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1. Method to Synchronize Cell Cycle of Human Pluripotent Stem Cells without Affecting Their Fundamental Characteristics

Author: Loukia Yiangou, Rodrigo A. Grandy, Carola M. Morell, Rute A. Tomaz, Anna Osnato, Juned Kadiwala, Daniele Muraro, Jose Garcia-Bernardo, Shota Nakanoh, William G. Bernard, Daniel Ortmann, Davis J. McCarthy, Ingrid Simonic, Sanjay Sinha, and Ludovic Vallier
Subjects: Medicine (General), R5-920, Biology (General), QH301-705.5
Abstract: Summary: Cell cycle progression and cell fate decisions are closely linked in human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs). However, the study of these interplays at the molecular level remains challenging due to the lack of efficient methods allowing cell cycle synchronization of large quantities of cells. Here, we screened inhibitors of cell cycle progression and identified nocodazole as the most efficient small molecule to synchronize hPSCs in the G2/M phase. Following nocodazole treatment, hPSCs remain pluripotent, retain a normal karyotype and can successfully differentiate into the three germ layers and functional cell types. Moreover, genome-wide transcriptomic analyses on single cells synchronized for their cell cycle and differentiated toward the endoderm lineage validated our findings and showed that nocodazole treatment has no effect on gene expression during the differentiation process. Thus, our synchronization method provides a robust approach to study cell cycle mechanisms in hPSCs. : In this study, Vallier and colleagues show that small molecule cell cycle inhibitors can be used to successfully synchronize and enrich hPSCs in different cell cycle phases. Particularly, the G2/M inhibitor nocodazole successfully enriched cells in G2/M, G1, and S phases of the cell cycle, without affecting pluripotency and differentiation capacity as shown by molecular and genome-wide single-cell RNA-seq analyses. Keywords: hPSCs, cell cycle, nocodazole, cell cycle synchronization, single-cell RNA-seq, mesoderm, endoderm, ectoderm
Published: 2019
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2. Clinical and radiological characterization of novel FIG4-related combined system disease with neuropathy

Author: Gayatri Vadlamani, Hannah Grayton, Georgia C. Wright, Pooja Harijan, Alasdair Parker, Anjla Patel, Soo-Mi Park, Rita Horvath, John H. Livingston, Ingrid Simonic, Richard Brown, and Adam G. Thomas
Subjects: 0301 basic medicine, Proband, Male, Pathology, medicine.medical_specialty, Medullary cavity, Genotype, Micrognathism, Limb Deformities, Congenital, 030105 genetics & heredity, 03 medical and health sciences, Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease, Ectodermal Dysplasia, Genetics, medicine, Missense mutation, Humans, Genetic Predisposition to Disease, Age of Onset, Child, Genetics (clinical), Dystonia, Flavoproteins, business.industry, medicine.disease, Hypotonia, Phosphoric Monoester Hydrolases, Peripheral, Pedigree, 030104 developmental biology, Peripheral neuropathy, Phenotype, Child, Preschool, Mutation, Muscle Hypotonia, Cerebellar atrophy, Female, medicine.symptom, business, Cleidocranial Dysplasia
Abstract: Variants in the FIG4 gene, which encodes a phosphatidylinositol-3,5-bisphosphatase lead to obstruction of endocytic trafficking, causing accumulation of enlarged vesicles in murine peripheral neurons and fibroblasts. Bi-allelic pathogenic variants in FIG4 are associated with neurological disorders including Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type-4J (CMT4J) and Yunis-Varon syndrome (YVS). We present four probands from three unrelated families, all homozygous for a recurrent FIG4 missense variant c.506A>C p.(Tyr169Ser), with a novel phenotype involving features of both CMT4J and YVS. Three presented with infant-onset dystonia and one with hypotonia. All have depressed lower limb reflexes and distal muscle weakness, two have nerve conduction studies (NCS) consistent with severe sensorimotor demyelinating peripheral neuropathy and one had NCS showing patchy intermediate/mildly reduced motor conduction velocities. All have cognitive impairment and three have swallowing difficulties. MRI showed cerebellar atrophy and bilateral T2 hyperintense medullary swellings in all patients. These children represent a novel clinicoradiological phenotype and suggest that phenotypes associated with FIG4 missense variants do not neatly fall into previously described diagnoses but can present with variable features. Analysis of this gene should be considered in patients with central and peripheral neurological signs and medullary radiological changes, providing earlier diagnosis and informing reproductive choices.
