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Carbon monoxide poisoning is one of the most common forms of poisoning in the world. Although the primary mode of treatment, oxygen therapy, is highly effective in many cases, there are instances in which it is inadequate or inappropriate. Whereas oxygen therapy relies on high levels of a low-affinity ligand (O2) to displace a high-affinity ligand (CO) from metalloproteins, an antidote strategy relies on introducing a molecule with a higher affinity for CO than native proteins (Kantidote,CO > Kprotein,CO). Based on the fundamental chemistry of CO, such an antidote is most likely required to be an inorganic compound featuring an electron-rich transition metal. A review is provided of the protein-, supramolecular complex-, and small molecule-based CO poisoning antidote platforms that are currently under investigation.

During ceramic shaping, trapped oxygen increases porosity and reacts with elements to form unwanted compounds, enlarging pores. Excess phosphorus forms lumps, enhancing porosity and reducing density, leading to defects like increased brittleness, strength reduction, and improper densification, necessitating higher sintering temperatures. This study introduces extrusion-based 3D printing of a hybrid porcelain ceramic mixture with calcium silicide to achieve dephosphorization and deoxygenation while maintaining controlled sintering temperatures. Results show phosphorus is effectively removed at 1100°C and above sintering temperatures, while oxygen-related defects are reduced. Although calcium silicide does not lower the sintering temperature, it significantly improves porcelain purity, contributing to better material properties. These findings pave the way for enhanced additive manufacturing techniques in ceramic production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, there has been a surge of interest in organic–inorganic hybrid heterostructures for optoelectronic devices due to their unparalleled advantages over all organic or all inorganic heterostructures. Despite substantial research, the potential of such hybrid heterostructures in phototransistor configuration has not been fully explored. Here, a hybrid phototransistor based on molybdenum diselenide (MoSe2) and poly(3‐hexylthiophene‐2,5‐diyl) (P3HT) heterojunction are reported with high n‐channel field‐effect mobility of 5.6 cm2 V−1 s−1 and excellent photodetector performance. The passivation of MoSe2 by the P3HT layer helps in notable reduction in the hysteresis loop, which otherwise can cause operational instabilities and measurement uncertainties. The hybrid phototransistor exhibits a large photoresponsivity of 40.4 AW−1 and a high detectivity of 2.03 × 1010 Jones at 660 nm wavelength irradiation. More importantly, the device features a fast photoresponse speed with rise/fall time of 363/370 µs, which is superior to other hybrid phototransistors based on transition metal dichalcogenides (TMD)‐organic heterostructures. These results highlight the potential of organic–inorganic systems as a possible avenue for developing next‐generation hybrid phototransistors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While the supramolecular chemistry of simple anions is ubiquitous, the targeting and exploitation of their metal‐containing relatives, the metalates, is less well understood. This mini review highlights the latest advances in this emergent area by discussing the supramolecular chemistry of metalates thematically, with a focus on the exploitation of metalates in a diversity of applications, including medical imaging and therapy, environmental remediation, molecular magnetism, catalysis, perovskite materials, and metal separations. The unifying features of these systems are identified with a view to allow the supramolecular chemist to target the unique material properties of the metalates, even in areas that are currently relatively immature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The δ7Li of marine carbonates has been interpreted as an archive of the evolution of seawater δ7Li, and therefore continental weathering, through geological time. However, little is known about the incorporation of Li into calcium carbonate minerals and, consequently, the controls on Li partitioning (D Li) and isotopic fractionation (Δ7Li solid-fluid) associated with Li incorporation. Crucially, we lack a fundamental understanding of how Li partitioning and Δ7Li solid-fluid change in response to the chemical and physical conditions of crystal formation. Here, we present D Li and Δ7Li solid-fluid data from a series of inorganic calcite precipitation experiments where temperature, and solution pH and dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) were independently varied. We find D Li values in the range 0.8–1.5 × 10−3, which show no relationship with temperature, a strong positive correlation with pH, and a weak positive correlation with DIC. At face value, these patterns are inconsistent with the results of previous precipitation studies. However, the correlations with pH and DIC are consistent with a strong precipitation rate control on D Li that aligns well with previous data, with a likely secondary influence from the incorporation of Li-HCO 3 0 ion pairs from solution. We find Δ7Li solid-fluid values in the range −6 to −2 ‰, which show no relationship with temperature or pH, and a weak positive correlation with DIC and crystal precipitation rate. These results do not agree with previously published data. Considered alongside previously published data, we observe no consistent relationship between Δ7Li solid-fluid and any reported physical or chemical experimental parameter, highlighting the need for substantial further work to determine whether systematic controls on Li isotopic fractionation exist in carbonate minerals, and whether they may be environmentally significant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many years ago, widespread and ineffective technologies led to significant ecological contamination, primarily due to heavy metals (HMs), particularly lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd). Plant growth in heavy metals contaminated and calcareous soil is a challenge for all the growers worldwide. Several organic and inorganic amendments are used by researchers in different types of soils. However, their impact on soil contaminated with toxic metals and alkaline