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The present study deals with the medicinal values of Bulbophyllum griffithii (Lindl.) Rchb.f., a rare and unexplored ethnomedicinal orchid, whose therapeutic applications have been included in the traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). Gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC–MS) and high-resolution liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (HR-LCMS) carried out detected over 100 bioactive compounds belonging to different classes like sesquiterpenoids, phenolics, flavonoids, coumarins, fatty acids, and antibiotics to be present in different tissues of B. griffithii. The analysed compounds are reported to possess anti-cancerous, anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory, anti-hypertensive, anti-ageing, and antimicrobial properties. Further, the phytochemical contents and antioxidant activity of the tissue extracts were found to be highest in methanol as compared to other solvents. The root tissue extract was found to contain the highest phenolics (25.93±0.32 mg g-1) and tannins (19.53±0.34 mg g-1), while the leaf tissue extract had the highest content of flavonoids (20.72±0.36 mg g-1). The antioxidant activity estimated by ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and metal chelating activity (MCA) assays, as well as half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC 50) determined by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid (ABTS) assays were found to be maximum for the root tissue extract (DPPH value 44.36±0.42 µg/mL; ABTS value 61.25±0.79 µg/mL). Assessment of the antibacterial activity of B. griffithii using the root and pseudobulb tissue extracts showed a broad-spectrum of antagonistic activity against gram-negative and gram-positive pathogenic bacteria whereas the leaf tissue extract exhibited poor antibacterial activity. The correlation matrices, including the Pearson correlation coefficient (PCC) and Principal component analysis (PCA), showed that the phenolics and flavonoids present in B. griffithii tissue extracts were positively correlated with its radical scavenging power, while antibiotics such as carbenicillin, armillarinin, kolanone, salinomycin, and phytosphingosine provided bacterial inhibition activity. Hence, this study is highly significant as it establishes and validates the medicinal properties of B. griffithii , which has not been explored so far. [Display omitted] • Methanolic tissue extracts of Bulbophyllum griffithii demonstrated potent anti-bacterial properties. • Sesquitepenoids, phenolics, flavonoids, coumarins and fatty acids were the major class of bioactive compounds identified. • Study useful for establishing medicinal attributes of B. griffithii , an unexplored rare orchid species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Vernonia amygdalina (V. amygdalina ) (Del.) has been reported to have medicinal values, and the phytochemical constituents which is present in different parts of the plant have been found to be responsible for the antimicrobial efficacy of the plant. This study focuses on the antibacterial activity of the stem bark extracts of V. amygdalina against multiple antibiotic-resistant (MAR) bacteria isolated from wound samples and characterize the bioactive compounds present in the plant. Methods: Bacteria were isolated from wound samples using standard microbiological techniques and disc diffusion method was used to determine the sensitivity patterns of the isolated bacteria to conventional antibiotics and to the various extracts of V. amygdalina stem bark. Ciprofloxacin was used as control during the antibacterial assay. GC-MS analysis was carried out to identify the bioactive compounds in the stem bark extracts of the plant. Results: Pseudomonas aeruginosa (36%), Staphylococcus aureus (29%), Staphylococcus epidermidis (14%), Bacillus subtilis (6%), Escherichia coli (6%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (5%), and Proteus mirabilis (4%) were the bacteria isolated from the wound swabs sampled in this study. The ethyl acetate extract of V. amygdalina (300 mg/ml) inhibited the growth of these organisms with the greatest effect on S. aureus with inhibition zone of 23.17±0.60 mm. The GC-MS analysis of the plant extracts revealed the presence of bioactive compounds such as coumarin and oleic acid, among others. Conclusion: The findings from this study have further established that V. amygdalina is a promising candidate and effective alternative treatment means for MAR bacteria that are associated with wound infections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Synthetic fungicides are the most effective protection against plant pathogens, but, their uncontrolled and long-term use can lead to many harmful effects: environmental degradation, human health problems and pathogen resistance. The biological compounds contained in essential oils have no harmful effects on humans or the environment and can therefore be an alternative to synthetic fungicides. Essential oils are products of plant metabolism and often show antifungal, antiviral, antibacterial and insecticidal effects. The aim of this study was to investigate the antimicrobial potential of essential oils from peppermint, basil and sage essential oils obtained by hydrodistillation, on Fusarium sp. and Aspergillus sp. The experiment was carried out on potato dextrose agar. After inoculation of the agar with fungal mycelia, paper discs impregnated with 10 µl of oils were placed on the agar surface. In the control, the impregnation was carried out with distilled water. The inhibition zones were measured after 3, 6 and 9 days. The results showed that peppermint oil had the highest antimicrobial potential compared with other oils. Sage essential oil showed the lowest antifungal suppression. A negligible zone of inhibition was observed in the control. A statistically significant influence betwwen the oils and the incubation period was found in this study. Our results confirm the potential use of peppermint essential oil for the suppression of Fusarium sp. and Aspergillus sp. growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the previous few decades, the pursuit has experienced an increase for novel marine-derived molecules with potential use in the pharmaceutical, human or animal nutrition, cosmetics, and bioenergy industries. The current study aimed at obtaining the optimum growth rate of some microalgal isolates and finding their antibacterial activity. The microalgae were purified in BG11 medium and the biomass extracted using ethanol, acetone, diethyl ether and methanol was then examined for antimicrobial activity by disc diffusion and minimum inhibitory concentration methods.The optimum growth rate obtained at pH 8, temperature 26-28 °C, and 2000 lux for all algal isolates. All microalgae extracts showed antimicrobial activity against tested bacteria with different solvents. The higher antibacterial activity obtained with ethanol extracts while water extract showed low antibacterial activity. Chlorella sp. and Spyrogyra sp. showed higher antibacterial rather than other isolates. Overall, these results imply that microalgae extracts, particularly those from Spirogyra sp. and Chlorella sp., may be sources of antibacterial chemicals. To identify and describe the precise bioactive substances in charge of the reported inhibitory effects, additional study is required. Further research into the mechanisms of action, safety, and possible uses of these microalgae extracts in bacterial infection management would be advantageous. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: S.mutans is known as a bacteria that initiates the formation of caries in children, but in further studies it is known that the risk of caries formation in children can also be caused by the presence of V.parvula. These bacteria live from lactic acid produced by S.mutans to form propionic acid. To prevent caries, an antibacterial agent is needed to inhibit the growth of both bacteria. Green tea is widely used as an antibacterial plant, it has catechin that has proven as antibacterial. Ellagic acid is a content found in pomegranate which has an antibacterial effect. This study aimed to test the antibacterial effects of green tea leaves and pomegranate arils extract against S.mutans and V.parvula bacteria. Materials and methods: The green tea leaves and pomegranate arils are made into an extract using the maceration method. Testing is done by measuring the size of the inhibition zone of the extract towards S.mutans ATCC 25715 and V.parvula ATCC 10790T. Results: Pomegranate arils extract showed an inhibition zone to V.parvula is 7.25 mm and S.mutans is 7.03 mm. Green tea leaf extract has an inhibition zone to S.mutans is 8.03 mm whereas in V.parvula is 10.5 mm. MBC of pomegranate and green tea to V.parvula is 25% and 12,5%. MBC to S.mutans is 12,5% and 3,125%. Conclusion: The present study shown green tea leaf and pomegranate arils extract has a broad spectrum antibacterial effect towards S.mutans and V.parvula. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explored the soil as a rich source of microorganisms capable of creating novel antibacterial chemicals in an effort to address the growing problem of antibiotic resistance. The isolation process involved careful collection and laboratory cultivation of a variety of soil samples from garbage, gardens, and agricultural settings. The techniques used for characterization included biochemical examination of metabolic characteristics, spore staining, lactophenol cotton blue staining, and Gram-tag staining. Using the well diffusion technique, the antibiotic-producing capacities of the strains were evaluated. Notable antibacterial activity was found for four bacterial isolates (B2, B5, B6, and B9) and seven fungal strains (2F, 3F, 4F, 5F, 7F, 9F, 10F, and 11F). Precise soil sampling and complex microbe cultivation and characterization are major obstacles. The unique aspect of the work is how well antibiotic-producing bacteria were isolated and described from a variety of soil samples, underscoring the possibility of using natural habitats as sources of novel antimicrobial agents. The detected antibacterial activity emphasizes how crucial it is to carry out additional research to combat antibiotic resistance. This study provides opportunities for additional research into the unexplored potential of soil microorganisms for the development of novel antimicrobial agents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the significant challenges during the purification and characterization of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) from Bacillus sp. is the interference of unutilized peptides from complex medium components during analytical procedures. In this study, a semi-synthetic medium was devised to overcome this challenge. Using a genetic algorithm, the production medium of AMP is optimized. The parent organism, Bacillus licheniformis MCC2514, produces AMP in very small quantities. This AMP is known to inhibit RNA biosynthesis. The findings revealed that lactose, NH4Cl and NaNO3 were crucial medium constituents for enhanced AMP synthesis. The potency of the AMP produced was studied using bacterium, Kocuria rhizophila ATCC 9341. The AMP produced from the optimized medium was eightfold higher than that produced from the unoptimized medium. Furthermore, activity was increased by 1.5-fold when cultivation conditions were standardized using the optimized medium. Later, AMP was produced in a 5 L bioreactor under controlled conditions, which led to similar results as those of shake-flask production. The mode of action of optimally produced AMP was confirmed to be inhibition of RNA biosynthesis. Here, we demonstrate that improved production of AMP is possible with the developed semi-synthetic medium recipe and could help further AMP production in an industrial setup. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Seaweed is the primary source of carrageenan, but it also contains iodine, which can inhibit bacterial activity and growth. The iodine contained in seaweed results from interaction with the marine environment rich in iodine. The research was conducted from June to November 2022 and used iodine from seaweed extraction to test antibacterial activity (Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella sp). The antibacterial activity test was carried out for 48 hours. The iodine concentration was determined using titration, while the antibacterial activity test used the Disc Diffusion Test. The research showed that Eucheuma spinosum extract contained iodine, 0.38% - 1.22%. The antibacterial activity of seaweed iodine test results revealed an average inhibition zone diameter of 11.5 mm for Staphylococcus aureus and 12 mm for Salmonella sp. This research shows that the iodine in Eucheuma spinosum extract has an inhibitory solid impact on the activity and growth of Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella sp [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mouthwash is an alternative to address problems in the oral cavity, such as caries, periodontal inflammation, and microbial abscesses generally caused by pathogens. However, chlorhexidine contained in the mouthwash was limited concentration, i.e., 0.2 %, due to the side effects caused by these ingredients. Even though chlorhexidine has bactericidal and bacteriostatic properties against various bacteria found in plaque, for this reason, to increase the antibacterial activity of these mouthwashes, it is necessary to add other ingredients to the mouthwash formula, namely MgO/Zein nanocomposites with a composition of 1:4 and 1:5. The method used in this study was the preparation of MgO nanoparticles from dolomite using a solid acid solvent, the results of which were then composited with Zein using alcohol and NaOH. Synthesized samples were characterized using XRD, FTIR, SEM, and TEM. The antibacterial activity of S. aureus and mushrooms C. albicans in mouthwash with a concentration of 0.5 to 2.5 % can be determined by conducting a diffusion test. The results showed that the MgO/Zein nanocomposite fabrication had been successfully carried out and had the following characteristics: having a MgO phase with a polycrystalline cubic structure, having a zein phase with αhelix and βsheet structures of proteins shows that Zein has an amorphous structure. The results of the antibacterial activity test showed that mouthwash with adding MgO/Zein nanocomposites more effectively inhibited bacterial growth of S. aureus and mushrooms C. albicans. It is known that the MgO/Zein nanocomposite composition 1:4 has the largest inhibition zone in S. aureus bacteria with a concentration of 1.5 % mouthwash and C. albicans fungi with a concentration of 0.5 %, namely 40.17 mm and 8.42 mm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Oral infections are most frequently caused by three oral microorganisms: Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans), Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis), and Candida albicans (C. albicans). Objectives: To evaluate antimicrobial potential of 10% ginger extract (GE) and apple vinegar against S. Mutans, E. faecalis, and C. albicans. Materials and Method: The GE and apple cider vinegar (ACV) were tested for microbiological evaluation to identify the inhibitory zone using the agar disk diffusion test against S. mutans, C. albicans, and E. faecalis. Result: The 10% ethanolic GE and ACV showed a maximum zone of inhibition zone against S. mutans, E. Faecalis, and C. albicans. The intragroup comparison was insignificant. Conclusion: Apple vinegar and 10% ethanolic GE were shown to have good antimicrobial properties against all three tested pathogens.