Published: 2020

3. Haploinsufficiency of CUX1 Causes Nonsyndromic Global Developmental Delay With Possible Catch-up Development

Author: Soo-Mi Park, Carlo Marcelis, Katrin Oberndorff, Benjamin Cogné, Diana Mitter, Constance T. R. M. Stumpel, Rami Abou Jamra, Konrad Platzer, Alexander P.A. Stegmann, Ingrid Simonic, Marie Vincent, Johannes R. Lemke, Jennifer Hague, Jasper J. van der Smagt, Hans Kristian Ploos van Amstel, and Servi J. C. Stevens
Subjects: 0301 basic medicine, Genetics, medicine.medical_specialty, Neurology, Copy number analysis, Biology, medicine.disease, Phenotype, 03 medical and health sciences, 030104 developmental biology, Intellectual disability, medicine, Etiology, Neurology (clinical), Global developmental delay, Haploinsufficiency, Exome sequencing
Abstract: Objective Developmental delay (DD) with favorable intellectual outcome and mild intellectual disability (ID) are mostly considered to be of complex genetic and environmental origin, but, in fact, often remain unclear. We aimed at proving our assumption that also mild cases of DD and ID may be of monogenic etiology. Methods We clinically evaluated 8 individuals and performed exome sequencing or array copy number analysis and identified variants in CUX1 as the likely cause. In addition, we included a case from the public database, DECIPHER. Results All 9 individuals harbored heterozygous null-allele variants in CUX1, encoding the Cut-homeobox 1 transcription factor that is involved in regulation of dendritogenesis and cortical synapse formation in layer II to IV cortical neurons. Six variants arose de novo, while in one family the variant segregated with ID. Of the 9 included individuals, 2 were diagnosed with moderate ID, 3 with mild ID, and 3 showed a normal age-related intelligence at ages 4, 6, and 8 years after a previous history of significant DD. Interpretation Our results suggest that null-allele variants, and thus haploinsufficiency of CUX1, cause an isolated phenotype of DD or ID with possible catch-up development. This illustrates that such a developmental course is not necessarily genetic complex, but may also be attributed to a monogenic cause. Ann Neurol 2018;84:200-207.
Published: 2018
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4. Male child with somatic mosaic Osteopathia Striata with Cranial Sclerosis caused by a novel pathogenic AMER1 frameshift mutation

Author: Leanne Sparnon, Jennifer Hague, Soo-Mi Park, Howard Martin, Ingrid Simonic, Isabelle Delon, Kim Brügger, and Stephen Abbs
Subjects: 0301 basic medicine, Genetics, medicine.medical_specialty, Pediatrics, Macrocephaly, Prenatal diagnosis, 030105 genetics & heredity, Biology, medicine.disease, Frameshift mutation, Osteopathia striata, 03 medical and health sciences, 030104 developmental biology, medicine.anatomical_structure, Ductus arteriosus, Failure to thrive, medicine, Medical genetics, medicine.symptom, Genetics (clinical), Ventriculomegaly
Abstract: Osteopathia striata with cranial sclerosis (OSCS; OMIM #300373) is a rare X-linked dominant condition caused by mutations in the AMER1 gene (also known as WTX or FAM123B). It is a condition which usually affects females in whom the clinical phenotype can be extremely variable. Conversely affected males typically die in utero or during the neonatal period [Perdu et al. (2011); Clinical Genetics 80: 383-388; Vasiljevic et al. (2015); Prenatal Diagnosis 35: 302-304]. There have been a small number of reported cases of surviving males, including three patients who are somatic mosaic for the condition [Chenier, Noor, Dupuis, Stavropoulos, & Mendoza-Londono, (2012); American Journal of Medical Genetics Part A 158A: 2946-2952; Holman et al. (2011); American Journal of Medical Genetics Part A 155A: 2397-2408; Joseph, Shoji, & Econs, (2010); The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 95: 1506-1507]. We report a case of a male child who has proven somatic mosaicism for OSCS associated with a novel pathogenic frameshift mutation, c.607_611delAGGCC (p.Arg203 fs) in AMER1. We describe the multisystemic clinical features which include macrocephaly with ventriculomegaly and requirement for ventriculoperitoneal shunt, cleft palate, and respiratory difficulties after birth requiring tracheostomy insertion, persistent patent ductus arteriosus, failure to thrive and gastrostomy insertion, growth retardation, ophthalmoplegia, kidney malformation, cryptorchidism, and developmental delay. The use of new technologies with next generation sequencing (NGS) may improve the detection rate of mosaicism in rare conditions.
