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In 1914, El Noticiero Sevillano and other Spanish newspapers published a piece about the Cinémhymen, a cinematographic device designed to capture and sell images of prospective wives. This article explores why this advertisement was not considered derogatory and examines the construction of a patriarchy during a time when the term “feminist” was already appearing in the Spanish press. In our methodology, we analyzed the name of the device and the business, both based on the word Hymen, used a bibliographic review of Spanish feminism of those years, and researched the film technology of the time. The Manzano’s pyramid of oppression served us in establishing the control operations underlying the advertisement. Our study reveals the patriarchal principles of Cinémhymen, which stigmatized women once they conformed to the expected role. The objectifying gaze present in Cinémhymen provides insight into the progression of patriarchy in a visual world that subjugates women. The camera could see through the female masquerade (as Joan Rivière explained) and explore the “true” body underneath, the very core of the female (or what is considered to be). In some ways, Cinémhymen serves as a precursor to the current subjugation seen in online pornography and represents a distorted evolution of the panopticon principle as applied to women.

Toda actividad pictórica requiere un proceso intelectual, pero cuando esta actividad forma parte del engranaje de producción cinematográfica, el pintor debe de jugar con más elementos que los que intervendrían cuando se enfrenta al lienzo. No sólo debe de haber profundizado en las leyes de la perspectiva, sino que su labor pasa por un conocimiento mediológico de la cámara, del artefacto en sí, y una aplicación pictórica de estos en función del plano final y no de una obra lista para ser expuesta. Esta afirmación sirve tanto para técnicas pictóricas utilizadas en los inicios del cine como para las actuales innovaciones digitales.

This article delves into the creation a fictional city solely for the development of Japanese American internment camps and the way in which sustainable arts and crafts played a significant role in ensuring survival in such a hostile environment. To this aim, we searched the literature and reviewed archives, primarily from the American West Coast. We demonstrate that beyond adaptation to the circumstances, the visual representation of the new city’s settlement, founding, and daily activities, instead of adding to the typical panoptic or sombre prison imagery, remains inscribed in the images selected by the inmates, and that the use of such images precisely fostered the inmates’ resiliency. This leads us to deduce that such ’city fiction’ was necessary in this case for survival and endurance, and that its artistic representation was primarily incorporated into the State’s ideological apparatus. On the other hand, occasional fissures subtly seethed with the violence exerted in the camps. In this way, we conclude that the artistic activity itself justified the city fiction, among other situations, revealing the conditions of systemic violence and oppression faced by the internees. Within this framework, we deem that the artworks hereby generated constitute a paramount historical document for resiliency’s sake. The arguments contained herein are still relevant, because everywhere around the world, situations of exclusion and confinement of displaced immigrants, or simply those considered misfits, are repeated time and time again. Nor have we alleviated the issue in any way today, since we disregard the lessons learned from the past.

This study thoroughly examines La Manada (The Wolf Pack) City, an artwork that illuminates the various forms of violence and oppression experienced by urban communities, particularly women and marginalized groups. Our research specifically focuses on the literary elements of this painted map which demonstrates the transition from defensive to artistic strategies as a means of survival. Initially, we aim to provide a comprehensive background of the artwork, including its title, social context, the incidents that inspired the idea, and the author’s activism. Subsequently, we scrutinize the literary resources of the 257 items that comprise the street guide of the map. By analysing the various names given to locations on the map, including literary devices and semantic fields, we observe reminiscences of classic surrealist paintings and the artist’s ability to protect herself while revealing the violence hidden behind the guise of antithesis, alliteration, metaphor, and other literary devices. To demonstrate the effectiveness of our research, we compared it to two other maps with different intentions. Our findings confirm the strength of La Manada City, which operates both locally and globally. As a representation of the former emporium city of Seville, our map exposes the adverse impact of dominant capitalistic strategies on community life, perpetuating inequalities for countless “poor owners of the world” by disregarding nature and culture.

A one-pot three-component synthesis of dihydropyrimidinones (DHPMs) via Biginelli reaction was carried out at 100 °C using benzaldehyde, ethyl acetoacetate and urea as reactants, in the presence of ethanol and free solvent, in heterogeneous catalytic medium. The Mo (30 wt%) metal oxides (Al2O3, SiO2 or MgO) used catalysts were prepared by sol-gel, impregnation and microemulsion methods and characterized by X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infra Red (FTIR), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX), Nitrogen Adsorption - Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET), and NH3-Temperature Programmed Desorption (TPD) methods. The Mo-SiO2 sample prepared by the sol-gel method exhibited the highest DHPM yield (87%), in free solvent with a reaction time of 30 min. The high efficiency, in the Biginelli reaction, of the Mo-SiO2 catalyst is due to its structural, textural and acid properties. Highly dispersed αMoO3 species of orthorhombic structure having a high contribution of strong acidic sites would be the active species in the Biginelli synthesis. Copyright © 2021 by Authors, Published by BCREC Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0).

