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Following the collapse of the Delahoyde and Lucett joint enterprise, James Lucett resumed practice on his own account. He continued to implement his 'process', promoting it as a unique cure for intractable cases of insanity. For two decades he pursued his activities, with varying success, at different locations in the London area. He maintained his public profile by extensive advertising, letters to newspapers and published pamphlets, extolling his unique 'discovery' and recounting claims of successful cures achieved. Accusations of quackery persisted along with other hostile criticism, particularly from medical men, which Lucett strongly challenged. Periodically he faced more serious difficulties due to legal infractions or financial hardships, but somehow Lucett survived most of these and persevered with his endeavours. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The issues related to Dissociative Disorder of Identity in Polish legal science have not been raised in principle. Few studies in this field emphasize its controversial nature, both in the psychiatric and criminal law aspects. This applies to the criminal liability of the perpetrator of the prohibited act, including his / her sanity, and consequently also to issues related to his rehabilitation or treatment. This disorder causes significant diagnostic difficulties, much greater than the relatively exhaustively described dissocial disorder (the so-called psychopathy), from which it is absolutely necessary to distinguish DID. Thus, the views on “psychopathy”, established in the literature and judicature of criminal law, do not find an adequate reference to Dissociative Identity Disorder. At the same time, the nature and manner of committing the act by perpetrators with this disorder justify a thorough analysis of the subject using a specific case. The practical dimension of this issue also includes forensic-psychiatric and psychological issues. The criminological point of view suggests that the phenomenon itself is underestimated. The aim of the study is to show the signaled problems and to try to answer the questions posed in the study. The most important of them is related to the possibility of recognizing the title disorders as the cause of insanity, referred to in Article 31 1 of the CC, and consequently the legitimacy of applying an appropriate precautionary measure to the perpetrator.

This article explores the impact of mental illness on the relationship between middle-class fathers and sons in late nineteenth- and early twentieth-century England. Using sources that include autobiographies, oral histories, press reports of violence, and records of appeals against conscription, the article argues that shame was not the dominant reaction. Many mentally ill men lost masculine status and agency within the family, but both fathers and sons were much more likely to respond to illness with loving concern, attempts at negotiation and pacification, than to use their power over vulnerable relatives with attempts to confine and hide them from sight. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article claims that the Anthropocene Age reveals the tragic insanity that lies at the core of religious experiences informed by Hebrew and Christian scriptures. In brief, I claim that Western Christianity and its apparatuses produce beliefs, which are an integral part of persons' religious experiences, that give rise to an ontological rift between human beings and other species. This rift and its attendant beliefs are evident in how religious individuals and communities have (1) overlooked or disavowed the singularities and sufferings of other species, (2) used attendant instrumental epistemologies to justify the exploitation of Othered species (and Othered human beings) and the Earth, and (3) sought to force nature to adapt to human needs and desires. The article addresses the psychological dynamics and consequences of the ontological rift, which further exposes the madness that attends religious experiences that rely on apparatuses of the ontological rift. The article ends with a brief discussion of an antidote, namely, inoperativity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although the concept of the Absurd seems to be characteristic only of modernity, especially since WWII, we face the intriguing opportunity to investigate its likely first emergence in the early thirteenth century in Der Stricker's Pfaffe Amîs (ca. 1220). While the narrative framework insinuates that meaning and relevance continue to be the key components of the priest's life, especially because he constantly seeks new sources of income for his own generosity and hospitality, his various victims increasingly face absurd situations and are abandoned even to the threat of insanity and death. The analysis of the verse narrative suggests that the protagonist begins to embrace crime and violence as the norm for his operations as a fake merchant. Thus, in some of the episodes of this famous Schwankbuch, elements of the absurd become visible, creating considerable irritation and frustration, if not horror and desperation, among the priest's innocent victims. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

According to ancient times, Iranians were among the first people to recognize mental abnormalities as diseases. They explained the causes of mental diseases using various scientific methods based on observation and experience and suggested practical ways for treatment. The main treatment methods they proposed included the use of medicine and other physical treatments. In some cases, psychotherapy methods were also used to treat mental patients. This study was conducted using the analytical-documentary method, with authentic traditional medical texts, literary and historical works, and other narrative texts that documented the treatment of mental patients as sources. The purpose of this study is to demonstrate that the Iranian culture, and particularly Iranian medical culture, has had a rational approach to mental disorders for a long time. Iranian doctors have avoided superstitious beliefs and instead sought scientific and experimental methods for treatment. The findings of this study suggest that, in comparison to approaches of Western medicine to mental disorders in the pre-modern era, which often involved rejecting such patients and not treating mental patients, Iranian doctors focused on the underlying causes of mental disorders. They treated patients using scientific methods while also maintaining a human and compassionate approach.

