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Swash flow poses a significant hazard to pedestrians standing on the slope of the seawall. Unlike the forces of overtopping flow or open channel flow on the human body, which have been studied before, swash flow has two distinct cycles within one wave period: onshore flow and offshore flow. Both cycles can risk human safety by exerting hydrodynamic forces on the body. This paper presents a numerical study to examine the hydrodynamic forces exerted on the human body when subjected to swash flow on a smooth and impermeable slope. A Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) model is set up in OpenFOAM, where the numerical results are compared with experimental data obtained from wave tank tests. Reasonable agreement has been achieved, which validates the numerical model. We examine the kinematics of swash flow generated by plunging and surging breakers. In the case of a plunging breaker, we observe that the instantaneous runup height exhibited asymmetry, whereas it is nearly symmetric for a surging breaker. The velocity profile is then used to compute the momentum flux of the swash flow, which is shown to be associated with the inline forces exerted on the human body. We have defined an instability index to assess the risk of pedestrian mobilisation by swash flow, demonstrating its dependence on the Iribarren number and the body's position. The analysis reveals that the associated risk is substantially reduced as the Iribarren number increases and when the body moves towards the shoreline. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The acoustic emission (AE) monitoring of failures, fractures and instabilities evolving within a snowpack may provide vital information about the avalanche formation preceding release processes. In this work, AE activity was collected continuously over five years from the snowpack built on avalanche starting zone in Great Himalaya, and the analyses are presented in the context of an avalanche release and two slab fracturing events detected successfully during this study period. For non-invasive detection of AE activity from snow, a specialised sensor-arrestor array was deployed over the avalanche slope. In our investigations, an abnormal AE activity was observed both during the slab fracturing as well as the avalanche occurrence periods. For AE-based direct assessment of snow instability, a method is proposed to estimate instability index (βin), based on AE count and amplitude values of a hit, and it is applied for analyses of avalanche formation preceding release and slab fracturing cases. The prominent AE attributes including βin-variations are also analysed at appropriate window scales for a smooth representation of the ongoing instability and failure processes underneath the slab. The AE spectral analyses of avalanche release and slab fracturing reveal the dominant frequencies around 45–47 kHz and 34–43 kHz, respectively. A progressively increasing behaviour was observed with an abrupt increase in the relevant AE parameters and also the βin-values, nearly 13 hours before the avalanche release, and it continued until the avalanche released which can be associated to the instability development prior to avalanche release. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Among abiotic stresses, Salinity has been increasing over the time for many reasons like using of chemical fertilizers, global warming and rising sea levels. In deed salinity stress and high concentration of ions are of the most determinative factors that simultaneously affect genetical, biochemical and physiological processes of a plant. Some of plants known as halophytes have developed mechanisms that help them to avoid or tolerate the saline conditions. With the aim of understanding the probable mechanisms of saline tolerance in Aeluropus littoralis (as a halophyte) and the saline susceptibility of Oriza sativa var. IR64 (as a glycophyte), In the present study, the similarity of Cu/Zn Superoxide Dismutase (Cu/Zn SOD) gene sequences, the differential biochemical indexes such as aromatic and instability indices of them were evaluated in silico, based on amino acid composition of their Cu/Zn SOD. the gene expression pattern and fluctuation of Cu/Zn SOD as a ROS scavenger (in root and shoot) was also assessed and compared in a span of exposer time to stress and different salt concentratio. Materials and methods: The seeds of A. littoralis and O. sativa var IR64 were prepared from Center for Research of Agricultural Science and Natural Resources (CRASN) which were sown in sand as a primary culture medium, after surface sterilization. After 21 days, the seedlings that had grown uniformly were transferred to continuously aerated hydroponic pots containing Yoshida nutrient solution. we established a stress span containing short term (6 hours), mid-term (24 and 48 hours) and long term (6 and 11 days) exposure to salinity stress. the gene expression pattern and fluctuation of Cu/Zn SOD as a ROS scavenger in Aeluropus, was evaluated at the sampling points of 6 h/100 mM, 6 h/200 mM, 6 h/300 mM, 48 h/300 mM, 144 h/300 mM and 264 h/300 mM. the elite sampling timepoint of rice, were also 6 h/30 mM, 6 h/60 mM, 6 h/100 mM, 48 hours/100mM, 144 hours/100 mM and 264 hours/100 mM. To study the structure of genes, genomic DNAs of A. littoralis and Oryza sativa L. Var IR64 were isolated from their leaf. Amplification of Cu/Zn SOD genes was performed with specific primers designed based on NCBI sequences. Amplification of their the maximum length fragments was carried out using a hot start, high fidelity DNA polymerase. The extracted fragments were cloned using pTZ57R vector in Escherichia coli (DH5α strain) and sequenced paired-end. The results were analyzed using NCBI database, and the biochemical features related