Search

Drinking water must comply physical, chemical, bacteriological and radiochemical guidelines therefore its quality should be continuously monitored before being introduced into the distribution system. Water used for human consumption may come from various sources: groundwater, spring water; water from rivers, streams, lakes, among other. A large part of the population of Ukraine uses drinking water that does not meet hygienic requirements according to various indicators. Manganese compounds are quite often present in natural waters. Their quantitative content can vary in a wide range, depending on the region, it can be 0,5-10 mg/dm3. It is worth noting that with a high content of manganese compounds in water, their removal is a rather difficult task. Removal of manganese compounds from water can be implemented using the ion exchange method, which consists of filtering water through loading in salt or acidic form. At the same time, softening and desalination of water can occur simultaneously. Therefore, the ion exchange method should be used for comprehensive water purification, softening, and removal of manganese compounds. The article presents the results of obtained during the extraction of manganese ions from distilled and tap water using the strongly acidic cationite KU-2-8 and the weakly acidic cationite Dowex MAC-3. Cationites were used in Na+ and Ca2+ form. The concentration of manganese ions (Mn2+) was varied from 5 to 500 mg/dm3. It was shown that the sorption capacity of the cationite KU-2-8 depended on the concentration of manganese ions, the form of the ionite, the presence of hardness ions in water and was little dependent on the pH of the medium. The sorption capacity of the weakly acidic cationite increased with the increase in the concentration of manganese ions and with the increase in the pH of the medium, which changed with the change in the concentration of magnesium sulfate in distilled water. Sorption of manganese ions from tap water decreases for strongly acidic and weakly acidic cations, compared to solutions in distilled water, which is associated with competitive sorption of hardness ions. This is especially noticeable when using ionites in Ca2+ form in solutions in tap water. The use of ionites in Ca2+ form reduces their sorption capacity for Mn2+ and in distilled water to a certain extent. But this effect is smaller compared to tap water. The Thomas model was used in the work to estimate the full exchange capacity of weakly acidic cationite at low concentrations of MnSO4 solution in distilled water.

The transition to non-traditional types of plant raw materials for the production of cellulose and materials based on it is becoming more and more relevant for for scientists and industry around the world. The most expedient for this is the use of waste from the agro-industrial complex in the form of straw or stalks. During the delignification of non-wood lignocellulosic raw materials by the organosolv method, which is quite environmentally friendly, spent solutions with a high soluble lignin content are formed. From an ecological point of view, it is important to create a complex, practically waste-free technology for processing lignin into target products. The paper investigated the possibility of using lignin precipitated from the spent cooking solution after organosolv delignification of rapeseed straw with the following carbonization for obtaining sorbents for the removal of dangerous synthetics dyes from water solution. At the end of cooking, the cellulosic product was separated from the spent solution by filtration. The spent solution was collected in a separate container and treated with 5 volumes of water, resulting in lignin condensation. Condensed lignin was separated from the cooking solution by centrifugation at 5500 rpm for 10 min and washed with distilled water, dehydrated by centrifugation and dried at a temperature of 80 oC until a constant moisture content of 7-8% was reached. Then lignin was treated with a 20 wt.% solution of orthophosphoric acid or 20 wt.% solution of sodium hydroxide, after which it was carbonized in a muffle furnace. Carbonization of lignin leads to a decrease in the average pore size to 2.191-4.421 nm and to an increase in the pore volume by 1.8 times when treated with sodium hydroxide and 2.0 times when treated with orthophosphoric acid, which allows to increase the sorption capacity of the material. The influence of the pH of an aqueous solution on the process of pollutant sorption is decisive. Oxygen-containing functional groups give the surface of sorption materials a positive charge in an acidic environment, which leads to the formation of electrostatic repulsion forces with the dye cation, which also has a positive charge. When the pH is increased to slightly alkaline, dissociation of functional groups occurs, therefore the surface of the sorbent acquires a negative charge, which leads to the emergence of forces of electrostatic attraction with the dye. Absorption of cationic dye increases with increasing pH from 2.0 to 6.0, further increase in pH does not affect the efficiency of the process. Carbonization of lignin leads to an increase in the porosity of the sorbent, so it takes more time to reach full sorption equilibrium. During the first 80 minutes, the maximum absorption rate of methylene blue is observed, after 180 minutes of contact, full sorption equilibrium is reached. Using the Langmuir equation, the sorption isotherm of dye absorption on the obtained sorbents was estimated, and it was established that the vacant adsorption sites on the lignin surface are homogeneous and the dye adsorption is monolayer. It was established that the sorption kinetics is described by a pseudo-second-order model. The development of an effective method of peracetic lignin utilization as carbon sorbent allows to create resource-saving technologies.

Among all known inorganic pollutants of wastewater and natural water, iron compounds are the most common that adversely affect water bodies, different living organisms and human beings. Before discharging the sewage into water bodies, it is important to remove iron ions from wastewater. The application of capillary materials in water and wastewater treatment is a promising direction of ecology and technology. The capillary properties of materials allows the development of quite simple, autonomous, highly efficient and energy-saving systems for water purification. The aim of the present paper is the investigation of the influence of the basic conditions of the filtration process with the application of capillary materia on the efficiency of iron ions removal. The initial concentration of the model solution, pH and temperature of the filtration process, as well as the contact area of the liquid phase with oxygen of the air were studied. The proposed method is appropriate for the treatment of water in the concentration range from 5 to 10 mg/dm3 with an optimum pH in the range of 4–7. Experimental data showed high efficiency of capillary materials application, providing sufficient removal of iron ions from low concentrated solutions, compared to the traditional method of precipitation. The main advantage of the capillary materials is the simplicity of application of the method, quite high degree of purification and there is no need to consumpt electricity as well as additional reagents, which allows to create autonomous water treatment facilities and plants.

Plastic waste and wastewater sediment stored on sludge lagoons are generated in almost every city in Ukraine, respectively, the issue of their disposal is an urgent issue nowadays. The paper shows the ways of utilization of polypropylene as one of the most widely used thermoplastics in everyday life, as well as the problem of formation and storage of wastewater sediments. The proposed technological scheme of complex processing of the resulted waste by production of building blocks is based on the property of polypropylene as a thermoplastic to soften and melt at above 1600C, while exhibiting adhesive properties to a number of materials. For the implementation of technological solutions for manufacturing of construction products, adhesion properties of polypropylene to wastewater sediments were substantiated, heating modes of the raw material mixture of wastewater sediments and polypropylene waste were specified, and the ratio of raw materials in the mixture for thermal treatment was determined. The samples of building blocks with a mass content of wastewater sediment from 5 to 95% (dry weight sediments) were made in the laboratory. In these samples, the polypropylene content was reduced from 95 to 5%, respectively. It was experimentally determined that for samples of construction materials with a mass content of wastewater sediment 40-50 % (dry weight) a uniform distribution of raw materials was observed, that would ensure their high strength. The comparison of the qualitative characteristics of the samples of building blocks with the regulatory requirements for construction products revealed that the experimental samples met the current requirements and were not inferior to analogues from traditional raw materials. However, construction materials made from waste are recommended for application in building of industrial warehouses and storage facilities, non-food storage chambers, garages or other structures that do not provide permanent storage of food or living place for humans or animal.

