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This paper uses a multisector, multiregional general equilibrium input-output model to study the spillovers of global carbon pricing to Germany and Europe. It uses the World Input-Output Database (WIOD) to calibrate the intersectoral trade between seven regions and 56 economic sectors per region as well as EXIOBASE's sectoral accounts of greenhouse gas emissions to calibrate emission costs. We find that moving from European-only to global carbon prices does neither reduce nor increase the aggregate GDP loss for Germany or Europe as a whole. However, this masks a large degree of heterogeneity across sectors. Sectors that rely on foreign sectors, which are themselves sensitive to the transition, experience large negative spillovers from global carbon pricing. Other sectors, even those with a high emission or trade intensity, tend to benefit from global carbon pricing due to an improvement in international competitiveness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to evaluate the economic implications of meteorological drought in Spain. The study seeks to provide decision-makers with crucial insights into the macroeconomic effects of drought, enabling them to devise mitigation strategies and minimize its impact on economic activity. The Partial Hypothetical Extraction Method (HEM) is employed within the Input-Output analysis framework extended to a Social Accounting Matrix (SAM) of Spain to achieve this goal. The database utilized for this analysis is the FNAM for Spain in 2017, in millions of euros, obtained from the Full International and Global Accounts for Research in Input-Output Analysis (FIGARO) project, a collaboration between Eurostat and the European Commission. The study aims to estimate the economic impact of drought on the productive sectors of the Spanish economy in terms of sectoral production and GDP. This involves simulating the partial reduction in value-added resulting from variations in average water productivity per gross value added, based on the drought indicator SPI-24. Three scenarios are generated: (1) drought, (2) moderate drought and (3) severe drought. In quantitative terms, the simulated drought scenarios could lead to a drop in GDP of 0.88% for the drought scenario, 1.61% for the moderate drought scenario, and 1.76% for the severe drought scenario. Additionally, it is important to recognize that water scarcity hampers the social and economic development of cities and regions beyond the results in quantitative terms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Contaduría y Administración is the property of Facultad de Contaduria y Administracion-Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

We evaluate the exposure of Italian regions to employment and the health risk associated with the spread of COVID-19. First, we estimate the degree of participation of Italian regions in a plurality of value chains linked to consumption, investment and exports. Second, we investigate the different levels of contagion risk associated with each value chain and the possibility of reducing such risk through remote work. We find that regions are affected differently by lockdown policies because of their highly heterogeneous embeddedness in different value chains, and their diverse sectoral contributions to each of them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As economic power increases and market patterns adapt, labor becomes an increasingly significant factor of production. However, there is a dearth of discourse regarding the structural changes that have occurred in the correlation of the labor force across industries, as well as a visual representation of the labor force's movement across industries. To quantify and analyze the correlation effect with greater precision, it is necessary to establish an input-output model as the foundation of analysis, comparing the changes in the total output of the economic system prior to and subsequent to the exclusion using the vertical integration algorithm. By decomposing the path structure, the average propagation distance of the labor force population's demand for each industry can be determined. By employing labor force population data from the corresponding years and China's input-output tables published by the National Bureau of Statistics of China (NBS) from 2005 to 2020, this study conducts a quantitative analysis of the correlation effect between labor force population and the trend of its transfer across 19 industries. The findings indicate that the correlation effect between labor force and population is most pronounced in the manufacturing sector. Furthermore, the construction sector faces an especially critical requirement for labor force personnel from other industries. The article culminates with a recommendation that the government enhance its macro-control endeavors to address labor market risk shocks and take an active stance in response to labor market fluctuations.