in reaction is still unclear. Therefore, the current pot experiment investigates the relative effect of organic (wheat straw biochar and farmyard manure) at 10 and 20 t ha−1 and inorganic (diammonium phosphate and gypsum) at 100 and 150 kg ha−1 amendments on NPK availability, soil organic matter, soil properties, and maize growth under Cd and Pb stress. Highest soil pH (7.61), soil electrical conductivity (0.25 dS m−1), soil organic matter (1.40%), plant height (92 cm), shoot dry weight (41 g), and root dry weight (5.5 g) were observed because of biochar application at 20 t ha−1. While the highest total nitrogen (N) (0.13%), and phosphorus (P) (8.16 mg kg−1) were recorded with diammonium phosphate application at 150 kg ha−1, moreover, application of farmyard manure at 20 t ha−1 increased the soil potassium (K) (108.14 mg kg−1). Biochar application at 20 t ha−1 greatly reduced the toxic metals bioavailability with a high immobilization index, that is, Cd (52%) and Pb (43.79%) lead to lower concentrations of metals in roots and shoots as well. A negative correlation was identified between soil pH, soil organic matter, and soil Cd, Pb, demonstrating the positive impact of biochar in terms of the reduction of toxic metals by enhancing pH and soil organic matter, found to be the most effective amendment for soil improvement and plant growth under Cd and Pb stress condition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

LaAlO3 nanofibers are prepared using reproducible and green electrospinning technique. Particularly, N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) and acetic acid/water (A-A/W) were used as solvents. The structural and textural properties were compared. Results indicate that the diameter of as-spun nanofibers with (A-A/W) ranged from 50 to 400 nm. While it is between 100 and 600 nm for (DMF). After calcination, it decreased to an average of 80 nm for (A-A/W) and 200 nm for (DMF). Higher pore volume (0.69 cc g−1) and surface area (176.3 m2 g−1) were achieved for (A-A/W) solvent. The textural properties confirm that LaAlO3 exhibit high performances for advanced technologies mainly sensors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lung cancer remains as the leading cause of cancer-related fatalities globally, posing significant challenges to conventional treatment methods, particularly in advanced stages where limitations and adverse effects are prevalent. Nanotechnology offers promising solutions to enhance lung cancer therapy. Inorganic nanomaterials, such as metal nanoparticles, rare earth elements, and carbonaceous materials, exhibit unique properties that can address these challenges. Metal nanoparticles facilitate targeted drug delivery, biosensing, and imaging, while rare earth elements demonstrate selective cytotoxic effects and imaging capabilities. Carbonaceous materials find applications in biosensing and drug delivery, including carbon ion radiotherapy. These advancements in inorganic nanomaterials present an opportunity to revolutionize lung cancer treatment, potentially leading to improved outcomes and better patient well-being. This paper focuses on recent progress in utilizing inorganic nanomaterials for treating lung cancer, aiming to provide a clearer understanding of their benefits compared to conventional treatments, along with an in-depth examination of their associated limitations and adverse effects.

TiTaZrNb medium entropy coatings and their nitride forms (TiTaZrNb)Nx were synthesized by direct current magnetron sputtering. The study evaluated the bias voltage affects microstructure, chemical and phase composition of the metallic coatings. Also, the effect of nitrogen flow on the microstructural and tribological properties of the corresponding nitrides was studied. A change in the crystalline structure from BCC for TiTaZrNb coatings to FCC for (TiTaZrNb)Nx was observed. It was associated with the incorporation of nitrogen into the matrix and the consequent formation of a solid solution of (TiTaZrNb)Nx. An increase in the hardness and residual stresses of the metallic coating was observed with increasing bias voltage to − 130 V and of the nitride coating with increasing nitrogen flow to 12 sccm, reaching hardness values of 12.8 GPa and 25 GPa, respectively. A slight reduction in the hardness of the deposited nitride coating was observed at the higher nitrogen flow of 15 sccm, probably due to the formation of the TiN and ZrN phases. The higher hardness and lower wear rate of the (TiTaZrNb)Nx nitride coatings compared to the uncoated M2 steel samples demonstrate the protective effect against wear of these coatings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Organic–inorganic composites have important applications, especially in the area of bonded abrasives. They exhibit mechanical performances that cannot be achieved with organic materials alone and present an extremely stable performance, even at elevated temperatures. In this summary of our studies, we focus on the exceptional mechanical properties achieved by incorporating inorganic particles into a crosslinked matrix consisting of phenolic resin. A crosslinker such as hexamethylenetetramine reacts with the phenolic resins to form a stable 3‐dimensional matrix to "glue" the inorganic particles together. In order to achieve such uniform dispersion of the seemingly incompatible reacting components, a plasticizer, or wetting liquid, is usually employed. We have developed several environmentally appropriate wetting liquids that have proved to be superior to the traditionally used toxic substances. Some of the reactive wetting liquids used even enhanced the mechanical properties of the resulting composites by contributing additional crosslinks to the final reacted systems. A combination of techniques including the use of low‐field nuclear magnetic resonance has been used to characterize the curing process and assess the changes in mechanical properties at the molecular level. Detailed studies characterized the effects of moisture on the curing process and changes in mechanical properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Iron (Fe) is a crucial mineral for the health of fish. The investigation explored the effects of two different sources of iron (organic and inorganic) and two levels (60 and 85 mg/kg) of Fe on the innate immunity, antioxidant capacity, and hematological responses of Nile tilapia. Fish with