Nowadays, the development of modern chemical technology and engineering is aimed at the concept of greening and implementation of "green" technologies. Therefore, the study of deep eutectic solvents (DES), which arecheap and environmentally friendly, is of particular importance. DES are a class of novel green solventswith a wide range of properties and applications. In the work, 6 solvents were synthesized using choline chloride, lactic acid, proline, betaine, propanol, and urea. These constituents jointly determine the nature of the synthesized DESs and their electrochemical behavior. The knowledge of physicochemical, electrochemical properties of DESs is also valuable to DESs practical applications. Electrical conductivity indicates the strength with which DESs can conduct electricity. The focus of the investigation is physicochemical properties (electrical conductivity, electrochemical window) deep eutectic solvents (DESs). The formation of hydrogen bonds between the components was confirmed and the electrochemical characteristics of the synthesized ionic liquids were determined. The conducted studies showed that urea and lactic acid arethe most suitable compounds for the formation of DES. DESs have been synthesized using choline chloride, Betaine and Proline as hydrogen bond acceptors (HBAs). Choline chloride-urea, Choline chloride-lactic acid, Sodium acetate-lactic acid, Choline chloride-propanediol, Proline-lactic acid, Betaine-lactic acid were synthesized. The electrical conductivity of deep eutectic solvents was measured and the width of the electrochemical window was evaluated using cycling voltammetry. FTIR-ATR was carried out to confirm the formation of the DESs. FT-IR results confirmed that H-bonds, occurring between two components in DES, were the main force leading to the eutectic formation. Adding water in quantity 1...25% leads to a decrease in the width of the electrochemicalwindow from 1.33to 1.21 V and increase in electrical conductivity from 0.39 to 2.07 S/m.

The processes of desalination of weakly mineralized waters using a reverse osmosis membrane have been studied. The operational efficiency of membranes is limited mainly by membrane contamination. It is shown that the preliminary mechanical water purification helps to increase the productivity and selectivity of the membrane. One of the main causes of membrane contamination is the formation of carbonate deposits on their surface. One way to prevent membrane contamination is to dose antiscalants. It is established that the use of hydrolyzed polyacrylonitrile (HPAN) and hydrolyzed polyacrylamide (HPAA) as a stabilizer of scale formation is effective for concentrates of reverse osmosis desalination of water

The creation of effective demanganization technologies by the development of new and intensification of known processes of manganese removal from natural waters are currently of increasing importance.The search for promising ways to demanganize water to regulatory values is a topical issue for the modern water treatment domain.Recent publications of methods for extraction of manganese ions from water by sorption, membrane, ion exchange methods were reviewed. The prospects of application of oxidative methods for water demanganation are shown.The purpose of the article is to investigate the manganese ions removal methods from water during their oxidation by sodium hypochlorite and to establish the dependence of the efficiency of demanganization on the consumption of oxidizing agent and the concentration of manganese ions in water.The study presents the application of sodium hypochlorite as an oxidant in the purification of artesian water from manganese ions. It was determined in static conditions that the degree of manganese removal is affected by both its initial concentration in water and the dose of sodium hypochlorite. Water purification process is more efficient with initial manganese concentrations above 5 mg/dm3. At a manganese ion concentration 30 mg/dm3, its complete removal was achieved in 4 hours of settling at a stoichiometric ratio of manganese and sodium hypochlorite in water and at any excess of oxidant. The process of manganese ions oxidation in artesian water by sodium hypochlorite depending on its dose and contact time was studied. The dose of oxidant for the removal of manganese ions from artesian water was also determined. Thus, the research allowed to improve the methods of water purification from manganese ions during their oxidation by sodium hypochlorite and found that the water purification efficiency increased both with increasing consumption of oxidizing agent and increasing the concentration of manganese ions in water.

The development of modern chemical technology and engineering is aimed at the concept of greening. Therefore, the search for effective green solvents for the extraction of natural organic compounds from vegetable raw materials is urgent. The use of DES is appropriate and is of increasing interest due to its environmental, technological, and economic features. DES are prepared from readily available materials with high purities, low cost, nontoxicity, non-flammability, biocompatibility, and biodegradability.In the work, the effect of water on the viscosity of deep eutectic solvent (DES) based on betaine and lactic acid was studied, and an assessment of polyphenolic compounds of grape pomace processing products was carried out with a water content of up to 10%. When 10% of water was added to DES, the viscosity decreased from 16,000.00 to 3,500.00 mPa s, when 25% of water was added, the viscosity decreased exponentially with increasing temperature. Research results showed that water content also affects other physical properties, such as density, with the density of DES decreasing linearly with increasing water content. When performing liquid chromatography-mass-spectrometry during extraction with DES, compared to a traditional solvent, higher peaks are observed, which indicates an increase in the yield of extraction using DES. The main components of grape pomace extract are hydroxycinnamic acids, anthocyanins, anthoxanthins and stilbenes. When determining the influence of the solvent on the composition of the extract, significant differences in the compound profile were found between extraction with a 70% ethanol solution and extraction using DES. A complex mixture of hydroxycinnamic acids and flavonoids was obtained during extraction with DES, while with a traditional solvent -mainly hydroxycinnamic acids. The extractive capacity of DES can be correlated with their physicochemical properties, including H-bonding interactions, polarity, and pH.

Biosorption is a promising technology for removing various pollutants from industrial wastewater, which consists in the use of secondary plant raw materials (e.g., agro-industrial waste) to solve environmental pollution problems. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the potential of nut shells as a biosorbent, to study the effect of alkaline modification of shells on their properties and to study the use of spent biosorbents as additives in cement. The influence of the fractional composition of the initial material on its sorption capacity and the influence of the modification of shells with alkaline solution on the properties of the obtained biosorbents are investigated. The yield of the final products was determined gravimetrically as the ratio of the mass of the product to the mass of the raw material. The sorption capacity was studied using model solutions. The concentration of sodium hydroxide solutions was determined by titration, and the cationic dye by spectrophotometric method. Methylene blue was used as a test dye. The studies have shown that the fractional composition of the material largely determines its sorption properties. Reducing the particle size of the nut shells leads to an increase in the sorption efficiency of methylene blue from 17.2% for the fraction with a size of 1.5-2.0 mm to 39.2% for the fraction with a size of 0.5-1.0 mm. The static exchange capacity increases by an average of 30 % for each subsequent fraction. To improve the sorption properties of the initial material, along with grinding, it is advisable to use chemical modification. The method of alkaline modification was used, which is accompanied by partial destruction of the aromatic component of raw materials and low molecular weight polysaccharides and by removal of extractives of different nature, which leads to the formation of a more porous structure. The maximum sorption efficiency of methylene blue (80 %) corresponds to the biosorbent obtained from nut shells (fractional composition 0.5-1.0 mm) by modifying with 5 % NaOH solution for 180 min at a temperature of 100 oC. Alkaline treatment significantly improves the adsorption capacity of the biosorbent to the cationic dye compared to the initial material. The sorption capacity of nut shells and biosorbent based on shells was studied as a function of pH of aqueous dye solution and duration of contact. It was found that pH of the aqueous solution had a significant effect on the sorption of the dye and the maximum value was reached at pH 6. This is due to the electrokinetic properties of the surface of lignocellulosic materials - the ability to change charge depending on pH (positive in acidic, negative in neutral and alkaline), due to the presence of different functional groups. The study of kinetics showed that the maximum rate of absorption of methylene blue corresponded to the first 30 minutes of contact. Sorption equilibrium is achieved within 240 minutes of contact. Sorption kinetics was also studied using pseudo-first and pseudo-second order models, as well as a diffusion model. The pseudo-second order kinetic model (R2 = 0.99) best describes the absorption kinetics of the cationic dye and suggests that the fixation of methylene blue on the surface of the biosorbent occurs due to various mechanisms. The problem of further use of spent sorption materials is no less important than the efficiency of sorbents in creating an effective integrated water treatment technology. Spent biosorbent was used as an additive to the composition of cement type I/500. The use of plant material in the amount of 5% will not lead to a significant deterioration of the physical and mechanical properties of cement. This indicates the prospects of such an approach in the utilization of spent sorbents. In further research, it is planned to investigate various modification options for plant materials for obtaining highly effective biosorbents of multipurpose function for the solution of environmental problems.