Considering the importance of the regions in the national fisheries and aquaculture sector, the Chilean regional Input-output Matrices and their employment coefficients were estimated to estimate the indirect employment associated with the production and processing of marine resources. The estimated indirect employment at the national level, generated by extractive fishing, aquaculture, and manufacturing of sea resources, was 39,225 people in 2018 (for every two direct jobs generated by the sector, one indirect job was generated in other sectors of the economy). The regions with the highest contribution to the indirect employment generation are Biobío, Los Lagos, Aysén and Magallanes. About 80% of the estimated indirect employment was generated outside the region where the fishing or aquaculture activity occurs. The analysis allowed knowing the regional interrelation in economic terms and identifying the effect of public policies on employment in the sector under study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the generalization of the world's existing approaches to modeling the consequences of limiting energy subsidies in relation to Uzbekistan, the necessity of using the input–output method in its various modifications is substantiated. The developed model structure is based on three channels of distribution of the shock to the economy, the employed and the environment from the restriction of energy subsidies: price, investment and structural. Each of them models different effects of restricting energy subsidies: rising energy tariffs and their impact on output and overall inflation rate; assessment of additional budget revenues in comparison with shortfall in tax revenues due to the slowdown in the growth of energy-intensive industries; negative effects on employment and incomes of the population; positive effects for the environment; growth of external debt during the implementation of green investment projects and a number of others. Using the example of Uzbekistan, the article discusses the results of modeling the consequences of the implementation of various scenarios for the reform of energy subsidies at the macro and sectoral levels, the effects on the environment and financial sustainability. At the same time, issues of limiting the negative social consequences of the reform of energy subsidies by introducing energy efficient technologies and renewable energy sources, stimulating final demand, and slowing down the rate of reduction of subsidies were studied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a systematic literature review on the impact of fisheries on the economy and the application of the computable general equilibrium (CGE) and input–output (IO) methods for assessing this impact is conducted. The importance of fisheries as a food source, the over exploitation of this resource, and, consequently, the impact of fisheries on the economy are the motivations behind this study. By reviewing the applications of two of the most common economic modelling tools, we aim to shine light on the state of the art and how the impact of fisheries on the economy has been addressed in the literature. In this analysis, three main themes of socio-economic, ecological, and environmental have been identified, and the application of these methods in each theme has been considered. The results show that while IO methods continue to be applied in the literature, the CGE method has experienced increased application recently, and future applications are anticipated due to its enhanced capabilities in comparison with IO models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While international trade drives countries' economic growth and promotes employment, it also has some environmental impact. To investigate the impact of trade on carbon emissions and employment, this study performs a detailed decomposition and measurement of embodied carbon emissions and employment in value-added trade between China, Japan, and Korea from 2007–2019. The current study established that, while China's trade with Japan and Korea created many domestic jobs, it also resulted in significant domestic carbon emissions. While Japan and Korea's trade with China reduced carbon emissions, employment in their own countries was reduced and replaced by employment in China. At the value chain route level, trade among the three countries through each value chain route either achieves employment promotion at the cost of increased carbon emissions or promotes domestic emissions reduction at the cost of employment loss. However, it is worth noting that, when trade between Japan and Korea was conducted through simple GVCs (route 2), it not only helped reduce Japan's carbon emissions, but also effectively promoted employment. This is the ideal trade route. The results of this study can provide useful reference information for developing countries such as China, to achieve sustainable economic growth, carbon emission reduction, and employment promotion in the context of trade globalization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work evaluates the effects that several outdoor 'popular' sports events, held in the province of Huesca, had on production and employment in the Aragonese economy (a European region in Northeast Spain). We use data from 880 questionnaires responded to by participants of the most significant and recent sporting events held in Huesca. The data have been used to build a vector of final demand increases. For the analysis, we update the input-output table for Aragon from the last one available, from 2005 to 2010. Using the input-output methodology, the results suggest positive effects on production and employment in most sectors (estimated to be about equal to current losses from not having these events, due to COVID19) The events under examination are typically 1-day affairs and have relatively low costs (registration income surpasses costs, and typically use public unused/unsaturated spaces). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We develop a structural decomposition analysis (SDA) to identify the importance of mid-high and high technological intensity (MH&HT) manufacturing and services to the changes in gross output for Brazil and Mexico between 2000 and 2014. We break down the output changes in the composition and level of final demand, the production technique (technical coefficients), and the trade pattern (share of imports in the total supply of inputs and final goods). The results show that the MH&HT importance tends to be pro-cyclical in the two economies, increasing during periods of more remarkable economic growth (2000-2008 for Brazil and 2010-2014 for Mexico). This relation tends to be perceived for manufacturing and less so for services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents two input-out models with inoperability that analyze the effects of the Covid-19 pandemic in Mexico. Both use methodological developments in which contributions were made in their specification. The first, a static model, generates a vulnerability index of the economic branches, establishing their priority for attention with economic policy instruments. The second, a dynamic model, estimates possible trajectories of economic recovery of the sectors, their possible duration, and their resilience capacities in the face of persistent phenomena of the pandemic. The models are adjusted to the shortterm indicators produced by the INEGI, reflecting a heterogeneous behavior between the sectors; some have a medium-term tendency not to return to their normal productive capacity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using the example of the energy sector and the agricultural sector of Uzbekistan, the article shows the possibility of incorporating the technical parameters of typical green and energy-saving projects into the basic input–output model, obtaining estimates of the impact made by such projects on the financial sustainability of the relevant industries. Approaches are reviewed to combining long-term scenario forecasts for the development of the industry with model calculations of macroeconomic, environmental, and social consequences that allow an unambiguous economic interpretation, as well as to choosing the directions of green transformation that are the most promising in terms of a set of criteria, including social ones. The purpose of the work is to show the possibility of taking into account the national interests of Uzbekistan when substantiating the green transformation model using a methodology that combines detailed input–output models with engineering calculations for specific green investment projects and estimates of demand for the investment resources necessary for their implementation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The catfish industry is the largest U.S. aquaculture sector and a major contributor to the rural economies of the Southern states of Alabama, Arkansas, and Mississippi. Economic contributions of this industry to the tristate region were estimated using an input-output modeling approach with the IMPLAN database and software (Impact Analysis for Planning MIG, Inc.). An analysis-by-parts approach was employed as the IMPLAN database does not disaggregate the catfish sector from other livestock industries which have expenditure patterns that differ substantially from those of catfish. All major actors of the catfish industry, i.e. feed mills, hatcheries, foodfish farms, and processing plants, were surveyed to obtain their expenditure patterns and output in terms of sales. Data were obtained from 68 farms (hatcheries and foodfish combined), four feed mills, and eight processing plants in the tristate region. Sales and expenditure values were converted to coefficients employing standard enterprise budgeting techniques and imported to the IMPLAN model for estimating industry contributions during 2019. The direct output from the catfish industry ($1.10 billion) generated a total economic contribution of $1.91 billion. The industry directly employed 4,298 people and created an additional 4,868 jobs in the tristate economy for a total employment effect of 9,166 jobs. Catfish industry spending created an indirect economic effect of $552 million in other secondary sectors that supplied production inputs and services. The induced economic effect generated from household spending amounted to $254 million. Some of the key sectors influenced by the catfish industry were grain farming, banking and financial institutions, truck transportation services, electricity generation, equipment, and machinery manufacturing. The industry also generated $78 million in local, state, and federal taxes. This study provides critical insights for policymakers and others into the contribution of the U.S. farm-raised catfish industry to local and regional economies as well as its diverse-industry interconnections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Natural and anthropogenic disasters frequently affect both the supply and demand sides of an economy. A striking recent example is the Covid-19 pandemic which has created severe disruptions to economic output in most countries. These direct shocks to supply and demand will propagate downstream and upstream through production networks. Given the exogenous shocks, we derive a lower bound on total shock propagation. We find that even in this best case scenario network effects substantially amplify