an average weight of 16.57 ± 2.25 g were fed three times a day for a duration of seven weeks. A total of 400 fish were distributed among 20 tanks, each with a capacity of 240 L and housing 20 fish. The experiment comprised five treatments, and the experimental design employed was a completely randomized design, which included the following treatments: a basal diet (BD) with no addition of Fe in the premix, 60 mg/kg Inorganic Fe, 60 mg/kg Organic Fe, 85 mg/kg Inorganic Fe, and 85 mg/kg Organic Fe. The results indicated that the use of organic Fe significantly improved the hematocrit levels and mean corpuscular hemoglobin. Conversely, the values of lysozyme decreased in fish that were fed with the organic Fe source. However, the hemolytic activity of the complement system and the production of the superoxide anion test exhibited an increase with the use of organic Fe. Furthermore, the fish that were fed with the 85 mg/kg organic diet demonstrated superior antioxidant responses. In conclusion, the inclusion of organic Fe at a concentration of 85 mg/kg was found to be more efficient for the growth of juvenile Nile tilapia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mankind has erected monoliths and stone structures for millennia to ensure stories and culture are passed on to future generations. In the modern era, monuments and architecture are designed with the intention of lasting several decades to hundreds of years and may utilize an arrangement of natural and synthetic materials. Choice of substrate helps ensure the longevity of these structures, but coatings are utilized to provide additional characteristics and subsequent protection to the finished product. Protective coatings come in a variety of base materials and are utilized to address specific degradation concerns. Advances in this field focus on protection of the surface while preventing any unintended damage to the substrate. This mini review summarizes the advances in protective coatings useful for historical monuments and architecture up to January 2024. © 2024 The Authors. Polymer International published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Industrial Chemistry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ceramic filler modified polymer blends are more in demand due to their excellent compatibility, easy processing and cost‐effectiveness. In the present work, we modified Polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA)/Polystyrene (PS) blends using solution blending with untreated (UT) and DC glow discharge plasma‐treated (air plasma treated‐APT) potassium hexatitanate (K2Ti6O13). Chemical bonding of virgin and modified blends was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometer (FTIR). Decreased structural defects and imperfections of KTO were confirmed by Raman spectroscopy. Modified surface morphology and elemental analysis were detected by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy‐dispersive X‐ray analysis (EDAX). The quantification of particle size distribution has been determined by Zetasizer. Increased degree of crystallinity and decreased average crystallite size after plasma treatment were determined by X‐ray diffraction. Increased dielectric constant from ~22–200 and decreased loss up to 0.7 were analyzed by impedance analyzer. Lee's disc probe was deployed to confirm the optimized thermal conductivity of the modified blend system. By Differential Scanning Calorimetry, glass transition temperature of modified polymer blends was investigated. The change in surface from hydrophobic to hydrophilic by plasma exposure was confirmed by surface goniometer. However, the enhanced dielectric performance of modified PMMA/PS/KTO polymer blends may be suitable for flexible energy storage devices and gadgets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lung cancer remains as the leading cause of cancer-related fatalities globally, posing significant challenges to conventional treatment methods, particularly in advanced stages where limitations and adverse effects are prevalent. Nanotechnology offers promising solutions to enhance lung cancer therapy. Inorganic nanomaterials, such as metal nanoparticles, rare earth elements, and carbonaceous materials, exhibit unique properties that can address these challenges. Metal nanoparticles facilitate targeted drug delivery, biosensing, and imaging, while rare earth elements demonstrate selective cytotoxic effects and imaging capabilities. Carbonaceous materials find applications in biosensing and drug delivery, including carbon ion radiotherapy. These advancements in inorganic nanomaterials present an opportunity to revolutionize lung cancer treatment, potentially leading to improved outcomes and better patient well-being. This paper focuses on recent progress in utilizing inorganic nanomaterials for treating lung cancer, aiming to provide a clearer understanding of their benefits compared to conventional treatments, along with an in-depth examination of their associated limitations and adverse effects. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Ege Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi is the property of Ege Universitesi, Ziraat Fakultesi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The research was conducted to assess the impact of various organic and inorganic fertilizers on the growth and yield of Marigold (Tagetes erecta L.) var. Calcuttia Single using a randomized complete block design with eight treatments including vermicompost, farmyard manure, poultry manure, charcoal, NPK fertilizer, and their combinations in triplicates. Measurements of vegetative and reproductive parameters were recorded at 35, 55 and 85 DAT. Results revealed that compared to the control, poultry manure and vermicompost, singly or combined with NPK, significantly enhanced both vegetative and reproductive traits. Poultry manure resulted in the tallest plants (126.21 cm), the highest number of branches (29.93), and the largest flowers (14.11 cm diameter), with the earliest flowering (51.33 days). Vermicompost showed effectiveness in plant height (117.37 cm), number of branches (28.80), plant spread (81.43 cm) and flower number (40.47) The control plot exhibited the least effectiveness in all parameters. These findings highlight the significant role of organic fertilizers in enhancing the growth and yield of Marigold (Tagetes erecta L.) var. Calcuttia Single.

