappan, Ramachandra Rao, Sriganesh, Rami, Abdelhaq, Ramírez-Pardo, Ignacio, Ramsden, David B., Randow, Felix, Rangarajan, Pundi N., Ranieri, Danilo, Rao, Hai, Rao, Lang, Rao, Rekha, Rathore, Sumit, Ratnayaka, J. Arjuna, Ratovitski, Edward A., Ravanan, Palaniyandi, Ravegnini, Gloria, Ray, Swapan K., Razani, Babak, Rebecca, Vito, Reggiori, Fulvio, Régnier-Vigouroux, Anne, Reichert, Andreas S., Reigada, David, Reiling, Jan H., Rein, Theo, Reipert, Siegfried, Rekha, Rokeya Sultana, Ren, Hongmei, Ren, Jun, Ren, Weichao, Renault, Tristan, Renga, Giorgia, Reue, Karen, Rewitz, Kim, Ribeiro de Andrade Ramos, Bruna, Riazuddin, S. Amer, Ribeiro-Rodrigues, Teresa M., Ricci, Jean-Ehrland, Ricci, Romeo, Riccio, Victoria, Richardson, Des R., Rikihisa, Yasuko, Risbud, Makarand V., Risueño, Ruth M., Ritis, Konstantinos, Rizza, Salvatore, Rizzuto, Rosario, Roberts, Helen C., Roberts, Luke D., Robinson, Katherine J., Roccheri, Maria Carmela, Rocchi, Stephane, Rodney, George G., Rodrigues, Tiago, Rodrigues Silva, Vagner Ramon, Rodriguez, Amaia, Rodriguez-Barrueco, Ruth, Rodriguez-Henche, Nieves, Rodriguez-Rocha, Humberto, Roelofs, Jeroen, Rogers, Robert S., Rogov, Vladimir V., Rojo, Ana I., Rolka, Krzysztof, Romanello, Vanina, Romani, Luigina, Romano, Alessandra, Romano, Patricia S., Romeo-Guitart, David, Romero, Luis C., Romero, Montserrat, Roney, Joseph C., Rongo, Christopher, Roperto, Sante, Rosenfeldt, Mathias T., Rosenstiel, Philip, Rosenwald, Anne G., Roth, Kevin A., Roth, Lynn, Roth, Steven, Rouschop, Kasper M.A., Roussel, Benoit D., Roux, Sophie, Rovere-Querini, Patrizia, Roy, Ajit, Rozieres, Aurore, Ruano, Diego, Rubinsztein, David C., Rubtsova, Maria P., Ruckdeschel, Klaus, Ruckenstuhl, Christoph, Rudolf, Emil, Rudolf, Rüdiger, Ruggieri, Alessandra, Ruparelia, Avnika Ashok, Rusmini, Paola, Russell, Ryan R., Russo, Gian Luigi, Russo, Maria, Russo, Rossella, Ryabaya, Oxana O., Ryan, Kevin M., Ryu, Kwon-Yul, Sabater-Arcis, Maria, Sachdev, Ulka, Sacher, Michael, Sachse, Carsten, Sadhu, Abhishek, Sadoshima, Junichi, Safren, Nathaniel, Saftig, Paul, Sagona, Antonia P., Sahay, Gaurav, Sahebkar, Amirhossein, Sahin, Mustafa, Sahin, Ozgur, Sahni, Sumit, Saito, Nayuta, Saito, Shigeru, Saito, Tsunenori, Sakai, Ryohei, Sakai, Yasuyoshi, Sakamaki, Jun-Ichi, Saksela, Kalle, Salazar, Gloria, Salazar-Degracia, Anna, Salekdeh, Ghasem H., Saluja, Ashok K., Sampaio-Marques, Belém, Sanchez, Maria Cecilia, Sanchez-Alcazar, Jose A., Sanchez-Vera, Victoria, Sancho-Shimizu, Vanessa, Sanderson, J. Thomas, Sandri, Marco, Santaguida, Stefano, Santambrogio, Laura, Santana, Magda M., Santoni, Giorgio, Sanz, Alberto, Sanz, Pascual, Saran, Shweta, Sardiello, Marco, Sargeant, Timothy J., Sarin, Apurva, Sarkar, Chinmoy, Sarkar, Sovan, Sarrias, Maria-Rosa, Sarkar, Surajit, Sarmah, Dipanka Tanu, Sarparanta, Jaakko, Sathyanarayan, Aishwarya, Sathyanarayanan, Ranganayaki, Scaglione, K. Matthew, Scatozza, Francesca, Schaefer, Liliana, Schafer, Zachary T., Schaible, Ulrich E., Schapira, Anthony H.V., Scharl, Michael, Schatzl, Hermann M., Schein, Catherine H., Scheper, Wiep, Scheuring, David, Schiaffino, Maria Vittoria, Schiappacassi, Monica, Schindl, Rainer, Schlattner, Uwe, Schmidt, Oliver, Schmitt, Roland, Schmidt, Stephen D., Schmitz, Ingo, Schmukler, Eran, Schneider, Anja, Schneider, Bianca E., Schober, Romana, Schoijet, Alejandra C., Schott, Micah B., Schramm, Michael, Schröder, Bernd, Schuh, Kai, Schüller, Christoph, Schulze, Ryan J., Schürmanns, Lea, Schwamborn, Jens C., Schwarten, Melanie, Scialo, Filippo, Sciarretta, Sebastiano, Scott, Melanie J., Scotto, Kathleen W., Scovassi, A. Ivana, Scrima, Andrea, Scrivo, Aurora, Sebastian, David, Sebti, Salwa, Sedej, Simon, Segatori, Laura, Segev, Nava, Seglen, Per O., Seiliez, Iban, Seki, Ekihiro, Selleck, Scott B., Sellke, Frank W., Selsby, Joshua T., Sendtner, Michael, Senturk, Serif, Seranova, Elena, Sergi, Consolato, Serra-Moreno, Ruth, Sesaki, Hiromi, Settembre, Carmine, Setty, Subba Rao Gangi, Sgarbi, Gianluca, Sha, Ou, Shacka, John J., Shah, Javeed A., Shang, Dantong, Shao, Changshun, Shao, Feng, Sharbati, Soroush, Sharkey, Lisa M., Sharma, Dipali, Sharma, Gaurav, Sharma, Kulbhushan, Sharma, Pawan, Sharma, Surendra, Shen, Han-Ming, Shen, Hongtao, Shen, Jiangang, Shen, Ming, Shen, Weili, Shen, Zheni, Sheng, Rui, Sheng, Zhi, Sheng, Zu-Hang, Shi, Jianjian, Shi, Xiaobing, Shi, Ying-Hong, Shiba-Fukushima, Kahori, Shieh, Jeng-Jer, Shimada, Yohta, Shimizu, Shigeomi, Shimozawa, Makoto, Shintani, Takahiro, Shoemaker, Christopher J., Shojaei, Shahla, Shoji, Ikuo, Shravage, Bhupendra V., Shridhar, Viji, Shu, Chih-Wen, Shu, Hong-Bing, Shui, Ke, Shukla, Arvind K., Shutt, Timothy E., Sica, Valentina, Siddiqui, Aleem, Sierra, Amanda, Sierra-Torre, Virginia, Signorelli, Santiago, Sil, Payel, Silva, Bruno J. de Andrade, Silva, Johnatas D., Silva-Pavez, Eduardo, Silvente-Poirot, Sandrine, Simmonds, Rachel E., Simon, Anna Katharina, Simon, Hans-Uwe, Simons, Matias, Singh, Anurag, Singh, Lalit P., Singh, Rajat, Singh, Shivendra V., Singh, Shrawan K., Singh, Sudha B., Singh, Sunaina, Singh, Surinder Pal, Sinha, Debasish, Sinha, Rohit Anthony, Sinha, Sangita, Sirko, Agnieszka, Sirohi, Kapil, Sivridis, Efthimios L., Skendros, Panagiotis, Skirycz, Aleksandra, Slaninová, Iva, Smaili, Soraya S., Smertenko, Andrei, Smith, Matthew D., Soenen, Stefaan J., Sohn, Eun Jung, Sok, Sophia P. M., Solaini, Giancarlo, Soldati, Thierry, Soleimanpour, Scott A., Soler, Rosa M., Solovchenko, Alexei, Somarelli, Jason A., Sonawane, Avinash, Song, Fuyong, Song, Hyun Kyu, Song, Ju-Xian, Song, Kunhua, Song, Zhiyin, Soria, Leandro R., Sorice, Maurizio, Soukas, Alexander A., Soukup, Sandra-Fausia, Sousa, Diana, Sousa, Nadia, Spagnuolo, Paul A., Spector, Stephen A., Srinivas Bharath, M. M., St. Clair, Daret, Stagni, Venturina, Staiano, Leopoldo, Stalnecker, Clint A., Stankov, Metodi V., Stathopulos, Peter B., Stefan, Katja, Stefan, Sven Marcel, Stefanis, Leonidas, Steffan, Joan S., Steinkasserer, Alexander, Stenmark, Harald, Sterneckert, Jared, Stevens, Craig, Stoka, Veronika, Storch, Stephan, Stork, Björn, Strappazzon, Flavie, Strohecker, Anne Marie, Stupack, Dwayne G., Su, Huanxing, Su, Ling-Yan, Su, Longxiang, Suarez-Fontes, Ana M., Subauste, Carlos S., Subbian, Selvakumar, Subirada, Paula V., Sudhandiran, Ganapasam, Sue, Carolyn M., Sui, Xinbing, Summers, Corey, Sun, Guangchao, Sun, Jun, Sun, Kang, Sun, Meng-xiang, Sun, Qiming, Sun, Yi, Sun, Zhongjie, Sunahara, Karen K.S., Sundberg, Eva, Susztak, Katalin, Sutovsky, Peter, Suzuki, Hidekazu, Sweeney, Gary, Symons, J. David, Sze, Stephen Cho Wing, Szewczyk, Nathaniel J., Tabęcka-Łonczynska, Anna, Tabolacci, Claudio, Tacke, Frank, Taegtmeyer, Heinrich, Tafani, Marco, Tagaya, Mitsuo, Tai, Haoran, Tait, Stephen W. G., Takahashi, Yoshinori, Takats, Szabolcs, Talwar, Priti, Tam, Chit, Tam, Shing Yau, Tampellini, Davide, Tamura, Atsushi, Tan, Chong Teik, Tan, Eng-King, Tan, Ya-Qin, Tanaka, Masaki, Tanaka, Motomasa, Tang, Daolin, Tang, Jingfeng, Tang, Tie-Shan, Tanida, Isei, Tao, Zhipeng, Taouis, Mohammed, Tatenhorst, Lars, Tavernarakis, Nektarios, Taylor, Allen, Taylor, Gregory A., Taylor, Joan M., Tchetina, Elena, Tee, Andrew R., Tegeder, Irmgard, Teis, David, Teixeira, Natercia, Teixeira-Clerc, Fatima, Tekirdag, Kumsal A., Tencomnao, Tewin, Tenreiro, Sandra, Tepikin, Alexei V., Testillano, Pilar S., Tettamanti, Gianluca, Tharaux, Pierre-Louis, Thedieck, Kathrin, Thekkinghat, Arvind A., Thellung, Stefano, Thinwa, Josephine W., Thirumalaikumar, V.P., Thomas, Sufi Mary, Thomes, Paul G., Thorburn, Andrew, Thukral, Lipi, Thum, Thomas, Thumm, Michael, Tian, Ling, Tichy, Ales, Till, Andreas, Timmerman, Vincent, Titorenko, Vladimir I., Todi, Sokol V., Todorova, Krassimira, Toivonen, Janne M., Tomaipitinca, Luana, Tomar, Dhanendra, Tomas-Zapico, Cristina, Tomić, Sergej, Tong, Benjamin Chun-Kit, Tong, Chao, Tong, Xin, Tooze, Sharon A., Torgersen, Maria L., Torii, Satoru, Torres-López, Liliana, Torriglia, Alicia, Towers, Christina G., Towns, Roberto, Toyokuni, Shinya, Trajkovic, Vladimir, Tramontano, Donatella, Tran, Quynh-Giao, Travassos, Leonardo H., Trelford, Charles B., Tremel, Shirley, Triola, Gemma, Trougakos, Ioannis P., Tsao, Betty P., Tschan, Mario P., Tse, Hung-Fat, Tse, Tak Fu, Tsugawa, Hitoshi, Tsvetkov, Andrey S., Tumbarello, David A., Tumtas, Yasin, Tuñón, María J., Turcotte, Sandra, Turk, Boris, Turk, Vito, Turner, Bradley J., Tuxworth, Richard I., Tyler, Jessica K., Tyutereva, Elena V., Uchiyama, Yasuo, Ugun-Klusek, A, Uhlig, Holm H., Ułamek-Kozioł, Marzena, Ulasov, Ilya V., Umekawa, Midori, Ungermann, Christian, Unno, Rei, Urbe, Sylvie, Uribe-Carretero, Elisabet, Üstün, Suayib, Uversky, Vladimir N, Vaccari, Thomas, Vaccaro, Maria I., Vahsen, Björn F., Vakifahmetoglu-Norberg, Helin, Valdor, Rut, Valente, Maria J., Valko, Ayelén, Vallee, Richard B., Valverde, Angela M., Van den Berghe, Greet, van der Veen, Stijn, Van Kaer, Luc, van Loosdregt, Jorg, van Wijk, Sjoerd J.L., Vandenberghe, Wim, Vanhorebeek, Ilse, Vannier-Santos, Marcos A., Vannini, Nicola, Vanrell, M. 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Lindsay, Whitworth, Alexander J., Wiktorska, Katarzyna, Wildenberg, Manon E., Wileman, Tom, Wilkinson, Simon, Willbold, Dieter, Williams, Brett, Williams, Robin S.B., Williams, Roger L., Williamson, Peter R., Wilson, Richard A., Winner, Beate, Winsor, Nathaniel J., Witkin, Steven S., Wodrich, Harald, Woehlbier, Ute, Wollert, Thomas, Wong, Esther, Wong, Jack Ho, Wong, Richard W., Wong, Vincent Kam Wai, Wong, W. 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Xiaoyan, Zhang, Xin, Zhang, Xinxin, Zhang, Xu Dong, Zhang, Yang, Zhang, Yanjin, Zhang, Yi, Zhang, Ying-Dong, Zhang, Yingmei, Zhang, Yuan-Yuan, Zhang, Yuchen, Zhang, Zhe, Zhang, Zhengguang, Zhang, Zhibing, Zhang, Zhihai, Zhang, Zhiyong, Zhang, Zili, Zhao, Haobin, Zhao, Lei, Zhao, Shuang, Zhao, Tongbiao, Zhao, Xiao-Fan, Zhao, Ying, Zhao, Yongchao, Zhao, Yongliang, Zhao, Yuting, Zheng, Guoping, Zheng, Kai, Zheng, Ling, Zheng, Shizhong, Zheng, Xi-Long, Zheng, Yi, Zheng, Zu-Guo, Zhivotovsky, Bori, Zhong, Qing, Zhou, Ao, Zhou, Ben, Zhou, Cefan, Zhou, Gang, Zhou, Hao, Zhou, Hong, Zhou, Hongbo, Zhou, Jie, Zhou, Jing, Zhou, Jiyong, Zhou, Kailiang, Zhou, Rongjia, Zhou, Xu-Jie, Zhou, Yanshuang, Zhou, Yinghong, Zhou, Yubin, Zhou, Zheng-Yu, Zhou, Zhou, Zhu, Binglin, Zhu, Changlian, Zhu, Guo-Qing, Zhu, Haining, Zhu, Hongxin, Zhu, Hua, Zhu, Wei-Guo, Zhu, Yanping, Zhu, Yushan, Zhuang, Haixia, Zhuang, Xiaohong, Zientara-Rytter, Katarzyna, Zimmermann, Christine M, Ziviani, Elena, Zoladek, Teresa, Zong, Wei-Xing, Zorov, Dmitry B, Zorzano, Antonio, Zou, Weiping, Zou, Zhen, Zou, Zhengzhi, Zuryn, Steven, Zwerschke, Werner, Brand-Saberi, Beate, Dong, X Charlie, Kenchappa, Chandra Shekar, Li, Zuguo, Lin, Yong, Oshima, Shigeru, Rong, Yueguang, Sluimer, Judith C, Stallings, Christina L, Tong, Chun-Kit, University of Michigan [Ann Arbor], University of Michigan System, Institut Pasteur d'Iran, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), Institut de pharmacologie moléculaire et cellulaire (IPMC), Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (1965 - 2019) (UNS), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA), Lipides - Nutrition - Cancer [Dijon - U1231] (LNC), Université de Bourgogne (UB)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement, Centre de Recherches sur la Cognition Animale - UMR5169 (CRCA), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Toulouse Mind & Brain Institut (TMBI), Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT), Centre méditerranéen de médecine moléculaire (C3M), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA), Institut de Biologie Valrose (IBV), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA), Maladies et hormones du système nerveux (DHNS), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université Paris-Saclay, University of South Carolina Upstate (USC Upstate), Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers (CRC (UMR_S_1138 / U1138)), École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), The Francis Crick Institute [London], Royal Free Hospital [London, UK], Physiologie et physiopathologie endocriniennes (PHYSENDO), Nutrition, Métabolisme, Aquaculture (NuMéA), Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour (UPPA)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire des Eucaryotes (LBMCE), Institut de biologie physico-chimique (IBPC (FR_550)), Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Department of Molecular Medicine, Institut Pasteur, Fondation Cenci Bolognetti - Istituto Pasteur Italia, Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Università degli Studi di Roma 'La Sapienza' = Sapienza University [Rome] (UNIROMA), Biotechnologie et signalisation cellulaire (BSC), Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Institut de recherche de l'Ecole de biotechnologie de Strasbourg (IREBS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut Cochin (IC UM3 (UMR 8104 / U1016)), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Laboratoire de biogenèse membranaire (LBM), Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières (UQTR), Laboratory of Pathogen Host Interactions [Montpellier] (LPHI), Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut NeuroMyoGène (INMG), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Paris-Centre de Recherche Cardiovasculaire (PARCC (UMR_S 970/ U970)), Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou [APHP] (HEGP), Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris Ouest - Hôpitaux Universitaires Île de France Ouest (HUPO)-Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris Ouest - Hôpitaux Universitaires Île de France Ouest (HUPO)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Marqueurs cardiovasculaires en situation de stress (MASCOT (UMR_S_942 / U942)), Université Paris 13 (UP13)-Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Groupe Hospitalier Saint Louis - Lariboisière - Fernand Widal [Paris], Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Recherche sur le Cancer et le Vieillissement (IRCAN), OEil, nutrition et signalisation cellulaire [CSGA], Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation [Dijon] (CSGA), Université de Bourgogne (UB)-AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Université de Bourgogne (UB)-AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Biologie des Bactéries intracellulaires - Biology of Intracellular Bacteria, Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut Curie [Paris], Institut de biochimie et génétique cellulaires (IBGC), Université Bordeaux Segalen - Bordeaux 2-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR E4320 (TIRO-MATOs), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA), Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille (CRCM), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Fédération nationale des Centres de lutte contre le Cancer (FNCLCC)-Fédération nationale des Centres de lutte contre le Cancer (FNCLCC)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire d'ingénierie des systèmes macromoléculaires (LISM), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Métabolisme, Cancer et Immunité (CRC - UMR_S 1138), Institut Gustave Roussy (IGR)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers (CRC (UMR_S_1138 / U1138)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Plateforme de métabolomique, Direction de la recherche [Gustave Roussy], Institut Gustave Roussy (IGR)-Institut Gustave Roussy (IGR), Centre for Integrative Biology - CBI (Inserm U964 - CNRS UMR7104 - IGBMC), Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Chemistry, Oncogenesis, Stress and Signaling (COSS), Université de Rennes (UR)-CRLCC Eugène Marquis (CRLCC)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), CRLCC Eugène Marquis (CRLCC), Institut Necker Enfants-Malades (INEM - UM 111 (UMR 8253 / U1151)), Unité de Nutrition Humaine (UNH), Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Université Clermont Auvergne (UCA), Institut de Biologie Intégrative de la Cellule (I2BC), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Microbes, Intestin, Inflammation et Susceptibilité de l'Hôte (M2iSH), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine d'Auvergne (CRNH d'Auvergne)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Université Clermont Auvergne (UCA), Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives [Bordeaux] (IMN), Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI), École normale supérieure de Lyon (ENS de Lyon)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Université Jean Monnet - Saint-Étienne (UJM)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre de Recherches en Cancérologie de Toulouse (CRCT), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de Physiologie et Génomique des Poissons (LPGP), Structure Fédérative de Recherche en Biologie et Santé de Rennes ( Biosit : Biologie - Santé - Innovation Technologique )-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Physiopathologie et traitement des maladies du foie, Hôpital Paul Brousse-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université Paris-Saclay, Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris Ouest - Hôpitaux Universitaires Île de France Ouest (HUPO), Karolinska Institutet [Stockholm], Institut Armand Frappier (INRS-IAF), Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique [Québec] (INRS)-Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), Département d'oncologie médicale [Centre Georges-François Leclerc], Centre Régional de Lutte contre le cancer Georges-François Leclerc [Dijon] (UNICANCER/CRLCC-CGFL), UNICANCER-UNICANCER, Centre d’Infection et d’Immunité de Lille - INSERM U 1019 - UMR 9017 - UMR 8204 (CIIL), Institut Pasteur de Lille, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université de