Published: 2017
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5. Taking consent for neonatal microarray analysis as a screen for genomic rearrangements: are paediatricians equipped for the genomic era?

Author: Katrina A. Andrews, Gusztav Belteki, Simon Holden, Matina Prapa, Elizabeth J. Radford, and Ingrid Simonic
Subjects: Pediatrics, medicine.medical_specialty, Microarray, Population, Intrauterine growth restriction, Documentation, Infant, Newborn, Diseases, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, 030225 pediatrics, medicine, Humans, Parental Consent, Copy-number variation, Neonatology, Genetic Testing, Pediatricians, education, Retrospective Studies, education.field_of_study, Microarray analysis techniques, business.industry, Infant, Newborn, Retrospective cohort study, Guideline, medicine.disease, Microarray Analysis, United Kingdom, Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health, business
Abstract: Microarrays are increasingly requested as a first-line genetic investigation for chromosome anomalies in the neonatal population. Consent is usually taken by paediatricians, frequently trainees, often without specific training in how to consent for genetic tests. Unlike in the paediatric population,1 there are no consensus guidelines on the indications for neonatal microarray testing. Our local guideline recommends microarray testing in babies with multiple congenital anomalies or ambiguous genitalia. However, studies have also suggested the utility of microarray testing in congenital heart disease2 and intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) without congenital anomalies.3 Informed genetic consent needs to cover prognostication (most pathogenic copy number variants (CNVs) are associated with a significant risk of learning disability); potential implications for family members; incidental findings and the risk of identifying variants of uncertain significance (VUS). We conducted a retrospective study on …
Published: 2019

6. Heterozygous Variants in KMT2E Cause a Spectrum of Neurodevelopmental Disorders and Epilepsy

Author: Anne H. O’Donnell-Luria, Lynn S. Pais, Víctor Faundes, Jordan C. Wood, Abigail Sveden, Victor Luria, Rami Abou Jamra, Andrea Accogli, Kimberly Amburgey, Britt Marie Anderlid, Silvia Azzarello-Burri, Alice A. Basinger, Claudia Bianchini, Lynne M. Bird, Rebecca Buchert, Wilfrid Carre, Sophia Ceulemans, Perrine Charles, Helen Cox, Lisa Culliton, Aurora Currò, Florence Demurger, James J. Dowling, Benedicte Duban-Bedu, Christèle Dubourg, Saga Elise Eiset, Luis F. Escobar, Alessandra Ferrarini, Tobias B. Haack, Mona Hashim, Solveig Heide, Katherine L. Helbig, Ingo Helbig, Raul Heredia, Delphine Héron, Bertrand Isidor, Amy R. Jonasson, Pascal Joset, Boris Keren, Fernando Kok, Hester Y. Kroes, Alinoë Lavillaureix, Xin Lu, Saskia M. Maas, Gustavo H.B. Maegawa, Carlo L.M. Marcelis, Paul R. Mark, Marcelo R. Masruha, Heather M. McLaughlin, Kirsty McWalter, Esther U. Melchinger, Saadet Mercimek-Andrews, Caroline Nava, Manuela Pendziwiat, Richard Person, Gian Paolo Ramelli, Luiza L.P. Ramos, Anita Rauch, Caitlin Reavey, Alessandra Renieri, Angelika Rieß, Amarilis Sanchez-Valle, Shifteh Sattar, Carol Saunders, Niklas Schwarz, Thomas Smol, Myriam Srour, Katharina Steindl, Steffen Syrbe, Jenny C. Taylor, Aida Telegrafi, Isabelle Thiffault, Doris A. Trauner, Helio van der Linden, Silvana van Koningsbruggen, Laurent Villard, Ida Vogel, Julie Vogt, Yvonne G. Weber, Ingrid M. Wentzensen, Elysa Widjaja, Jaroslav