The problem of search of accidental and unauthorized water leaks in water supply networks is considered. The analysis of the current state of water supply sector in Ukraine based on information data of the Ministry of Regional Development, Construction and Housing Communal Services of Ukraine and data of the State Statistics Service of Ukraine is conducted. Existing methods of finding and determining places of water leakage in water supply networks are considered. The findings of the comparative analysis of the practical capabilities of search devices are reported. The primary causes and rates of water losses of the settlements of Ukraine have been determined. The results of the leakage search using device APGK-015/2, the calculations of the volume of water losses and the total cost of the water saved during the study are represented.

As a result of anthropogenic human activity and the continuous increase in the scale of water consumption, surface and groundwater, which are sources of freshwater, have been degraded. Most water sources have high iron content today. Contamination of groundwater with iron and other metals can occur due to the development of ore deposits and the operation of quarries. Existing technologies only partially solve this problem. Ions of heavy metals are toxic and dangerous for living organisms and for human beings. In this regard, it is important to develop effective methods of water treatment of various pollutants. Today, pollution of water bodies with iron ions has reached a critical level. This creates a problem for many regions not only in Ukraine, but also far beyond its borders. The problem is urgent and needs to be solved. When the pH value in water is less than 6.8–7.0 and the concentration of iron is high, for deep purification, it is advisable to use a combination of a number of methods with the introduction of reagents. Reagent method of deironing is implemented by treating the source water with a suspension of lime water Ca(OH)2. This approach allows one to deirone water effectively, but its implementation is accompanied by the formation of a large amount of sludge, which must be disposed of. An effective way to dispose of such precipitates is their use as a chemical additive in the production of cement, which was confirmed by our research.

Most conventional organic solvents are toxic and pose high risks to human health. In this context, green solvents, such as deep eutectic solvents (DES), are promising and environmentally friendly. DES exhibit the advantages of ionic liquids and, in addition to being inexpensive, are low- or non-toxic, renewable and often biodegradable. The most important by-product generated from the vegetable industry is the so-called pomace that still contains a large number of bioactive compounds of great interest, such as phenolic compounds which have antioxidation properties. Antioxidant compounds are known as molecules that are able to stabilize, inhibit, deactivate and scavenge free radicals, thus protecting the human body against oxidative damage. In this study, a choline chloride-based deep eutectic solvent was used in ultrasound-assisted extraction of "green" organic compounds from tomato pomace (Lycopersicon esculentum. Mill.). Characterization HPLC-DAD methods were employed and total phenolic (TPC) and total flavonoid compounds (TFC) were assayed. Various experimental techniques including DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activity were used to characterize the antioxidant activity of the extract. The phenolic content of the extracts was determined by the Folin–Ciocalteu method. The results also indicated the highest antioxidant activities measured in terms of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging (40%) and 2,2′-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline)-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS)(50%), as well as highest total phenolic content (TPC) (11.12 ± 0.02 mg gallic acid equivalent/g fresh weight). For this reason, in the future, the use of eutectic solvents may be the best method for the extraction of organic compounds from tomato pomace.

The necessity of development of technical solutions that will allow to reduce carbon monoxide emissions of flue gases of industrial productions is substantiated. It is shown that the most rational design solution to the problem of carbon monoxide pollution during the firing of electrode blanks is the use of aerated concrete blocks with a catalyst, which can be quickly and conveniently located directly on the carbon material of the "green" electrodes pouring in the subfloor space of the firing furnaces. Modified by oxides of Mn4+, Fe2+, Fe3+, Cu2+, Cr3+ -catalysts based on aerated concrete were obtained. It is shown that in an empty reactor in the temperature range 200 – 400 ºС the degree of conversion of carbon monoxide in the absence of a catalyst is zero. It is established that on the investigated catalysts based on aerated concrete 100% oxidation of carbon monoxide is achieved at a temperature of 390 ºC in the case of using a mixture of catalyst powders 30 % CuO + 70 % MnO2, 40 % CuO + 60 % MnO2, 50 % Fe (FexCr1-x) 2O4 + 50 % MnO2; 50 % Fe3O4 + 50 % MnO2. It is determined that the addition of ferrite catalyst powder in aerated concrete in a mixture or without manganese dioxide does not critically affect the mechanical properties of the products.

The main direction of the industrial development of Ukraine is the solving of the environmental pollution problems under the conditions of preservation of natural resources through complex use of raw materials with involvement of industrial wastes. The developed technology is intended for galvanic, accumulator, machine-building, mine and other enterprises, the wastewater from which contains ions of heavy metals. Heavy metal ions are extremely dangerous toxic substances because of a cumulative effect on aquatic organisms. In order to remove copper ions from aqueous solutions, the chemical precipitation with lime is used. The choice of reagent is associated with its cheapness. The most effective reagent precipitation of copper ions in the form of hydroxide occurs when the pH is raised to 10. In this work, the influence of sludge, which is formed as a result of water purification from copper ions, on the properties of cement was investigated. The effect was evaluated on the following properties: normal density of cement, hardening time, compressive strength at the age of 2 and 28 days and water separation coefficient. This allowed us to develop effective ways to their disposal. The developed method provides: a high degree of metal removal (up to 98-99%); simplicity of technological process; small capital and operating costs; complex technology of wastewater treatment process. Thus, the results of the study will contribute to the creation of low-waste and non-waste technologies for waste processing and disposal.