Lille-Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire [Lille] (CHRU Lille)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Procédés Alimentaires et Microbiologiques [Dijon] (PAM), Université de Bourgogne (UB)-AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement-Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC), Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut des Neurosciences Paris-Saclay (NeuroPSI), Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire Bio-PeroxIL. Biochimie du peroxysome, inflammation et métabolisme lipidique [Dijon] (BIO-PEROXIL), Université de Bourgogne (UB)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC), Centre de recherche sur l'Inflammation (CRI (UMR_S_1149 / ERL_8252 / U1149)), Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin (IJPB), AgroParisTech-Université Paris-Saclay-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Institut Pascal (IP), SIGMA Clermont (SIGMA Clermont)-Université Clermont Auvergne [2017-2020] (UCA [2017-2020])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Unité de génétique et biologie des cancers (U830), Institut Curie [Paris]-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Biologia Celular [Rio de Janeiro], Instituto Oswaldo Cruz / Oswaldo Cruz Institute [Rio de Janeiro] (IOC), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz / Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Fundação Oswaldo Cruz / Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), Laboratoire d'Optique et Biosciences (LOB), École polytechnique (X)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires (I2MC), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Centre de Lutte contre le Cancer Antoine Lacassagne [Nice] (UNICANCER/CAL), UNICANCER-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA), SFR Biosciences, Laboratoire de Génétique et Pathologie des Mollusques Marins (LGPMM), Santé, Génétique et Microbiologie des Mollusques (SGMM), Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER), Différenciation et communication neuronale et neuroendocrine (DC2N), Université de Rouen Normandie (UNIROUEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Institut d’Etudes Avancées de l’Université de Strasbourg - Institute for Advanced Study (USIAS), Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA), Sanofi [Vitry-sur-Seine], SANOFI Recherche, Micro-environnement tumoral et résistance aux traitements, Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier (IRCM - U1194 Inserm - UM), CRLCC Val d'Aurelle - Paul Lamarque-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-CRLCC Val d'Aurelle - Paul Lamarque-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université de Montpellier (UM), Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille - Luminy (CIML), Universidade de Aveiro, Shanghai Jiao Tong University [Shanghai], Biochimie membranaire et transport / Membrane Biochemistry and Transport, Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP), Institut de pharmacologie et de biologie structurale (IPBS), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), National Institute of General Medical Sciences [GM131919], Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (... - 2019) (UNS), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA), Université de Bourgogne (UB)-AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Centre de Recherches sur la Cognition Animale (CRCA), Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut des sciences du cerveau de Toulouse. (ISCT), Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-CHU Toulouse [Toulouse]-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J)-CHU Toulouse [Toulouse]-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (... - 2019) (UNS), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University of South Carolina Upstate (USC), École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université de Paris (UP), Physiologie et physiopathologie endocriniennes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de biologie physico-chimique (IBPC (FR_550)), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU), Università degli Studi di Roma 'La Sapienza' = Sapienza University [Rome]-Institut Pasteur, Fondation Cenci Bolognetti - Istituto Pasteur Italia, Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de recherche de l'Ecole de biotechnologie de Strasbourg (IREBS), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP), LPHI - Laboratory of Pathogen Host Interactions (LPHI), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris Ouest - Hôpitaux Universitaires Île de France Ouest (HUPO)-Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris Ouest - Hôpitaux Universitaires Île de France Ouest (HUPO)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université de Paris (UP), Groupe Hospitalier Saint Louis - Lariboisière - Fernand Widal [Paris], Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université Paris 13 (UP13)-Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7), Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Fédération nationale des Centres de lutte contre le Cancer (FNCLCC)-Fédération nationale des Centres de lutte contre le Cancer (FNCLCC)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU), Institut Gustave Roussy (IGR)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université de Paris (UP)-Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers (CRC (UMR_S_1138 / U1138)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université de Paris (UP)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université de Paris (UP), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-CRLCC Eugène Marquis (CRLCC)-Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES), Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie - UMR (CIRI), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-École normale supérieure - Lyon (ENS Lyon)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire [Lille] (CHRU Lille)-Université de Lille-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Institut Pasteur de Lille, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-Université de Bourgogne (UB)-AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, École normale supérieure - Lyon (ENS Lyon)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Laboratoire de Génétique et Pathologie des Mollusques Marins, 17390 La Tremblade, France. (LGPMM), Santé, Génétique et Microbiologie des Mollusques (IFREMER SG2M), Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer - Atlantique (IFREMER Atlantique), Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer - Atlantique (IFREMER Atlantique), Institut d’Etudes Avancées de l’Université de Strasbourg (USIAS), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU), Institut Pasteur [Paris], Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Life Sciences Institute and Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology and Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan System-University of Michigan System, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences. Johannes Gutenberg University, Division of Cardiology, Medical University of Graz, Department of Hepatitis and HIV, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Department of Molecular Signal Processing, Leibniz Institute for Plant Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Food Science, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem (HUJ), RNA and Autophagy Group, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (KU), Department of Medical Biology, The Arctic University of Norway (UiT), CIBERNED and Universidad de La Laguna, ITB, Hospital Universitario De Canarias, UC Davis Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California, Department of Biochemistry [University of Toronto], University of Toronto, Department of Internal Medicine, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria., Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Protein Structure and Function Section, National Institutes of Health, National Eye institute, Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Faculty of Health Sciences, Division of Nephrology and Birmingham VA Medical Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham [ Birmingham] (UAB), Inflammation Research Center, Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche, Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF), Università degli studi di Palermo - University of Palermo, Cell Death Research & Therapy (CDRT) Lab, Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, Center for Cancer Biology, Indian Institute of Technology, The MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit [Dundee, UK] (School of Life Sciences), University of Dundee, Department of Pathology [Dallas], University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center [Dallas], Department of Biology, Colby College, Departments of Otorhinolaryngology Head & Neck Surgery, Ophthalmology and Visual Science, University of Maryland School of Medicine, University of Maryland System-University of Maryland System, Center for Integrative Biology, and Geroscience Center for Brain Health and Metabolism, Universidad Mayor [Santiago de Chile], Department of Experimental Medical Science, Cell Death, Lysosomes and Artificial Intelligence Group, Lund University [Lund], College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics and KUTTAM Research Center for Translational Medicine, Koc University, School of Medicine, Istanbul, School of Medicine. Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology and Microbial Pathogenesis, University of Crete [Heraklion] (UOC), Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (IMBB-FORTH), Foundation for Research and Technology - Hellas (FORTH), Cancer Therapeutics Unit, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK., Pharmaceutical Sciences Department, College of Pharmacy, Gulf Medical University [Ajman, UAE], Department of Pathology and Bosch Institute, University of Sydney, The University of Sydney, Department of Research, Insight Institute of Neurosurgery & Neuroscience, Departments of Medicine and Oncology and Segal Cancer Centre, McGill University = Université McGill [Montréal, Canada], Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering [TU Dresden, Germany] (CMCB), Technische Universität Dresden = Dresden University of Technology (TU Dresden), Departamento de Psicología Experimental, Universidad de Sevilla, Department of Clinical, Internal, Anesthesiological and Cardiovascular Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine [Baltimore], Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, Bangladesh, Islamic University of Gaza (IUG - IU Gaza), University of Manitoba [Winnipeg], University of Barcelona, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge [Barcelone] (IDIBELL), Cleveland Clinic, University of the Basque Country [Bizkaia] (UPV/EHU), Instituto de Investigaciones en Ingeniería Genética y Biología Molecular, 'Dr. Héctor N. Torres' [Buenos Aires] (INGEBI), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas [Buenos Aires] (CONICET)-Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales [Buenos Aires] (FCEyN), Universidad de Buenos Aires [Buenos Aires] (UBA)-Universidad de Buenos Aires [Buenos Aires] (UBA), Universidad de Buenos Aires [Buenos Aires] (UBA), National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute [Bethesda] (NHLBI), The Wistar Institute, University of Buenos Aires [Argentina], Universidade do Porto, Excellence Laboratory LabEx DISTALZ, University of Pavia, University of Camerino, Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine = Istituto Telethon di Genetica e Medicina (TIGEM), Ohio State University [Columbus] (OSU), University of California [San Francisco] (UCSF), Aarhus University [Aarhus], Federal University of Sao Paulo (Unifesp), Nove de Julho University [Bauru] (UNINOVE ), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, University of Bologna, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center [Duarte], The University of Tennessee [Knoxville], Northeastern Ohio Medical University (NEOMED), Chronic Diseases Research Center (CEDOC), NOVA Medical School - Faculdade de Ciências Médicas (NMS), Universidade Nova de Lisboa = NOVA University of Lisboa (NOVA)-Universidade Nova de Lisboa = NOVA University of Lisboa (NOVA), Max planck Institute for Biology of Ageing [Cologne], School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, University of Helsinki, Inserm U1231 University UBFC Dijon, University of Valencia, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry [Tokyo, Japan], Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (... - 2019) (UNS), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015 - 2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015 - 2019) (COMUE UCA), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015 - 2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015 - 2019) (COMUE UCA)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA), UMR 1195 Inserm, Université Paris Sud (Paris 11), Signalisation Hormonale, Physiopathologie Endocrinienne et Métabolique, Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-AP-HP Hôpital Bicêtre (Le Kremlin-Bicêtre), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM), Paris-Centre de Recherche Cardiovasculaire (PARCC - UMR-S U970), Université de Bourgogne (UB)-AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), This work was supported by the National Institute of General Medical Sciences [GM131919]. Due to space and other limitations, it is not possible to include all other sources of financial support., Debosch, Brian J, Degregori, Jame, Depamphilis, Melvin L, Hyung-Ryong Kim, Null, Kwak, Seongae, Larusso, Nicholas F, Liang, Yongtian, Lleonart, Matilde E, Macdougald, Ormond A, Macintosh, Gustavo C, Mackeigan, Jeffrey P, Mccarty, Nami, Mcdonald, Christine, Mcgill, Mitchell R, Mckenna, Sharon L, Mclaughlin, Bethann, Mcloughlin, Fionn, Mcniven, Mark A, Mcwilliams, Thomas G, Xu, Jinrong, Klionsky D.J., Abdel-Aziz A.K., Abdelfatah S., Abdellatif M., Abdoli A., Abel S., Abeliovich H., Abildgaard M.H., Abudu Y.P., Acevedo-Arozena A., Adamopoulos I.E., Adeli K., Adolph T.E., Adornetto A., Aflaki E., Agam G., Agarwal A., Aggarwal B.B., Agnello M., Agostinis P., Agrewala J.N., Agrotis A., Aguilar P.V., Ahmad S.T., Ahmed Z.M., Ahumada-Castro U., Aits S., Aizawa S., Akkoc Y., Akoumianaki T., Akpinar H.A., Al-Abd A.M., Al-Akra L., Al-Gharaibeh A., Alaoui-Jamali M.A., Alberti S., Alcocer-Gomez E., Alessandri C., Ali M., Alim Al-Bari M.A., Aliwaini S., Alizadeh J., Almacellas E., Almasan A., Alonso A., Alonso G.D., Altan-Bonnet N., Altieri D.C., Alvarez E.M.C., Alves S., Alves da Costa C., Alzaharna M.M., Amadio M., Amantini C., Amaral C., Ambrosio S., Amer A.O., Ammanathan V., An Z., Andersen S.U., Andrabi S.A., Andrade-Silva M., Andres A.M., Angelini S., Ann D., Anozie U.C., Ansari M.Y., Antas P., Antebi A., Anton Z., Anwar T., Apetoh L., Apostolova N., Araki T., Araki Y., Arasaki K., Araujo W.L., Araya J., Arden C., Arevalo M.-A., Arguelles S., Arias E., Arikkath J., Arimoto H., Ariosa A.R., Armstrong-James D., Arnaune-Pelloquin L., Aroca A., Arroyo D.S., Arsov I., Artero R., Asaro D.M.L., Aschner M., Ashrafizadeh M., Ashur-Fabian O., Atanasov A.G., Au A.K., Auberger P., Auner H.W., Aurelian L., Autelli R., Avagliano L., Avalos Y., Aveic S., Aveleira C.A., Avin-Wittenberg T., Aydin Y., Ayton S., Ayyadevara S., Azzopardi M., Baba M., Backer J.M., Backues S.K., Bae D.-H., Bae O.-N., Bae S.H., Baehrecke E.H., Baek A., Baek S.-H., Baek S.H., Bagetta G., Bagniewska-Zadworna A., Bai H., Bai J., Bai X., Bai Y., Bairagi N., Baksi S., Balbi T., Baldari C.T., Balduini W., Ballabio A., Ballester M., Balazadeh S., Balzan R., Bandopadhyay R., Banerjee S., Banreti A., Bao Y., Baptista M.S., Baracca A., Barbati C., Bargiela A., Barila D., Barlow P.G., Barmada S.J., Barreiro E., Barreto G.E., Bartek J., Bartel B., Bartolome A., Barve G.R., Basagoudanavar S.H., Bassham D.C., Bast R.C., Basu A., Batoko H., Batten I., Baulieu E.E., Baumgarner B.L., Bayry J., Beale R., Beau I., Beaumatin F., Bechara L.R.G., Beck G.R., Beers M.F., Begun J., Behrends C., Behrens G.M.N., Bei R., Bejarano E., Bel S., Behl C., Belaid A., Belgareh-Touze N., Bellarosa C., Belleudi F., Bello Perez M., Bello-Morales R., Beltran J.S.D.O., Beltran S., Benbrook D.M., Bendorius M., Benitez B.A., Benito-Cuesta I., Bensalem J., Berchtold M.W., Berezowska S., Bergamaschi D., Bergami M., Bergmann A., Berliocchi L., Berlioz-Torrent C., Bernard A., Berthoux L., Besirli C.G., Besteiro S., Betin V.M., Beyaert R., Bezbradica J.S., Bhaskar K., Bhatia-Kissova I., Bhattacharya R., Bhattacharya S., Bhattacharyya S., Bhuiyan M.S., Bhutia S.K., Bi L., Bi X., Biden T.J., Bijian K., Billes V.A., Binart N., Bincoletto C., Birgisdottir A.B., Bjorkoy G., Blanco G., Blas-Garcia A., Blasiak J., Blomgran R., Blomgren K., Blum J.S., Boada-Romero E., Boban M., Boesze-Battaglia K., Boeuf P., Boland B., Bomont P., Bonaldo P., Bonam S.R., Bonfili L., Bonifacino J.S., Boone B.A., Bootman M.D., Bordi M., Borner C., Bornhauser B.C., Borthakur G., Bosch J., Bose S., Botana L.M., Botas J., Boulanger C.M., Boulton M.E., Bourdenx M., Bourgeois B., Bourke N.M., Bousquet G., Boya P., Bozhkov P.V., Bozi L.H.M., Bozkurt T.O., Brackney D.E., Brandts C.H., Braun R.J., Braus G.H., Bravo-Sagua R., Bravo-San Pedro J.M., Brest P., Bringer M.-A., Briones-Herrera A., Broaddus V.C., Brodersen P., Brodsky J.L., Brody S.L., Bronson P.G., Bronstein J.M., Brown C.N., Brown R.E., Brum P.C., Brumell J.H., Brunetti-Pierri N., Bruno D., Bryson-Richardson R.J., Bucci C., Buchrieser C., Bueno M., Buitrago-Molina L.E., Buraschi S., Buch S., Buchan J.R., Buckingham E.M., Budak H., Budini M., Bultynck G., Burada F., Burgoyne J.R., Buron M.I., Bustos V., Buttner S., Butturini E., Byrd A., Cabas I., Cabrera-Benitez S., Cadwell K., Cai J., Cai L., Cai Q., Cairo M., Calbet J.A., Caldwell G.A., Caldwell K.A., Call J.A., Calvani R., Calvo A.C., Calvo-Rubio Barrera M., Camara N.O.S., Camonis J.H., Camougrand N., Campanella M., Campbell E.M., Campbell-Valois F.