In 1891, the United States Congress codified a harsher version of the 1882 public charge provision. Commodifying health and pathologizing poverty, the public charge law excluded and deported immigrants termed “likely to become a public charge” according to its conflation of physical, mental, and economic status, shaping America’s image across the world. Though public charge implicated all immigrants, its impact on eastern European Jews captured the attention of pro-immigration American Jewish advocates. My article analyzes American Jewish attorneys and reformers who emphasized that public charge endangered Jewish immigrants who sought admission to and citizenship in the United States. Contesting the administration of the law—and especially the discretion that state officials possessed to enforce it—as un-American and antidemocratic, this coalition endeavored to liberalize public charge by promoting new interpretations of its terminology, reducing its reach, and contesting it through the courts, while contending with the ever-evolving concepts of borders and nationalist restriction. Public charge particularly victimized young Jewish women and girls, whom immigration officials often diagnosed as “mentally defective” despite evidence to the contrary. To illustrate this trend, I explore a case of a Jewish immigrant girl named Esther, diagnosed as insane, subjected to illegal medical examinations, and threatened with imminent deportation over the course of eleven years. I consider how American Jewish communal luminaries intervened on this immigrant’s behalf, simultaneously integrating disability into the field of American Jewish history and investigating how these advocates challenged the premise that illness and impairment disabled immigrants from becoming Americans.

According to ancient times, Iranians were among the first people to recognize mental abnormalities as diseases. They explained the causes of mental diseases using various scientific methods based on observation and experience and suggested practical ways for treatment. The main treatment methods they proposed included the use of medicine and other physical treatments. In some cases, psychotherapy methods were also used to treat mental patients. This study was conducted using the analytical-documentary method, with authentic traditional medical texts, literary and historical works, and other narrative texts that documented the treatment of mental patients as sources. The purpose of this study is to demonstrate that the Iranian culture, and particularly Iranian medical culture, has had a rational approach to mental disorders for a long time. Iranian doctors have avoided superstitious beliefs and instead sought scientific and experimental methods for treatment. The findings of this study suggest that, in comparison to approaches of Western medicine to mental disorders in the pre-modern era, which often involved rejecting such patients and not treating mental patients, Iranian doctors focused on the underlying causes of mental disorders. They treated patients using scientific methods while also maintaining a human and compassionate approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The analysis covers the case of a driver suffering from epilepsy for many years, who during an epileptic seizure, in a state of profound disturbance of consciousness, caused a road accident. Such situations usually result in the perpetrator being considered insane in relation to the allegation. The task of expert psychiatrists and psychologists is then to assess the likelihood of the perpetrator of the prohibited act repeating it, and to indicate to the court the optimal therapeutic precautionary or penal measure. These legal solutions also apply to perpetrators who were considered insane due to disturbances of consciousness occurring in the course of various somatic diseases, and not permanent mental disorders. Currently, there are no grounds for appointing expert neurologists, diabetologists, cardiologists, pulmonologists, and other specialists who would assess the legitimacy of taking precautionary measures, which may raise judicial doubts. Moreover, applying