Iron is one of the most common components in water that adversely affect humans, other living organisms and parameters of water bodies. Therefore, during using and consuming natural waters, and discharging sewage into surface water bodies, it is necessary to remove iron compounds from the aquatic environment. The use of capillary materials in water purification processes is a promising area of research. Experimental data proved the high efficiency of capillary materials application, providing higher efficiency of iron ions removal from model solutions for real water sources of different origin compared with the traditional method of settling. The main advantage of the application of materials with capillary properties is the simplicity of implementation of the method and there is no need to use electricity and any additional reagents. The effect of various factors on the process of water deironing with the application of capillary materials was studied. It was found out that the density has a little effect on the process at an iron concentration range from 1 to 5 mg/dm3. The increase in competing ions content intensifies the process of divalent ferrous ions transition to trivalent. During the deironing of artesian water, the degree of iron removal exceeded 90 %, while the residual concentration was below the MPC.

Purpose This paper aims to synthesize silver nanoparticles using atmospheric discharge plasma in contact with liquid at different pressure in reactor and to assess their catalytical properties for reducing 4-nanoparticles (NP). Design/methodology/approach The Ag colloidal NPs was rapidly synthesized as a result of non-equilibrium low-temperature plasma formation between an electrode and the surface of AgNO3 solution for 5 min at different pressure in reactor. Synthesized Ag NPs were characterized with common analytical techniques. Ultraviolet–visible (UV) spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering, scanning microcopy analysis were used to study the formation and characteristics of silver nanoparticles. Findings The formation of silver colloidal solutions under plasma discharge at different pressure in reactor is characterized by the presence of surface resonance peak in the spectra. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images confirmed the formation of spherical particles having a size distribution in the range of 15-26 nm. The AgNPs solution showed excellent rapid catalytic activity for the complete degradation of toxic 4-nitrophenol (4-NPh) into non-toxic 4-aminophenol (4-APh) within 18 min. Research limitations/implications Further studies are necessary for confirmation of the practical application, especially of deposition Ag NPs on TiO2. Practical implications The method provides a simple and practical solution to improving the synthesis of colloidal solutions of Ag NPs for degradation of organic pollutants (4-NPh) in water and wasters water. Originality/value Atmospheric discharge plasma in contact with liquid at different pressure can be used as an effective technique for synthesis of nanomaterials with catalytic properties.

The problem of utilizing plant wastes of the agro-industrial complex is equally important and urgent. In this regard, it is advisable to develop a complex technology of plant waste application to solve the ecological problems of environmental pollution with heavy metals. Modification of walnuts shells with orthophosphoric acid has proven to be a promising process for obtaining the biosorbents with the efficient sorption properties. It was found out that the increase in the concentration of inorganic acid in modification time promotes the improvement in sorption capacity. Such biosorbents can be used in low-waste water demineralization systems. The utilization of waste biosorbents through the use in the composition of building materials is effective from an economic point of view. It was shown that the biosorbent acts as a fine additive; the increase in normal density and acceleration in hardening time takes place. At the same time, the compressive strength of the cement with the application of biosorbents decreases slightly. The results show that the modified walnuts shells have a slightly adverse effect on the hardening time of cement.

The possibility to dispose of paper mill sludge as part of a composition of container cardboard from secondary raw materials has been investigated. The fractional composition of the sludge was studied and it was shown that the main part of the fibers is represented by small particles with a size of up to 1.2mm. Studying the processes of formation of container cardboard when using paper mill sludge showed that an increase in the consumption of fibrous-inorganic waste leads to a deterioration in the physical and mechanical properties of cardboard. However, the increase in sludge consumption does not affect the surface absorption of water during one-sided wetting. The value of these indicators is within the normal range and is 25 and 70g/m2, respectively. In addition, an increase in sludge consumption from 10 to 50% in the manufacture of cardboard leads to a decrease in the degree of fiber retention on the grid from 86.3 to 82.1%. Regularities of using strengthening additives, namely industrial cationic and anionic flocculants, as well as native corn and modified starches for the strength of cardboard and the quality of sub-grid waters, have been established. Research results show that the effect of flocculants is quite ambiguous. On the one hand, there is a clearly observed positive impact on the quality of the sub-grid waters. This is due to the reduction of their turbidity due to smaller fiber washes. Nevertheless, the positive effect on physical and mechanical parameters is minimal, and in some cases, there is a decrease in strength indicators. The greater the efficiency of keeping fine fiber on the grid when using flocculants, the lower the values of physical and mechanical indicators. In general, when using sludge in the composition of cardboard in combination with flocculants and starch, the indicators were achieved that are considered standard for waste paper container cardboard of grade KT-1 according to TU U 17.1-41085075-002:2017

The article presents results of the study of the process of electroevolution of copper from regeneration solutions in one- and two-chamber electrolyzers at different concentrations of sulfuric acid and solutions of copper chlorides at different concentrations of hydrochloric acid - in a three-chamber electrolyzer. The conditions of electrochemical recovery of heavy metals from acidic and saline solutions are determined. It is shown that the most effective recovery of heavy metal cations from hydrochloric acid solutions occurs in three-chamber electrolyzers. On the basis of the results obtained, a technological scheme of a local plant for treatment of washing water of galvanic industries is proposed.

The research is related to solving the problem of rational use of materials and to creation of resource-saving technologies for the protection of the environment from pollution by various pollutants. Sorption technologies are quite effective in sewage treatment, but most sorbents are quite expensive, and their regeneration raises the question of recycling of spent solutions. The cheap and availability of raw material base of biosorbents makes these technologies attractive for wastewater treatment. The research is aimed at investigation of ways to effective utilization of spent sorbents, which are obtained after water purification, in the production of building materials. The obtained results allow create a complex low-waste technology of water demineralization and purification from heavy metal ions.

In this study, the optimum parameters of membrane desalinization of model solutions were determined and the required efficiency was achieved. Methods for stabilizing treatment of water before barometric desalination were developed to improve the efficiency of membranes. Methods of reagent processing of concentrates after barometric water were proposed to create a low-waste technologies for demineralization of water. It was shown that the precipitate can be used as an additive for cements and a sulfate activator for slag-portland cement.

Due to the growth of man-caused pollution, there is a need to use modern methods of water purification. It is advisable to use sorption methods for the extraction of heavy metals, which are considered to be particularly dangerous. It is established that sorbents based on magnetite are quite effective in the extraction of copper ions. It is shown that the sorption capacity of magnetite-based sorbents towards copper ions depends on the ratio of concentrations of Fe2+ and Fe3+ ions in the reaction mixture, and increases with increasing this indicator from 1/2 to 2. The sorption capacity of the sorbent towards copper ions increases by 4.4 times. It is shown that the efficiency of copper ions removal onto magnetite increases for sorbent modified with sodium sulfide. The proposed scheme provides the possibility of sorption treatment of large volumes of water from copper ions to the norms for the discharge of wastewater into fishery reservoirs. Post-productional magnetite is dehydrated and supplied to metallurgical enterprises for processing. The developed technology of water purification from copper ions is environmentally safe and energy efficient.