-X., Campello S., Campesi I., Campos J.C., Camuzard O., Cancino J., Candido de Almeida D., Canesi L., Caniggia I., Canonico B., Canti C., Cao B., Caraglia M., Carames B., Carchman E.H., Cardenal-Munoz E., Cardenas C., Cardenas L., Cardoso S.M., Carew J.S., Carle G.F., Carleton G., Carloni S., Carmona-Gutierrez D., Carneiro L.A., Carnevali O., Carosi J.M., Carra S., Carrier A., Carrier L., Carroll B., Carter A.B., Carvalho A.N., Casanova M., Casas C., Casas J., Cassioli C., Castillo E.F., Castillo K., Castillo-Lluva S., Castoldi F., Castori M., Castro A.F., Castro-Caldas M., Castro-Hernandez J., Castro-Obregon S., Catz S.D., Cavadas C., Cavaliere F., Cavallini G., Cavinato M., Cayuela M.L., Cebollada Rica P., Cecarini V., Cecconi F., Cechowska-Pasko M., Cenci S., Ceperuelo-Mallafre V., Cerqueira J.J., Cerutti J.M., Cervia D., Cetintas V.B., Cetrullo S., Chae H.-J., Chagin A.S., Chai C.-Y., Chakrabarti G., Chakrabarti O., Chakraborty T., Chami M., Chamilos G., Chan D.W., Chan E.Y.W., Chan E.D., Chan H.Y.E., Chan H.H., Chan H., Chan M.T.V., Chan Y.S., Chandra P.K., Chang C.-P., Chang C., Chang H.-C., Chang K., Chao J., Chapman T., Charlet-Berguerand N., Chatterjee S., Chaube S.K., Chaudhary A., Chauhan S., Chaum E., Checler F., Cheetham M.E., Chen C.-S., Chen G.-C., Chen J.-F., Chen L.L., Chen L., Chen M., Chen M.-K., Chen N., Chen Q., Chen R.-H., Chen S., Chen W., Chen X.-M., Chen X.-W., Chen X., Chen Y., Chen Y.-G., Chen Y.-J., Chen Y.-Q., Chen Z.S., Chen Z., Chen Z.-H., Chen Z.J., Cheng H., Cheng J., Cheng S.-Y., Cheng W., Cheng X., Cheng X.-T., Cheng Y., Cheng Z., Cheong H., Cheong J.K., Chernyak B.V., Cherry S., Cheung C.F.R., Cheung C.H.A., Cheung K.-H., Chevet E., Chi R.J., Chiang A.K.S., Chiaradonna F., Chiarelli R., Chiariello M., Chica N., Chiocca S., Chiong M., Chiou S.-H., Chiramel A.I., Chiurchiu V., Cho D.-H., Choe S.-K., Choi A.M.K., Choi M.E., Choudhury K.R., Chow N.S., Chu C.T., Chua J.P., Chua J.J.E., Chung H., Chung K.P., Chung S., Chung S.-H., Chung Y.-L., Cianfanelli V., Ciechomska I.A., Cifuentes M., Cinque L., Cirak S., Cirone M., Clague M.J., Clarke R., Clementi E., Coccia E.M., Codogno P., Cohen E., Cohen M.M., Colasanti T., Colasuonno F., Colbert R.A., Colell A., Colic M., Coll N.S., Collins M.O., Colombo M.I., Colon-Ramos D.A., Combaret L., Comincini S., Cominetti M.R., Consiglio A., Conte A., Conti F., Contu V.R., Cookson M.R., Coombs K.M., Coppens I., Corasaniti M.T., Corkery D.P., Cordes N., Cortese K., Costa M.D.C., Costantino S., Costelli P., Coto-Montes A., Crack P.J., Crespo J.L., Criollo A., Crippa V., Cristofani R., Csizmadia T., Cuadrado A., Cui B., Cui J., Cui Y., Culetto E., Cumino A.C., Cybulsky A.V., Czaja M.J., Czuczwar S.J., D'Adamo S., D'Amelio M., D'Arcangelo D., D'Lugos A.C., D'Orazi G., da Silva J.A., Dafsari H.S., Dagda R.K., Dagdas Y., Daglia M., Dai X., Dai Y., Dal Col J., Dalhaimer P., Dalla Valle L., Dallenga T., Dalmasso G., Damme M., Dando I., Dantuma N.P., Darling A.L., Das H., Dasarathy S., Dasari S.K., Dash S., Daumke O., Dauphinee A.N., Davies J.S., Davila V.A., Davis R.J., Davis T., Dayalan Naidu S., De Amicis F., De Bosscher K., De Felice F., De Franceschi L., De Leonibus C., de Mattos Barbosa M.G., De Meyer G.R.Y., De Milito A., De Nunzio C., De Palma C., De Santi M., De Virgilio C., De Zio D., Debnath J., DeBosch B.J., Decuypere J.-P., Deehan M.A., Deflorian G., DeGregori J., Dehay B., Del Rio G., Delaney J.R., Delbridge L.M.D., Delorme-Axford E., Delpino M.V., Demarchi F., Dembitz V., Demers N.D., Deng H., Deng Z., Dengjel J., Dent P., Denton D., DePamphilis M.L., Der C.J., Deretic V., Descoteaux A., Devis L., Devkota S., Devuyst O., Dewson G., Dharmasivam M., Dhiman R., di Bernardo D., Di Cristina M., Di Domenico F., Di Fazio P., Di Fonzo A., Di Guardo G., Di Guglielmo G.M., Di Leo L., Di Malta C., Di Nardo A., Di Rienzo M., Di Sano F., Diallinas G., Diao J., Diaz-Araya G., Diaz-Laviada I., Dickinson J.M., Diederich M., Dieude M., Dikic I., Ding S., Ding W.-X., Dini L., Dinic J., Dinic M., Dinkova-Kostova A.T., Dionne M.S., Distler J.H.W., Diwan A., Dixon I.M.C., Djavaheri-Mergny M., Dobrinski I., Dobrovinskaya O., Dobrowolski R., Dobson R.C.J., Dokic J., Dokmeci Emre S., Donadelli M., Dong B., Dong X., Dong Z., Dorn II G.W., Dotsch V., Dou H., Dou J., Dowaidar M., Dridi S., Drucker L., Du A., Du C., Du G., Du H.-N., Du L.-L., du Toit A., Duan S.-B., Duan X., Duarte S.P., Dubrovska A., Dunlop E.A., Dupont N., Duran R.V., Dwarakanath B.S., Dyshlovoy S.A., Ebrahimi-Fakhari D., Eckhart L., Edelstein C.L., Efferth T., Eftekharpour E., Eichinger L., Eid N., Eisenberg T., Eissa N.T., Eissa S., Ejarque M., El Andaloussi A., El-Hage N., El-Naggar S., Eleuteri A.M., El-Shafey E.S., Elgendy M., Eliopoulos A.G., Elizalde M.M., Elks P.M., Elsasser H.-P., Elsherbiny E.S., Emerling B.M., Emre N.C.T., Eng C.H., Engedal N., Engelbrecht A.-M., Engelsen A.S.T., Enserink J.M., Escalante R., Esclatine A., Escobar-Henriques M., Eskelinen E.-L., Espert L., Eusebio M.-O., Fabrias G., Fabrizi C., Facchiano A., Facchiano F., Fadeel B., Fader C., Faesen A.C., Fairlie W.D., Falco A., Falkenburger B.H., Fan D., Fan J., Fan Y., Fang E.F., Fang Y., Fanto M., Farfel-Becker T., Faure M., Fazeli G., Fedele A.O., Feldman A.M., Feng D., Feng J., Feng L., Feng Y., Feng W., Fenz Araujo T., Ferguson T.A., Fernandez A.F., Fernandez-Checa J.C., Fernandez-Veledo S., Fernie A.R., Ferrante A.W., Ferraresi A., Ferrari M.F., Ferreira J.C.B., Ferro-Novick S., Figueras A., Filadi R., Filigheddu N., Filippi-Chiela E., Filomeni G., Fimia G.M., Fineschi V., Finetti F., Finkbeiner S., Fisher E.A., Fisher P.B., Flamigni F., Fliesler S.J., Flo T.H., Florance I., Florey O., Florio T., Fodor E., Follo C., Fon E.A., Forlino A., Fornai F., Fortini P., Fracassi A., Fraldi A., Franco B., Franco R., Franconi F., Frankel L.B., Friedman S.L., Frohlich L.F., Fruhbeck G., Fuentes J.M., Fujiki Y., Fujita N., Fujiwara Y., Fukuda M., Fulda S., Furic L., Furuya N., Fusco C., Gack M.U., Gaffke L., Galadari S., Galasso A., Galindo M.F., Gallolu Kankanamalage S., Galluzzi L., Galy V., Gammoh N., Gan B., Ganley I.G., Gao F., Gao H., Gao M., Gao P., Gao S.-J., Gao W., Gao X., Garcera A., Garcia M.N., Garcia V.E., Garcia-Del Portillo F., Garcia-Escudero V., Garcia-Garcia A., Garcia-Macia M., Garcia-Moreno D., Garcia-Ruiz C., Garcia-Sanz P., Garg A.D., Gargini R., Garofalo T., Garry R.F., Gassen N.C., Gatica D., Ge L., Ge W., Geiss-Friedlander R., Gelfi C., Genschik P., Gentle I.E., Gerbino V., Gerhardt C., Germain K., Germain M., Gewirtz D.A., Ghasemipour Afshar E., Ghavami S., Ghigo A., Ghosh M., Giamas G., Giampietri C., Giatromanolaki A., Gibson G.E., Gibson S.B., Ginet V., Giniger E., Giorgi C., Girao H., Girardin S.E., Giridharan M., Giuliano S., Giulivi C., Giuriato S., Giustiniani J., Gluschko A., Goder V., Goginashvili A., Golab J., Goldstone D.C., Golebiewska A., Gomes L.R., Gomez R., Gomez-Sanchez R., Gomez-Puerto M.C., Gomez-Sintes R., Gong Q., Goni F.M., Gonzalez-Gallego J., Gonzalez-Hernandez T., Gonzalez-Polo R.A., Gonzalez-Reyes J.A., Gonzalez-Rodriguez P., Goping I.S., Gorbatyuk M.S., Gorbunov N.V., Gorgulu K., Gorojod R.M., Gorski S.M., Goruppi S., Gotor C., Gottlieb R.A., Gozes I., Gozuacik D., Graef M., Graler M.H., Granatiero V., Grasso D., Gray J.P., Green D.R., Greenhough A., Gregory S.L., Griffin E.F., Grinstaff M.W., Gros F., Grose C., Gross A.S., Gruber F., Grumati P., Grune T., Gu X., Guan J.-L., Guardia C.M., Guda K., Guerra F., Guerri C., Guha P., Guillen C., Gujar S., Gukovskaya A., Gukovsky I., Gunst J., Gunther A., Guntur A.R., Guo C., Guo H., Guo L.-W., Guo M., Gupta P., Gupta S.K., Gupta S., Gupta V.B., Gupta V., Gustafsson A.B., Gutterman D.D., H.B R., Haapasalo A., Haber J.E., Hac A., Hadano S., Hafren A.J., Haidar M., Hall B.S., Hallden G., Hamacher-Brady A., Hamann A., Hamasaki M., Han W., Hansen M., Hanson P.I., Hao Z., Harada M., Harhaji-Trajkovic L., Hariharan N., Haroon N., Harris J., Hasegawa T., Hasima Nagoor N., Haspel J.A., Haucke V., Hawkins W.D., Hay B.A., Haynes C.M., Hayrabedyan S.B., Hays T.S., He C., He Q., He R.-R., He Y.-W., He Y.-Y., Heakal Y., Heberle A.M., Hejtmancik J.F., Helgason G.V., Henkel V., Herb M., Hergovich A., Herman-Antosiewicz A., Hernandez A., Hernandez C., Hernandez-Diaz S., Hernandez-Gea V., Herpin A., Herreros J., Hervas J.H., 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E., Silvente-Poirot S., Simmonds R.E., Simon A.K., Simon H.-U., Simons M., Singh A., Singh L.P., Singh R., Singh S.V., Singh S.K., Singh S.B., Singh S., Singh S.P., Sinha D., Sinha R.A., Sinha S., Sirko A., Sirohi K., Sivridis E.L., Skendros P., Skirycz A., Slaninova I., Smaili S.S., Smertenko A., Smith M.D., Soenen S.J., Sohn E.J., Sok S.P.M., Solaini G., Soldati T., Soleimanpour S.A., Soler R.M., Solovchenko A., Somarelli J.A., Sonawane A., Song F., Song H.K., Song J.-X., Song K., Song Z., Soria L.R., Sorice M., Soukas A.A., Soukup S.-F., Sousa D., Sousa N., Spagnuolo P.A., Spector S.A., Srinivas Bharath M.M., St. Clair D., Stagni V., Staiano L., Stalnecker C.A., Stankov M.V., Stathopulos P.B., Stefan K., Stefan S.M., Stefanis L., Steffan J.S., Steinkasserer A., Stenmark H., Sterneckert J., Stevens C., Stoka V., Storch S., Stork B., Strappazzon F., Strohecker A.M., Stupack D.G., Su H., Su L.-Y., Su L., Suarez-Fontes A.M., Subauste C.S., Subbian S., Subirada P.V., Sudhandiran G., Sue C.M., Sui X., Summers C., Sun G., Sun J., Sun K., Sun M.-X., Sun Q., Sun Y., Sun Z., Sunahara K.K.S., Sundberg E., Susztak K., Sutovsky P., Suzuki H., Sweeney G., Symons J.D., Sze S.C.W., Szewczyk N.J., Tabecka-Lonczynska A., Tabolacci C., Tacke F., Taegtmeyer H., Tafani M., Tagaya M., Tai H., Tait S.W.G., Takahashi Y., Takats S., Talwar P., Tam C., Tam S.Y., Tampellini D., Tamura A., Tan C.T., Tan E.-K., Tan Y.-Q., Tanaka M., Tang D., Tang J., Tang T.-S., Tanida I., Tao Z., Taouis M., Tatenhorst L., Tavernarakis N., Taylor A., Taylor G.A., Taylor J.M., Tchetina E., Tee A.R., Tegeder I., Teis D., Teixeira N., Teixeira-Clerc F., Tekirdag K.A., Tencomnao T., Tenreiro S., Tepikin A.V., Testillano P.S., Tettamanti G., Tharaux P.-L., Thedieck K., Thekkinghat A.A., Thellung S., Thinwa J.W., Thirumalaikumar V.P., Thomas S.M., Thomes P.G., Thorburn A., Thukral L., Thum T., Thumm M., Tian L., Tichy A., Till A., Timmerman V., Titorenko V.I., Todi S.V., Todorova K., Toivonen J.M., Tomaipitinca L., Tomar D., Tomas-Zapico C., Tomic S., Tong B.C.-K., Tong C., Tong X., Tooze S.A., Torgersen M.L., Torii S., Torres-Lopez L., Torriglia A., Towers C.G., Towns R., Toyokuni S., Trajkovic V., Tramontano D., Tran Q.-G., Travassos L.H., Trelford C.B., Tremel S., Trougakos I.P., Tsao B.P., Tschan M.P., Tse H.-F., Tse T.F., Tsugawa H., Tsvetkov A.S., Tumbarello D.A., Tumtas Y., Tunon M.J., Turcotte S., Turk B., Turk V., Turner B.J., Tuxworth R.I., Tyler J.K., Tyutereva E.V., Uchiyama Y., Ugun-Klusek A., Uhlig H.H., Ulamek-Koziol M., Ulasov I.V., Umekawa M., Ungermann C., Unno R., Urbe S., Uribe-Carretero E., Ustun S., Uversky V.N., Vaccari T., Vaccaro M.I., Vahsen B.F., Vakifahmetoglu-Norberg H., Valdor R., Valente M.J., Valko A., Vallee R.B., Valverde A.M., Van den Berghe G., van der Veen S., Van Kaer L., van Loosdregt J., van Wijk S.J.L., Vandenberghe W., Vanhorebeek I., Vannier-Santos M.A., Vannini N., Vanrell M.C., Vantaggiato C., Varano G., Varela-Nieto I., Varga M., Vasconcelos M.H., Vats S., Vavvas D.G., Vega-Naredo I., Vega-Rubin-de-Celis S., Velasco G., Velazquez A.P., Vellai T., Vellenga E., Velotti F., Verdier M., Verginis P., Vergne I., Verkade P., Verma M., Verstreken P., Vervliet T., Vervoorts J., Vessoni A.T., Victor V.M., Vidal M., Vidoni C., Vieira O.V., Vierstra R.D., Vigano S., Vihinen H., Vijayan V., Vila M., Vilar M., Villalba J.M., Villalobo A., Villarejo-Zori B., Villarroya F., Villarroya J., Vincent O., Vindis C., Viret C., Viscomi M.T., Visnjic D., Vitale I., Vocadlo D.J., Voitsekhovskaja O.V., Volonte C., Volta M., Vomero M., Von Haefen C., Vooijs M.A., Voos W., Vucicevic L., Wade-Martins R., Waguri S., Waite K.A., Wakatsuki S., Walker D.W., Walker M.J., Walker S.A., Walter J., Wandosell F.G., Wang B., Wang C.-Y., Wang C., Wang D., Wang F., Wang G., Wang H., Wang H.-G., Wang J., Wang K., Wang L., Wang M.H., Wang M., Wang N., Wang P., Wang Q.J., Wang Q., Wang Q.K., Wang Q.A., Wang W.-T., Wang W., Wang X., Wang Y., Wang Y.-Y., Wang Z., Warnes G., 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Yan S., Yan S.-J., Yan Z., Yanagi Y., Yang C., Yang D.-S., Yang H., Yang H.-T., Yang J.-M., Yang J., Yang L., Yang M., Yang P.-M., Yang Q., Yang S., Yang S.-F., Yang W., Yang W.Y., Yang X., Yang Y., Yao H., Yao S., Yao X., Yao Y.-G., Yao Y.-M., Yasui T., Yazdankhah M., Yen P.M., Yi C., Yin X.-M., Yin Y., Yin Z., Ying M., Ying Z., Yip C.K., Yiu S.P.T., Yoo Y.H., Yoshida K., Yoshii S.R., Yoshimori T., Yousefi B., Yu B., Yu H., Yu J., Yu L., Yu M.-L., Yu S.-W., Yu V.C., Yu W.H., Yu Z., Yuan J., Yuan L.-Q., Yuan S., Yuan S.-S.F., Yuan Y., Yuan Z., Yue J., Yue Z., Yun J., Yung R.L., Zacks D.N., Zaffagnini G., Zambelli V.O., Zanella I., Zang Q.S., Zanivan S., Zappavigna S., Zaragoza P., Zarbalis K.S., Zarebkohan A., Zarrouk A., Zeitlin S.O., Zeng J., Zeng J.-D., Zerovnik E., Zhan L., Zhang B., Zhang D.D., Zhang H., Zhang H.-L., Zhang J., Zhang J.-P., Zhang K.Y.B., Zhang L.W., Zhang L., Zhang M., Zhang P., Zhang S., Zhang W., Zhang X., Zhang X.-W., Zhang X.D., Zhang Y., Zhang Y.-D., Zhang Y.-Y., Zhang Z., Zhao H., Zhao L., Zhao S., Zhao T., Zhao X.-F., Zhao Y., Zheng G., Zheng K., Zheng L., Zheng S., Zheng X.-L., Zheng Y., Zheng Z.-G., Zhivotovsky B., Zhong Q., Zhou A., Zhou B., Zhou C., Zhou G., Zhou H., Zhou J., Zhou K., Zhou R., Zhou X.-J., Zhou Y., Zhou Z.-Y., Zhou Z., Zhu B., Zhu C., Zhu G.-Q., Zhu H., Zhu W.-G., Zhu Y., Zhuang H., Zhuang X., Zientara-Rytter K., Zimmermann C.M., Ziviani E., Zoladek T., Zong W.-X., Zorov D.B., Zorzano A., Zou W., Zou Z., Zuryn S., Zwerschke W., Brand-Saberi B., Dong X.C., Kenchappa C.S., Lin Y., Oshima S., Rong Y., Sluimer J.C., Stallings C.L., Tong C.-K., COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015 - 2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015 - 2019) (COMUE UCA)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015 - 2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015 - 2019) (COMUE UCA)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), AP-HP Hôpital Bicêtre (Le Kremlin-Bicêtre)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Toulouse Mind & Brain Institut (TMBI), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Klionsky, D. 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Velotti, F, Verdier, M, Verginis, P, Vergne, I, Verkade, P, Verma, M, Verstreken, P, Vervliet, T, Vervoorts, J, Vessoni, A, Victor, V, Vidal, M, Vidoni, C, Vieira, O, Vierstra, R, Viganó, S, Vihinen, H, Vijayan, V, Vila, M, Vilar, M, Villalba, J, Villalobo, A, Villarejo-Zori, B, Villarroya, F, Villarroya, J, Vincent, O, Vindis, C, Viret, C, Viscomi, M, Visnjic, D, Vitale, I, Vocadlo, D, Voitsekhovskaja, O, Volonté, C, Volta, M, Vomero, M, Von Haefen, C, Vooijs, M, Voos, W, Vucicevic, L, Wade-Martins, R, Waguri, S, Waite, K, Wakatsuki, S, Walker, D, Walker, M, Walker, S, Walter, J, Wandosell, F, Wang, B, Wang, C, Wang, D, Wang, F, Wang, G, Wang, H, Wang, J, Wang, K, Wang, L, Wang, M, Wang, N, Wang, P, Wang, Q, Wang, W, Wang, X, Wang, Y, Wang, Z, Warnes, G, Warnsmann, V, Watada, H, Watanabe, E, Watchon, M, Wawrzyńska, A, Weaver, T, Wegrzyn, G, Wehman, A, Wei, H, Wei, L, Wei, T, Wei, Y, Weiergräber, O, Weihl, C, Weindl, G, Weiskirchen, R, Wells, A, Wen, R, Wen, X, Werner, A, Weykopf, B, Wheatley, S, Whitton, J, Whitworth, A, Wiktorska, K, Wildenberg, M, Wileman, T, Wilkinson, S, Willbold, D, Williams, B, Williams, R, Williamson, P, Wilson, R, Winner, B, Winsor, N, Witkin, S, Wodrich, H, Woehlbier, U, Wollert, T, Wong, E, Wong, J, Wong, R, Wong, V, Wong, W, Wu, A, Wu, C, Wu, J, Wu, K, Wu, M, Wu, S, Wu, W, Wu, X, Wu, Y, Xavier, R, Xia, H, Xia, L, Xia, Z, Xiang, G, Xiang, J, Xiang, M, Xiang, W, Xiao, B, Xiao, G, Xiao, H, Xiao, J, Xiao, L, Xiao, S, Xiao, Y, Xie, B, Xie, C, Xie, M, Xie, Y, Xie, Z, Xilouri, M, Xu, C, Xu, E, Xu, H, Xu, J, Xu, L, Xu, W, Xu, X, Xue, Y, Yakhine-Diop, S, Yamaguchi, M, Yamaguchi, O, Yamamoto, A, Yamashina, S, Yan, S, Yan, Z, Yanagi, Y, Yang, C, Yang, D, Yang, H, Yang, J, Yang, L, Yang, M, Yang, P, Yang, Q, Yang, S, Yang, W, Yang, X, Yang, Y, Yao, H, Yao, S, Yao, X, Yao, Y, Yasui, T, Yazdankhah, M, Yen, P, Yi, C, Yin, X, Yin, Y, Yin, Z, Ying, M, Ying, Z, Yip, C, Yiu, S, Yoo, Y, Yoshida, K, Yoshii, S, Yoshimori, T, Yousefi, B, Yu, B, Yu, H, Yu, J, Yu, L, Yu, M, Yu, S, Yu, V, Yu, W, Yu, Z, Yuan, J, Yuan, L, Yuan, S, Yuan, Y, Yuan, Z, Yue, J, Yue, Z, Yun, J, Yung, R, Zacks, D, Zaffagnini, G, Zambelli, V, Zanella, I, Zang, Q, Zanivan, S, Zappavigna, S, Zaragoza, P, Zarbalis, K, Zarebkohan, A, Zarrouk, A, Zeitlin, S, Zeng, J, Žerovnik, E, Zhan, L, Zhang, B, Zhang, D, Zhang, H, Zhang, J, Zhang, K, Zhang, L, Zhang, M, Zhang, P, Zhang, S, Zhang, W, Zhang, X, Zhang, Y, Zhang, Z, Zhao, H, Zhao, L, Zhao, S, Zhao, T, Zhao, X, Zhao, Y, Zheng, G, Zheng, K, Zheng, L, Zheng, S, Zheng, X, Zheng, Y, Zheng, Z, Zhivotovsky, B, Zhong, Q, Zhou, A, Zhou, B, Zhou, C, Zhou, G, Zhou, H, Zhou, J, Zhou, K, Zhou, R, Zhou, X, Zhou, Y, Zhou, Z, Zhu, B, Zhu, C, Zhu, G, Zhu, H, Zhu, W, Zhu, Y, Zhuang, H, Zhuang, X, Zientara-Rytter, K, Zimmermann, C, Ziviani, E, Zoladek, T, Zong, W, Zorov, D, Zorzano, A, Zou, W, Zou, Z, Zuryn, S, Zwerschke, W, Brand-Saberi, B, Kenchappa, C, Oshima, S, Rong, Y, Sluimer, J, and Stallings, C