the initial shocks. To obtain more realistic model predictions, we study the propagation of shocks bottom-up by imposing different rationing rules on industries if they are not able to satisfy incoming demand. Our results show that economic impacts depend strongly on the emergence of input bottlenecks, making the rationing assumption a key variable in predicting adverse economic impacts. We further establish that the magnitude of initial shocks and network density heavily influence model predictions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Nicolaita de Estudios Económicos is the property of Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolas de Hidalgo and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of the Cukurova University Institute of Social Sciences is the property of Cukurova University Institute of Social Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

While international trade drives countries’ economic growth and promotes employment, it also has some environmental impact. To investigate the impact of trade on carbon emissions and employment, this study performs a detailed decomposition and measurement of embodied carbon emissions and employment in value-added trade between China, Japan, and Korea from 2007–2019. The current study established that, while China’s trade with Japan and Korea created many domestic jobs, it also resulted in significant domestic carbon emissions. While Japan and Korea’s trade with China reduced carbon emissions, employment in their own countries was reduced and replaced by employment in China. At the value chain route level, trade among the three countries through each value chain route either achieves employment promotion at the cost of increased carbon emissions or promotes domestic emissions reduction at the cost of employment loss. However, it is worth noting that, when trade between Japan and Korea was conducted through simple GVCs (route 2), it not only helped reduce Japan’s carbon emissions, but also effectively promoted employment. This is the ideal trade route. The results of this study can provide useful reference information for developing countries such as China, to achieve sustainable economic growth, carbon emission reduction, and employment promotion in the context of trade globalization.

This article analyzes the behavior of the Economic Fitness indicator as a measure of the international competitiveness of Latin American economies, as well as an indicator of their relationship with per capita income gaps and the Human Development Index (HDI). Positive correlations were found between per capita income gaps and the stagnation of the international competitiveness of Latin American economies, as well as between human development levels and the productive structure, suggesting a causal relationship between human development and competitiveness. This paper also finds that the Economic Fitness indicator fluctuates significantly when estimated using exports in domestic value-added, suggesting that the original estimate may over- or underestimate competitiveness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article summarizes the results of research into analysis and modeling of interregional value chains (IRVCs). The necessity of developing state policy aimed at IRVC development is substantiated. The existing analytical and modeling tools for improving the quality of management of these processes are systematized and tested. The primary directions and instruments of IRVC regulation are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this paper is analyze the Structural Decomposition (SDA) of the employment variation between thirty sectors of the aggregate demand, to the years 2000 and 2009 about the employment variation per educational level in Brazil. From this analyze it is possible to verify the intensity effect, technological effect, final demand structural effect and final demand variation effect. Was used the input-output matrix taked out from NEREUS and RAIS. The period analyzed showed an increase of the qualified labor, but this increase do not followed the generation of work stations. Public administration is the sector that most employs all educational a salary levels at the fundamental level. The sector in focus is civil construction and services, moving to commerce at the middle level, and public administration itself at the top level.

Since 1973, 535 specific claims valued at more than $6 billion have been settled between the Government of Canada and First Nations governments for outstanding treaty obligations. Critics of specific land claims point to the absence of statistical evidence that shows a positive impact on First Nations economies and characterize specific claims as a multi-billion-dollar liability for Canadian taxpayers. This research shows that the economic benefits of specific claims are being lost to First Nations economies through high rates of economic leakage, especially in cases in which large proportions of the settlement funds are disbursed on a per capita basis. Collaborating with the Little Red River Cree Nation (LRRCN) in Alberta (a recent recipient of a $239 million settlement), we use household expenditure data, band-owned businesses' financial statements, and band administration audit reports to estimate their rate of economic leakage and the economic impact of their specific claims settlement. Results indicate that the economic leakage rate for the LRRCN is 83.5 percent. Using household expenditure data and input–output models, we estimate the economic impact of the LRRCN settlement. Assuming a 100 percent per capita disbursal of the funds, the settlement would contribute $275–$339 million in provincial output, $172–$212 million