In Xinjiang, China, a female corpse dating back to the Han Dynasty was discovered adorned in splendid attire crafted from wool fibers dyed in vibrant shades of red, blue, and light yellow. This study utilized fabric fragments as research specimens to analyze the dyes present, primarily employing time of flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (TOF-SIMS), in conjunction with optical microscopy, ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (UPLC-HRMS) and a mercury vapor analyzer for precise characterization. The TOF-SIMS analysis revealed the presence of mercury isotopic ions (202Hg+ and 199Hg+), mercury-sulfur ions (HgS+, m/z 234), sulfur isotopic ions (32S− and 34S−) on the surface of the red fiber samples. These findings suggest the utilization of cinnabar (HgS), a naturally occurring inorganic mineral dye, in the red fibers. Moreover, mercury content measurements indicated a significant enrichment of mercury in the red fibers, with the Hg content of 84 ng/g, markedly higher than the average Hg content of other fibers, which stood at 31 ng/g. Analysis of the blue fiber samples detected the quasi-molecular ion m/z 263 ([M+H]+) and a series of reasonable fragment ions, such as m/z 235 (C15H11N2O+) and m/z 247 (C16H11N2O+), indicative of the presence of indigo, a natural plant-based organic dye. UPLC-HRMS analysis further confirmed the presence of indigo in the blue fabric samples, providing cross-validation of the dye used. The light yellow fiber samples did not yield detections of common organic dyes like turmeric or inorganic pigments such as iron-yellow (Fe2O3H2O). The yellow hue observed in these fibers may be attributed to the natural aging of the original white wool, remaining undyed. Additionally, granular water-soluble inorganic ions such as NaCl, carbonate, and sulfate were detected within the yellow fabric samples. This study underscores the efficacy of the TOF-SIMS method for in-situ microanalysis and ultra-high sensitivity detection, rendering it is suitable for the analysis of both organic dye and inorganic dye. Moreover, TOF-SIMS will be widely used in archaeological and museum collections related research.

Composites of nanocarbons and transition metal oxides combine excellent mechanical properties and high electrical conductivity with high capacitive active sites. These composites are promising for applications such as electrochemical energy conversion and storage, catalysis, and sensing. Here, we show that Joule heating can be used as a rapid out-of-oven thermal processing technique to crystallize the inorganic metal oxide matrix within a carbon nanotube fabric (CNTf) composite. We choose manganese oxide and vanadium oxide as model metal oxides and show that the Joule heating process is rapid and enables accurate control over the temperature and phase transitions. Next, we use thermogravimetric analysis and Joule heating experiments in controlled atmospheres to show that metal oxides can actually catalyze thermal degradation and reduce the thermal stability of the CNTs, which could limit processing of many oxides. We solve this by using a reducing hydrogen atmosphere to successfully extend the Joule processing window and thermal stability of the CNTf/metal oxide composite to ∼1000 °C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The term electromagnetic pulse (EMP) generally refers to high-power electromagnetic waves and can be classified into EMPs caused by nuclear weapons, non-nuclear EMPs, and EMPs caused by natural phenomena. EMPs can cause catastrophic damage to any electronic device consisting of electromagnetic components, including communications devices and transportation. In this study, the shielding effectiveness of paint was evaluated depending on the type and content of carbon material and binder. To analyze the compatibility and dispersibility improvement of the raw materials used in paint manufacturing, experiments were conducted in two stages, using 27 mixtures. The shielding effectiveness was evaluated for the optimal mixture developed through mixture experiments. The results of this study confirmed that the developed EMP shielding paint can improve the shielding effectiveness of concrete by 25–40 dB. Additionally, the adhesion strength and moisture resistance evaluation of the EMP shielding paint were evaluated. The average adhesive strength of the EMP shielding paint was 1.26 MPa. In moisture-resistance testing at a temperature of 50 ± 3 °C and a relative humidity of 95% or higher for more than 120 h, no cracks or peeling were observed on the painted surface. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Stevia is a natural sweetener producing plant that is calorie-free and antioxidant and non-carcinogenic. To avoid nutrient deficiencies, fertilization activities are carried out to provide nutrients in the soil. One of the fertilizers that can be used is organomineral. However, there is not enough information about the right dose ratio of organomineral fertilizers and inorganic fertilizers. This study was conducted to determine the effect of organomineral fertilizer in increasing the growth and yield of stevia compared to inorganic fertilizers and cow manure. The research was conducted from March to May 2023 in Dadaprejo Village, Junrejo District, Batu City, East Java. The research conducted using a Randomized Group Design (RAK) design with 9 treatment levels and 3 replications. The treatments