Subjects
macroautophagy, autophagy, Autophagosome, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], cance, LC3, macroautophagy, autophagosome, neurodegeneration, [SDV.BC]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Cellular Biology, Autophagy, Autophagosome, NO, stress vacuole, stress, autophagic processes, stre, rflux, LC3, cancer, guidelines, flux, lysosome, phagophore, vacuole, Settore BIO/06 - Anatomia Comparata E Citologia, [SDV.BC] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Cellular Biology, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Medaka oryzias latipes, QH, Autophagosome, cancer, flux, LC3, lysosome, macroautophagy, neurodegeneration, phagophore, stress vacuole, Settore BIO/17 - ISTOLOGIA, RC
Abstract

In 2008, we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, this topic has received increasing attention, and many scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Thus, it is important to formulate on a regular basis updated guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Despite numerous reviews, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to evaluate autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. Here, we present a set of guidelines for investigators to select and interpret methods to examine autophagy and related processes, and for reviewers to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of reports that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a dogmatic set of rules, because the appropriateness of any assay largely depends on the question being asked and the system being used. Moreover, no individual assay is perfect for every situation, calling for the use of multiple techniques to properly monitor autophagy in each experimental setting. Finally, several core components of the autophagy machinery have been implicated in distinct autophagic processes (canonical and noncanonical autophagy), implying that genetic approaches to block autophagy should rely on targeting two or more autophagy-related genes that ideally participate in distinct steps of the pathway. Along similar lines, because multiple proteins involved in autophagy also regulate other cellular pathways including apoptosis, not all of them can be used as a specific marker for bona fide autophagic responses. Here, we critically discuss current methods of assessing autophagy and the information they can, or cannot, provide. Our ultimate goal is to encourage intellectual and technical innovation in the field. doi: 10.1080/15548627.2020.1797280 ispartof: Autophagy vol:17 issue:1 pages:1-382 ispartof: location:United States status: published