The issue of desalination is relevant for many countries of the world; the most promising technology for demineralization appears to be membrane technology. The stabilizing treatment of water before feeding it to the membrane filters involved the ion exchange softening of the solution based on the weakly acidic cation exchanger DOWEX MAC-3 in the H+ and Na+ forms. This makes it possible to improve the efficiency of baromembrane desalination and the service time of membranes. The nanofiltration membrane OPMN-P ensures the purification of low mineralized waters from sulfates (by 74–93 %) and hardness ions (67–90 %); at the same time, the membrane has low selectivity in terms of bicarbonate anions and does not retain chlorides. This avoids the accumulation of these in the concentrates at the nanofiltration purification of low mineralized waters. The inverse osmotic membrane Filmtec TW30-1812-50 shows selectivity for sulfates and hardness ions of over 99 %. The selectivity for chlorides is 83–94 % for low mineralized water, and 90–95 % for highly mineralized water. The concentrates contain hardness ions, sulfates, chlorides, and bicarbonate anions in significant concentrations. We have defined conditions for the effective softening of the formed concentrates at the comprehensive treatment by lime and aluminum coagulants. When desalinizing the concentrate of low- and highly mineralized waters, the sulfate concentration decreased to 2.55–6.53 mg-equiv./dm3 and 3.31–9.02 mg-equiv./dm3, respectively. At the same time, the concentration of hardness ions was 3.31–9.02 mg-equiv./dm3 and 4.20–10.65 mg-equiv./dm3. Creating comprehensive technologies for the purification of mineralized waters makes it possible to ensure the proper efficiency of water desalination and to utilize the waste formed with obtaining useful products. That could reduce anthropogenic pressure on the environment and solve the problem of freshwater shortage for people and industry, Проблема опреснения воды актуальна для многих стран мира. Наиболее перспективными для деминерализации можно считать мембранные технологии. Для стабилизационной обработки воды перед подачей на мембранные фильтры использовали ионообменное умягчение раствора на слабокислотном катионите DOWEX MAC-3 в H+ и Na+ форме. Это позволяет повысить эффективность баромембранного обессоливания и срок эксплуатации мембран. Нанофильтрационная мембрана ОПМН-П обеспечивает очистку низкоминерализированной воды от сульфатов (на 74–93 %) и ионов жесткости (на 67–90 %), имеет низкую селективность по гидрокарбонат-анионах и не задерживает при этом мембрана хлориды. Это позволяет избежать накопления данных анионов в концентратах при нанофильтрационной очистке низкоминерализированной воды. Обратноосмотическая мембрана Filmtec TW30-1812-50 имеет селективность по сульфатам и ионам жесткости более 99 %. Селективность по хлоридам составляет 83–94% для низкоминерализированных вод и 90–95 % для высокоминерализованных. Концентраты содержат ионы жесткости, сульфаты, хлориды и гидрокарбонат анионы в значительных концентрациях содержат. Определены условия эффективного умягчения образованных концентратов при комплексной обработке известью и алюминиевыми коагулянтами. При обессоливании концентрата низко- и высокоминерализованных вод концентрация сульфатов снизилась до 2,55–6,53 мг-экв/дм3 и 3,31–9,02 мг-экв/дм3 соответственно. При этом концентрация ионов жесткости составляла 3,31–9,02 мг-экв/дм3 и 4,20–10,65 мг-экв/дм3. Создание комплексных технологий очистки минерализованных вод позволяет обеспечить надлежащую эффективность опреснения воды и переработать образованные отходы с получением полезных продуктов. Это позволит уменьшить антропогенное давление на окружающую среду и решить проблему дефицита пресной воды для населения и промышленности, Проблема опріснення води актуальна для багатьох країн світу. Найбільш перспективними для демінералізації можна вважати мембранні технології. Для стабілізаційної обробки води перед подачею на мембранні фільтри використовували іонообмінне пом’якшення розчину на слабокислотному катіоніті DOWEX MAC-3 в H+ і Na+ формах. Це дозволяє підвищити ефективність баромембранного знесолення та термін експлуатації мембран. Нанофільтраційна мембрана ОПМН-П забезпечує очищення низькомінералізованих вод від сульфатів (на 74–93 %) та іонів жорсткості (67–90 %), при цьому мембрана має низьку селективність по гідрокарбонат-аніонах і не затримує хлориди. Це дозволяє уникнути накопичення даних аніонів в концентратах при нанофільтраційному очищенні низькомінералізованих вод. Зворотньоосмотична мембрана Filmtec TW30-1812-50 має селективність по сульфатам та іонам жорсткості понад 99 %. Селективність по хлоридам становить 83–94 % для низькомінералізованих вод та 90–95 % для високомінералізованих. Концентрати містять іони жорсткості, сульфати, хлориди та гідрокарбонат аніони в значних концентраціях. Визначено умови ефективного пом’якшення утворених концентратів при комплексній обробці вапном та алюмінієвими коагулянтами. При знесоленні концентрату низько- та високомінералізованих вод концентрація сульфатів знизилась до 2,55–6,53 мг-екв/дм3 та 3,31–9,02 мг-екв/дм3 відповідно. При цьому концентрація іонів жорсткості становила 3,31–9,02 мг-екв/дм3 і 4,20–10,65 мг-екв/дм3. Створення комплексних технологій очищення мінералізованих вод дозволяє забезпечити належну ефективність опріснення води та переробити утворені відходи з отриманням корисних продуктів. Це дозволить зменшити антропогенний тиск на навколишнє природне середовище та вирішити проблему дефіциту прісної води для населення та промисловості

Актуальність теми дослідження. Проблема засолення води є дуже поширеною через природні та антропогенні фактори, а найбільше страждають промислові регіони. Тому пріоритетним напрямом є розробка маловідходних технологій очищення води від іонів важких металів. Постановка проблеми. Внаслідок різноманітних промислових процесів відбувається надходження важких металів до водних екосистем. Надходження цих полютантів до поверхневих та підземних вод стало проблемою України протягом останніх кількох десятиліть. Аналіз останніх досліджень і публікацій. Були розглянуті останні публікації у відкритому доступі, включаючи літературу про основні методи очищення води від іонів важких металів. Виділення недосліджених частин загальної проблеми. Інформація про ефективність сорбційного очищення та доочищення природних вод. Постановка завдання. У роботі представлені результати дослідження процесів сорбційного очищення води від іонів важких металів. Як сорбент використовували зразки магнетиту, отримані при співвідношенні концентрацій іонів заліза (ІІ) і заліза (ІІІ) 1:2; 1:1 і 2:1, та зразки модифіковані сульфідом натрію. Виклад основного матеріалу. Показано, що сорбційна ємність магнетиту по іонах важких металів зростає при збільшенні співвідношення [Fe2+] / [Fe3+] від 1:2 до 2:1. Досліджено вплив рН середовища на ефективність сор бції іонів важких металів на магнетиті. Показано, що сорбційна ємність магнетиту зростає при збільшенні рН середовища, що зумовлено частковим гідролізом іонів важких металів. Висновки відповідно до статті. Сорбційні технології мають високу ефективність і можуть використовуватись на різних етапах очищення води. Підвищення сорбційної ємності магнетиту відбувається при модифікуванні його гуанідином, тіосемікарбазідом і сульфідом натрію, що дозволяє зменшити залишкові концентрації важких металів до мкг/дм3.