During the previous few decades, the pursuit has experienced an increase for novel marine-derived molecules with potential use in the pharmaceutical, human or animal nutrition, cosmetics, and bioenergy industries. The current study aimed at obtaining the optimum growth rate of some microalgal isolates and finding their antibacterial activity. The microalgae were purified in BG11 medium and the biomass extracted using ethanol, acetone, diethyl ether and methanol was then examined for antimicrobial activity by disc diffusion and minimum inhibitory concentration methods.The optimum growth rate obtained at pH 8, temperature 26-28 ℃, and 2000 lux for all algal isolates. All microalgae extracts showed antimicrobial activity against tested bacteria with different solvents. The higher antibacterial activity obtained with ethanol extracts while water extract showed low antibacterial activity. Chlorella sp. and Spyrogyra sp. showed higher antibacterial rather than other isolates. Overall, these results imply that microalgae extracts, particularly those from Spirogyra sp. and Chlorella sp., may be sources of antibacterial chemicals. To identify and describe the precise bioactive substances in charge of the reported inhibitory effects, additional study is required. Further research into the mechanisms of action, safety, and possible uses of these microalgae extracts in bacterial infection management would be advantageous

Introduction: Oral infections are most frequently caused by three oral microorganisms: Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans), Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis), and Candida albicans (C. albicans). Objectives: To evaluate antimicrobial potential of 10% ginger extract (GE) and apple vinegar against S. Mutans, E. faecalis, and C. albicans. Materials and Method: The GE and apple cider vinegar (ACV) were tested for microbiological evaluation to identify the inhibitory zone using the agar disk diffusion test against S. mutans, C. albicans, and E. faecalis. Result: The 10% ethanolic GE and ACV showed a maximum zone of inhibition zone against S. mutans, E. Faecalis, and C. albicans. The intragroup comparison was insignificant. Conclusion: Apple vinegar and 10% ethanolic GE were shown to have good antimicrobial properties against all three tested pathogens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ralstonia solanacearum is a devastating soil-borne pathogen, which is d辻ficult to control. The inhibition effects of the extracts from Bauhinia purpurea, Sphagneticola trilobata, Lantana camara and Mangifera indica leaves on Ralstonia solanacearum were investigated by measuring the inhibition zone, antibacterial rate and minimal inhibitory concentration. The results showed that the antibacterial effect of the extract from Sphagneticola trilobata leaves was the best, and the inhibition zone ranged from 15. 00 mm to 18. 13 mm, which was highly sensitive. The antibacterial rate reached 79. 63% at the concentration of 0. 40 g • mL_1, which was significantly higher than that of other treatment groups. The inhibition zone of the extract from Bauhinia purpurea and Lantana camara leaves ranged from 10. 67 mm to 15. 57 mm, which were moderately sensitive, and their antibacterial rates were 58. 33% and 60. 37 %, respectively. The antibacterial effect of the extract from Mangifera indica leaves was the lowest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this research is to determine the bioactive compounds of miana leaves of Coleus scutellarioides (L) Benth against Vibrio spp.. This research was carried out from April to August 2018 at the Fish Pests and Diseases Laboratory, Department of Fisheries, Gadjah Mada University. Miana leaf samples were dried at room temperature, macerated with ethanol solvent and tested for antibacterial activity. Separation of bioactive compounds was carried out using liquid partition and silica gel using the column chromatography method. MIC (minimum inhibitory concentration) is applied to evaluate antibacterial activity. The results showed that the highest antibacterial activity was found in the chloroform fraction with inhibitory zone diameters for V. parahaemolitycus, V. alginolitycus, and V. harveyii of 25 mm, 26 mm, and 20 mm at a dose of 20 µg/disk. These findings indicate that the antibacterial activity of miana leaf crude extract is comparable to oxytetracycline with inhibition zones of 25 mm, 31 mm and 20 mm respectively against similar bacterial strains at 20 µg/disk. Therefore, miana leaves are a prospective natural source of anti-vibrio compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Introduction Plants are widely used in traditional medicine because they contain a high concentration of antimicrobial agents, serving as the foundation for medicines. The aim of this study was preliminary identification of phytochemicals and assesses the antimicrobial activity of extracts of Ferula communis root bark. Methods Plant was collected, and standard qualitative procedures were conducted. The plant samples were extracted with 99.9% methanol and 80% ethanol. To identify phytochemicals found in plants, a preliminary phytochemical analysis was performed. Agar diffusion tests, minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) and minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBCs) were performed to evaluate antibacterial activity. Result The preliminary phytochemical analysis of the ethanol and methanol extract revealed positive results for flavonoids, coumarins and tannins. Terpenoids and anthraquinones were detected only in the methanol extract. The extract of Ferula communis showed an antibacterial effect on both gram‐negative and gram‐positive bacteria in a concentration‐dependent manner. The average zone of inhibition for gram‐positive bacteria was 11 mm, whereas for gram‐negative bacteria, it was 9 mm. The MIC and MBC values also varied with the type of bacteria. In all bacterial species tested, the mean MBC value was similar to the MIC. Conclusion Different phytochemicals were detected in extracts of the root bark of F. communis and extracts showed antibacterial effects in a concentration‐dependent manner. Therefore, further purification and evaluation of the extracts and antioxidant activity of the plant should be investigated.

Abstract Microorganisms are considered one of the most dangerous deterioration factors to cellulosic textiles, especially textiles made of linen fibers. Many of the traditional methods of resistance to microorganisms that infect textiles were used in the past, but they were of low effectiveness and high toxicity for those who applied these methods. The study used silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) prepared by the chemical reduction of silver nitrate (AgNO3) in the presence of a polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) polymer as a stabilizing agent in inhibiting fungal strains Aspergillus flavus, Trichoderma sp. and Penicillium duclauxii that were isolated from the ancient linen piece No. 1345 preserved in the Sohag National Museum. The properties of the silver nanoparticles prepared and loaded on hydroxypropyl cellulose (Klucel G 1%) polymer were studied by many of examination and analysis methods such as TEM, XRD and FTIR. Evaluating the effectiveness of AgNPs/Klucel G by using well-cut diffusion technique revealed that the best concentration of AgNPs in inhibiting fungal strains is 3%. The results of treating raw and dyed linen textiles using AgNPs/Klucel G also indicated an improvement in the mechanical and chemical properties of the treated textiles. One of the most important results of the study is obtaining raw and dyed linen textiles with resistant properties to isolated fungal strains up to 3 months of treatment. Graphical Abstract

This study explored the soil as a rich source of microorganisms capable of creating novel antibacterial chemicals in an effort to address the growing problem of antibiotic resistance. The isolation process involved careful collection and laboratory cultivation of a variety of soil samples from garbage, gardens, and agricultural settings. The techniques used for characterization included biochemical examination of metabolic characteristics, spore staining, lactophenol cotton blue staining, and Gram-tag staining. Using the well diffusion technique, the antibiotic-producing capacities of the strains were evaluated. Notable antibacterial activity was found for four bacterial isolates (B2, B5, B6, and B9) and seven fungal strains (2F, 3F, 4F, 5F, 7F, 9F, 10F, and 11F). Precise soil sampling and complex microbe cultivation and characterization are major obstacles. The unique aspect of the work is how well antibiotic-producing bacteria were isolated and described from a variety of soil samples, underscoring the possibility of using natural habitats as sources of novel antimicrobial agents. The detected antibacterial activity emphasizes how crucial it is to carry out additional research to combat antibiotic resistance. This study provides opportunities for additional research into the unexplored potential of soil microorganisms for the development of novel antimicrobial agents.