Published
2021

40. Fabricating an electroactive injectable hydrogel based on pluronic-chitosan/aniline-pentamer containing angiogenic factor for functional repair of the hippocampus ischemia rat model

Author

Payam Zarrintaj, Joshua D. Ramsey, Seyed Hassan Jafari, Hamid Gholami Pourbadie, Mohammad Ismail Zibaii, Sabu Thomas, Shayan Aliakbari, Nima Naderi, Mohammad Reza Saeb, Sayed Masoud Hosseini, Mehdi Farokhi, Melika Nourbakhsh, Saman Seyed Gholizadeh, College of Engineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University (JXAU), Oklahoma State University [Stillwater], Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Tel Aviv University [Tel Aviv], School of Pharmacy, University College Cork (UCC), Shahid Beheshti University, Islamic Azad University, National Cell Bank of Iran [Tehran, Iran] (NCBI), Institut Pasteur d'Iran, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), Faculty of Chemistry, and University of Belgrade [Belgrade]

Subjects
Materials science, Pentamer, Bioengineering, 02 engineering and technology, 010402 general chemistry, 01 natural sciences, Oligomer, Hippocampus, Biomaterials, Contact angle, Chitosan, chemistry.chemical_compound, Ischemia, Animals, [CHIM]Chemical Sciences, Thermal stability, Aniline Compounds, Rheometry, technology, industry, and agriculture, Hydrogels, Poloxamer, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, 0104 chemical sciences, Rats, chemistry, Mechanics of Materials, Self-healing hydrogels, Biophysics, Angiogenesis Inducing Agents, 0210 nano-technology
Abstract

The hippocampus, a critical cerebral region involved in learning and memory formation, is especially vulnerable to ischemic defect. Here, we developed an injectable electroactive hydrogel based on pluronic-chitosan/aniline-pentamer with proper conductivity around 10−4 S/cm to achieve the functional repair of the hippocampus following the ischemic defect. FTIR, DSC, and TGA measurements were performed to assess the chemical structure and thermal stability of the synthesized hydrogel. Aniline pentamer decreased the swelling capacity, degradation, and drug release rate. Further, contact angle, melting point, and gelation time of hydrogels were enhanced by addition of aniline oligomer. Moreover, it endowed the on-demand electro-responsive drug release. Injectability of hydrogel was evaluated by rheometry, exhibiting proper gelling time at the body temperature. The ionic/electrical conductivity and desired in vitro biocompatibility with PC12 cells were also achieved. Injection of VEGF-loaded electroactive hydrogel in the hippocampal ischemic animal model resulted in decreased infarction volume, improved hippocampal dependent learning, and memory performance. Taken all together, the results confirmed that fabricated injectable hydrogel would be a suitable candidate for ischemic defect treatment and can lead to new horizons to treat neurological disorders.