in such cases only the measures indicated in Article 93a § 1 of the Penal Code does not find any psychiatric and psychological justification. Consideration should be given to extending the catalog of protective measures to include the therapy of various somatic diseases in order to minimize the risk of developing deep mental disorders in the future. The work proposes new opinion-making solutions, which, however, requires changes in legal regulations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Some murders are committed under the influence of a psychotic state resulting from a mental disorder, mainly schizophrenia. According to the law in many countries, people with mental disorders do not have criminal responsibility. They are defined as not guilty due to insanity (insanity defense) and therefore cannot be punished. In Israel, in recent years, more lawyers are requesting psychiatric opinions for the murder defendants they represent. This study aims to explore the differences between two groups of murderers: individuals who committed murder and were found not guilty by reason of insanity (NGRI) and individuals who committed murder and were found responsible and guilty. The comparison is made from a broad perspective by examining sociodemographic factors and psychiatric factors as well as criminological and forensic factors. Methods This study, conducted in Israel, analyzes the sociodemographic and forensic differences between 72 individuals who committed murder and were found not guilty by reason of insanity (NGRI) and 56 individuals who committed murder and were found responsible for their actions and fit to stand trial (guilty). Results The findings show that NGRI participants were more likely to be from central areas, to be Jewish (rather than Arab), to be diagnosed with schizophrenia and have a background of hospitalizations before committing the murder, to have remained at the murder scene and/or called for help, and to be less likely to have committed the murder with a partner. Conclusions The study’s findings are explained and the limitations discussed. The findings add to the existing knowledge base about murder by reason of insanity and the differences between NGRI and criminal murderers. The characteristics of the NGRI group found here can help to identify risk groups and to develop and implement prevention programs for people with mental disorders who are at risk of violent behavior.

Abstract Background Forensic evaluations of legal insanity include the experts’ assessment of symptoms present at the mental state examination (MSE) and the mental state at the time of offense (MSO). Delusions and hallucinations are most important. We explored how often symptoms were recorded in written forensic reports. Design This exploratory, cross-sectional study included 500 reports of legal insanity written in 2009–2018 from cases of violent crimes in Norway. The first author read all reports and coded symptoms recorded from the experts’ assessments of the offenders. Two co-authors repeated this procedure for 50 randomly selected reports. Interrater reliability was calculated with Gwet’s AC1. Generalized Linear Mixed Models with Wald tests for fixed effects and Risk Ratios as effect sizes were used for the statistical analyses. Results Legal insanity was the main conclusion in 23.6% of the reports; 71.2% of these were diagnosed with schizophrenia while 22.9% had other psychotic disorders. Experts recorded few symptoms from MSO, but more from MSE, although MSO is important for insanity. We found a significant association between delusions and hallucinations recorded present in the MSO and legal insanity for defendants with other psychotic disorders, but no association for defendants with schizophrenia. The differences in symptom recordings between diagnoses were significant. Conclusion Few symptoms were recorded from the MSO. We found no association between presence of delusions or hallucinations and legal insanity for defendants with schizophrenia. This may indicate that a schizophrenia diagnosis is more important to the forensic conclusion than the symptoms recorded in the MSO.