Resumen: Actualmente la «queja de insomnio» tiene una prevalencia muy elevada en la consulta médica, lo que obliga que cualquier facultativo deba tener unas nociones básicas de cómo enfocarla. Pero actualmente existen ciertos aspectos que dificultan este enfoque, sobre todo cuando queremos descartar el «trastorno de insomnio» del resto de los trastornos primarios del sueño. Con este artículo se pretende romper con la confusión terminológica que abarca el concepto de «insomnio», aportando las definiciones de los diferentes términos más correctos a utilizar. Esto nos proporcionará unas buenas herramientas para la correcta recopilación de la información, que nos serán de gran ayuda para la aplicación de un algoritmo diagnóstico clínico del «trastorno de insomnio crónico del adulto», para diferenciarlo principalmente del resto de trastornos primarios del sueño, y así, aplicar un tratamiento específico, que resolverá desde la base la «queja de insomnio» del paciente. Abstract: The “insomnia complaint” currently has a very high prevalence in the medical consulting room. This assumes that any doctor must have some basic notions of how to approach it. But currently, there are certain aspects that hinder this approach, especially when the “insomnia disorder” needs to be ruled out from the rest of the primary sleep disorders. This article aims to break with the terminological confusion that encompasses the concept of “insomnia”, providing the definitions of the most correct terms to use. This will provide us with good tools for the correct collection of information, which will be of great help for the application of a clinical diagnostic algorithm of “Chronic adult Insomnia disorder”. This will be able to differentiate it mainly from the rest of primary sleep disorders, and thus, apply a specific treatment, which will resolved on the basis of the “insomnia complaint” by the patient.

Structure-sensitive catalyzed reactions can be influenced by a number of parameters. So far, it has been established that the formation of Pd-C species is responsible for the behavior of Pd nanoparticles employed as catalysts in a butadiene partial hydrogenation reaction. In this study, we introduce some experimental evidence indicating that subsurface Pd hydride species are governing the reactivity of this reaction. In particular, we detect that the extent of formation/decomposition of PdHx species is very sensitive to the Pd nanoparticle aggregate dimensions, and this finally controls the selectivity in this process. The main and direct methodology applied to determine this reaction mechanism step is time-resolved high-energy X-ray diffraction (HEXRD).

Abstract Live 17D is widely used as a prophylactic vaccine strain for yellow fever virus that induces potent neutralizing humoral and cellular immunity against the wild‐type pathogen. 17D replicates and kills mouse and human tumor cell lines but not non‐transformed human cells. Intratumoral injections with viable 17D markedly delay transplanted tumor progression in a CD8 T‐cell‐dependent manner. In mice bearing bilateral tumors in which only one is intratumorally injected, contralateral therapeutic effects are observed consistent with more prominent CD8 T‐cell infiltrates and a treatment‐related reduction of Tregs. Additive efficacy effects were observed upon co‐treatment with intratumoral 17D and systemic anti‐CD137 and anti‐PD‐1 immunostimulatory monoclonal antibodies. Importantly, when mice were preimmunized with 17D, intratumoral 17D treatment achieved better local and distant antitumor immunity. Such beneficial effects of prevaccination are in part explained by the potentiation of CD4 and CD8 T‐cell infiltration in the treated tumor. The repurposed use of a GMP‐grade vaccine to be given via the intratumoral route in prevaccinated patients constitutes a clinically feasible and safe immunotherapy approach.

Abstract Surgically resectable synchronic and metachronic liver metastases of colon cancer have high risk of relapse in spite of standard-of-care neoadjuvant and adjuvant chemotherapy regimens. Dendritic cell vaccines loaded with autologous tumor lysates were tested for their potential to avoid or delay disease relapses (NCT01348256). Patients with surgically amenable liver metastasis of colon adenocarcinoma (n = 19) were included and underwent neoadjuvant chemotherapy, surgery and adjuvant chemotherapy. Fifteen patients with disease-free resection margins were randomized 1:1 to receive two courses of four daily doses of dendritic cell intradermal vaccinations versus observation. The trial had been originally designed to include 56 patients but was curtailed due to budgetary restrictions. Follow-up of the patients indicates a clear tendency to fewer and later relapses in the vaccine arm (median disease free survival –DFS-) 25.26 months, 95% CI 8.74-n.r) versus observation arm (median DFS 9.53 months, 95% CI 5.32–18.88).