Published
2020

41. Transversal sero-epidemiological study of Bordetella pertussis in Tehran, Iran

Author

Mohand Ait-Ahmed, Farzad Badmasti, Gaelle Noel, Vajihe S. Nikbin, Fereshteh Shahcheraghi, Yoann Madec, Seyed Mohsen Zahraei, Nicole Guiso, David Tavel, Fabien Taieb, Centre de Recherche Translationnelle - Center for Translational Science (CRT), Institut Pasteur [Paris], Institut Pasteur d'Iran, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), Center for Communicable Diseases Control [Iran], Epidémiologie des Maladies Emergentes - Emerging Diseases Epidemiology, Pasteur-Cnam Risques infectieux et émergents (PACRI), Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM)-Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), Pôle Intégré de Recherche Clinique (PIRC), The author(s) received no specific funding for this work., Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP), Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), and HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)

Subjects
0301 basic medicine, Bacterial Diseases, Male, Bordetella pertussis, Bordetella, Whooping Cough, Social Sciences, Iran, Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Geographical Locations, 0302 clinical medicine, Medical Conditions, Sociology, Seroepidemiologic Studies, Epidemiology, Medicine and Health Sciences, Medicine, Public and Occupational Health, 030212 general & internal medicine, Booster Doses, Child, Pertussis Vaccine, Vaccines, Multidisciplinary, Booster (rocketry), Schools, biology, Age Factors, Vaccination and Immunization, Antibodies, Bacterial, 3. Good health, Bacterial Pathogens, Vaccination, Infectious Diseases, Serology, Medical Microbiology, Child, Preschool, Female, Pathogens, Research Article, medicine.medical_specialty, Asia, Infectious Disease Control, Adolescent, Science, 030106 microbiology, Immunology, Immunization, Secondary, Microbiology, Education, 03 medical and health sciences, Pertussis, Immunity, Environmental health, Humans, Microbial Pathogens, Immunization Schedule, Bacteria, business.industry, Organisms, Biology and Life Sciences, biology.organism_classification, Immunization, Age Groups, Immunoglobulin G, People and Places, Primary immunization, Population Groupings, [SDV.SPEE]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Santé publique et épidémiologie, Preventive Medicine, [SDV.IMM.VAC]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Immunology/Vaccinology, business
Abstract

ObjectivesPertussis remains endemic despite high vaccine coverage in infants and toddlers. Pertussis vaccines confer protection but immunity wanes overtime and boosters are needed in a lifetime. Iran, eligible for the Expanded Program on Immunization that includes the primary immunization, implemented two additional booster doses using a whole-cell vaccine (wPV) at 18 months-old and about 6 years-old. Duration of protection induced by the wPVs currently in use and their impact as pre-school booster are not well documented. This study aimed at assessing vaccination compliance and at estimating the duration of protection conferred by vaccination with wPV in children aged < 15 years in Tehran, Iran.MethodsDetailed information on vaccination history and capillary blood samples were obtained from 1047 children aged 3-15 years who completed the 3 doses-primary pertussis immunization, in Tehran. Anti-pertussis toxin IgG levels were quantified by ELISA.ResultsCompliance was very high with 93.3% of children who received the three primary and 1st booster doses in a timely manner. Timeliness of the 2nd booster was lower (63.3%). Rate of seropositive samples continuously and significantly increased from 1-2 to 5-6 years after 1st booster attaining 30.4% of children exhibiting serological sign of recent contact with B. pertussis. Second booster dating back 1 or 2 years was associated with high antibody titers, which significantly decreased within 3 years from injection. Among children who received 2nd booster injection more than 2 years before serum analysis, seroprevalence of pertussis infection was 8.4% and seropositivity rate was higher from the 10 years-old group.ConclusionSeropositivity in children aged 6-7 years with no 2nd booster supports the need for a vaccination at that age. Adolescent booster may also be considered.

Published
2020

42. Serological evidence of West Nile virus infection among birds and horses in some geographical locations of Iran

Author

Navid Dinparast-Djadid, Leila Nourani, Abbasali Raz, Anna-Bella Failloux, Cécile Beck, Maëlle Monier, Sylvie Lecollinet, Kourosh Arzamani, Sedigheh Zakeri, Hasan Bakhshi, Laurence Mousson, Malaria and Vector Research Group (MVRG), Institut Pasteur d'Iran, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), Virologie UMR1161 (VIRO), École nationale vétérinaire d'Alfort (ENVA)-Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (ANSES)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Arbovirus et Insectes Vecteurs - Arboviruses and Insect Vectors, Institut Pasteur [Paris], North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences [Iran], This work was supported by the MATI Program of the Institut Pasteur International Network 'ENVIRONmental changes and MOSquito‐borne diseases: the example of West Nile (Environ‐MOS)'. HB, as a Ph.D. student of medical biotechnology also received scholarships from education office of IP Iran, IP Paris and Campus France., We appreciate Dr. Mehdi Fazlalipour and Dr. Sadegh Chinikar (Department of Arboviruses and Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers (National Ref Lab), Pasteur Institute of Iran (IPI), Tehran, Iran) for their valuable supports which worth to be regarded as co‐authors. The authors are grateful to the staff of Public Health Department, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences (North Khorasan, Iran) and North Research Center of IPI (Amol, Iran). We also thank Mr. Kheiri for his help during the project. We would also like to express our sincere appreciation to the local inhabitants in the study areas., École nationale vétérinaire - Alfort (ENVA)-Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (ANSES)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), and Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)

Subjects
Eagle, Veterinary medicine, viruses, 030231 tropical medicine, Animals, Wild, Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay, Iran, Serology, Birds, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, vertebrate hosts, Seroepidemiologic Studies, biology.animal, Prevalence, medicine, Animals, Seroprevalence, Horses, Usutu virus, 0303 health sciences, West Nile Virus Infection, General Veterinary, biology, Bird Diseases, 030306 microbiology, virus diseases, Original Articles, medicine.disease, biology.organism_classification, 3. Good health, Buzzard, Flavivirus, [SDV.MP.VIR]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology/Virology, Horse Diseases, Original Article, ELISA, West Nile virus, West Nile Fever, Encephalitis
Abstract

Recent expansion of arboviruses such as West Nile (WNV), Usutu (USUV), and tick‐borne encephalitis (TBEV) over their natural range of distribution needs strengthening their surveillance. As common viral vertebrate hosts, birds and horses deserve special attention with routine serological surveillance. Here, we estimated the seroprevalence of WNV, USUV and TBEV in 160 migrating/resident birds and 60 horses sampled in Mazandaran, Golestan, North Khorasan, Kordestan provinces and Golestan province of Iran respectively. ELISA results showed that of 220 collected samples, 32 samples (14.54%), including 22 birds and 10 horses, were positive. Microsphere immunoassay results showed that 16.7% (10/60) of horse blood samples collected in Golestan province were seropositive against WNV (7; 11.7%), Flavivirus (2; 3.3%) and seropositive for USUV or WNV (1; 1.7%). Furthermore, micro virus neutralization tests revealed that four of seven ELISA‐positive bird blood samples were seropositive against WNV: two Egyptian vultures, and one long‐legged buzzard collected in Golestan province as well as a golden eagle collected in North Khorasan province. No evidence of seropositivity with TBEV was observed in collected samples. We showed that WNV, responsible for neuroinvasive infection in vertebrates, is circulating among birds and horses in Iran, recommending a sustained surveillance of viral infections in animals, and anticipating future infections in humans., We estimated the seroprevalence of WNV, USUV and TBEV in 160 birds and 60 horses. ELISA results showed that 32 samples were positive: Microsphere immunoassay results showed that 16.7% of horse blood samples were seropositive against WNV, Flavivirus and seropositive for USUV or WNV. Furthermore, micro virus neutralization tests revealed that four of seven ELISA‐positive bird blood samples were seropositive against WNV.

Published
2020

43. Eastward-moving Equatorial Modons in moist-convective Shallow-Water Models

Author

Vladimir Zeitlin, Masoud Rostami, BCG department, Institut Pasteur d'Iran, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique (UMR 8539) (LMD), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Département des Géosciences - ENS Paris, École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), and Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)

Subjects
Convection, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, [SDU.STU.GP]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Geophysics [physics.geo-ph], Computational Mechanics, Two layer, [SDU.STU.ME]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Meteorology, 01 natural sciences, 010305 fluids & plasmas, [NLIN.NLIN-PS]Nonlinear Sciences [physics]/Pattern Formation and Solitons [nlin.PS], Geochemistry and Petrology, 0103 physical sciences, Lagrangian coherent structures, [PHYS.MECA.MEFL]Physics [physics]/Mechanics [physics]/Fluid mechanics [physics.class-ph], Physics::Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, Equatorial waves, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Madden–Julian oscillation, Geophysics, Waves and shallow water, Mechanics of Materials, [SDU.STU.CL]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Climatology, Physics::Space Physics, Moist convection, [PHYS.ASTR]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], Geology
Abstract

It is shown that steady large-scale slowly eastward-moving twin-cyclone coherent structures, the equatorial modons, exist in both one- and two layer versions of the rotating shallow water model on ...

Published
2020

44. PlpE Epitopes of Pasteurella multocida Fusion Protein as Novel Subunit Vaccine Candidates

Author

Gholamreza Nikbakht Brujeni, Mohsen Abolhassani, Soroush Sardari, Saied Mostaan, Mohammad Ali Shokrgozar, Abbas Ghasemzadeh, Parastoo Ehsani, Molecular Biology Department [Tehran, Iran], Institut Pasteur d'Iran, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), Biotechnology Research Center, National Cell Bank of Iran [Tehran, Iran] (NCBI), Department of Immunology [Tehran, Iran], University of Tehran, and This project was honorably sponsored by the Pasteur Institute of Iran as Ph.D. dissertation project.

Subjects
0301 basic medicine, vaccine candidate, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], 030106 microbiology, Virulence, lcsh:Medicine, Biology, medicine.disease_cause, Epitope, Microbiology, law.invention, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, law, medicine, 030212 general & internal medicine, Pasteurella multocida, Pasteurella Multocida, Escherichia coli, lcsh:QH301-705.5, Polymerase chain reaction, Fusion PlpE, Cloning, Immunogenicity, lcsh:R, General Medicine, biology.organism_classification, Fusion protein, 3. Good health, lcsh:Biology (General), Original Article
Abstract

International audience; Background: Pasteurella multocida is the causative agent of many diseases. Antimicrobial treatment disadvantages highlight the need to find other possible ways such as prophylaxis to manage infections. Current vaccines against this agent include inactivated bacteria, liveattenuated bacteria, and nonpathogenic bacteria, which have disadvantages such as lack of immunogenicity, reactogenicity, or 1 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 reversion to virulence wild bacteria. Using bioinformatical approaches, potentially immunogenic and protective epitopes identified and merged to design the best epitope fusion form in case of immunogenicity as a vaccine candidate. Materials and Methods: In this study, the fusion protein (PlpE1 + 2 + 3) and full PlpE genes (PlpE-Total) were cloned in pET28a in BL21 (DE3) firstly and later in pBAD/gIII A and expressed in Top10 Escherichia coli. Overlap polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using different primers for 5ˈ and 3ˈ end of each segment produced fusion segment 1 + 2 and (1 + 2) +3 fragments and was used for cloning. Results: Cloning of both PlpE1 + 2 + 3 and PlpE-Total into the pET28a vector and their transform into the BL21 (DE3) E. coli host was successful, as the presence of the cassettes was proved by digestion and colony PCR, however, their expression faced some challenges independent of expression inducer (isopropyl β-d-1-thiogalactopyranoside) concentration. Conclusion: Changing the vector to pBAD/gIII A and consequently changing the host to Top10 E. coli have resulted in sufficient expression, which shows that Top10 E. coli may be a good substitute for such cases. Furthermore, it is concluded that adding 8M urea results in sufficient purification, which hypothesizes that denature purification is better for such cases than native one. Purified proteins headed for further analysis as vaccine candidates.