to their proteins, such as isoelectric points, calculated weight, instability and aromatic indices, were analyzed Insilco using CLC Genomics Workbench 12 and Geneious Prime 2019. Results and discussion: Comparison of the real time quantitative PCR of Cu/Zn SOD transcriptome in roots showed that Aeluropus increase the expression of these genes faster and keeps their expression in long-term while rice loses them significantly. The increased expression of Cu/Zn SOD in the roots of Aeluropus maintained but its expression in rice down regulated. rice did not show any statistically significant changes in compare to control samples and persisted in this manner until the end of investigation. But in Aeluropus, the expression showed another increase after 264 hours of being in 300mM. In the shoots of Aeluropus, the level of Cu/Zn SOD expression increased gradually and reached its highest level after 48 hours commencement of 300 mM salinity stress. While shoots of IR64 Rice did not show any statistically different expression except a very late response at 144th hour of being in 100 mM salinity stress that was only about 40 percent higher than its counterpart control samples. Analysis of amino acid sequences' indices showed that Cu/Zn SOD of Aeluropus would have a superior stability and higher aromatic value in contrast to IR64 counterpart. These indices originate from the arrangement of amino acids which they themselves are the result of nucleotide arrangement in genome. Conclusion: The early and highly expression of Aeluropus Cu/Zn SOD gene studied in our experiment and their permanency and lasting of their activity in high concentration of salinity makes the sequence of it and its regulatory elements as a prospective candidate for future applied studies and transforming and improving salinity tolerance in many Poacea crops. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rice is the most important staple food of the country and consumed by about 65 per cent of the population. The present analysis was undertaken to estimate the growth and instability patterns of area, production and productivity of rainfed paddy for the period spanning from 2011 to 2020, factors affecting in non-adoption of rainfed paddy and production as well as marketing constraints faced by paddy growers in Shivamogga district of Karnataka during 2020-2021. Methodology used as Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR), Cuddy Della Vella Index and garret's ranking. Findings showed negative, non-significant compound growth rates for rainfed paddy area (1.64) and production (0.95). However, productivity exhibited positive growth (non-significant). Medium stability for area (32.20), production (28.80) and higher stability for productivity (7.33) characterized rainfed paddy, influenced by farmer shifts to crops like arecanut and maize. Chief obstacles to rainfed paddy adoption were late monsoon onset (62.25%), followed by early withdrawal, weed infestation, water control, yield concerns and traditional farmer mindsets. The major production and marketing constraint faced by farmers were identified by using Garrett's ranking methodology on bases of severity. The key production challenges were insect and pest damage (80.00%), low yield (67.00%), labour scarcity and erratic weather (41.86%). Hindrances encompassed delayed inputs, cultivation costs, credit shortages, and marketing issues: price fluctuation (79.00%), high commissions (66.00%), storage inadequacy (50.00%), market unawareness, transportation costs and subpar quality. So to boost awareness and income for rainfed paddy growers, the government should promote traditional practices via financial aid, subsidies and credit support for rainfed paddy farmers. Addressing market challenges, including fluctuating prices and storage insufficiencies, is crucial for sustained progress in rainfed paddy cultivation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we investigated the rheological behavior of three water-atomized 316L stainless steel powders mixed in a binder system based on a wax-polymer depending on powder particle size. The critical solids loadings determined via torque rheometer experiments were the same regardless of particle size. Their viscosities were analyzed using a plate-plate rheometer, and the rheological characteristics of the feedstock prepared using them were analyzed through the instability index, flow behavior index, flow activation energy, and moldability index. The smaller particle-sized powder demonstrated higher viscosity and increased instability at the same temperature, however, there was a critical temperature that affected the viscosity variation by improving the instability of feedstock. Regarding the rheological parameters (flow behavior index and flow activation energy), the power law-Arrhenius model was introduced and the results showed that a smaller particle size makes a feedstock more desirable for molding. On the other hand, the moldability index increased as the powder particle size and temperature increased, revealing that viscosity has the greatest effect on moldability. The larger the powder particle size, the greater the effect of temperature on viscosity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Restoration potential (RP) and deterioration potential (DP) were formulated to shed light on the kinetic balance between anaerobic biochemical reactions. RP is gauged by the ratio of the methanogenesis rate (MR) to the acidogenesis rate (AR), while the DP is the sum of the accumulation rate (AcR) and dilution rate (DR) of total VFAs, normalized using the AR. In an anaerobic digester for a mixture of pulverized food waste and liquified sewage sludge, an RP above 1.0 signifies a restorative state in the kinetic balance of anaerobic biochemical reactions across various operational phases, including