Актуальність теми дослідження. Проблема погіршення екологічної ситуації стає все більш актуальною. Тому пріоритетним напрямком є розробка ефективних методів очищення води від йонів важких металів. Постановка проблеми. Нині наявні методи вилучення йонів важких металів із водних розчинів придатні переважно для очищення промислових стічних вод і мало ефективні для очищення природних вод, які містять у високих концентраціях йони кальцію і магнію, які суттєво знижують ємність іонітів по йонах важких металів. Аналіз останніх досліджень і публікацій. Були розглянуті останні публікації у відкритому доступі, включаючи літературу про основні методи очищення та доочищення води від йонів важких металів. Виділення недосліджених частин загальної проблеми. Інформація про ефективність очищення природних вод, які містять у високих концентраціях йони кальцію і магнію. Постановка завдання. Вивчення ефективності видалення йонів міді та свинцю із розведених водних розчинів при використанні фероціаніду калію та флокулянтів при відстоюванні, фільтруванні на фільтрі «синя стрічка», на нанофільтраційній мембрані ОПМН-П та методом флотації. Виклад основного матеріалу. Досліджено процеси очищення води від важких металів при їх висадженні фероціанідом калію. Показано, що при очищенні води від йонів міді та свинцю шляхом комплексоутворення з ціанофератом калію при використанні нанофільтрування після відстоювання та механічного фільтрування ефективність вилучення йонів важких металів зростає. Вивчено ефективність зв’язування ціаноферату калію та йонів міді при взаємодії з полікатіонними флокулянтами. Висновки відповідно до статті. Наведено результати досліджень з вилучення йонів важких металів (на прикладі міді та свинцю), отримані при переведенні важких металів у нерозчинний стан зв’язуванням у фероціанідні комплекси їх відстоюванням та доочищенням методами фільтрування та нанофільтрування. Показано, що застосування нанофільтрування дозволяє підвищити на 4–15 % ступінь очищення води від йонів міді та свинцю. Високу ефективність очищення води від важких металів забезпечив метод флотації.

Для боротьби з корозією використовують корозійно-стійкі сплави, що вимагає великих затрат і не є достатньо надійним засобом, та інгібітори корозії, які потрібно постійно вдосконалювати для підвищення їх ефективності та зменшення собівартості. Оскільки, корозія характеризується руйнуванням матеріалу внаслідок взаємодії із навколишнім середовищем, то одним із доцільних методів її мінімізації є використання інгібіторів. Тому актуальним завданням охорони навколишнього середовища та економічного розвитку країни є розробка ефективних засобів захисту металів від корозії. Отриманий інгібітор АС-2 (розчин суміші 2-алкілімідазолінів в метанолі) досить ефективно захищає сталь від корозії у водно-нафтових сумішах при високих концентраціях мінеральних солей у воді. Ефективність інгібітору практично не залежить від співвідношення об’ємів нафти та концентрованих водних розчинів хлориду натрію. При використанні інгібітору при концентрації 50 мг/дм^3 ступінь захисту сталі від корозії перевищував 90 %. Пов’язано це з тим, що захист сталі від корозії відбувається за рахунок сорбції імідазолінових складових на поверхні металу та сорбції органічних складових нафти на гідрофобних алкільних групах 2-алкілімідазолінів. При цьому гідрофобізація поверхні металу відбувається в присутності незначних кількостей нафти. Показано, що у суміші, що містила 200 см^3 3 % розчину хлориду натрію та 800 см^3 нафти при концентрації оцтової кислоти відповідно, 0,5 та 3,0 г/дм^3 при температурі 80 ºС при дозі інгібітору 15-50 мг/дм^3 ефективність була 72−92 %. Це дозволяє вирішити проблему раціонального природокористування та забезпечує перехід до використання екологічно безпечних енергоефективних технологій Corrosion elimination implies the application of corrosion-resistant alloys, which is associated with high costs and is not a reliable enough technique, as well as corrosion inhibitors, which need to be constantly improved to improve their efficiency and bring down the cost. As corrosion is characterized by the destruction of a material as a result of interaction with the environment, one of the expedient methods for its minimization is the use of inhibitors. Therefore, it is a relevant task for environmental protection and economic development of the country to devise effective means to protect metals against corrosion. The reported inhibitor AC-2 (the solution of a mixture of 2-alkylimidazolines in methanol) rather effectively protects steel against corrosion in water-oil mixtures at the high concentrations of mineral salts in water. The efficacy of the inhibitor is almost unaffected by the ratio of the volumes of oil and concentrated aqueous solutions of sodium chloride. When using the inhibitor at a concentration of 50 mg/dm^3, the degree of protection of steel against corrosion exceeded 90 %. This is due to the fact that the protection of steel against corrosion occurs through the adsorption of the imidazoline components at the metal surface and the adsorption of organic oil components on the hydrophobic alkyl groups of 2-alkylimidazolines. In this case, the hydrophobization of the metal surface proceeds in the presence of minor quantities of oil. It has been shown that in the mixture that contained 200 cm^3 of a 3 % sodium chloride solution and 800 cm^3 of oil at the concentration of acetic acid, respectively, 0.5 and 3.0 g/dm^3 at a temperature of 80 °C at a dose of the inhibitor of 15–50 mg/dm^3 the efficiency reached 72–92 %. This makes it possible to resolve the issue of the rational use of natural resources and ensures the transition to the application of environmentally safe and energy-efficient technologies.

The paper presents the use of agricultural products, namely grape skins, in the “green” synthesis of monometallic (Au, Ag) and bimetallic (Au-Ag) nanoparticles (NPs) from aqueous solutions of metal ions of the corresponding precursors. At present, there exist urgent problems of utilization of waste from the agro-industrial complex, rational use of nature and transition to the use of environment-friendly and energy-efficient technologies. Therefore, there is a tendency to use “green” technologies in obtaining nanomaterials that are considered environment-friendly and resource-saving. The study has proved the efficiency of using food waste (grape skins) as a reducing and stabilizing agent in forming nanoparticles of precious metals of mono- and bimetallic structures. Biological raw materials were extracted in an aqueous medium under a short-term effect of low-temperature plasma discharges. On the basis of the complex analysis of the extract composition, it was proved that the hydroxyl, carbonyl and carboxyl functional groups of the organic compounds of the grape skin extract are responsible for the recovery of the metal ions and stabilization of the resulting NPs. The research has proved that mono- and bimetallic NPs are formed with the following peaks: for Ag 0 (λ max =440 nm), Au 0 (λ max =540 nm), and Ag-Au (λ max =510 nm). The size and stability of the nanoparticles obtained by the “green” synthesis were assessed in comparison with the same parameters for the plasmochemical method of nanoparticles’ formation. The study has revealed antibacterial, catalytic and anti-corrosion properties of the synthesized nanoparticles. The resulting monometallic (Au, Ag) and bimetallic (Au–Ag) nanoparticles show excellent catalytic activity while recovering p-nitrophenol (4-NPh) to p-aminophenol (4-APh) in the presence of NaBH 4 . The synthesized NPs demonstrate their antibacterial activity against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. The findings allow to expand the practical application of metal nanoparticles in various industries and enhance the processing and reuse of non-liquid waste