in gross domestic product, and $110–$127 billion in labour income, and it would create 2,393–2,714 full-time jobs. The results of this research may be of value to First Nations leaders in making decisions concerning the distribution and investment of specific claims settlements in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper develops a discrete-time, linear time-varying (DTLTV) framework for analyzing the retrospective performance variable used in retrospective cost adaptive control (RCAC). This is done by first developing expressions for transforming between DTLTV state–space models and DTLTV input–output models. These expressions are then used to derive an additive decomposition of the retrospective performance variable in terms of a predicted-performance term and a model-matching term that measures the closeness between the closed-loop dynamics and the target model. Numerical examples are given to illustrate the modeling information required by RCAC and provide insight into how RCAC achieves closed-loop performance and model matching. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As economic power increases and market patterns adapt, labor becomes an increasingly significant factor of production. However, there is a dearth of discourse regarding the structural changes that have occurred in the correlation of the labor force across industries, as well as a visual representation of the labor force's movement across industries. To quantify and analyze the correlation effect with greater precision, it is necessary to establish an input-output model as the foundation of analysis, comparing the changes in the total output of the economic system prior to and subsequent to the exclusion using the vertical integration algorithm. By decomposing the path structure, the average propagation distance of the labor force population's demand for each industry can be determined. By employing labor force population data from the corresponding years and China's input-output tables published by the National Bureau of Statistics of China (NBS) from 2005 to 2020, this study conducts a quantitative analysis of the correlation effect between labor force population and the trend of its transfer across 19 industries. The findings indicate that the correlation effect between labor force and population is most pronounced in the manufacturing sector. Furthermore, the construction sector faces an especially critical requirement for labor force personnel from other industries. The article culminates with a recommendation that the government enhance its macro-control endeavors to address labor market risk shocks and take an active stance in response to labor market fluctuations., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (© 2024 The Authors.)

• Estimation of high order Borgonovo's sensitivity measures. • New sensitivity measures relative to Borgonovo's indices with Shapley values • Estimation procedure based on copula theory. • Application to test cases taken from mechanical, hydrological and aerospace engineering. Moment-independent importance measures are increasingly used by practitioners to understand how output uncertainty may be shared between a set of stochastic inputs. Computing Borgonovo's sensitivity indices for a large group of inputs is still a challenging problem due to the curse of dimensionality and it is addressed in this article. An estimation scheme taking the most of recent developments in copula theory is developed. Furthermore, the concept of Shapley value is used to derive new sensitivity indices, which makes the interpretation of Borgonovo's indices much easier. The resulting importance measure offers a double advantage compared with other existing methods since it allows to quantify the impact exerted by one input variable on the whole output distribution after taking into account all possible dependencies and interactions with other variables. The validity of the proposed methodology is established on several analytical examples and the benefits in terms of computational efficiency are illustrated with real-life test cases such as the study of the water flow through a borehole. In addition, a detailed case study dealing with the atmospheric re-entry of a launcher first stage is completed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• We propose a new use for Miyazawa multi-sector based income distribution models. • The novelty is a proposed new type of the endogenization of income and consumption. • In particular long term shifts now can be analyzed in a quick and transparent way. • Shifts in consumption behaviour are directly linked to the distribution of income. In standard type 1 input-output models, households' activities are part of the exogenous final demand. This means that their scale and composition are exogenously determined. That is, if some other final demand categories change (say public investment or exports) this does not influence the behaviour of the household categories. In type 2 input-output models households' activities are explained endogenously to capture the possibility of mutual interaction between household categories and productive sectors. In this area, Miyazawa (1976) proposed a novel way of modeling the endogenization of households' activities. In modeling terms, Miyazawa's proposition resulted in the so-called 'fundamental equation of income formation', core of which is an extended input coefficients matrix. This extended coefficients matrix produced several new types of multiplier matrices and explains industrial gross output and households' income in terms of non-household final demand in great detail. The model is traditionally solved by inverting the new extended coefficients matrix, which