Antibiotic resistance is the ability of bacteria to resist the effects of antibiotics, making infections more difficult to treat and increasing the risk of complications and death. One way to fight antibiotic resistance is by identifying the most effective antibiotics for treating bacterial infections. This can be done through a laboratory test called AST, which is used to determine the susceptibility of bacteria to antibiotics. However, manual AST has several limitations that include time delay, limited accuracy, limited testing capacity, and subjective interpretation of results. Therefore, there is an emergent need for a more reliable and efficient alternative to manual AST. Recently, few works have tried to automate disk diffusion AST through AI-based solutions and mobile applications. However, these works do not support advanced analysis and interpretation of results, do not present evaluation of detection performance, or are not publicly available to download and use. This work proposes PalAST, a cross-platform mobile application that supports automated disk diffusion AST. The application enables biologists to take AST photos and analyze them in real time with minimal human intervention. It uses image processing and a pre-trained machine learning model to detect antibiotic disks in the agar plate and predict bounding circles for inhibition zones. Then, it provides an interpretation of results including the diameters of the inhibition zones, the labels on the antibiotic disks, and the rating of the bacteria as susceptible, intermediate, or resistant to each antibiotic. PalAST also stores the results of tests, allowing users to access and review past test results. PalAST was tested using a number of real AST photos, and the detection performance was evaluated by using common metrics, i.e. precision, recall, and Intersection over Union. We also used expert evaluation through a questionnaire to assess the usability and ease of use of PalAST. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Antibiotic-resistant bacteria are one of the main global health problems that can affect humans, animals and environment. In this work, out of 525 isolates, 39 Bacillus strains, which represented six species as B. atrophaeus, B. subtilis, Paenibacillus polymyxa, B. amyloliquefaciens and B. tequilensis were in-vitro tested for ampicillin resistance on NA media, and profound inhibition of bacteria growth was observed 24 hours post incubation. The data indicated that resistance to ampicillin was species-related as B. subtilis, (N = 20; % 50), B. amyloliquefaciens, (N = 10; % 60), and B. atrophaeus (N = 3; % 33.3), B. poenibacillus (N = 2; % 0) and for B. tequilensis (N = 4; % 75). The percentage of zone inhibition of the Bacillus colonies ranged from 0 to 75 %, compared to the untreated control. However, 51% of tested Bacillus strains were not sensitive to ampicillin, suggesting the existence of potential risk for Bacillus spp. infections. The results of this study suggest that the Syrian Bacillus strains are variable in their susceptibility towards ampicilin, and the presence of resistant strains is of concern about how this resistance could spread to other bacteria, and then to humans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Food spoilage is phenomenon associated with occurence of the microorganisms in agricultural products. Due to the ability of several microorganisms to colonize plant material, agrochemicals were proposed to suppress bacterial growth. However, overuse of agrochemicals has detrimental impact on environmental quality. Therefore, the objective of this research was to evaluate the potential of aqueous extracts of garlic (Allium sativum L.), wild garlic (Allium ursinum L.), and chives (Allium schoenoprasum L.) to suppress the growth of Enterococcus faecalis and Escherichia coli. The antimicrobial activity of these plant extracts was determined using the disc diffusion method. Mueller-Hinton agar was inoculated with bacterial inoculum; six filter paper disks, impregnated with 15 μl aqueous extract (1, 2 and 4%), were placed on each agar surface. The Petri dishes were incubated at 37 °C for 24 hours. The diameter of the zone of inhibition was measured and expressed in millimeters (mm). Almost all aqueous extracts showed a negligible effect on the growth of E. coli and E. faecalis. Significant suppression of bacterial growth compared with other treatments was observed with the aqueous extract of wild garlic at a concentration of 4%. This research confirms the potential of wild garlic extract in suppression of potential pathogens.