This document is a research study on the survival of the cement industry in Indonesia during a crisis. The study uses qualitative methods and a comparative approach to analyze the responses of major players in the industry. The findings highlight the importance of strategic responses, leadership, and adaptability in overcoming the challenges of a crisis. The study provides insights and recommendations for cement players to improve their management strategies and prepare for future crises. [Extracted from the article]

In 1844, Poe likely encountered the American Journal of Insanity through his associate, Dr. Pliny Earle, director of the Bloomingdale Asylum for the Insane. A careful look at the evidence suggests that the journal may have influenced Poe's only fictional description of an asylum in "The System of Doctor Tarr and Professor Fether." [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The publication presents the most important regulations concerning the 2015 amendment of the system of protective measures. The main focus is analyzing the most distressing measure, i.e. the placement of the offender in a psychiatric establishment. Psychiatric internment was examined mainly from the perspective of the Polish Executive Penal Law proceedings and, to a limited extent, also in the criminal law context. The article identifies the advantages and disadvantages of the new psychiatric internment’s construction and points out the impact of that changed institution on the practice of implementing these protective measures. For this reason, the science paper presents a range of de lege lata and de lege ferenda suggestions, which may be helpful for attorneys and legal counsels in the performance of their work in the enforcement stage of criminal proceedings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Annuals of the Administration & Law / Roczniki Administracji i Prawa is the property of Oficyna Wydawnicza Humanitas and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Larq Journal for Philosophy, Linguistics & Social Sciences is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The insanity defense is a defense against the criminal responsibility of an accused suffering from mental disorder(s). The law in the United States recognizes the doctrine of the defense of insanity. The objective of this study is to analyze the law on insanity defense in the US using the doctrinal legal analysis approach. The findings of this study suggest that the law on the insanity defense is not uniform across the United States. Moreover, forensic mental health evaluation by mental health professionals is critical in determining the plea of insanity. The forensic mental health assessment of an accused taking the plea of insanity must be detailed and comprehensive to assist the trier of the facts as it is the trier of the facts who would decide about the legal insanity of the accused. There is a need to adopt multidisciplinary approaches to further develop the law on insanity defense in the US. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Some murders are committed under the influence of a psychotic state resulting from a mental disorder, mainly schizophrenia. According to the law in many countries, people with mental disorders do not have criminal responsibility. They are defined as not guilty due to insanity (insanity defense) and therefore cannot be punished. In Israel, in recent years, more lawyers are requesting psychiatric opinions for the murder defendants they represent. This study aims to explore the differences between two groups of murderers: individuals who committed murder and were found not guilty by reason of insanity (NGRI) and individuals who committed murder and were found responsible and guilty. The comparison is made from a broad perspective by examining sociodemographic factors and psychiatric factors as well as criminological and forensic factors. Methods: This study, conducted in Israel, analyzes the sociodemographic and forensic differences between 72 individuals who committed murder and were found not guilty by reason of insanity (NGRI) and 56 individuals who committed murder and were found responsible for their actions and fit to stand trial (guilty). Results: The findings show that NGRI participants were more likely to be from central areas, to be Jewish (rather than Arab), to be diagnosed with schizophrenia and have a background of hospitalizations before committing the murder, to have remained at the murder scene and/or called for help, and to be less likely to have committed the murder with a partner. Conclusions: The study's findings are explained and the limitations discussed. The findings add to the existing knowledge base about murder by reason of insanity and the differences between NGRI and criminal murderers. The characteristics of the NGRI group found here can help to identify risk groups and to develop and implement prevention programs for people with mental disorders who are at risk of violent behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