Актуальність теми дослідження. Проблема погіршення екологічної ситуації стає все більш актуальною. Тому пріоритетним напрямком є використання екологічно чистих продуктів. Постановка проблеми. На сьогодні недостатньо наукової інформації про компонентний склад різних рослин, тому необхідно знайти нові джерела для виділення природних активних сполук та отримання різних продуктів. Аналіз останніх досліджень і публікацій. Були розглянуті останні публікації у відкритому доступі, включаючи літературу про поліфенольний склад абрикосових побічних продуктів, отриманих шляхом екстракції водою. Виділення недосліджених частин загальної проблеми. Інформація про компонентний склад спиртового екстракту абрикосових вичавків є дуже обмеженою. Постановка завдання. Вивчення комплексної характеристики компонентних профілів екстракту абрикосових вичавків (Prunus armeniaca L.) залежно від використовуваних систем розчинників. Інгібуюча ефективність рослинного екстракту не досліджена. Виклад основного матеріалу. Вивчено комплексну характеристику компонентних профілів екстракту абрикосових вичавків (Prunus armeniaca L.) залежно від використовуваних систем розчинників. Отримано екстракти пропан-2-оломта сумішшю силікону і пропан-2-ол абрикосових вичавків характеризуються методами ІЧ, УФ-спектроскопією та газовоюхромато-мас-спектрометрією (GС/MS). Показано, що значно різні класи сполук та їх кількість були екстраговані різними системами розчинників. Різні розчинники повинні бути використані для вивчення характеристик різних композицій активних сполук у різних хімічних технологіях. Найбільш ефективним розчинником для сумарних екстракційних сполук з абрикосових вичавків була суміш пропан-2-ол та D5. Підтверджено наявність альдегідів та терпових спиртів у екстрактах абрикосових вичавків. Екстракт вичавків абрикоса досліджено як новий екологічно безпечний леткий інгібітор атмосферної корозії сталі. Протикорозійні властивості оцінено масометричним методом. Висновки відповідно до статті. Відходи абрикоса (Prunus armeniaca L.) є перспективними для його подальшого вивчення та використання сировини як джерела біологічних активних речовин у розробці нових функціональних продуктів. Це попереднє дослідження дає уявлення про ізоляцію основних активних компонентів, присутніх у вичавках абрикоса, а також сприяє розробці біологічно активних сполук із сировини.

Актуальність теми дослідження. Проблема забруднення водних об’єктів актуальна для всіх регіонів України. Тому пріоритетним напрямком є залучення «зелених технологій» для забезпечення екологізації виробництв. Постановка проблеми. На сьогоднішній день не існує ефективних способів переробки твердих рослинних відходів, тому необхідно розробити нові ефективні способи їх утилізації. Аналіз останніх досліджень і публікацій. Були розглянуті останні публікації у відкритому доступі, включаючи використання як сорбентів різних рослинних матеріалів у необробленому стані. Виділення недосліджених частин загальної проблеми. Фосфорилювання рослинних відходів в умовах невисоких температур для забезпечення високої сорбційної ємності. Постановка завдання. Розробка способу хімічного модифікування шкаралуп волоських горіхів різного фракційного складу з використанням ортофосфатної кислоти. Виклад основного матеріалу. Розроблено спосіб одержання фосфорильованих лігноцелюлозних сорбентів із від-ходів агропромислового комплексу, а саме подрібнених шкаралуп волоських горіхів. Визначено вміст основних компонентів у вихідній сировині та її сорбційні властивості залежно від фракційного складу. Показано, що зменшення фракційного складу рослинного матеріалу має позитивний вплив на його поглинальну здатність. Досліджено вплив умов хімічного модифікування, а саме концентрації ортофосфатної кислоти та тривалості обробки, на вихід фосфорильованого лігноцелюлозного продукту, його сорбційну здатність щодо метиленового синього та статичну обмінну ємність за 0,1 Н NaOH. Показано, що збільшення кількості неорганічної кислоти при тривалості процесу модифікування 60 хв призводить до зменшення виходу продукту на 10–20 %. Максимальне збільшення статичної обмінної ємності спостерігається при підвищенні тривалості обробки до 120 хв. Ефективність вилучення метиленового синього з водного розчину підвищується до 42 % зі збільшенням тривалості процесу фосфорилювання до 180 хв. Висновки відповідно до статті. Одержано рівняння регресії, що адекватно описують процес одержання сорбентів, встановлено оптимальні параметри, які забезпечують одержання кінцевих продуктів із високими сорбційними характеристиками (ефективність вилучення метиленового синього з водного розчину та статична обмінна ємність за Nа+ складають 35 % та 1,7 мг-екв/г, відповідно) при високому виході (80 %).

Розробка ефективних засобів захисту металів від корозії в агресивних середовищах, що містять воду, нафтопродукти, карбонові кислоти та мінеральні солі, є актуальним і практично важливим завданням охорони навколишнього середовища. Для боротьби з корозією використовують інгібітори корозії, які потрібно постійно вдосконалювати та коригувати їх склад. Головним недоліком високоефективних інгібіторів на основі алкілімідазолінів, суміші алкілімідазолінів з алкілпірідінієвими та/або четвертинними амонійними сполуками розчинними в середовищі метанолу є високі ціни при відносно значних їх витратах в корозійне середовище. В роботі синтезовано інгібітори корозії сталі у нафтовмісних водних середовищах, що відповідають підвищеним еколого-економічним вимогам. Показано, що при підвищенні рівня мінералізації води відбувається зростання корозійної активності водних середовищ по відношенню до нелегованої сталі. Наявність вуглекислого газу, сірководню чи карбонових кислот призводять до підкислення водо-нафтових сумішей, внаслідок чого спостерігається підвищення швидкості корозії сталі. Досліджено ефективність синтезованих інгібіторів на основі олії та поліетиленполіамінів, які містять імідазоліни. При температурі 80 °С у суміші, що містила 200 см^3 3 % розчину хлориду натрію, 800 см^3 нафти, концентрації оцтової кислоти 0,5 та 3,0 г/дм^3 при дозі інгібітору 50 мг/дм^3 досягнуто ступеню захисту сталі від корозії на рівні 90–92 %. На основі повного факторного експерименту розраховано рівняння регресії, які дозволяють досить легко розрахувати оптимальну дозу інгібітору корозії сталі у водно-нафтових сумішах. Показано, що синтезований інгібітор перспективний при захисті металів від корозії як в мінералізованих водах, що містять нафту, так і в присутності нафтопродуктів, що містять воду It is a relevant and practically important task for environmental protection to devise effective means to protect metals against corrosion in aggressive media containing water, petroleum products, carbolic acids, and mineral salts. To stop corrosion, corrosion inhibitors are used that must be constantly improved and whose composition must be properly adjusted. The main drawback of the highly effective inhibitors based on alkyl imidazolines, a mixture of alkyl imidazolines with alkyl pyridinium and/or quaternary ammonium compounds soluble in a methanol medium, is their high prices at relatively significant consumption in the corrosive environment. This paper reports the synthesis of steel corrosion inhibitors in oil-containing aqueous environments that meet the stricter ecological and economic requirements. It has been shown that increasing the level of water mineralization improves the corrosive activity of aqueous environments relative to unalloyed steels. The presence of carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, or carboxylic acids leads to the oxidation of water-oil mixtures resulting in the increased rate of steel corrosion. We have studied the effectiveness of the synthesized inhibitors based on oil and polyethylene polyamines containing imidazolines. At a temperature of 80 °C, the mixture that contained 200 cm^3 of a 3 % sodium chloride solution, 800 cm^3 of oil, and at the concentration of acetic acid of 0.5 and 3.0 g/dm^3 at the inhibitor dose of 50 mg/dm^3, has reached the degree of protection of steel against corrosion at the level of 90–92 %. Based on a full factorial experiment, the regression equation has been derived that makes it possible to easily enough calculate an optimal dose of the steel corrosion inhibitor in water-oil mixtures. It has been shown that the synthesized inhibitor shows prospects for protecting metals against corrosion both in the mineralized waters containing oil and in the presence of petroleum products containing water