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Background: The bacterial pathogens Pectobacterium carotovorum, P. atrosepticum, Ralstonia solanacearum, and Streptomyces scabies caused several diseases in potatoes. To control these pathogens, many chemical methods are used, which harm the environment and have an effect on human health. Recently, instead of these hazard methods, biocontrol agents like plant extracts were developed and had a good sense of control. Methods: The plant extracts were prepared in methanol and acetone solvents, and the disk diffusion method was used in the bioassay. Results: In this study, we tested two natural extracts as eco-friendly biobactericides against potato pathogens P. carotovorum, P. atrosepticum, R. solanacearum, and S. scabies. The Juniperus phoenicea 25% methanol extract showed considerable antibacterial activity in vitro, with optimal doses at 3000, 5000, 7000, and 10000 ppm. The extract effectively suppressed P. atrosepticum isolate, with inhibition zones ranging from 11.00 to 22.33 mm at doses of 3000-10000 ppm. However, it had little impact until reaching 3000 ppm against R. solanacearum (8.67–10 mm) and P. carotovorum (6.33–9.67 mm) isolates. The extract also greatly inhibited S. scabies isolate growth, with a mean inhibition zone of 3.5 mm. At doses of 7000 ppm and 3000 ppm, Cicer arietinum 75% acetone leaf extract showed the maximum effectiveness against P. atrosepticum and P. carotovorum, with inhibition zone values of 10 mm and 8.33 mm, respectively. However, it had less effectiveness against S. scabies (7.33–10.00 mm) and R. solanacearum (8.00–9.00 mm) isolates. Overall, these natural extracts may fight potato pathogenic microorganisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main goal of our study was to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of 70 plant samples of 69 species belonging to 55 genera, and 26 families collected from Mongolia in August 2010-2011. A disk diffusion assay was performed to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of compounds qualitatively. In our study, there were 32 plant samples with anti-Staphylococcus aureus activity, 8 samples with anti-Escherichia coli activity, but there was no plant with anti-Candida albicans activity. The average value of inhibition zone of S. aureus was 16.06±5.14 mm, with very strong inhibition zones (24-28 mm) n=3 (Rosa acicularis Lindl., Saussurea amara (L.) DC., Pyrola incarnata (DC.) Freyn.); strong inhibition zones (18-22 mm), n=8 (Sedum aizoon L., Veronica incana L., Lappula intermedia (Ldb.) M. Pop., Phlomis tuberosea L., Dracocephalium foetidium Bunge., Rumex acetosa L., Iris lactea Pall., Schizonepeta multifida (L.) Briq.); moderate inhibition zones (12-16 mm), n=14 (Vaccinum vitisidea L., Hedysarum inundatum Turcz., Sanguisorba officinalis L., Thalichtrum foetidium L., T. simplex L., T. minus L., Galium verum L., Plantago major L., Thymus gobicus Tschern., Rheum undulatum L., Stellera chamaejasme L., Dasiphora fruticosa (L.) Rydb., Leonurus sibiricus L., Potentilla bifurca L.); weak inhibition zones (10-11 mm), n=7 (Campanula glomerata L., Geum aleppicum Jacq., Potentilla anserina L., Polygonum aviculare L., Galatella dahurica DC., Artemisia frigida Willd., Chamaenerion angustifolium (L.) Scop.). The average value of inhibition zone of E. coli was 12.75±2.38 mm and 8 plant samples (Saussurea amara (L.) DC., Geum aleppicum Jacq., Rosa acicularis Lindl., Chamaenerion angustifolium (L.) Scop., Allium mongolicum Rgl., Veronica incana L., Thymus gobicus Tschern., Potentilla bifurca L.) were with anti-Escherichia coli activities. This result showed that many species of plant samples have a strong antibacterial activity, which means that these plants must be the natural compound source and should be further explored for the isolation and characterization of bioactive molecules. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Plants are widely used in traditional medicine because they contain a high concentration of antimicrobial agents, serving as the foundation for medicines. The aim of this study was preliminary identification of phytochemicals and assesses the antimicrobial activity of extracts of Ferula communis root bark. Methods: Plant was collected, and standard qualitative procedures were conducted. The plant samples were extracted with 99.9% methanol and 80% ethanol. To identify phytochemicals found in plants, a preliminary phytochemical analysis was performed. Agar diffusion tests, minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) and minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBCs) were performed to evaluate antibacterial activity. Result: The preliminary phytochemical analysis of the ethanol and methanol extract revealed positive results for flavonoids, coumarins and tannins. Terpenoids and anthraquinones were detected only in the methanol extract. The extract of Ferula communis showed an antibacterial effect on both gram‐negative and gram‐positive bacteria in a concentration‐dependent manner. The average zone of inhibition for gram‐positive bacteria was 11 mm, whereas for gram‐negative bacteria, it was 9 mm. The MIC and MBC values also varied with the type of bacteria. In all bacterial species tested, the mean MBC value was similar to the MIC. Conclusion: Different phytochemicals were detected in extracts of the root bark of F. communis and extracts showed antibacterial effects in a concentration‐dependent manner. Therefore, further purification and evaluation of the extracts and antioxidant activity of the plant should be investigated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study was aimed to isolate and identify the different bacterial population from diabetic wound and to investigate the antibacterial efficacy of green synthesized silver nanoparticles used as topical application. Silver nanoparticle was synthesized by Saraca asoca bark extract. In this investigation, different bacterial species were identified by light microscopic and scanning electron microscopic methods, biochemical method, and using molecular marker like 16SrRNA. The bactericidal activity of synthesized AgNPs was analyzed by measuring zone of inhibition on agar, MIC, and MBC. The most prevalent bacterial species were Pantoea agglomerans; Staphylococcus gallinarum; Staphylococcus saprophyticus; Bacillus firmus; Bacillus cereus; Bacillus paramycoides; and Staphylococcus sciuri. A differential bactericidal activity of nanoparticles was observed on agar plate zone of inhibition and it was 65–80% more effective on Staphylococcus gallinarum (28 ± 2 mm), Bacillus firmus (26 ± 2 mm), and Pantoea agglomerans (12 ± 1.5 mm) than the nomal sulphadiazine drug and common antibiotics. So it is concluded that green synthesized silver nanoparticles can be used as topical formulation of nontoxic bactericidal agent on diabetic wound against multidrug resistant bacterial population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Withania somnifera (W. somnifera), a small, woody shrub in the Solanaceae family, has been studied using a phytochemical test, antibacterial activity and partial characterizations. Air-dried and powdered leaves of the plant were extracted with maceration over an electrical shaker using the solvent chloroform and methanol. After crude extracts of the plant were concentrated, the diffusion antibacterial susceptibility test was carried out on 25, 50, 75, and 100 mg/mL of chloroform and methanol crude extract. The bacteria used were S. aureus, S. pneumonia, E. coli, and S. typhi. Each antibacterial activity test was carried out three times. The most active crude extract of the plant was subjected to a phytochemical test and fractionation with column chromatography. Chloroform and methanol extract of the plant inhibits all cultures of four bacteria. Both chloroform and methanol extract of W. Somnifera inhibits both gram-positive and negative bacterium with a comparable inhibition zone with the standard antibiotics, amoxicillin, gentamicin, and cefoxitine. In addition, it gives a maximum inhibition zone than that of amoxicillin, starting from 25 to 100 mg/mL. Methanol extract of W. somnifera contains phenolic, alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, and phytosteroids. Partial characterization of pure fractions by using 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, Dept-135 NMR, and IR spectroscopy, the compound WS-1 affords withaferin A. Withaferine A shows antibacterial activity with an inhibition zone of 11, 10.5, 11, and 9 mm against the bacterium S. aureus, S. pneumoniae, E. coli, and S. typhi respectively.

Utilization of natural materials sourced from the sea is very promising. These natural ingredients can function as antibacterials that are useful in a number of fields. This study aims to explore the extract of sea cucumber Phylloporus sp. as an antibacterial agent for Vibrio alginoliticus and Vibrio harveyi. The diffusion method was carried out with three treatments of sea cucumber extract starting at doses of 500, 1000 and 1500 mg/L with three replications for each treatment. Positive control was antibiotic Chloramphenicol 100 mg/ml (0.01%) and negative control with dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) 10%. The test results showed that sea cucumber extract was able to inhibit both types of bacteria, visible from the inhibition zone formed. In Vibrio alginoliticus bacteria, the average inhibition zone formed was 0.433 ± 0.0288. In bacteria, Vibrio harveyii was inhibited by sea cucumber extract with an average inhibition zone of 0.516 ± 0.104. Inhibition zone of sea cucumber extract Phylloporus sp. lower than Chloramphenicol which is a commercial antibacterial.

Chitosan holds net ionic positive charges, which contribute its ability to chemically bind with negatively charged fats, lipids, metal ions, proteins, and microorganisms. Magnesium oxide (MgO) nanoparticles are important inorganic materials with a wide band-gap used in many applications such as catalysts, antibacterial and medical products. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of Chitosan (CHT) hydrogel loaded MgO nanoparticles on the bacterial growth. CHT/ poly vinyl alcohol (PVA)/ poly ethylene glycol (PEG) hydrogel was blended with various amounts of MgO nanoparticles. The surface morphology of the obtained blends was investigated by Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FE-SEM). Evidently, surfaces with appropriate roughness were obtained for most of the prepared hydrogels. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR) and Energy Dispersive X-Ray analysis (EDX) were also included in this paper. Thermal properties of all samples was studied by DSC-TGA curves. The antibacterial activity of the prepared hybrids CHT/PVA/PEG/MgO nanoparticles have performed against gram positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus (S.aureus) and Streptococcus, as well as gram negative bacteria Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) and Escherichia coli (E.coli). In this study, MgO nanoparticles various proportions presented high efficiency towards gram positive microorganisms. High resistance of gram negative bacteria against the final products was extremely detected according to measured inhibition zones which were between (0-9) mm.