startup and steady state, and shifts in organic loading rate. Conversely, a DP value of 0.0 or higher denotes a deterioration in the kinetic balance. The instability index (ISI), calculated as the DP to RP ratio, serves as an indicator of an anaerobic digestion state. When the standard deviation of ISI surpasses 0.2, it signifies instability in biochemical reactions; however, an average ISI below 0.05 indicates a stable digestion process. The study underscores the efficacy of RP, DP, and ISI as robust indicators for assessing the stability of anaerobic digestion based on the kinetics of biochemical reactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The spectral properties of the generator of an evolution semigroup describing the dynamics of particle transport in a substance are studied. An effective estimate of the number of unstable modes is obtained, and geometric conditions for spectral stability and instability are found. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

IntroductionWind erosion and the formation of sand dunes are common phenomena in many arid regions around the world. More than 100 types of sand dunes have been classified by geomorphologists based on shape and size criteria (Lancaster, 1995). One of the most common and simple types of sand dunes, in areas with one-way winds throughout the year and the inability of sand to cover the entire surface of the area, is the crescent-shaped hills called Barchan (Suerman et al., 2000). Barchan is a single crescent-shaped hill that forms a cohesive and solid surface on the ground, such as a ridge, pediment, or desert pavement (Cook et al. 1993).Methodology:To do this research, 11 barchans from the southwest of Mariana Rig were selected, 30 km from Aranbidgol city. Using the images of the Google Earth software archive, the determination of the area of the study area was carried out and then, with field observations, the measurements of the barchans were made. The Google Earth software was used to check and record the amount of displaced barchans over time periods between 2013 and 2019. Also, by using the bar method in 2013 and estimating the amount of displacement relative to the fixed bars in 2019, the measurement of the speed of the barchans along with parameters of area, volume, height, density, periodic variation and length to width ratio Was evaluated and analyzed. Also, in order to investigate the role of wind in the movement of Aeolian sand and Barchans, the 31-year statistics of Kashan meteorological station were used. For this purpose, the desired data was entered in Wrplot 5.0 software and finally the annual flower of Kashan station was drawn. The wind of Kashan station indicates the prevailing northeast wind in this region.Findings:The maximum total total displacement during the years 2019-2013 in Barchan No. 9 has been calculated at 68 meters with an average annual displacement rate of 8.5 per year. The minimum total total displacement during the years 2019-2013 has been calculated in Barchan No. 7 at the rate of 43.9 meters with an average annual rate of 5.5 meters. The rate of 103.5 percent compared to the percentage of negative changes of 93.34, shows the net rate of change of 10.16 percent positive. In other words, during the years 2013 to 2019, the rate of expansion of sand dunes in the study area shows an increasing trend, and on the other hand, the sand zone created during the years 2013 to 2019 has had a lot of area fluctuations. According to the reliability index, the higher the annual displacement of the Barchans, the more unfavorable the reliability index will be. According to Table 8, most of the brooches in the study area with a displacement between 6 to 9 meters are in the category of instability and only one brook is in the category of very low reliability.Conclusion:The results show that the average displacement speed of selected Barchans is 7.6 meters per year with a range of changes between 5.5 to 8.5 meters per year and the displacement rate in three time periods indicates an increase in displacement in the period 2019-2017 compared to two The period is before that. Pearson correlation test was used to investigate the relationship between volume and cell movement. Pearson correlation between the two variables is calculated to be -19.19 and sig is equal to 0.558, which indicates a very weak negative correlation between the volume and the amount of movement of the selected braces. It is somewhat reduced and this correlation is not completely linear. However, the study of the relationship between length to width ratio with the amount of cell movement shows that by increasing and decreasing the length to width ratio from a numerical value of one, the amount of cell movement decreases significantly. In other words, the maximum displacement of selected Barchans will be when there is a proportion in the ratio of length and width of Barchans. Looking at the periods under study, it can be seen that during the years 2019-2013, when the length-to-width ratio is around one, the highest amount of Barchans movement has occurred. Precipitation also plays a very important role in the rate of cell displacement. The annual precipitation data of Kashan station during the years 2019-2013 indicate the direct effect of rainfall on the displacement of the Barchans, so that in the years with increasing rainfall, the movement of the studied Barchans has increased and in the years with decreasing rainfall, the movement of the Barchans can be significantly Attention has been reduced. The reliability index also indicates the instability of the studied Barchans, so that according to the calculated amount of movement of selected Barchans, this index indicates the average movement of regional Barchans compared to the amount of movement recorded in previous studies in Iran and the world.