used included P0 (Control), P1 (Organomineral 600 kg ha-1), P2 (Organomineral 1200 kg ha- 1), P3 (Organomineral 1800 kg ha-1), P4 (Organomineral 2400 kg ha-1), P5 (NPK 50 kg ha-1 + Urea 50 kg ha-1), P6 (NPK 100 kg ha-1 + Urea 100 kg ha-1), P7 (NPK 150 kg ha- 1 + Urea 150 kg ha-1), P8 (NPK 200 kg ha-1 + Urea 200 kg ha-1). The plant variables observed include plant height, number of leaves, leaf area, number of branches, fresh weight of leaves, dry weight of leaves, and sugar content. The observation data obtained analyzed using anova and continued with DMRT. The results showed that the P4 treatment (Organomineral 2400 kg ha-1) was able to increase the growth and yield of stevia plants higher than inorganic fertilizers and without fertilization, except for doses of NPK fertilizer 150 kg ha-1 + Urea 150 kg ha-1 and NPK 200 kg ha-1 + Urea 200 kg ha-1. Organomineral fertilizers with the highest doses produced sugar content 6.33% higher than without fertilization, so that organomineral fertilizers can be used to reduce the use of inorganic fertilizers to meet plant nutrient needs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

1. This study determined the effect of dietary Zn concentration and source in phytase-supplemented diets on bone mineralisation, gastrointestinal phytate breakdown, mRNA-level gene expression (in jejunum, liver and Pectoralis major muscle) and growth performance in broiler chickens. 2. Male Cobb 500 broilers were housed in floor pens (d 0-d 21) to test seven treatments with six replicate pens (12 birds per pen). Diets were arranged in a 2 × 3 + 1-factorial arrangement. The experimental factors were Zn source (Zn-oxide (ZnO) or Zn-glycinate (ZnGly) and Zn supplementation level (10, 30 or 50 mg/kg of diet). A maize-soybean meal-based diet without supplementation and formulated to contain 28 mg Zn/kg (analysed to be 35 mg Zn/kg), served as a control. 3. Zinc source and level did not influence (p > 0.05) bone ash concentration and quantity or mineral concentrations in bone ash. Tibia thickness was greater in the treatment ZnO10 than in the treatments ZnO30 and ZnGly50 (Zn level × Zn source: p = 0.036), but width and breaking strength were not affected. 4. Pre-caecal P digestibility and concentrations of phytate breakdown products in the ileum, except for InsP5, were not affected by Zn source or level. Only the expression of EIF4EBP1 (eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E-binding protein 1) and FBXO32 (F-box only protein 32) in Pectoralis major muscle was affected by source, where expression was increased in ZnO compared to ZnGly diets (p < 0.05). 5. In conclusion, Zn level and source did not affect gastrointestinal phytate degradation and bone mineralisation in phytase-supplemented diets. The intrinsic Zn concentration appeared to be sufficient for maximum bone Zn deposition under the conditions of the present study but requires validation in longer-term trials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Xinjiang, China, a female corpse dating back to the Han Dynasty was discovered adorned in splendid attire crafted from wool fibers dyed in vibrant shades of red, blue, and light yellow. This study utilized fabric fragments as research specimens to analyze the dyes present, primarily employing time of flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (TOF-SIMS), in conjunction with optical microscopy, ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (UPLC-HRMS) and a mercury vapor analyzer for precise characterization. The TOF-SIMS analysis revealed the presence of mercury isotopic ions (202Hg+ and 199Hg+), mercury-sulfur ions (HgS+, m/z 234), sulfur isotopic ions (32S− and 34S−) on the surface of the red fiber samples. These findings suggest the utilization of cinnabar (HgS), a naturally occurring inorganic mineral dye, in the red fibers. Moreover, mercury content measurements indicated a significant enrichment of mercury in the red fibers, with the Hg content of 84 ng/g, markedly higher than the average Hg content of other fibers, which stood at 31 ng/g. Analysis of the blue fiber samples detected the quasi-molecular ion m/z 263 ([M+H]+) and a series of reasonable fragment ions, such as m/z 235 (C15H11N2O+) and m/z 247 (C16H11N2O+), indicative of the presence of indigo, a natural plant-based organic dye. UPLC-HRMS analysis further confirmed the presence of indigo in the blue fabric samples, providing cross-validation of the dye used. The light yellow fiber samples did not yield detections of common organic dyes like turmeric or inorganic pigments such as iron-yellow (Fe2O3H2O). The yellow hue observed in these fibers may be attributed to the natural aging of the original white wool, remaining undyed. Additionally, granular water-soluble inorganic ions such as NaCl, carbonate, and sulfate were detected within the yellow fabric samples. This study underscores the efficacy of the TOF-SIMS method for in-situ microanalysis and ultra-high sensitivity detection, rendering it is suitable for the analysis of both organic dye and inorganic dye. Moreover, TOF-SIMS will be widely used in archaeological and museum collections related research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herbs and spices are known to be prone to food fraud and accurate analytical tools are needed to detect adulterants. Amongst the potential adulteration, dilution with bulking agents has regularly been reported, especially with