Copyright of Glasnik Zastite Bilja is the property of Zadruzna Stampa D.D. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Increasing urbanisation and industrialisation of the Visakhapatnam region have brought domestic sewage and industrial wastewater discharge into the coastal ocean. This study examines the indicator and pathogenic bacteria's quantitative abundance and antibiotic susceptibility. This study collected surface and subsurface water samples from ten different regions (147 stations; 294 samples), including 12 industrial discharge points, surrounding stations and two harbours from the coast of Pydibheemavaram to Tuni. Physicochemical parameters like salinity, temperature, fluorescence, pH, total suspended matter, nutrients, chlorophyll-a and dissolved oxygen showed a difference between regions. We noticed the presence of indicator (Escherichia coli and Enterococcus faecalis) and pathogenic (Aeromonas hydrophila, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella and Shigella, Vibrio cholera and Vibrio parahaemolyticus) bacteria among the samples. Waters from the near harbour and Visakhapatnam steel plant showed lower bacterial load with no direct input from industries to the coastal water. Samples collected during the industrial discharge period had a higher bacterial load, including E. coli. Enteric bacteria were found in higher numbers at most stations. Some isolates were resistant to multiple antibiotics with higher antibiotic resistance and multiple antibiotic resistance indexes compared with the other coastal water habitats in the Bay of Bengal. The occurrence of these bacteria above the standard limits and with multiple antibiotic resistance in the study region may pose a potential threat to the local inhabitants. It can create an alarming situation in the coastal waters in the study region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC) in pregnancy frequently develops into recurrent infections. Clinical study suggests that conventional topical treatments for VVC are not always enough to eradicate Candida spp. from the vaginal microenvironment. This study aimed to evaluate the antifungal activity of tea tree oil (TTO) 5% and TTO 10% against Candida species causing VVC in pregnancy. Methodology: In vitro experimental study was conducted in the Mycology Laboratory at Dermatovenereology Outpatient Clinic Dr. Soetomo General Hospital Surabaya. Eighteen isolates of Candida species were isolated from the vaginal thrush of 15 pregnant women diagnosed with VVC from March to May 2021. Antifungal susceptibility of TTO 5% and TTO 10% was evaluated by the disc diffusion method, with the inhibitory zone diameter as the main outcome. Results: The mean inhibitory zone diameter of TTO 5%, TTO 10%, and nystatin against all Candida spp. was 7.26 mm, 8.64 mm, and 25.57 mm, respectively (p < 0.001). The mean inhibitory zone diameter of TTO 5%, TTO 10%, and nystatin tend to be larger in C. albicans compared to the non-albicans, but the difference is not significant. Nystatin displayed the largest mean inhibitory zone diameters compared to TTO 5% and TTO 10% (p < 0.001) in all Candida species. Increased concentration from TTO 5% to TTO 10% resulted in a slight increment in the mean inhibitory zone diameters in all-Candida species (p = 0.001). Conclusions: Tea Tree Oil displayed antifungal activity against Candida species causing VVC in pregnancy. Further studies are required to investigate optimal TTO concentrations as a VVC treatment in pregnancy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Pistica atlantica subsp. kurdica, or Ghazwan in Kurdish, which is widely distributed in Kurdistan region, Northern Iraq, is a native plant of this region and the major source of a Kurdish gum. This study investigates the antibacterial and antifungal effect of essential oil extracted from the gum. The gum was collected in June-July 2019 from the region of Halabja, a city in the north of Iraq. Essential oil was extracted by using hydro distillation method; the antibacterial activity was evaluated by agar well diffusion test and the inhibition zone (in mm) was determined against six selected bacterial strains which included Staphylococcus aureus, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Micrococcus leuteus, Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumonia. The antifungal activity was assessed by testing different concentrations of oil gum against Aspergillus brasiliensis. Results showed the oil gum extract to have significant antibacterial activity against both Gram positive and negative bacteria and also to have strong antifungal activity because no growth was identified at different concentrations of the extract and the extract significantly inhibited growth of the Aspergillus brasiliensis. The data of this study suggested that Pistica atlantica subsp. kurdica oil gum has potential for application in pharmaceutical drugs against bacteria and fungi.

We report the synthesis of Ag/bentonite, ZnO/bentonite and Ag/ZnO/bentonite nanocomposites (NCs) using Hagenia abyssinica plant extract and their antibacterial study. The synthesized NCs were characterized by using many advanced techniques. The X-ray diffraction and high resolution transmission electron microscopy analysis confirmed the formation of composites with different phases. The average crystallite size (D) values of pure Ag nanoparticles (NPs), ZnO NPs, and activated bentonite (Na-AB) were found to be 8.14, 18.1, and 37.6 nm, respectively. The Ag/bentonite NCs, ZnO/bentonite NCs, and Ag/ZnO/bentonite NCs exhibited the D values of 7.4, 9.4, and 9.4 nm, respectively. The Fourier transform infrared spectral analysis revealed the presence of hydroxyl, carbonyl, and other functional groups on the surface of the synthesized NCs. The transmission electron microscopic analysis revealed the formation of Ag and ZnO NPs with hexagonal, rod-shaped, and spherical structures. HRTEM also revealed the presence of (102) plane of ZnO and (220) plane of Ag in Ag/ZnO/bentonite NCs. The antibacterial activities of the composites suspension were evaluated against Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 and Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 by the disc diffusion and broth dilution methods. The ternary NC and Ag/ZnO/bentonite exhibited better zone of inhibition of 14.3 ± 0.3 and 17.3 ± 0.2 mm at 10 mg·mL−1 toward E. coli and S. aureus bacterial strains. The minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration values of Ag/ZnO/bentonite NCs were found to be 156.25 and 312.5 µg·mL−1 for E. coli. The investigation results revealed that the low temperature bio-synthesized Ag/ZnO/bentonite is a promising bactericide over the binary composites.

Copyright of China Brewing is the property of China Brewing Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Bimetallic Cu/Ag nanoparticles with a controlled shape and size were obtained by chemical reduction. According to scanning electron microscopy, powder X-ray diffraction, and Fourier transform IR spectroscopy data, core–shell type particles composed of a silver coating on the surface of copper nanoparticles were formed at n(Cu2+/Ag+) = 0.33 mol/mol. It was shown that bimetallic Cu/Ag nanoparticles have higher thermal stability than monometallic Cu and Ag nanoparticles taken separately. The bimetallic nanoparticles were found to exhibit antimicrobial activity against some pathogenic microorganisms, which is of interest for the development of medicinal agents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current study was designed to establish the antibacterial efficacy of various extracts from medicinal plants. The inhibition effects of six plants including Viscus album, Apium graveolens, Melissa officinalis, Plantago ovata, Senna acutifolia, and Vitis vinifera were examined against Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, which obtained from dental caries patient. The output showed that the tested bacterial isolates were greatly sensitive to M. officinalis and S. acutifolia and their maximum inhibition zones were 35 mm and 33 mm respectively. The tested bacterial isolates were greatly sensitive to M. officinalis and S. acutifolia in comparison with the antibiotic. According to the well-diffusion test results, the crude aqueous extracts from the plants showed varying degrees of inhibition of bacterial growth. Moreover, these medicinal plant extracts were a promising group of natural product sources that can be examined to continue developing products through the use of oral medicines and health care.