often generates highly complex outcomes in terms of convoluted multiplier matrices. Consequently, the link between final demand impulses, gross outputs and income formation is not straightforward, working sometimes in different directions. Regarding this aspect, as we shall show, there is a second way to solve Miyazawa's fundamental equation, which is much more transparent. This second way shows that Miyazawa type endogenization means that gross output and (remaining) final demand are directly linked via a new type of coefficients matrix. This matrix is the sum of the traditional matrix of intermediate input coefficients and a number of matrices of rank 1, each one corresponding to an endogenized households category. The existence of this matrix makes several new applications possible including the study of shifts over time in the distribution of income and (un)employment between the households categories involved. In an appendix we briefly focus on the link between the use of matrices of rank 1 in, respectively, Leontief, Sraffa and Miyazawa input-output economics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Application of mathematics in economics is crucial, yet often underrated topic of study and research. That is also the case of linear algebra and its applications in description and modelling of economic phenomena. This article is focused on application of sets of linear equations in economics as exemplified by the Gauss and Gauss-Jordan reductions, and by Leontief's input-output economics. The former are the basic tools usable to dissect multivariable production-describing (and other) functions and matrices, while the latter presents sophisticated and data-driven macroeconomic approach of "Nobel Memorial Prize" significance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Climbing ‘Fourteeners’, peaks whose summits rise above 14,000 feet, is a popular recreational activity in Colorado. Access to these popular peaks has been jeopardized by liability issues on privately owned peaks and by overuse on publicly owned peaks. To date, there has been little analysis on the economic benefits provided by Fourteeners. This study finds that opening access to three closed peaks presents an infusion into local and state economies of 25 and 45 jobs, respectively. Access to the peaks is worth US$167 per person each trip; a relatively high value in the context of the recreation economics literature.

The main goal of this article is to present an overview of the input-output models which have been applied to Moldovan economy development study. We examined: static input-output model, dynamic input output model restricted by limited energy resources, and the Markov chain approach based on the input output tables. All these models have been examined using statistic data referring to the input-output table, constructed on the base of 19 and 16 aggregated branches of the national economy. Static and dynamic optimization models were formulated, simulation calculation was done and analysed. Input-output table balancing problem was solved using RAS method. For dynamic model matrix of the investment coefficients was constructed. The emphasis was put on the problem of applying the theory of Markov chain for examination of the 19 and 16 branches in the framework of the input-output model for Republic of Moldova. A square exchange matrix of order n x n has been constructed. Every branch was considered as one state of the Markov chain with n states. We introduced a new (n + 1) -th absorption state so that the examined matrix became of the order ( n + 1) x ( n + 1) . The obtained transition matrix – probabilities matrix has been used for forecasting.

Modeling tools that can demonstrate possible consequences of strategies designed to operationalize ecosystem-based fisheries management (EBFM) should be able to address tradeoffs over a wide suite of considerations representing the scope of marine management objectives. Coupled ecological-economic modeling, where models for ecological and economic subsystems are linked through their inputs and outputs, allows for quantification of such tradeoffs. Here, we link the harvest output from fishery management scenarios implemented in an end-to-end ecosystem model (Atlantis) to an input–output regional economic model for the Northeast United States to calculate changes in socio-economic indicators, including the consequences of management action for regional sales, wages, and employment. We implement three simple scenarios (maintain, decrease, or increase current fishing effort), and compare model-projected values for systematic and sector-specific indicators. Systematic indicators revealed different ecological and economic outcomes, with large ecological responses and clear tradeoffs among the catch and biomass of species groups. Economic indicators for the region responded similarly to fishery yield; however, changes in total sales did not match those in landed catch. Under increased fishing effort, a lower proportional increase in sales relative to total landed catch arose due to increased yield from lower value species groups. Average fisheries income changed little among scenarios, but was highest when effort was maintained at current levels, likely a reflection of fleet and catch stability. Our results serve to demonstrate that consequences of management may be felt disproportionately among species through the region and across different fisheries sectors. With our coupled modeling approach of passing Atlantis ecosystem model outputs to an input–output economic model, we were able to assess effects of fisheries management across a broader suite of indicators that have relevance for policymakers across multiple objectives.