Published
2020

45. Detection of arboviruses in mosquitoes: Evidence of circulation of chikungunya virus in Iran

Author

Marie Vazeille, Géraldine Piorkowski, Hasan Bakhshi, Sara Moutailler, Xavier de Lamballerie, Navid Dinparast-Djadid, Laurence Mousson, Anna-Bella Failloux, Sedigheh Zakeri, Abbasali Raz, Malaria and Vector Research Group (MVRG), Institut Pasteur d'Iran, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), Arbovirus et Insectes Vecteurs - Arboviruses and Insect Vectors, Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP), Biologie moléculaire et immunologie parasitaires et fongiques (BIPAR), École nationale vétérinaire - Alfort (ENVA)-Laboratoire de santé animale, sites de Maisons-Alfort et de Normandie, Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (ANSES)-Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (ANSES)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Unité des Virus Emergents (UVE), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), European Project: 734548,ZIKAlliance(2016), Noel, Anne-Laure, A global alliance for Zika virus control and prevention - ZIKAlliance - 2016-10-01 - 2019-09-30 - 734548 - VALID, Institut Pasteur [Paris], École nationale vétérinaire d'Alfort (ENVA)-Laboratoire de santé animale, sites de Maisons-Alfort et de Dozulé, Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (ANSES)-Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (ANSES)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), and École nationale vétérinaire - Alfort (ENVA)-Laboratoire de santé animale, sites de Maisons-Alfort et de Dozulé

Subjects
0301 basic medicine, Male, RNA viruses, Viral Diseases, viruses, RC955-962, Dengue virus, Iran, Disease Vectors, medicine.disease_cause, Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mosquitoes, Geographical Locations, Human health, 0302 clinical medicine, Arctic medicine. Tropical medicine, Genotype, Screening method, Medicine and Health Sciences, Chikungunya, [SDV.MP.VIR] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology/Virology, Chikungunya Virus, biology, virus diseases, Eukaryota, 3. Good health, Insects, Infectious Diseases, Medical Microbiology, Arboviral Infections, Viral Pathogens, Viruses, [SDV.MP.VIR]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology/Virology, Female, Public aspects of medicine, RA1-1270, Pathogens, West Nile virus, Research Article, Neglected Tropical Diseases, Asia, Arthropoda, Alphaviruses, 030231 tropical medicine, Microbiology, Virus, Togaviruses, 03 medical and health sciences, Culex pipiens, parasitic diseases, medicine, Animals, Microbial Pathogens, Flaviviruses, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, Organisms, Biology and Life Sciences, Chikungunya Infection, Dengue Virus, biology.organism_classification, Tropical Diseases, Virology, Invertebrates, Insect Vectors, Species Interactions, 030104 developmental biology, Culicidae, People and Places, Anopheles maculipennis, Arboviruses
Abstract

Mosquitoes are vectors of viruses affecting animal and human health. In Iran, the prevalence of mosquito-borne viruses remains poorly investigated. Once infected, mosquito females remain infected for all their life making virus detections possible at early steps before infections are reported in vertebrate hosts. In this study, we used a recently developed high-throughput chip based on the BioMark Dynamic arrays system capable of detecting 37 arboviruses in a single experiment. A total of 1,212 mosquitoes collected in Mazandaran, North-Khorasan, and Fars provinces of Iran were analyzed. Eighteen species were identified, belonging to five genera; the most prevalent species were Anopheles maculipennis s.l. (42.41%), Culex pipiens (19.39%), An. superpictus (11.72%), and Cx. tritaeniorhynchus (10.64%). We detected chikungunya virus (CHIKV) of the Asian genotype in six mosquito pools collected in North Khorasan and Mazandaran provinces. To our knowledge, this is the first report of mosquitoes infected with CHIKV in Iran. Our high-throughput screening method can be proposed as a novel epidemiological surveillance tool to identify circulating arboviruses and to support preparedness to an epidemic in animals and humans., Author summary Mosquito-borne viruses pose a serious threat to public health worldwide. For an efficient preparedness to future emergences, an early detection of arboviruses in vector populations would be wise before animal/human cases arise. Here, we used a recently developed high-throughput chip based on the BioMark Dynamic arrays system, capable of screening various arboviruses in a single experiment. By examining 1,212 mosquitoes collected in Iran, we provide evidence that chikungunya virus is circulating in Iran.

Published
2020

46. Leishmania amazonensis Subverts the Transcription Factor Landscape in Dendritic Cells to Avoid Inflammasome Activation and Stall Maturation

Author

Hervé Lecoeur, Thibault Rosazza, Kossiwa Kokou, Hugo Varet, Jean-Yves Coppée, Arezou Lari, Pierre-Henri Commère, Robert Weil, Guangxun Meng, Genevieve Milon, Gerald F. Späth, Eric Prina, Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology [Shanghai, China], Institut Pasteur de Shanghai, Académie des Sciences de Chine - Chinese Academy of Sciences (IPS-CAS), Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), Parasitologie moléculaire et Signalisation / Molecular Parasitology and Signaling, Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Pasteur International Mixed Unit 'Inflammation and Leishmania infection' (IMU-InflaLeish), Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Innate Immunity [China], Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Institut Pasteur de Shanghai, Académie des Sciences de Chine - Chinese Academy of Sciences (IPS-CAS), Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Leishmania Lab [Corée du sud], Institut Pasteur Korea - Institut Pasteur de Corée, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Institut Pasteur Korea - Institut Pasteur de Corée, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), Hub Bioinformatique et Biostatistique - Bioinformatics and Biostatistics HUB, Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Transcriptome et Epigénome (PF2), Institut Pasteur [Paris], Institut Pasteur d'Iran, Cytométrie (Plate-forme), Centre d'Immunologie et de Maladies Infectieuses (CIMI), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Immunophysiologie et Parasitisme, This project was supported by a fund of the Institut Pasteur International Direction to the Pasteur International Unit Inflammation and Leishmania infection and by the Fonds Dèdié Sanofi-Aventis/Ministère de la Recherche et de l'Enseignement Supérieur and Combattre les Maladies Parasitaires. The Institut Pasteur Biomics Platform was supported by France Génomique (ANR-10-INBS-09-09) and IBISA., ANR-10-INBS-0009,France-Génomique,Organisation et montée en puissance d'une Infrastructure Nationale de Génomique(2010), Varet, Hugo, Organisation et montée en puissance d'une Infrastructure Nationale de Génomique - - France-Génomique2010 - ANR-10-INBS-0009 - INBS - VALID, Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Innate Immunity [China], Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP), and Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses (CIMI)

Subjects
0301 basic medicine, lcsh:Immunologic diseases. Allergy, dendritic cell, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Antigen presentation, Immunology, Biology, NF-κB, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Immune system, NLRP3, Gene expression, MHC class I, medicine, Immunology and Allergy, Amastigote, cell sorting, transcription factor, Original Research, Inflammasome, Dendritic cell, Phenotype, amastigote, Cell biology, [SDV] Life Sciences [q-bio], 030104 developmental biology, biology.protein, lcsh:RC581-607, transcriptome, 030215 immunology, medicine.drug, Leishmania amazonensis
Abstract

International audience; Leishmania parasites are the causative agents of human leishmaniases. They infect professional phagocytes of their mammalian hosts, including dendritic cells (DCs) that are essential for the initiation of adaptive immune responses. These immune functions strictly depend on the DC's capacity to differentiate from immature, antigen-capturing cells to mature, antigen-presenting cells-a process accompanied by profound changes in cellular phenotype and expression profile. Only little is known on how intracellular Leishmania affects this important process and DC transcriptional regulation. Here, we investigate these important open questions analyzing phenotypic, cytokine profile and transcriptomic changes in murine, immature bone marrow-derived DCs (iBMDCs) infected with antibody-opsonized and non-opsonized Leishmania amazonensis (L.am) amastigotes. DCs infected by non-opsonized amastigotes remained phenotypically immature whereas those infected by opsonized parasites displayed a semi-mature phenotype. The low frequency of infected DCs in culture led us to use DsRed2-transgenic parasites allowing for the enrichment of infected BMDCs by FACS. Sorted infected DCs were then subjected to transcriptomic analyses using Affymetrix GeneChip technology. Independent of parasite opsonization, Leishmania infection induced expression of genes related to key DC processes involved in MHC Class I-restricted antigen presentation and alternative NF-κB activation. DCs infected by non-opsonized parasites maintained an immature phenotype and showed a small but significant down-regulation of gene expression related to pro-inflammatory TLR signaling, the canonical NF-kB pathway and the NLRP3 inflammasome. This transcriptomic profile was further enhanced in Lecoeur et al. DC Subversion by Leishmania Amazonensis DCs infected with opsonized parasites that displayed a semi-mature phenotype despite absence of inflammasome activation. This paradoxical DC phenotype represents a Leishmania-specific signature, which to our knowledge has not been observed with other opsonized infectious agents. In conclusion, systems-analyses of our transcriptomics data uncovered important and previously unappreciated changes in the DC transcription factor landscape, thus revealing a novel Leishmania immune subversion strategy directly acting on transcriptional control of gene expression. Our data raise important questions on the dynamic and reciprocal interplay between transacting and epigenetic regulators in establishing permissive conditions for intracellular Leishmania infection and polarization of the immune response.

Published
2020

47. Profiling inflammatory response in lesions of cutaneous leishmaniasis patients using a non-invasive sampling method combined with a high-throughput protein detection assay

Author

Ali M. Harandi, Sravya Sowdamini Nakka, Vahid Mashayekhi, Nasrin Masoudzadeh, Amir Mizbani, Malin Östensson, Safoora Gharibzadeh, Sima Rafati, Yasaman Taslimi, Christopher Agbajogu, Siggeir F. Brynjolfsson, Institut Pasteur d'Iran, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg [Göteborg], Landspitali National University Hospital of Iceland, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), University of British Columbia (UBC), AMH is supported by European Commission under the VASA, SHIGETECVAX consortia, the Innovative Medicines Initiative, European Commission under the VSV-EBOPLUS consortium.This project has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Skłodowska Curie grant agreement N°778298, and Iran National Science Foundation grant ID 940007 to SR. YT is supported by a Ph.D student grant from Pasteur Institute of Iran (grant ID TP-9566)., and European Project: 778298,H2020,H2020-MSCA-RISE-2017,LeiSHield-MATI(2018)

Subjects
Chemokine, Proximity extension assay, Immunology, CCL3, Biochemistry, Proinflammatory cytokine, Lesion, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Cutaneous leishmaniasis, Immunology and Allergy, Medicine, [SDV.MP.PAR]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology/Parasitology, Inflammation biomarkers, Receptor, Molecular Biology, 030304 developmental biology, 0303 health sciences, biology, business.industry, Hematology, medicine.disease, 3. Good health, Non-invasive sampling, biology.protein, CXCL9, [SDV.IMM]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Immunology, Sample collection, medicine.symptom, business, 030215 immunology
Abstract

Background Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is an infection caused by Leishmania (L.) protozoa transmitted through the bite of infected sand fly. Previously, invasive sampling of blood and skin along with low throughput methods were used for determination of inflammatory response in CL patients. Aims/Methodology We established a novel approach based on a non-invasive adhesive tape-disc sampling combined with a powerful multiplexing technique called proximity extension assay for profiling 92 inflammatory cytokines, chemokines and surface molecules in the lesions of CL patients infected with L. tropica. Sample collection was done non-invasively by using adhesive tape-discs from lesion and normal skin of 33 L. tropica positive patients. Results Out of 92 inflammatory proteins, the level of 34 proteins was significantly increased in the lesions of CL patients compared to their normal skin. This includes the chemokines CCL2, CCL3, CCL4, CXCL1, CXCL5, CXCL9, CXCL10 and CXCL11, together with the interleukins IL-6, IL-8, IL-18, LIF and OSM. The remaining significantly changed inflammatory proteins include 7 surface molecules and receptors: CD5, CD40, CDCP1, 4E-BP1, TNFRSF9, IL-18R1 and OPG as well as 16 other cytokines and proteins: MMP-1, CSF-1, VEGFA, uPA, EN-RAGE, LAP TGF-β1, HGF, MMP-10, CASP-8, TNFSF14, STAMPB, ADA, TRAIL and ST1A1. Further, 13 proteins showed an increasing trend, albeit not statistically significant, in the CL lesions, including TGF-α, CCL23, MCP-2, IL-12B, CXCL6, IL-24, FGF-19, TNFβ, CD6, TRANCE, IL10, SIR2 and CCL20. Conclusion We herein report a novel approach based on a non-invasive sampling method combined with the high-throughput protein assay for profiling inflammatory proteins in CL lesions. Using this approach, we could profile inflammatory proteins in the lesions from CL patients. This new non-invasive approach may have implications for studying skin inflammatory mediators in CL and other skin disorders.