inorganic materials such as talc or brick powder. Energy Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence (ED-XRF) spectrometry is a well-established non-destructive analytical technique for qualitative and quantitative elemental analysis of a wide variety of samples. ED-XRF was here evaluated for the detection of inorganic adulterants in turmeric, paprika and oregano, which were selected as representative for the herbs & spices food category. Magnesium, silicon, and calcium were identified as elements to detect talc, soapstone, brick/clay powder, and chalk inorganic adulterants. ED-XRF successfully detected adulterated samples when spiked down to 5% (w/w) in the selected herbs and spices. With its ease-of-use and speed, ED-XRF is well adapted for the monitoring of inorganic adulteration of herbs and spices along the supply chain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

New generation intumescent coatings apply self-intumescing particles to induce expansion in a controlled manner. Various studies have investigated alkali silicate-based coatings due to their inherent expansion with the release of H 2 O. The presented work investigated the self-intumescing concept of alkali silicates as particles. A thorough study of inorganic alkali silicate particles as potential intumescent ingredients in passive fire protection systems was carried out by applying HSDM, TGA, FTIR, XRD, and SEM. Herein, particles of lithium-, sodium-, and potassium silicates were synthesized with varying silica-to-alkali oxide molar ratios and curing humidity. Subsequently, the hydration chemistry and thermal behavior were examined. The results revealed increased expansion potential with decreasing SiO 2 /M 2 O molar ratio (M = Na, Li, or K) in the range 3.1–7.4 and increasing curing humidity in the range 35, 50, and 90% RH. Previous studies have emphasized the effect of solid-bound H 2 O to induce intumescence. In this study, the influence of the softening of the silicate matrix and H 2 O release is highlighted to allow increased expansion potential. Here, the coupling of thermal analysis with microscopy suggests an intumescence mechanism in the order of 1) initial shrinkage due to loss of free and physical bound H 2 O, 2) sphere formation to minimize surface energy, 3) expansion as a result of H 2 O evolution and viscoelastic melt formation, and 4) second shrinkage due to sintering before 5) melting. The sodium alkali silicate particles with a SiO 2 /M 2 O molar ratio of 3.4 exhibited a timely softening of the silicate matrix from about 155 °C to provide a distinct spherical particle followed by ionic H 2 O evolution. As a result, hereof, hollow, spherical particles with relative solid expansions of up to 550% were obtained and maintained until a second shrinkage at 650 °C with a subsequent melting at 950 °C. In comparison, the imbalance in viscoelastic melt formation and H 2 O release of lithium- and potassium silicate particles resulted in less expansion. Considering the expansion potential and thermal behavior of the alkali silicate particles, it is suggested as a possible, sustainable intumescence ingredient. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Field experiments was conducted at the Teaching and Research Farm, Joseph Sarwuan Tarka University Makurdi to evaluate the effect of bed types and fertilizer types on the growth and yield of onion seedlings/bulbs (Allium cepa L.). The study was a 2x4 factorial experiment {2 types (bed and ridge) and four fertilizer types (NPK20:10:10, poultry manure, cattle dung, and no application served as control)} laid out in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) replicated thrice. Data were collected were subjected to Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and Fisher's least significant difference (FLSD) was used to separate means. Results of the study revealed that onions raised on beds had statistically higher growth and yield parameters than the ridge bed system. Therefore, the onion planted on bed type system recorded the highest yields with bulb weight (13.45t/ha) and (23.35 t/ha) in both years. On the fertilizer types, NPK 20:10:10 application recorded the highest bulb weight of 14.57t/ha and 35.75t/ha in both years, followed by poultry manure with bulb weight of 11.29t/ha and 11.61t/ha and cattle dung with bulb weight of 10.70t/ha and 12.94t/ha while untreated (control) gave the lowest yields with bulb weight/plot 9.21t/ha and 7.40t/ha respectively. It is recommended that the application of NPK 20:10:10 fertilizers on bed type system be adopted for optimum yield of Onions in Makurdi, Nigeria. Furthermore, in the scarcity or high cost of NPK fertilizers, smallholder farmers in the study location can adopt either poultry manure or cattle dung as a substitute to boost yields of onions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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In the present study, the effect of processing parameters like annealing temperature, excess of lead (Pb) content, and film thickness on the crystallographic orientation, dielectric and ferroelectric properties of PLZT (Pb/La/Zr/Ti: 92/8/52/48) films are investigated. For the investigation, PLZT films were prepared on Pt/Ti/SiO2/Si substrate by chemical solution deposition method and annealed at different temperatures (600, 625, 650, 675, and 700 °C). Diverse growth orientation was observed for different annealing temperatures that gave rise to modified electrical properties in the PLZT films. Comparative studies on processing temperature exhibited improved ferroelectric properties in 650 °C annealed PLZT film, which is attributed to its crystallinity (Full width at half maximum, FWHM101 = 0.49°) and texture coefficient (γ = 0.832). Excess Pb content (3 wt.