"Dar~ is one of the rules of interpretation in Islamic jurisprudence, which causes the punishment to be revoked from a person to whom the attribution of a criminal act or the realization of his criminal responsibility is doubtful. This rule, with or without the name of the rule, has been the focus of jurists in the chapters of criminal jurisprudence, and various topics have been discussed under it. In the meantime, the suspicion of mental disorder in the case of the perpetrator of a criminal act has been less considered; In the sense that the perpetrator claims that the criminal act was committed in a state of mental disorder (insanity) and it is possible that sometimes without such a claim being made by the perpetrator, the judge himself may have suspicion about the presence of the perpetrator's mental disorder. This article, in a descriptive and analytical way, has examined two possibilities in the position of research on the inclusion or exclusion of the Dar~ rule regarding this kind of suspicion, and considered the flow of the Dar~ rule to be preferable in the case of the suspicion of insanity. The proofs of this statement are: the general word "suspicions", the necessity of verifying the lack of suspicion during punishment, the principle of the necessity of mitigating the punishment, and the independent rational verdict. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of International Journal of New Economics & Social Sciences (IJONESS) is the property of International Institute of Innovation Science-Education-Development in Warsaw and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study explored “audacity to God” in prominent mystic works up to the 7th century AD, based on the content on the mystic issues of serving and love. Exploring the concept of audacity and its appearance in mystical texts, this study tried to use the related evidence in authentic mystical texts to analyze the existing contradiction of audacity to God, and to present a correct and comprehensive interpretation of the issue about viewpoint of prominent great mystics. The results on mystical sources showed that there are two types of evidence pertaining to audacity. Some evidence emphasize the condemnation of audacity to God. The second group of evidence appraise audacity to God, though this category of evidence does not follow a unique discourse. Exploring audacity in the mystical works showed that some evidences imply the appropriateness of audacity to God and some evidences emphasize its inappropriateness. Overall, audacity to God in mystical thoughts appears in two spheres: In servitude, which is inappropriate and condemned, and in love, which is considered appropriate. Many mystics mention good audacity in the spheres of love and union (وصال(, but a few mystics such as Rozbehan Baghli, Attar Neyshaburi, Ibn Arabi, and Maulvi took a deeper attitude towards describing good audacity to God in love and servitude spheres. This type of audacity is the result of mystic madness and intoxication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Forensic evaluations of legal insanity include the experts' assessment of symptoms present at the mental state examination (MSE) and the mental state at the time of offense (MSO). Delusions and hallucinations are most important. We explored how often symptoms were recorded in written forensic reports. Design: This exploratory, cross-sectional study included 500 reports of legal insanity written in 2009–2018 from cases of violent crimes in Norway. The first author read all reports and coded symptoms recorded from the experts' assessments of the offenders. Two co-authors repeated this procedure for 50 randomly selected reports. Interrater reliability was calculated with Gwet's AC1. Generalized Linear Mixed Models with Wald tests for fixed effects and Risk Ratios as effect sizes were used for the statistical analyses. Results: Legal insanity was the main conclusion in 23.6% of the reports; 71.2% of these were diagnosed with schizophrenia while 22.9% had other psychotic disorders. Experts recorded few symptoms from MSO, but more from MSE, although MSO is important for insanity. We found a significant association between delusions and hallucinations recorded present in the MSO and legal insanity for defendants with other psychotic disorders, but no association for defendants with schizophrenia. The differences in symptom recordings between diagnoses were significant. Conclusion: Few symptoms were recorded from the MSO. We found no association between presence of delusions or hallucinations and legal insanity for defendants with schizophrenia. This may indicate that a schizophrenia diagnosis is more important to the forensic conclusion than the symptoms recorded in the MSO. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores Victorian concerns about the middle-class insane after the 1845 Lunacy Acts which promoted rate-supported provision for pauper lunatics. Calls for appropriate and affordable care for those of middle-class status grew after 1845 and encompassed public, charitable and private initiatives. A key priority was to ensure that insanity did not pauperise those from the middle class but also that they could access support without losing their sense of independence and respectability. This usually meant there was an expectation that those from the middle class would contribute to the cost of care and not be totally reliant on the charity of others. The article finishes by looking at how one charitable hospital, the Northampton General Lunatic Asylum (later renamed St Andrew's Hospital) developed and accommodated appropriate charitable support for the middle-class insane. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Insanity, insanity defense, and the elements of crimes are closely related to each other. An insane person cannot be punished for the crimes committed by him. However, insanity is a concept that has different connotations across academic disciplines. The law is interested in the legal insanity of an accused. Actus reus and mens rea, in most cases, are the essential components of a crime. The defense of insanity, which is an excuse defense against criminal liability is more relevant to the mens rea. Whereas the defense of automatism is more concerned with the actus reus. This paper analyzes the concepts of insanity and insanity defense in the context of elements of crime employing doctrinal legal analysis. The findings of this paper suggest that there is a need to interpret the concepts of insanity, insanity defense, and the elements of crimes, and the relationship among them when the accused is suffering from mental disorders by adopting multidisciplinary approaches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mentally disordered