Development of reliable, environmentally safe and economically advantageous methods of water purification from heavy metals is the primary task for environmental protection. The effectiveness of sorption treatment and additional treatment of natural waters from ions of heavy metals with the use of modified magnetite was studied. The samples of magnetite obtained at the ratio of concentrations of iron (II) and iron (III) of 1:2; 1:1 and 2:1 and the samples modified by sodium sulfide were used as a sorbent. Experimental studies revealed that the sorption capacity of magnetite by ions of heavy metals increases at the increase in the ratio [Fe2+]/[Fe3+] from 1:2 to 2:1. The influence of pH of the medium on the effectiveness of sorption of heavy metal ions on magnetite was studied. It was shown that the sorption capacity of magnetite for ions of copper, zinc, nickel and cadmium increases at the increase in pH of the medium from 6.0 to 8.6 due to partial hydrolysis of heavy metal ions. An increase in sorption capacity of magnetite occurs when it is modified by guanidine, thiosemicarbazide and sodium sulfide, which makes it possible to reduce residual concentrations of heavy metals to μg/dm3. The use of magnetite modified by sodium sulfite, obtained at К=2, makes it possible to completely remove cadmium ions from water and reduce copper concentration to 1.2 μg/dm3. This proves the appropriateness of using these sorbents for additional treatment or deep purification of water from ions of heavy metals. It was shown that it is appropriate to use magnetite for extraction of heavy metal ions from water in the presence of hardness ions, which do not affect the selectivity of this sorbent for ions of heavy metals. Thus, based on the obtained results of sorption purification of water from ions of heavy metals while using magnetite, we proposed a fundamental technological circuit for treatment of wastewater of nuclear power plants at discharge to water bodies

Досліджено вплив трьох видів поверхнево- активних речовин на наступні властивості клінкерів: питому поверхню, гігроскопічність, водовідштовхувальні властивості та сипучість. Результати експериментів показують, що по- верхнево-активні речовини мають різний вплив на кінетику по- мелу та властивості клінкерів, що, головним чином, залежить від концентрації поверхнево-активної речовини, у порівнянні з її природою або агрегатним станом. Запропоновано застосування окремих поверхнево-активних речовин. Молекули цих сполук повинні містити функціональну групу та довгий карбоновий ланцюг, який не містить додаткових функціональних груп. Такі поверхнево-активні речовини забезпечують не лише прискорення помелу, а також збільшення тривалості зберігання. Дослі- дженнями встановлено, що жирні кислоти та органічні сульфосполуки задовольняють приведеним умовам і можуть знайти успішне застосування як інтенсифікатори помелу. 1The influence of three types of surfactants on the following clinker properties: specific surface area, sorption behavior (hygroscopicity), water repellency, and flowability has been studied. Experimental results show that the surfactants have different influence on the grinding kinetics and properties of clinkers that mainly depend on the surfactants concentration than their origin or state of matter. Use of special surfactants as grinding aids is proposed. Molecules of these compounds should consist of a functional group and hydrocarbon chain that does not contain additional functional groups. Such surfactants provide not only grinding accelerating but also storage life prolonging. The research work demonstrates that fatty acids and organosulfur compounds satisfy these conditions and they can be successfully used as a cement grinding aid.

Екстракт жмиху винограду досліджено як новий екологічно безпечний леткий інгібітор атмосферної коро- зії сталі. Протикорозійні властивості оцінено масометричним та електрохімічними методами. Методом ІЧ-спектроскопії та газової хромато-мас-спектрометрії досліджено компонентний складу ізопропанольного екстракту жмиху винограду. Дослід- жено морфологію захисної плівки. Для оцінки адсорбційної здат- ності головних компонентів рослинного екстракту проведені квантово-хімічні розрахунки енергетичних параметрів молекул The inhibition effect of the grape pomace extract during the early stage of steel corrosion under adsorbed thin electrolyte layers was investigated. The present study was carried out to identify the components present in the 2-propanol grape pomace extract by GCMS analysis. Gravimetric, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, potentiodynamic polarization, scanning electron microscopy, and FTIR techniques were used to study the corrosion inhibitive. Polarization measurements have indicated that these green inhibitors acted through mixed type inhibition. SEM studies have evidenced the formation of a protective film over metal surface while FTIR supported by molecular modelling has proved that this shielding effect was caused by aldehydes particularly 2-phenylacetaldehyde and 3,7-dimethylocta-2,6-dienal.

The results of treatment of solutions with high sulphates concentration and the high rate of water hardness are given. It is shown that significant reduction of secondary pollution by chlorides is achieved through integrated use of aluminium hydroxchloride and sodium aluminate coagulants. It was found that the efficiency of water purification from sulphates and water softening can be increased with the carbon dioxide processing.Представлені результати із очищення розчинів, що містять сульфати у високих концентраціях і характеризуються високою жорсткістю. Показано, що суттєвого зниження вторинного забруднення хлоридами досягнуто при комплексному використанні як коагулянти гідроксохлориду алюмінію і алюмінату натрію. Встановлено, що підвищити ефективність очищення води від сульфатів та її пом’якшення можна при обробленніі води вуглекислим газом.

he results of treatment of solutions with high sulphates concentration and the high rate of water hardness are given. It is shown that the significant reduction of secondary pollution by chlorides achieved through an integrated use of aluminium hydroxchloride and sodium aluminate coagulants. It was found that the efficiency of water purification of sulphates and water softening can be increased with the carbon dioxide processing.