Published
2020

48. High Transmission Potential of West Nile Virus Lineage 1 for Cx. pipiens s.l. of Iran

Author

Xavier de Lamballerie, Hasan Bakhshi, Sedigheh Zakeri, Navid Dinparast-Djadid, Laurence Mousson, Anna-Bella Failloux, Marie Vazeille, Abbasali Raz, Malaria and Vector Research Group (MVRG), Institut Pasteur d'Iran, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), Arbovirus et Insectes Vecteurs - Arboviruses and Insect Vectors, Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP), Unité des Virus Emergents (UVE), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), The present article is a part of a project that has been supported through a grant from Institut Pasteur International Network (IPIN, MATI) to ABF and NDD. HB as a Ph.D. student of medical biotechnology also received scholarships from IPP, Campus France, and education office of IPI., DEMESLAY GOUGAM, MARIE, Institut Pasteur [Paris], and Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)

Subjects
0301 basic medicine, Lineage (genetic), experimental infections, West Nile virus, viruses, 030231 tropical medicine, lcsh:QR1-502, Mosquito population, Biology, Iran, medicine.disease_cause, Arbovirus, lcsh:Microbiology, law.invention, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, law, Virology, High transmission, parasitic diseases, medicine, [SDV.MP.VIR] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology/Virology, vector competence, virus diseases, medicine.disease, 3. Good health, 030104 developmental biology, Infectious Diseases, Transmission (mechanics), Vector (epidemiology), [SDV.MP.VIR]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology/Virology, Viral genotype
Abstract

Vector competence is an important parameter in evaluating whether a species plays a role in transmission of an arbovirus. Although the protocols are similar, interpretation of results is unique given the specific interactions that exist between a mosquito population and a viral genotype. Here, we assessed the infection (IR), dissemination (DR), and transmission (TR) rates of Cx. pipiens s.l., collected from Iran, for West Nile virus (WNV) lineage 1a. We showed that Cx. pipiens s.l. mosquitoes in Iran were susceptible to WNV with IR up to 89.7%, 93.6%, and 83.9% at 7, 14, and 21 days post-infection (dpi) respectively. In addition, DR and TR reached respectively 92.3% and 75.0% at 21 dpi, and the number of viral particles delivered with saliva reached up to 1.33 &times, 105 particles. Therefore, an unexpected high risk of WNV dissemination in the region where Cx. pipiens s.l. mosquitoes are well established should be considered carefully and surveillance measures implemented accordingly.

Published
2020

49. Human Plasmodium vivax diversity, population structure and evolutionary origin

Author

Peter G. Kremsner, A. Berry, Ali Ould Mohamed Salem Boukary, Tamirat Gebru Woldearegai, Lise Musset, Eric Legrand, Benjamin Mordmüller, Franck Prugnolle, Carlo Severini, Jean-François Trape, François Renaud, Patrick Durand, Pingchai Harnyuttanakorn, Mohammad Shafiul Alam, Lilia González-Cerón, Khadijetou Mint Lekweiry, Beatriz Acuña Hidalgo, Dionicia Gamboa, François Nosten, Eric Elguero, Gustavo Fontecha, Virginie Rougeron, Oscar Noya, Céline Arnathau, Tepanata Pumpaibool, Sandrine Houzé, Sedigheh Zakeri, Rashidul Haque, Musab M. Ali Albsheer, Muzamil Mahdi Abdel Hamid, Health, Emergence, Adaptation and Transmission (MIVEGEC-HEAT), Processus Écologiques et Évolutifs au sein des Communautés (PEEC), Maladies infectieuses et vecteurs : écologie, génétique, évolution et contrôle (MIVEGEC), Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Maladies infectieuses et vecteurs : écologie, génétique, évolution et contrôle (MIVEGEC), Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud]), Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud]), AP-HP - Hôpital Bichat - Claude Bernard [Paris], Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP), Centre de Physiopathologie Toulouse Purpan (CPTP), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Service de Parasitologie et Mycologie [CHU Toulouse], Institut Fédératif de Biologie (IFB), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse (CHU Toulouse)-Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse (CHU Toulouse)-Pôle Biologie [CHU Toulouse], Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse (CHU Toulouse), Malaria and Vector Research Group (MVRG), Institut Pasteur d'Iran, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (ICDDR,B), Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health [Oxford, UK], Nuffield Department of Medicine [Oxford, UK] (Big Data Institute), University of Oxford-University of Oxford, Shoklo Malaria Research Unit [Mae Sot, Thailand] (SMRU), Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), University of Oxford-Mahidol University [Bangkok]-Wellcome Trust-University of Oxford-Mahidol University [Bangkok]-Wellcome Trust, Dipartimento di Malattie infettive = Department of Infectious Diseases [Rome, Italie] (DMI), Istituto Superiore di Sanità (ISS), Institute for Tropical Medicine = Institut für Tropenmedizin, Reisemedizin, Humanparasitolgie [Tübingen, Allemagne] (ITM), Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen = Eberhard Karls University of Tuebingen, German Center for Infectious Research - partner site Tübingen [Tübingen, Allemagne] (DZIF), College of Health and Medical Sciences [Harar, Ethiopie], Haramaya University (HU), Centro Regional de Investigación en Salud Pública = Regional Centre of Research in Public Health [Tapachula, Mexique] (CRISP), National Institute of Public Health = Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública [Cuernavaca, Mexique] (INSP), Microbiology Research Institute = Instituto de Investigaciones en Microbiología [Tegucigalpa, Honduras] (IIM), Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Honduras (UNAH), Instituto de Medicina Tropical 'Alexander von Humboldt' (IMT AvH), Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia (UPCH), Institut Pasteur de la Guyane, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), Laboratoire de Parasitologie [Cayenne, Guyane française], Centre National de Référence du Paludisme [Cayenne, Guyane française] (CNR - laboratoire associé), Centre Collaborateur OMS pour la surveillance de la résistance aux antipaludiques [Cayenne, Guyane française] (CCOMS), Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Organisation Mondiale de la Santé / World Health Organization Office (OMS / WHO), Génétique du paludisme et résistance - Malaria Genetics and Resistance, Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP), Centro para Estudios Sobre Malaria [Venezuela], Instituto de Altos Estudios en Salud Dr. Arnoldo Gabaldón, Instituto de Medicina Tropical [Caracas, Venezuela} (IMT), Universidad Central de Venezuela (UCV), Graduate School [Bangkok, Thailande], Chulalongkorn University [Bangkok], College of Public Health Science [Bangkok, Thailande], Department of Biology, Faculty of Science [Bangkok, Thailande], Faculté des Sciences et Techniques [Nouakchott, Mauritania], University of Khartoum, Vecteurs - Infections tropicales et méditerranéennes (VITROME), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées [Brétigny-sur-Orge] (IRBA), Authors thank the ANR Tremplin EVAD 2017, IRD and CNRS-INEE., ANR-17-ERC3-0002,EVAD,Histoire évolutive et adaptation génétique de Plasmodium vivax(2017), Laboratoire MIVEGEC (Université de Montpellier-CNRS-IRD), CREES, Montpellier, France., Génétique et évolution des maladies infectieuses (GEMI), Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Génétique et évolution des maladies infectieuses (GEMI), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Istituto Superiore di Sanita [Rome], Centre National de Référence du Paludisme [Cayenne, Guyane française] (CNR), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées (IRBA), Legrand, Eric, Histoire évolutive et adaptation génétique de Plasmodium vivax - - EVAD2017 - ANR-17-ERC3-0002 - TERC - VALID, Service de Parasitologie et Mycologie, Institut Fédératif de Biologie (IFB) - Hôpital Purpan, Hôpital Purpan [Toulouse], CHU Toulouse [Toulouse]-CHU Toulouse [Toulouse]-Hôpital Purpan [Toulouse], CHU Toulouse [Toulouse]-CHU Toulouse [Toulouse], University of Oxford [Oxford]-University of Oxford [Oxford], Wellcome Trust-Mahidol University [Bangkok]-University of Oxford [Oxford]-Wellcome Trust-Mahidol University [Bangkok]-University of Oxford [Oxford], and Institut Pasteur [Paris]

Subjects
Evolutionary Genetics, 0301 basic medicine, Plasmodium, MESH: Plasmodium vivax / isolation & purification, Genotyping Techniques, Population genetics, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], RC955-962, Plasmodium vivax, MESH: Global Health, Global Health, Microsatellite Loci, Geographical Locations, MESH: Genotype, 0302 clinical medicine, Arctic medicine. Tropical medicine, Global health, MESH: Genetic Variation, MESH: Plasmodium vivax / genetics, Species diversity, education.field_of_study, Ecology, biology, MESH: Plasmodium vivax / classification, 3. Good health, Infectious Diseases, Parasite evolution, Public aspects of medicine, RA1-1270, [SDV.MP.PAR] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology/Parasitology, purl.org/pe-repo/ocde/ford#3.03.06 [https], Research Article, Microsatellite loci, Asia, Genotype, Ecological Metrics, 030231 tropical medicine, Population, MESH: Malaria, Vivax / parasitology, Evolutionary genetics, 03 medical and health sciences, Gene Types, MESH: Genotyping Techniques, Parasite Groups, parasitic diseases, Malaria, Vivax, Genetics, medicine, Humans, [SDV.MP.PAR]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology/Parasitology, Parasite Evolution, education, Evolutionary Biology, MESH: Humans, Population Biology, Human evolutionary genetics, Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, Genetic Variation, Biology and Life Sciences, Species Diversity, Plasmodium falciparum, biology.organism_classification, medicine.disease, 030104 developmental biology, Evolutionary biology, People and Places, Africa, Parasitology, Apicomplexa, Population Genetics, Malaria
Abstract

More than 200 million malaria clinical cases are reported each year due to Plasmodium vivax, the most widespread Plasmodium species in the world. This species has been neglected and understudied for a long time, due to its lower mortality in comparison with Plasmodium falciparum. A renewed interest has emerged in the past decade with the discovery of antimalarial drug resistance and of severe and even fatal human cases. Nonetheless, today there are still significant gaps in our understanding of the population genetics and evolutionary history of P. vivax, particularly because of a lack of genetic data from Africa. To address these gaps, we genotyped 14 microsatellite loci in 834 samples obtained from 28 locations in 20 countries from around the world. We discuss the worldwide population genetic structure and diversity and the evolutionary origin of P. vivax in the world and its introduction into the Americas. This study demonstrates the importance of conducting genome-wide analyses of P. vivax in order to unravel its complex evolutionary history., Author summary Among the five Plasmodium species infecting humans, P. vivax is the most prevalent parasite outside Africa. To date, there has been less research on this species than for Plasmodium falciparum, a more lethal species, principally because of the lack of an in vitro culture system and also because P. vivax is considered relatively benign. Nevertheless, P. vivax is responsible for severe and incapacitating clinical symptoms with significant effects on human health. The emergence of new drug resistance and the discovery of severe and even fatal cases due to P. vivax question the benign status of P. vivax malaria. In recent years, there has been increased interest in characterizing the distribution of genetic variation in P. vivax. However, these studies either generated genetic information from a regional geographic scale or combine genetic datasets generated in different molecular platforms, which is known to generate biased results. In this study, we used a single genotyping platform to genotype 14 microsatellite markers in 834 samples of P. vivax obtained from 28 locations in 20 countries from around the world, including several populations from East and West Africa. We discuss the worldwide population genetic structure and the evolutionary origins of P. vivax, as well as its introduction into the Americas.

Published
2020

50. Expression analysis data of BCL11A and γ-globin genes in KU812 and KG-1 cell lines after CRISPR/Cas9-mediated BCL11A enhancer deletion

Author

Thorsten Buch, Morteza Karimipoor, Maryam Abbasalipour, Arash Arashkia, Jean-Paul Concordet, Sirous Zeinali, Johannes vom Berg, Mohammad Ali Khosravi, Régulation et dynamique des génomes, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Biotechnology Research Center, Institut Pasteur d'Iran, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), Hepatitis & AIDS Dept., Universität Zürich [Zürich] = University of Zurich (UZH), University of Zurich, and Buch, Thorsten

Subjects
γ, Genetic enhancement, 610 Medicine & health, Biology, γ-globin, Cas9 genome editing system, 03 medical and health sciences, CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing system, 0302 clinical medicine, Genome editing, hemic and lymphatic diseases, Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, BCL11A, Gene expression, Fetal hemoglobin, Gene silencing, 10239 Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, [SDV.BBM]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Enhancer, Gene, Locus control region, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 030304 developmental biology, KG, 1000 Multidisciplinary, 0303 health sciences, Multidisciplinary, globin, 3. Good health, Cell biology, KU812, CRISPR, 570 Life sciences, biology, KG-1, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery
Abstract

The data presented in this article are related to the research article entitled as "Targeted deletion of the BCL11A gene by CRISPR-Cas9 system for fetal hemoglobin reactivation: A promising approach for gene therapy of beta-thalassemia disease " [1]. BCL11A is a master regulator of γ-globin gene silencing, and suppresses fetal hemoglobin expression by association with other γ-globin suppressors, and also interacts with human beta-globin locus control region as well as intergenic region between the Aγ and δ-globin genes to reconfigure beta-globin cluster. Thus, HbF reactivation has been proposed to be an approach for the treatment of β-thalassemia through knockout of BCL11A. Accordingly, an erythroid enhancer sequence was identified that, when inactivated, led to repression of BCL11A and induction of γ-globin in the erythroid lineage [2-7]. This article describes data that obtained from BCL11A gene enhancer modification in KU812 and KG-1 cell lines using the CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing system in order to reactivate γ-globin gene expression.

Published
2020

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