patients held in a forensic psychiatry ward due to a criminal act they have committed find themselves in a particular life situation. Their life has been fundamentally changed because their mental disorder, mental impairment, or disruption of mental activities led them to commit a criminal act and resulted in being confined for treatment in a closed psychiatric ward. The study aimed to establish the hierarchy of terminal and instrumental values as well as their determinants for this group of patients. The study results show that the central values recognised by the respondents included family security, mature love, national security, a world at peace, and self-respect. In contrast, peripheral values included happiness, salvation, social recognition, freedom, and an exciting life. Establishing and analysing the hierarchy of values for detention patients can have an important therapeutic implication. It can also help the treatment team set therapeutic goals and learn what patients consider important, what they want and how they want to behave. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Scienze del Territorio is the property of Firenze University Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Several defamation cases stemming from apparently irrational statements are testing the boundaries and standards of defamation law. The constitutional standard for defamation of public figures, actual malice, is based on the speaker's knowledge that a statement is false or their reckless disregard for whether it is true. An irrational speaker who believes their statement is true confounds this test. This article delineates aspects of defamation law that are challenged by an irrational speaker and concludes with a recommendation to include a stronger "objective" element in the application of the actual malice standard to such cases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study is devoted to the issue of criminal liability of a perpetrator suffering from conversion identity disorders. Therefore, its aim is to highlight the dilemmas arising from a split personality disorder in the context of the insanity of the perpetrator of a prohibited act. Based on the example of Kenneth Bianchi (case study), the difficulties related to the diagnosis of this disorder and its consequences in relation to criminal liability are shown. In turn, the analytical-dogmatic method is used to consider the issue related to the recognition of these disorders as a specific category of causes of the condition referred to in Article 31 § 1 of the Polish Criminal Code. Regardless of this, the study also presents an approach to this issue that differs from that previously presented in the literature. The conclusions drawn on this basis also allow for filling a certain gap in the Polish literature on criminal law, which is a lack of studies on the subject matter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We investigated how scores from the Rorschach task and self-reports of psychotic-like disturbance distinguish individuals attempting to appear insane (i.e., feigning) from patients with psychotic disturbances or nonpatient controls. We also evaluated whether Rorschach scores provide incremental validity over self-reported symptoms. The study used 50 nonpatients asked to feign (F; age M = 19.5, SD = 1.5), 88 incarcerated forensic inpatients deemed not guilty by reason of insanity or incompetent to stand trial (P; age M = 40.8, SD = 13.5), and 47 standard nonpatient controls (S; age M = 19.8, SD = 2.2). Participants responded to the Rorschach Performance Assessment System (R-PAS), the Magical Ideation Scale (MIS), and the Perceptual Aberration Scale (PAS). We compared each pair of groups (i.e., F vs. P, P vs. S, and F vs. S) with separate predetermined hypotheses addressing the multimethod assessment of feigning or psychosis and ran logistic regressions including Rorschach and self-reported scores to predict group membership (e.g., F vs. P). Primary analyses found validity for Critical Contents and a revised version of it, the Thought and Perception Composite (TP-Comp), a variable we call Breaking the Card Boundary (BCB), and self-reported symptoms. In supplementary analyses, we document validity for subcomponents of TP-Comp alone and in combination with BCB. We also found it was easier to feign self-reported symptoms than R-PAS assessed characteristics and that R-PAS variables had incremental validity over self-reports on the MIS-PAS. Finally, we note limitations and suggest future paths, such as evaluating the generalizability of the results when considering attempts to feign severe mental illness on the trauma spectrum and creating a feigning composite using cross-validated logistic regression equations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The issue of criminal liability in different legal systems and of the perpetrator’s sanity and mental disorders, has received much attention of researchers from different scientific disciplines. Of many important aspects relevant to this topic, the paper addresses only some, which are related to two legal orders. The first part of the article focuses on the circumstances that exclude and mitigate culpability under Polish criminal law. The author examines the problem of insanity referring to the ways in which insanity is determined and enumerating sources of insanity. Then, the legal consequences of insanity are identified. Finally, the issue of diminished mental capacity in the doctrine of Polish criminal law is analysed. The second part of the article deals with the concept of imputability in the Code of Canon Law of 1983. Quoting the provisions of canon law, the author considers the issue of natural inability to commit a crime by persons who are habitually deprived of the use of reason, and then indicates the circumstances excluding, mitigating and aggravating the perpetrator’s culpability.