%) yielded improved ferroelectric properties in PLZT film with a ~ 10% increment in domain switching. The PLZT film with 3 wt.% Pb-excess content showed an ASTM class 5B adhesion on Pt/Ti/SiO2/Si substrate, a nano-hardness value of 7894.43 MPa, and a Young's modulus value of 143.05 GPa. To further study the effect of process control parameters on PLZT film, variation of thicknesses (492, 768, and 1500 nm) was studied for 3 wt.% Pb-excess film. The study showed considerable domain switching (switching current = 58.10 μA at 40 kV/cm), improved dielectric constant (~ 2750), higher polarization (Pmax = 71.4 μC/cm2) at a low electric field 334 kV/cm and low leakage current for 1500 nm thick PLZT film. A total energy storage density of ~ 26 J/cm3 at 1020 kV/cm and tunability of 68.46% at ~ 200 kV/cm was achieved for PLZT film with 3 wt.% excess Pb. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report the synthesis and characterization of six new iridium(III) complexes of stoichiometry, [Ir(Cp*Cl2(2abn)] (1), [Cp*Cl2Ir(µ-2abn)IrCl2Cp*] (2), [IrCp*Cl2(4abn)] (3), [Cp*Cl2Ir(µ-4abn)IrCl2Cp*] (4), [IrCp*Cl2(2-ampy)] (5) and [IrCp*Cl2(4-ampy)] (6) (Cp* =pentamethylcyclopentadienyl anion; 2- and 4abn = 2- and 4-aminobenzonitrile, respectively; 2- and 4-ampy = 2- and 4-aminopyridine, respectively). The new compounds have been prepared from [(IrCp*Cl)(µ-Cl)]2 by the addition of the ligands in appropriate proportions in dichloromethane and then precipitated using hexane. They have been characterized by C, H, N elemental analyses, thermogravimetric analysis, infrared spectroscopy,1H and 1H-1H Cosy nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, high-resolution mass spectrometry (ESI), and in the case of 1 and 5, by single-crystal X-ray diffraction, confirming the proposed structure. To the best of our knowledge, 1 is the first reported crystal structure of a neutral Cp*Ir complex with a benzonitrile-based ligand coordinated through the -CN group. The cytotoxic behavior of all compounds was studied against HeLa cells, but no measurable biological activity could be established. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wound healing and prevention of bacterial infections are critical aspects of modern medical care. In this work, antibacterial films were produced by creating composites of polycaprolactone with inorganic peroxides. Calcium, magnesium, and zinc peroxide were incorporated in a biocompatible polymeric film. Iron oxide, sodium bicarbonate, and calcium phosphate were added to reduce hydrogen peroxide and to maintain pH in a less alkaline range, allowing for optimization of the material's antibacterial efficacy while minimizing cytotoxicity toward human fibroblasts. Experiments with common wound pathogens, Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aerugonisa, confirmed significant and prolonged antibacterial effects of peroxide‐doped films. Findings showed that the addition of CaO2 and MgO2 within the film increased cytotoxicity toward human fibroblasts after 48 h (30%–40% decrease compared to control), whereas ZnO2‐based films exhibited a minimal cytotoxicity consistently maintaining over 70% cell viability throughout the course of the experiment. We examined the materials' sustained release of reactive oxygen species and oxygen, and pH variation correlated with antibacterial activity. Given the unique combination of antibacterial efficacy and mammalian biocompatibility, these peroxides have value as components to sustain hydrogen peroxide release when appropriately compounded to reduce pH variation and avoid excessive hydrogen peroxide levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hybrid perovskites, materials composed of metals and organic substances in their structure, have emerged as potential materials for the new generation of photovoltaic cells due to a unique combination of optical, excitonic and electrical properties. Inspired by sensitization techniques on TiO2 substrates (DSSC), CH3NH3PbBr3 and CH3NH3PbI3 perovskites were studied as a light-absorbing layer as well as an electron–hole pair generator. Photovoltaic cells based on per-ovskites have electron and hole transport layers (ETL and HTL, respectively), separated by an ac-tive layer composed of perovskite itself. Major advances subsequently came in the preparation methods of these devices and the development of different architectures, which resulted in an efficiency exceeding 23% in less than 10 years. Problems with stability are the main barrier to the large-scale production of hybrid perovskites. Partially or fully inorganic perovskites appear promising to circumvent the instability problem, among which the black perovskite phase CsPbI3 (α-CsPbI3) can be highlighted. In more advanced studies, a partial or total substitution of Pb by Ge, Sn, Sb, Bi, Cu or Ti is proposed to mitigate potential toxicity problems and maintain device efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