This study deals with the antibacterial activity of Sea buckthorn (SB) (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) grown in the Republic of Moldova. Eight sea buckthorn species were investigated: R1, R2, R4, R5, C6, AGG, AGA, Pomona, 2020 harvest, from Dubasari district, Pohrebea village of the Republic of Moldova. The sea buckthorn fruit was harvested during the complete sweeping phase. The antibacterial efficacy of Sea buckthorn on different microbial cultures (Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Salmonella Typhimurium, Escherichia coli, Candida albicans) causing infections/diseases was investigated by agar disc diffusion method. The inhibition zones ranged from 12 to 30 mm: Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 (21-30 mm); Bacillus subtilis ATCC6633 (19-29 mm); Salmonella Typhimurium ATCC 14028 (13-18 mm); Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 (12-18 mm). In the case of Candida albicans ATCC 10231, this fungal pathogen was resistant to SB. It was found that antimicrobial efficacy of SB depends on the species, concentration, and form of use (fruit puree, extracts with different solvents and powder). Results suggested that SB might be a valuable ingredient for the development of safe products for consumption.

Cadmium (Cd), a highly mobile and hazardous toxic heavy metal negatively affects plant's yield by regulating synthesis of biomolecules, involved in both physiological and biochemical activities. The present study investigated the Cd content, metabolite profile, antioxidant and antibacterial activities of methanolic leaf extracts (MLEs) of Eclipta alba L., plant exposed to elevated soil Cd (eCdS). The tested plants were grown in earthen pot and were weekly treated with Cd as CdCl 2. H 2 0 (20 mg/L) till 70 days after the plant transplantation. The results showed that eCdS significantly elevated Cd content in root and shoot tissue of E. alba plant (91 % and 94 %, respectively) as compared to the control. UHPLC-HRMS profile of MLEs revealed a significant decrease in the amino acids and its derivatives with an increased level of phenolic contents, fatty acids, and lipids. Metabolites in MLEs were also upregulated and downregulated (31 and 98, respectively) by an eCdS. An eCdS further increased both total phenolics and total flavonoids content in MLEs of E. alba by 71 % and 31 %, respectively over the control. In-vitro antioxidant activities in MLEs were also found to be significantly increased due to eCdS as DPPH > ABTS > FRAP (30 %, 26 % and 21 %, respectively) as compared to the control. Cd treated plant's MLEs also revealed maximum reduction in an inhibition zone of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27853), among the tested bacterial strains. The present study concludes that eCdS led to the significant changes in the metabolite profile, phenolics content and biological activities of E. alba's MLEs suggesting its ameliorating role in improving the medicinal value of E. alba plant. However, direct consumption of raw material of E. alba plant is not recommended due to high accumulation of Cd in its different parts. [Display omitted] • Metabolite profile and biological properties of E. alba exposed to eCdS was studied. • eCds increased Cd accumulation in E. alba by 90 % as compared to control. • eCdS significantly reduced growth and yield of E. alba. • Metabolite profile of E. alba was influenced by eCdS. • eCdS significantly induced changes in leaf surface morphology of E. alba. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abdanne Weyesa,1 Rajalakshmanan Eswaramoorthy,1,2 Yadessa Melaku,1 Endale Mulugeta1 1Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Applied Natural Science, Adama Science and Technology University, Adama, Ethiopia; 2Department of Biomaterials, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, IndiaCorrespondence: Endale Mulugeta Email endexindex05@gmail.comIntroduction: In the present work, two novel compounds were synthesized using zinc oxide nanoparticles through green synthesis protocol. The zinc oxide nanoparticles catalyzed reactions were afforded good to excellent yields of the target compounds 76.3– 98.6%.Methodology: The synthesized compounds were characterized by UV-Vis, IR and NMR. The antibacterial activity of the synthesized compounds was screened against two Gram-positive bacteria (Bacillus cereus and Staphylococcus aureus) and two Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium).Results and Discussion: The synthesized compounds displayed potent activity against the bacterial strains. Among them, compound 8 showed strong activity against Bacillus cereus relative to the standard drug. On the other hand, compound 9 exhibited strong activity against Escherichia coli. The molecular docking study of the synthesized compounds was conducted to investigate their binding pattern with DNA gyrase and E. coli dihydropteroate synthase and all of them were found to have minimum binding energy ranging from – 6.0 to − 7.3 kcal/mol, and the best result achieved with compound 8 and 9.Conclusion: The findings of the in vitro antibacterial and molecular docking analysis demonstrated that the synthesized compounds have potential of antibacterial activity and can be further optimized to serve as a lead compound.Keywords: ZnO nanoparticles, green synthesis, chalcone, sulfonamide, inhibition zone, molecular docking, ADMET and antibacterial