The purpose of this article is to disclose the hidden architectural proportions and true nature of the Korean national treasure in Seokguram Grotto, Gyeongju. The authors compare its features with those of other ancient hypogeal or ashlar constructions with the intention of rediscovering its relevant configuration and latent structural properties in order to demonstrate its uniqueness. The methods employed in the research belong initially to architectural design and composition to advance in the later stages to the nuances of stone masonry, lighting effects and especially cohesive construction. In this discussion and thorough analysis diverse philosophical and scientific subtleties are brought to the surface. The results demonstrate significant potential thanks to recent architectural developments, such as Tadao Ando’s Buddha Hill in Hokkaido (2017) and the authors’ own proposal for a Buddhist monument.

Daratumumab is an anti-CD38 fully human IgG1 mAb approved for multiple myeloma treatment. One of the proposed mechanisms of action is the induction of antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) mediated by NK cells. NK cells acquire surface CD137 expression in the presence of solid-phase-attached daratumumab and when encountering a daratumumab-coated CD38+ tumor cell line. In this setting, addition of the agonist anti-CD137 mAb urelumab enhances NK-cell activation increasing CD25 expression and IFNɣ production. However, in vitro ADCC is not increased by the addition of urelumab both in 4h or 24h lasting experiments. To study urelumab-increased daratumumab-mediated ADCC activity in vivo, we set up a mouse model based on the intravenous administration of a luciferase-transfected multiple myeloma cell line of human origin, human NK cells and daratumumab to immuno-deficient NSG mice. In this model, intravenous administration of urelumab 24h after daratumumab delayed tumor growth and prolonged mice survival.

Enhancement of antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) may potentiate the antitumor efficacy of tumor-targeted monoclonal antibodies. Increasing the numbers and antitumor activity of NK cells is a promising strategy to maximize the ADCC of standard-of-care tumor-targeted antibodies. For this purpose, we have preclinically tested a recombinant chimeric protein encompassing the sushi domain of the IL15Rα, IL-15, and apolipoprotein A-I (Sushi-IL15-Apo) as produced in CHO cells. The size-exclusion purified monomeric fraction of this chimeric protein was stable and retained the IL-15 and the sushi domain bioactivity as measured by CTLL-2 and Mo-7e cell proliferation and STAT5 phosphorylation in freshly isolated human NK and CD8+ T cells. On cell cultures, Sushi-IL15-Apo increases NK cell proliferation and survival as well as spontaneous and antibody-mediated cytotoxicity. Scavenger receptor class B type I (SR-B1) is the receptor for ApoA-I and is expressed on the surface of tumor cells. SR-B1 can adsorb the chimeric protein on tumor cells and can transpresent IL-15 to NK and CD8+ T cells. A transient NK-humanized murine model was developed to test the increase of ADCC attained by the chimeric protein in vivo. The EGFR+ human colon cancer cell line HT-29 was intraperitoneally inoculated in immune-deficient Rag2−/−γc−/− mice that were reconstituted with freshly isolated PBMCs and treated with the anti-EGFR mAb cetuximab. The combination of the Sushi-IL15-Apo protein and cetuximab reduced the number of remaining tumor cells in the peritoneal cavity and delayed tumor engraftment in the peritoneum. Furthermore, Sushi-IL15-Apo increased the anti-tumor effect of a murine anti-EGFR mAb in Rag1−/− mice bearing subcutaneous MC38 colon cancer transfected to express EGFR. Thus, Sushi-IL15-Apo is a potent tool to increase the number and the activation of NK cells to promote the ADCC activity of antibodies targeting tumor antigens.

El presente estudio analiza el planteamiento y función de los mitos clásicos en Oficio de tinieblas 5 de Camilo José Cela. En esta novela, los mitos sirven para conectar un pasado glorioso con un presente vil. Representan el ciclo muerte‑vida‑muerte. Esta secuencia cíclica está condicionada por el amor. Todas las historias míticas se muestran en un marco irónico, ancestral y proteico.