Zak, Samantha Baxter, Siddharth Banka, Lance H. Rodan, Jeremy F. McRae, Stephen Clayton, Tomas W. Fitzgerald, Joanna Kaplanis, Elena Prigmore, Diana Rajan, Alejandro Sifrim, Stuart Aitken, Nadia Akawi, Mohsan Alvi, Kirsty Ambridge, Daniel M. Barrett, Tanya Bayzetinova, Philip Jones, Wendy D. Jones, Daniel King, Netravathi Krishnappa, Laura E. Mason, Tarjinder Singh, Adrian R. Tivey, Munaza Ahmed, Uruj Anjum, Hayley Archer, Ruth Armstrong, Jana Awada, Meena Balasubramanian, Diana Baralle, Angela Barnicoat, Paul Batstone, David Baty, Chris Bennett, Jonathan Berg, Birgitta Bernhard, A. Paul Bevan, Maria Bitner-Glindzicz, Edward Blair, Moira Blyth, David Bohanna, Louise Bourdon, David Bourn, Lisa Bradley, Angela Brady, Simon Brent, Carole Brewer, Kate Brunstrom, David J. Bunyan, John Burn, Natalie Canham, Bruce Castle, Kate Chandler, Elena Chatzimichali, Deirdre Cilliers, Angus Clarke, Susan Clasper, Jill Clayton-Smith, Virginia Clowes, Andrea Coates, Trevor Cole, Irina Colgiu, Amanda Collins, Morag N. Collinson, Fiona Connell, Nicola Cooper, Lara Cresswell, Gareth Cross, Yanick Crow, Mariella D’Alessandro, Tabib Dabir, Rosemarie Davidson, Sally Davies, Dylan de Vries, John Dean, Charu Deshpande, Gemma Devlin, Abhijit Dixit, Angus Dobbie, Alan Donaldson, Dian Donnai, Deirdre Donnelly, Carina Donnelly, Angela Douglas, Sofia Douzgou, Alexis Duncan, Jacqueline Eason, Sian Ellard, Ian Ellis, Frances Elmslie, Karenza Evans, Sarah Everest, Tina Fendick, Richard Fisher, Frances Flinter, Nicola Foulds, Andrew Fry, Alan Fryer, Carol Gardiner, Lorraine Gaunt, Neeti Ghali, Richard Gibbons, Harinder Gill, Judith Goodship, David Goudie, Emma Gray, Andrew Green, Philip Greene, Lynn Greenhalgh, Susan Gribble, Rachel Harrison, Lucy Harrison, Victoria Harrison, Rose Hawkins, Liu He, Stephen Hellens, Alex Henderson, Sarah Hewitt, Lucy Hildyard, Emma Hobson, Simon Holden, Muriel Holder, Susan Holder, Georgina Hollingsworth, Tessa Homfray, Mervyn Humphreys, Jane Hurst, Ben Hutton, Stuart Ingram, Melita Irving, Lily Islam, Andrew Jackson, Joanna Jarvis, Lucy Jenkins, Diana Johnson, Elizabeth Jones, Dragana Josifova, Shelagh Joss, Beckie Kaemba, Sandra Kazembe, Rosemary Kelsell, Bronwyn Kerr, Helen Kingston, Usha Kini, Esther Kinning, Gail Kirby, Claire Kirk, Emma Kivuva, Alison Kraus, Dhavendra Kumar, V. K. Ajith Kumar, Katherine Lachlan, Wayne Lam, Anne Lampe, Caroline Langman, Melissa Lees, Derek Lim, Cheryl Longman, Gordon Lowther, Sally A. Lynch, Alex Magee, Eddy Maher, Alison Male, Sahar Mansour, Karen Marks, Katherine Martin, Una Maye, Emma McCann, Vivienne McConnell, Meriel McEntagart, Ruth McGowan, Kirsten McKay, Shane McKee, Dominic J. McMullan, Susan McNerlan, Catherine McWilliam, Sarju Mehta, Kay Metcalfe, Anna Middleton, Zosia Miedzybrodzka, Emma Miles, Shehla Mohammed, Tara Montgomery, David Moore, Sian Morgan, Jenny Morton, Hood Mugalaasi, Victoria Murday, Helen Murphy, Swati Naik, Andrea Nemeth, Louise Nevitt, Ruth Newbury-Ecob, Andrew Norman, Rosie O’Shea, Caroline Ogilvie, Kai-Ren Ong, Soo-Mi Park, Michael J. Parker, Chirag Patel, Joan Paterson, Stewart Payne, Daniel Perrett, Julie Phipps, Daniela T. Pilz, Martin Pollard, Caroline Pottinger, Joanna Poulton, Norman Pratt, Katrina Prescott, Sue Price, Abigail Pridham, Annie Procter, Hellen Purnell, Oliver Quarrell, Nicola Ragge, Raheleh Rahbari, Josh Randall, Julia Rankin, Lucy Raymond, Debbie Rice, Leema Robert, Eileen Roberts, Jonathan Roberts, Paul Roberts, Gillian Roberts, Alison Ross, Elisabeth Rosser, Anand Saggar, Shalaka