Microalgae are rich in proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, polyunsaturated fatty acids, vitamins, pigments, enzymes, and other biologically active substances. This research aimed to study the composition and antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates of microalgae found in the Filinskaya Bay of the Kaliningrad region. The chemical composition of Scenedesmus intermedius and Scenedesmus obliquus microalgae biomass was studied. Ultrasound was used to isolate valuable components of microalgae. It was found that microalgae are rich in protein and contain lipids and reducing sugars. To confirm the accuracy of the determination, the protein content was measured using two methods (Kjeldahl and Bradford). Protein content in S. intermedius and S. obliquus microalgae samples did not differ significantly when measured using different methods. Protein extraction by the Kjeldahl method was found to be 63.27% for S. intermedius microalgae samples and 60.11% for S. obliquus microalgae samples. Protein content in S. intermedius samples was 63.46%, compared to 60.07% in S. obliquus samples, as determined by the Bradford method. Lipids were 8.0–8.2 times less abundant than protein in both types of microalgae samples. It was determined that the content of reducing sugars in the samples of the studied microalgae was 5.9 times less than the protein content. The presence of biological activity (antioxidant) in proteins and lipids obtained from biomass samples of the studied microscopic algae was established, which opens up some possibilities for their application in the food, chemical, and pharmaceutical industries (as enzymes, hormones, vitamins, growth substances, antibiotics, and other biologically active compounds). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Marine & Coastal Science is the property of Universitas Airlangga and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objective: The emergence of new infectious diseases and the increased in bacterial resistance to diseases have led to the search for potential sources of antimicrobials. Bivalves have been found to possess bioactive compounds that have tremendous potential in medical science. Corbicula fluminea and Geloina expansa are bivalves that can survive in extreme environmental conditions and are surrounded by various microbes; these may have facilitated the potential production of different bioactive compounds with unique features to protect against pathogenic microorganisms. Materials and Methods: Antimicrobial activity of various concentrations of the ethanolic crude extracts (ECEs) of C. fluminea and G. expansa were tested against bacteria and fungi using the standard disk diffusion technique. There were three bacteria used in the antibacterial assay, namely Escherichia coli (Gram-negative), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Gram-negative bacteria), Staphylococcus aureus (Gram-positive), and for antifungal assay, the fungi, Candida albicans, and Aspergillus niger were used. Results: The ECEs of C. fluminea showed 12.67-h activity on E. coli with an inhibition zone (IZ) range of 10–12.8 mm and for G. expansa showed an IZ range of 9.6–14.4 mm. A similar IZ range for C. fluminea (10.6–12.4 mm) and G. expansa (9.8–13.6 mm) was observed in P. aeruginosa with an efficacy time of 14 h and 17.3, respectively. S. aureus test cultures also showed activity of C. fluminea ECEs with an IZ range of 0.00–17 mm and efficacy time of 15 h, while G. expansa showed a mean of 15.6 mm. The two fungal strains tested showed activity of C. fluminea, and G. expansa ECEs, an IZ range of 8.3–12.2 mm was observed in A. niger while C. albicans showed activity with an IZ range of 9.6–12.8 mm. The ECE's concentrations of 50 and 100 mg/ml of C. fluminea and G. expansa showed a significantly higher result than positive control against P. aerigunosa. Conclusions: The study showed that C. fluminea and G. expansa are potential sources of antimicrobial compounds. Identification, extraction, and purification of such compounds are recommended for future studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The technological trend toward waste reduction has attracted the attention of researchers using rice husk as a value-added material. Rice husk, which mostly consists of lignocellulose, is a potential feedstock for generating liquid smoke powder, which can be used to preserve food. The present work investigates the antimicrobial activity of liquid smoke powder from rice husk on Gram-negative (Salmonella choleraesuis and Escherichia coli) and Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis). Liquid smoke was prepared through the pyrolysis of rice husk at 300°C, 350°C, and 400°C. After purification by distillation, the liquid smoke was prepared into liquid smoke powder using the spray-drying method. The Kirby-Bauer method was used to test antibiotic activity. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis shows that rice husk liquid smoke contains various chemicals, such as acetic acid, 2-propanone, butanal, propanoic acid, 2-cyclopentene, and phenolic compounds. The liquid smoke powder inhibited the growth of all the tested bacteria, with various inhibition zones (6-9 mm). The findings of this study suggest that rice husk liquid smoke powder can be used as a natural alternative to synthetic food preservatives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to determine in vitro inhibition test of lime peel liquid (Citrus aurantifolia, Swingle) against E. coli. The E. coli isolate was cultured on Muller Hinton Agar (MHA) media. Antibacterial test in this study using diffusion method. Negative control (K-) using CMC-Na 0.1%. Positive control (K+) using oxytetracycline antibiotics. The treatments were given lime peel liquid (Citrus aurantifolia, Swingle) with concentrations of 100%, 75%, 50% and 25%, respectively. The study design using Completely Randomized Design (CRD) method, with six treatments and four repetitions. Data were analyzed by Kruskal-Wallis test, Moreover, the Post Hoc Mann-Whitney method. The inhibition zone analysis results were showed that K + had significant differences compared to all treatments K-, 100%, 75%, 50%, and 25%. K- was found to be significantly different from treatments 100%, 75%, 50% and 25%. The results showed that the lime peel liquid has the potential as an antibacterial activity against the growth of E. coli in vitro. Concentration of 25% has shown the presence of inhibitory zones on Mueller Hinton media that have been inoculated with lime peel liquid.

Canker is the most devastating threat of citrus being caused by Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri (Xac). A trail was conducted in the citrus pathology Laboratory, Department of Plant Pathology, University of Agriculture Faisalabad. Nine antibiotics Levofloxacin, Streptomycin, Ampicillin, kanamycin, Erythromycin, Ciprofloxacin, Clarithromycin, Azithromycin, Amoxicillin were tested against Xac by using inhibition zone technique under Completely Randomized Design (CRD). Three concentrations (300, 500 and 700 ppm) were tested. Out of these nine, Levofloxacin expressed best result by producing 14.22 mm mean inhibition zone followed by Ciprofloxacin (13.18), Ampicillin (6.89), Kanamycin (6.64), Clarithromycin (6.01), Azithromycin (5.24), Streptomycin (4.98), Amoxicillin (4.79), Erythromycin (4.29) mm respectively. In interaction between treatments and concentrations, Ciprofloxacin expressed maximum inhibition zone (15.06 mm) at 700 ppm while in interaction between treatments and time, levofloxacin exhibited maximum inhibition zone (15.00 mm) after 36 hours. In conclusion, Ciprofloxacin and Levofloxacin expressed best results at 700 ppm after 36 hours. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current study was designed to establish the antibacterial efficacy of various extracts from medicinal plants. The inhibition effects of six plants including Viscus album, Apium graveolens, Melissa officinalis, Plantago ovata, Senna acutifolia, and Vitis vinifera were examined against Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, which obtained from dental caries patient. The output showed that the tested bacterial isolates were greatly sensitive to M. officinalis and S. acutifolia and their maximum inhibition zones were 35 mm and 33 mm respectively. The tested bacterial isolates were greatly sensitive to M. officinalis and S. acutifolia in comparison with the antibiotic. According to the well-diffusion test results, the crude aqueous extracts from the plants showed varying degrees of inhibition of bacterial growth. Moreover, these medicinal plant extracts were a promising group of natural product sources that can be examined to continue developing products through the use of oral medicines and health care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study included testing the effect of different concentrations methanol and hexane extracts and mixture for both extract of Chlorococcum humicola algae against pathological fungi affecting the gramineae family, particularly wheat crops such as Fusarium graminearum, Aspergillus niger and Alternaria triticina. The study included the collection of nondiatomic dietumal algae samples from different areas within Baghdad, screening and diagnosis, and preparing pure insulation of algae most present in some samples. The study identified 186 species of 67 genera non-diatomic algae in which Chlorophyta prevailed 53%, followed by Cyanophyta 35%, Euglenophyta, Pyrrophyta 4% and the lowest percentages 2% Chrysophyta, Cryptophyta. Some sampling areas were found containing large numbers of species C. humicola so it was isolated, purified and growen in the Chu.13 medium to get a mass of 1.5g of it which extracted by two types of organic solvents using Soxhlet. The results of the study showed that the mixing extract (methanol + hexane) of C. humicola algae showed a more efficient inhibition effect than ketoconazole fungal pesticide (control agent) and other extracts on all species of fungi tested with the highest inhibition zone of 13.67 mm for F. graminearum fungus at the concentration of 32 mg / ml. While ketoconazole's fungal effect for the same fungus was less than 13.0 mm, and showed less inhibition zone than A. niger at 8 mg / ml concentration. Followed by methanol extract, which showed the highest inhibition zone of 11.0 mm for the A. triticina fungus at the concentration of 32 mg/ml, which was higher than the ketoconazole fungal pesticide effect of the same fungus, which recorded a inhibition zone of 8.0 mm. As for hexane extract, it showed less antifungal activity than fungicide and previous extracts, with the highest inhibition zone of 8.0 mm for A. niger at a concentration of 32 mg / ml, which was found to be the same inhibition zone as ketoconazole on A. triticina fungus, while the lowest inhibition zone was 4.67 mm at the concentration of 16 mg / ml on A. niger fungus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]