This publication continues the experience of covering the work of the Scientific and Meth­odological Council under the Prosecutor of the Omsk Region, among the main tasks of which remains the development and discussion, together with representatives of legal science, of sound recommenda­tions on problematic issues of prosecutorial supervision, legislation and law enforcement practice, legal advisory opinions on issues arising in prosecutorial practice. In this regard, the article proposes to dis­cuss certain topical problems of law enforcement practice raised at one of the last meetings of the Scien­tific and Methodological Council under the Prosecutor of the Omsk Region. Thus, based on a systematic analysis of errors in the implementation of the institution of a judicial fine, it is proposed to provide prosecutors with systematic supervision over compliance with the requirements of the law when it is ap­plied, which requires a more thorough study of criminal cases, as well as a proper initiative to establish the circumstances associated with the application of a judicial fine, and timely challenging unfounded court decisions. In addition, the practice of law enforcement highlights the fundamental problem of a unified interpretation of the grounds for terminating a criminal case (criminal prosecution) against a person who has committed an act prohibited by criminal law in a state of insanity. Based on the analy­sis of legal situations and various approaches to their resolution, the article argues for the need to make a decision on the studied criminal cases on the grounds of paragraph 4 of part 1 of Art. 24 of the Criminal Procedure Code of the Russian Federation in connection with the death of a person involved in criminal proceedings. In other similar situations, but related to the criminal prosecution of these persons, the deci­sion must be made taking into account the specific circumstances of the criminal case.

The source literature points to the increasing number of crimes committed by people with mental diseases. Based on international data, it is estimated that the incidence of mental disorders among inmates is increasing at a disproportionate rate in prisons around the world. It is estimated that even every fourth convict may have a diagnosis of mental illness. It is worth noting that repeat offence rates among mentally ill people are also higher than in the general population of repeat offenders. The repeat offence rate among offenders with a diagnosis of mental illness ranges from 60% to 80%. This paper is intended to describe the situation of people diagnosed with mental illness in Poland, with reference to the available statistical data and international research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Biography texts of the early 19th and early 20th centuries, where the printing press culture was not fully internalized in the Ottoman Empire, but also allowed to discuss the transition from oral culture to written culture, are among the important sources that reflect the society's view of insanity with the information they contain on the subject of "insanity". However, the concept of "madness" in Turkish folklore studies has not been discussed much from the biography texts until now. It is necessary to think about the question of how the poets, who were called "crazy" in the last period of the Ottoman Empire, were perceived in the society, based on the saying "Every community has its own folklore", and the fact that educated poets belonging to the city culture and belonging to the upper class are a group. One of the issues to be addressed within the framework of Ottoman cultural history is the ways in which the concept of insanity was comprehended in the Ottoman society. The comprehension of the concept of insanity from the late 19th century to the early 20th may be discussed by means of the biographies of poets who were mentally unwell in real life. Son Asır Türk Şairleri discusses poets who, for various reasons, had lost their mental health and who displayed abnormal behavior, and, at the same time, portrays how some of these poets had been foregrounded not by their mental illnesses but by their anomalous characters. Moreover, these figures are referred to in the collection of biographies through various forms of naming, such as crazy [deli], lunatic [mecnun], and mad [meczup]. This study aims to address the following questions: What are the incident leading to anomalous character traits among the poets whose biographies are included in the collection? What are the distinguishing elements of the process by which these mentally unwell poets are called crazy, lunatic, or mad? Could this naming process be discussed in the framework of "romantic," "intelligent," or "sacred" insanity? It is observed that, in the Ottoman society, mentally unwell people were subject to various practices depending on the severity of their illness, and that they mostly led daily lives in interaction with other people without being alienated from public space. Michael W. Dols categorizes insanity in three groups as "romantic," "intelligent," and "sacred" insanity. When the biographies included in Son Asır Türk Şairleri are analyzed, it becomes evident that types of insanity cannot be easily distinguished as in Dols's categorization. It is evident that a person considered a "romantic" lunatic may as well possess characteristics of "intelligent" and "sacred" insanity. It is also notable that, in the collection, "romantic" insanity and "intelligent" insanity are demonstrated