Crop diversification is considered as a pathway to promote agricultural development. The present paper examines the subtleties of crop diversification in Karnataka through spatial and temporal trends across the districts. The analysis carried out from 2000-01 to 2018-19 indicated steady improvement in crop diversification in the State. The Compounded Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) in cereal crops was negative whereas, it was positive in horticulture and plantation crops and commercial crops. However, higher instability was found in other crop groups compared to cereal crops. The districts falling in the southern part of the state tend to be more diversified than other districts. The spectral changes have revealed improvement in spatial diversity over the years in the state. Transitional probability matrix revealed that the shift in area was towards horticulture and plantation crops, commercial crops and condiments and spice crops in the State. However, the major retention in area was found in cereal crops since the share in total gross cropped area is more compared to other crop groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Potato is one of the most important root vegetable grown across the world. Potatoes are also considered tubers which are rich in vitamins, nutrients, minerals and less quantity of calories. It is considered as one of the healthiest vegetables available for human beings. The current study is confined to potato crop grown in Karnataka. To examine the growth and instability in area, production and productivity of potato for a period of 30 years (1991-2020) data was used. Exponential growth rate, coppock’s instability index and hazell’s decomposition analyses were employed to analyze the data. During the study period, there exhibits decreasing growth in area (-0.79%), production (-0.97%) and productivity (-0.92%). The instability analysis revealed that area under potato cultivation was more instable than production and productivity. Hazell’s decomposition analysis reported that increase in the mean average production was mainly due to change in the mean yield (115.75 %). Change in area variance (289.63 %) and change in co-variance area and yield (73.48%) contributed to the variability in the potato production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The capital market, especially the stock market, is as risky as any other investment activity and is affected by overflow fluctuations and instabilities from other markets. In the face of other macroeconomic variables, this causes instability in the stock market. In the present study, using conditional turbulence method, the factors affecting on instability index in basic metals industry sector of Tehran Stock Exchange was investigated and presented. For this purpose, monthly data from April 2009 to April 2020 were used. The results of the present study indicate that fluctuations in the industrial sector are caused by factors such as political conflicts and international problems in Iran and are strengthened by fluctuations in parallel markets such as oil, gold and currency. According to the results of the research, factors outside the stock market industry due to the underdevelopment of the stock market in Iran; From the point of view of the analyzes performed, the most important effect and factor causing fluctuations is the section of political tensions and international relations in Iran, which has effects. It is uncontrollable on parallel markets in Iran and ultimately the effect of all of them is reflected in the stock market.

For the Vlasov equation with a self-consistent field, a connection is established between the dispersion relation and the Schur algebraic complement of the generator of the corresponding dynamical system. An estimate of the instability index is obtained in terms of the Hankel transform of the background distribution of electrons, the sign of which is determined using the saddle point method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Agriculture production growth is dependent on various factors as policies, inputs, and the environment. It is imperative to compute growth rate for the formulation of plans, policies and strategies to boost production performance. This study examined the compound growth rate and instability index of major crops in Nepal. The time-series data of 29 years from 1990/91 to 2018/19 was analysed by dividing the total time period into three sub-periods of three decades. The instability of most of the crops' area, production, and productivity declined during the second sub-period and increased in the third sub period. The growth rate of the area, production, and productivity of the crops declined during the second sub-period except for maize, potato, and vegetables. During the third sub-period, only sugarcane, oilseeds, and maize area growth rate risen whereas the growth rate of production increased for sugarcane, oilseed, lentil, and rice. For the better production performance of crops, crop-specific strategies regarding area expansion and technological intervention should be promulgated.