L-glutaminase has attracted much attention due its wide range of applications in several fields. The L-glutaminase widely used in pharmaceutical and food industries. L-glutaminase is generally regarded as a key enzyme that controls the delicious taste of fermented foods such as soy sauce. L-glutaminase production was carried out by using supplementation of organic and inorganic nitrogen sources such as yeast extract, malt extract, peptone and urea at concentration ranging from 0.25% to 1.25% with increments of 0.25% and also different inorganic nitrogen sources like ammonium sulphate and ammonium chloride at concentration ranging from 0.025% to 0.125% with increments of 0.025%. The malt extract (1%) produced 399.9 IU, were best organic nitrogen source and ammonium sulphate (0.1%) appear to be good inorganic nitrogen source under submerged fermentation process and showed 546 IU. Current study is an exploring step to industrial sector to upscale their L-glutaminase production and it will useful strategy to commercial sector and alternative to old methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pathogenicity of root-knot nematodes on tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L .) in soil amended with different sources of green manure was investigated at the research and teaching farm of Federal College of Agriculture Ishiagu, Ebonyi State, Nigeria, during the 2022 and 2023 cropping seasons. Hedge fig plants, African peach plants, and banana leaves at 10t/ha were used as green manure sources while the control plots did not receive any treatment. The experimental design used was a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with the four treatments replicated three times. Growth and yield parameters were evaluated from plant height, number of leaves, number of fruits, and weight of fruit at harvest while disease parameters were obtained from number of galled roots and number of galls per root. Data collected were averaged over the two cropping seasons and analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and significant treatment means were separated using least significant difference (LSD). All inferences were made at a 5% level of probability. The results showed that the treatments significantly (P<0.05) increased the plant heights at 6 and 9 weeks after transplanting. The treatments did not have any significant (P>0.05) effect on the number of leaves produced by the plants. The number and weight of fruits at harvest were significantly (P<0.05) increased by the treatments. The number of galled roots was significantly (P<0.05) reduced at the application of hedge plant leaves at 10 t/ha while there was no significant (P>0.05) effect on the gall index of the treatments at harvest when compared with other treatments and it was recommended for tomato farmers as an alternative to inorganic nematicide . [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Garbage is currently still a problem for the community where there is a lack of knowledge of waste management properly. The waste bank is present as a solution to assist the government in reducing the accumulation of waste and helping to improve the economy of housewives, especially residents affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. Bank Sampah Teratai (BST) is one of the social group organizations engaged in environmental economics, especially in managing household waste for residents of RW. 05 Pinang Griya Permai, Pinang - Tangerang. Bank Sampah Teratai located in Pinang Griya Permai Tangerang is a partner in this activity. Observation results show that Bank Sampah Teratai does not yet have adequate knowledge in waste management, both organic and inorganic. Based on the above problems, a community partnership program was formed with the academic community (lecturers and students) of Universitas Budi Luhur to help solve problems at the Bank Sampah Teratai. Based on these conditions, training on organic and inorganic waste management was carried out for residents of the Pinang Griya Permai housing. This training provides understanding, and appropriate skills, which help residents to carry out organic and inorganic waste management. Based on the results of the questionnaire after the training was carried out, 100% of participants stated that the material presented was in accordance with their needs, and the material presented was also considered good by 100% of the participants. The long-term result of this training is an increase in the understanding and skills of the residents to manage organic and inorganic waste. This training has been a useful contribution to improving skills for members of the Bank Sampah Teratai in particular, and skills for residents of Pinang Griya Permai housing in general.

A new solid-state inorganic compound, indium dilead pentachloride, InPb2Cl5, was synthesized by melting InCl and PbCl2 in a vacuum-sealed quartz ampoule. The ampoule was heated to 793 K and then slowly cooled to room temperature to induce crystallization of InPb2Cl5. InPb2Cl5 crystallizes in the monoclinic crystal system adopting a space group of type P21/c, which is isostructural with other metal halides such as RbPb2Cl5, KPb2Cl5 and TlPb2Cl5. The bulk InPb2Cl5 exhibits a metallic black/grey colour, allowing it to be separated from white/yellow PbCl2 crystals. Due to the incongruent nature of the compound, the pure bulk InPb2Cl5 was not obtained. The black/grey InPb2Cl5 crystals were characterized by powder and single-crystal X-ray diffraction. InPbCl3 was also explored, however the growth was unsuccessful.