as coexisting, and so are "intelligent" insanity and "sacred" insanity. In addition, the collection points to some mentally unwell poets who had lost their mental health later, as an outcome of the major traumas they had experienced. While the reasons for losing their mental health may have been familial, social, and political factors, they may also be related to the effect of literary texts. The fact that the Mecnun [lunatic] type, in literary texts, constitutes a model for the identity of one who is in love has motivated poets into acting like they were Mecnun [lunatic]. Having isolated themselves from the society by centering their lives on love, these poets resisted all forms of authority that they came across. The poets who introduced criticisms opposing those in power, in line with the period's political atmosphere, were also deemed insane as they were repugnant. What is more, although they were not insane, they were disguised as such and admitted to insane asylums by their relatives so that they would not be convicted for their critique of the government. Consuming alcohol, too, was regarded as a reason for insanity, and poets addicted to alcohol are presented to the reader as a didactic lesson since their lives ended tragically due to not using their intellect "in the right way." Those who were maddened by their love of God, however, were accepted to demonstrate abnormal behavior in social life, and they were even thought of as messengers from the realm of obscurity, thereby being worthy of a saintly status. The fact that they did not conform to social rules and fulfill their religious duties, and that they depicted abnormal behavior and were addicted to alcohol was not deemed odd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses historical, archival and theoretical material constructed about the children, who were labeld insane in Denmark, across the period of 1900-1930. The article draws the reader’s attention to this period to examine the experience of the confined children and the “struggles … out of which contemporary practices emerged and to show the historical conditions of existence upon which present-day practices depend” (Garland, 2014 p. 373). Through ‘historical ethnography’, the article traces the voices and the experiences of the child labeled ‘insane’ and argues that the ‘clinical subject’ during this time could not speak, except through a patchwork of clinical theories and techniques (Swarz, 2005). The analysis follows the small voices of history and argues that children’s statements were muffled by discourses of psychiatry and hospital management (Spivak, 1993). By drawing on theoretical perspectives on subjugation represented by postcolonial historiography (Spivak, 1993), the paper will trace their silenced voices (Hak, 1992) by questioning who was speaking to whom, to what purpose and through which system of representation.

Copyright of Legal Studies / Studia Prawnicze is the property of Polish Academy of Sciences, Institute of Legal Studies and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Studia Iuridica Lublinensia is the property of Maria Curie-Sklodowska University in Lublin and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Cadernos de Arte e Antropologia is the property of Cadernos de Arte e Antropologia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Criminal liability arises from the moment the criminal offense is committed and ends or ceases when the legal relationship between the subjects, the state and the defendant ceases. In terms of criminal responsibility it is very important that it is only individual. Criminal liability ends when the prescribed period of serving the sentence expires, by applying educational measures, due to the change of circumstances, with the prescription of the criminal offense, amnesty and pardon. The institute of insanity presents sufficient interest, as much as unclear points. The uncertainty that characterizes the field, the fact that different thesis and orientations are radically at odds with each other, necessarily requires reflection, grounding and continuous proposals from the doctrine and practice as well. There are numerous uncertainties, especially those dealing with the impeachment of insane subjects and their final legal treatment. In terms of risks, we are dealing with an area where criminal law, inevitably, interacts with other disciplines (psychiatry), due to which lawyers must be careful not to infringe balances already established from both criminal and forensic sciences in solving cases of exemption from criminal liability because of a mental disorder. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The little-known writing by Frederik Lange translated in this Classic Text belongs to what can be called the prolegomenal history of the construction of the concept of schizophrenia. It describes one effort to capture the convergence of certain words of diverse coinage (dementia praecox, acquired idiocy, hebephrenia, heboidophrenia, etc.) with some newly accepted concepts (e.g. the temporalization of madness and the view that adolescence was an independent period of life), and with some old behaviours (which for centuries had been called madness, the portmanteau soon to be rebaptized as psychosis). This convergence culminated in the work of Kraepelin, who was to call it 'dementia praecox'. Lange's transitional efforts and pangs can be sensed as he struggles to describe a new form of madness that affects young people. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]