Durante el siglo XVIII el Reino de Mallorca y la ciudad de Palma sufrieron las consecuencias de su adscripción al bando austracista durante la Guerra de Sucesión. El resultado fue la pérdida de algunos de los elementos de su identidad. Esto no fue impedimento para que los mallorquines cumpliesen con el requerimiento de festejar las proclamaciones y organizar las exequias fúnebres de la nueva dinastía. Las arquitecturas efímeras construidas para estos acontecimientos mostraron la tendencia retardataria presente también en la corte. Tan sólo un proyecto frustrado de Cristóbal Vilella planteó un catafalco neoclásico para Carlos III. Más innovadora fue la iconografía, y especialmente la de los tablados de jura, en la que los signos de identidad, la historia, la idiosincrasia de los baleáricos fueron notorios, junto con la exaltación monárquica y las manifestaciones de lealtad. Este estudio analiza estos aspectos arquitectónicos e iconográficos a través de los artefactos efímeros levantados para exequias y proclamaciones reales.During the 18th century, the Kingdom of Majorca and Palma city suffered the consequences of their allegiance to the Austrian side during the War of Succession. The result was the loss of some of the elements of their identity. This was no impediment for the Majorcans to obey with the order of celebrate the Royal Oath and organize the Funeral Rites of the new dynasty. Ephemeral architectures built for these events showed the retardant artistic style also in the Court. Only a frustrated project for King Carlos III by Cristobal Vilella pretended to raise a neoclassical architecture. More innovative was the iconography, and especially that of the platforms of Oaths, in which signs of identity, history and the idiosyncrasies of the Balearics were notorious, along with the monarchist exaltation and demonstrations of loyalty. This study discusses these architectural and iconographic aspects through ephemeral artefacts raised for funerals and Royal proclamations.

Dendritic cells (DC) are endowed with the ability to cross-present antigens from other cell types to cognate T cells. DC are poised to meet polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) as a result of being co-attracted by interleukin-8 (IL-8), for instance as produced by tumor cells or infected tissue. Human monocyte-derived and mouse bone marrow-derived DC can readily internalize viable or UV-irradiated PMNs. Such internalization was abrogated at 4°C and partly inhibited by anti-CD18 mAb. In mice, DC which had internalized PMNs containing electroporated ovalbumin (OVA) protein, were able to cross-present the antigen to CD8 (OT-1) and CD4 (OT-2) TCR-transgenic T cells. Moreover, in humans, tumor cell debris is internalized by PMNs and the tumor-cell material can be subsequently taken up from the immunomagnetically re-isolated PMNs by DC. Importantly, if human neutrophils had endocytosed bacteria, they were able to trigger the maturation program of the DC. Moreover, when mouse PMNs with E. coli in their interior are co-injected in the foot pad with DC, many DC loaded with fluorescent material from the PMNs reach draining lymph nodes. Using CT26 (H-2(d)) mouse tumor cells, it was observed that if tumor cells are intracellularly loaded with OVA protein and UV-irradiated, they become phagocytic prey of H-2(d) PMNs. If such PMNs, that cannot present antigens to OT-1 T cells, are immunomagnetically re-isolated and phagocytosed by H-2(b) DC, such DC productively cross-present OVA antigen determinants to OT-1 T cells. Cross-presentation to adoptively transferred OT-1 lymphocytes at draining lymph nodes also take place when OVA-loaded PMNs (H-2(d)) are coinjected in the footpad of mice with autologous DC (H-2(b)). In summary, our results indicate that antigens phagocytosed by short-lived PMNs can be in turn internalized and productively cross-presented by DC.

Societal Impact Statement Table grape production is a traditional practice in southeastern Spain, where locals have produced fresh grapes and raisins for centuries. Many of these vines are now centenary, and they represent a useful source of diversity for developing future table grape varieties with improved traits. Genetic analysis showed that many of the local varieties identified in this study were traditional varieties from Western Mediterranean countries. Others were not identified, and they might be old grape varieties of previous importance in the region. The conservation and characterization of these varieties could be key to ensuring current and future vineyard sustainability. Summary Current worldwide table grape production focuses on a reduced number of Vitis vinifera L. varieties. However, traditional farmers have grown many table grape varieties for centuries, as they provided a steady source of fresh fruit and raisins. These ancient living genotypes potentially store a genetic diversity that can be used now to ensure future grape production. Here we focused on the study of grapevines found across Almería, one of the Spanish regions with longer tradition in table grape production. After an exhaustive inspection, we located 220 old (some centenary) vines producing grapes consumed by owners or in abandoned areas no longer devoted to agriculture. Some of these vines were identified by comparing their simple sequence repeat (SSR) and single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genetic profiles with available data from international databases. We found that, while grape growers' efforts focused on the cultivation of traditional grape varieties from Western Mediterranean regions, they also cultivated few exogenous varieties if they provided additional fruit features. Other vines were found to have genetic profiles that did not match reference datasets. Interestingly, some of them were found in multiple locations, suggesting they are endangered varieties with some previous relevance in the region. Besides, first‐degree relationships support the autochthonous origin of many of these unidentified genotypes. Locals kept a high number of different grapevine varieties, now considered reservoirs of genetic diversity. Traditional farming practices have been useful to prevent the loss of this diversity, which now needs to be preserved and further studied to contribute to the sustainability of viticultural systems.