Ragi, also known as finger millet, is one of the most important components in Karnataka's staple food diet. Finger millet is a gluten-free food that is high in calcium, iron, protein, fiber and other minerals. The cereal is low in fat and mostly made up of unsaturated fat. It is regarded as one of the healthiest cereals available. In the year 2019-20, the area covered by the ragi crop in India is 9.66 lakh acres. The present research is based on 18 years of data on ragi area, production and productivity in Karnataka (from 2000-01 to 2017-18). To determine the growth and stability of the data over the years, the exponential growth rate, the instability index and Hazel's decomposition analysis were utilised. During the study period, the area under ragi crop expanded by 1.79 per cent, while production climbed by 2.23 per cent. In the case of production, the variation around the trend (instability index 21.89) and the variance around the mean (CV 24.48 per cent) was greater than area and productivity. The increase in mean area was responsible for 87.49 per cent of the increase in production. The variation in ragi production was primarily related to changes in the area variance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Maintaining the stability and integrity of colloidal systems (CSs) is crucial to ensure the quality of formulated products over time. The longevity of CSs is a critical consideration as it affects the quality of the developed product for an extended period. In this study, emulsions (EMs) and nanoemulsions (NEs) loaded with α-terpineol (α-TOH) were evaluated for their physical stability using Accelerated Shelf-Life Testing (ASLT) with LUMiSizer ®. The Instability Index of the α-TOH-based-colloidal delivery system stabilized by Tween®20 (TW20) and Quillaja saponins was evaluated at different temperatures (25 °C, 45 °C) and relative centrifuge force (RCF: 581× g ; 1308× g ; 2325× g). At 25 °C, NEs displayed roughly 70X (at 581× g), 30X (1308× g), and 20X (2325× g) highest physical stability than EMs. On the other hand, when tested at 45 °C, NEs were 40X (at 581× g), 16X (1308× g), and 10X (2325× g) more physically stable when confronted with EMs, evidencing the crucial role of temperature on the stability of the colloidal systems. EMs showed fragile or negligible physical stability - reaching, in most cases - the highest value of the Instability Index (=1.0) scale in less than 1 min, independently of the tested temperature (25 °C, 45 °C) and RCF used. Nanoemulsions stabilized by Quillaja Saponins demonstrated high resistance to centrifugal force, possibly due to features of this anionic surfactant, such as high bending modulus and a sizeable polar head group, distinguishing it from non-ionic surfactants such as TW20. Lastly, the physical stability of α-TOH-NEs was similar when relying on accelerated stability and real-time observation analysis. Thus, these two methods may correlate. • NEs at 581× g , 25 °C displayed 70X higher physical stability when compared to EMs. • NEs at 25 °C showed 2X higher physical stability than those tested at 45 °C. • Quillaja Saponins-stabilized-NEs were less susceptible to physical instability. • Storage temperature, size of the oil droplets, and emulsifier type affected NEs. • EMs showed higher physical instability mainly due to their large droplet size. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the research is recognizing mechanisms of the heavy rainfalls in the west and southwest of Iran using synoptic and thermodynamic method. For analysis of case study at April 2016, At first was obtained and calculated hourly rainfall data from 70 weather stations in the research area and 10 weather stations bordering the research area. Then rainfall amounts in stations were calculated and zoned using Arc/Map10. After that Ki, Li, TTi, Cape and SWEAT instability indexes was calculated for Kermanshah and Ahwaz weather stations. Finally, the synoptic maps were analyzed. According to instability indexes, mostly atmospheric instability has been moderate and favorable conditions could be observed for convection and thunder storm, lightening and snow fall. The analysis of the sea level synoptic maps have shown that a few days before the rainfall, the study area has been under the influence of the Siberian high, and simultaneously cyclones centers were formed above the Mediterranean Sea. Their eastern-ward movements created the condition for instability and rainfall in the area. Cold air downfall from high-pressure centers toward the backside of the Mediterranean trough and lower latitudes beside the dislocation of warm humid air to the fore side of the trough created the front and resulted in intensifying the rainy system that finally resulted in heavy rainfall in the area. The atmospheric physical and dynamic indexes show that during the rainfall, voracity positive values, jet stream wind and negative omega figures were in their maximum.

The goal of this paper is spectral analysis of an evolutionary semigroup generator describing the dynamics of a rarefied two-component plasma subjected to a self-consistent electromagnetic field. For the problem in question, the spectrum is given in terms of the dispersion relationship and an effective approach to the calculation of the instability index is developed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An algorithm is developed to estimate the rate of charge melting in the electric arc furnace laboratory and its geometric sizes. An electric-arc instability index is proposed as a parameter for on-line control of the heat state of the bath and the rate of metal scrap melting. In practice, a decision about turning off a furnace in melting a charge or about the beginning of the end oxidation stage of a heat is delayed, which leads to an increase in the time of furnace operation under an electric current and in the specific electric power consumption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]