Samant, Julian Sampson, Richard Sandford, Ajoy Sarkar, Susann Schweiger, Richard Scott, Ingrid Scurr, Ann Selby, Anneke Seller, Cheryl Sequeira, Nora Shannon, Saba Sharif, Charles Shaw-Smith, Emma Shearing, Debbie Shears, Eamonn Sheridan, Ingrid Simonic, Roldan Singzon, Zara Skitt, Audrey Smith, Kath Smith, Sarah Smithson, Linda Sneddon, Miranda Splitt, Miranda Squires, Fiona Stewart, Helen Stewart, Volker Straub, Mohnish Suri, Vivienne Sutton, Ganesh Jawahar Swaminathan, Elizabeth Sweeney, Kate Tatton-Brown, Cat Taylor, Rohan Taylor, Mark Tein, I. Karen Temple, Jenny Thomson, Marc Tischkowitz, Susan Tomkins, Audrey Torokwa, Becky Treacy, Claire Turner, Peter Turnpenny, Carolyn Tysoe, Anthony Vandersteen, Vinod Varghese, Pradeep Vasudevan, Parthiban Vijayarangakannan, Emma Wakeling, Sarah Wallwark, Jonathon Waters, Astrid Weber, Diana Wellesley, Margo Whiteford, Sara Widaa, Sarah Wilcox, Emily Wilkinson, Denise Williams, Nicola Williams, Louise Wilson, Geoff Woods, Christopher Wragg, Michael Wright, Laura Yates, Michael Yau, Chris Nellåker, Michael Parker, Helen V. Firth, Caroline F. Wright, David R. FitzPatrick, Jeffrey C. Barrett, Matthew E. Hurles, Department of Medicine 1, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Center for Medical Genetics, Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie della Cognizione, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (ISTC, CNR), Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie della Cognizione, Station biologique de Roscoff [Roscoff] (SBR), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), CHU Pitié-Salpêtrière [AP-HP], Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Sorbonne Université (SU), Génétique médicale [Centre Hospitalier de Vannes], Centre hospitalier Bretagne Atlantique (Morbihan) (CHBA), Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan [Ann Arbor], University of Michigan System-University of Michigan System, Centre de Génétique Chromosomique [Hôpital Saint Vincent de Paul], Hôpital Saint Vincent de Paul-Groupement des Hôpitaux de l'Institut Catholique de Lille (GHICL), Université catholique de Lille (UCL)-Université catholique de Lille (UCL), Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes (IGDR), Université de Rennes (UR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Structure Fédérative de Recherche en Biologie et Santé de Rennes ( Biosit : Biologie - Santé - Innovation Technologique ), Service de génétique médicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois [Lausanne] (CHUV), Institute of Human Genetics, Technische Universität Munchen - Université Technique de Munich [Munich, Allemagne] (TUM)-Helmholtz Zentrum München = German Research Center for Environmental Health, Groupe de Recherche Clinique : Déficience Intellectuelle et Autisme (GRC), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC), Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia (CHOP ), Service de Génétique Médicale, Centre hospitalier universitaire de Nantes (CHU Nantes), Department of Public Health Sciences, Karolinska Institutet [Stockholm], Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine (BCM), Baylor University-Baylor University, Institute of Medical Genetics, Universität Zürich [Zürich] = University of Zurich (UZH), Università degli Studi di Camerino = University of Camerino (UNICAM), Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire [Lille] (CHRU Lille), University of Oxford, GeneDx [Gaithersburg, MD, USA], Department of Clinical Genetics (Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam), VU University Medical Center [Amsterdam], Marseille medical genetics - Centre de génétique médicale de Marseille (MMG), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Department of Clinical Genetics, Aarhus University Hospital, Boston Children's Hospital, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute [Cambridge], Institute of Biomedical Engineering [Oxford] (IBME), Climatic Research Unit, University of East Anglia [Norwich] (UEA), Imperial College London, St Mary's Hospital, East Anglian Medical Genetics Service, Cytogenetics Laboratory, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Sheffield Children's NHS Foundation Trust, Regional Genetic Service, St Mary's Hospital, Manchester, Genetics, University of Southampton, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children [London] (GOSH), Yorkshire Regional Clinical Genetics Service, Chapel Allerton Hospital, Molecular and Clinical Medicine [Dundee, UK] (School of Medicine), University of Dundee [UK]-Ninewells Hospital & Medical School [Dundee, UK], Department of Clinical Genetics, Oxford Regional Genetics Service, The Churchill hospital, North West Thames Regional Genetics, Northwick Park Hospital, Royal Devon & Exeter Hospital, Wessex Clinical Genetics Service, Wessex clinical genetics service, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust (MFT), West Midlands Regional Genetics Service, Birmingham Women's and Children's NHS Foundation Trust, Our Lady's hospital for Sick Children, Our Lady's Hospital for Sick Children, Guy's Hospital [London], University Hospitals Leicester, University of Edinburgh, Belfast City Hospital, Ferguson-Smith Centre for Clinical Genetics, Yorkhill Hospitals, Institute of Medical Genetics, Heath Park, Cardiff, The London Clinic, Nottingham City Hospital, Clinical Genetics Department, St Michael's Hospital, Department of Genetic Medicine, Nottingham Clinical Genetics Service, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust (NUH), Royal Devon and Exeter Foundation Trust, Histopathology, St. George's Hospital, Teesside Genetics Unit, James Cook University (JCU), Kansas State University, Liverpool Women's NHS Foundation Trust, Department of Medical Genetics, HMNC Brain Health, North West Thames Regional Genetics Service, Northwick Park Hospital, Harrow, Leicester Royal Infirmary, University Hospitals Leicester-University Hospitals Leicester, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School [Dundee], Academic Centre on Rare Diseases (ACoRD), University College Dublin [Dublin] (UCD), Oxford Brookes University, Institute of medicinal plant development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Newcastle Upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Trust, Service d'explorations fonctionnelles respiratoires [Lille], Department of Computer Science - Trinity College Dublin, University of Dublin, Department of Clinical Genetics (Sheffield Children’s NHS Foundation Trust), Division of Medical & Molecular Genetics, NHS Greater Glasgow & Clyde [Glasgow] (NHSGGC), Department of Clinical Genetics [Churchill Hospital], Churchill Hospital Oxford Centre for Haematology, Weizmann Institute of Science [Rehovot, Israël], Southampton General Hospital, Western General Hospital, Head of the Department of Medical Genetics, University of Birmingham [Birmingham], SW Thames Regional Genetics Service, St Georgeâ™s University of London, London, Institut Cochin (IC UM3 (UMR 8104 / U1016)), Université Paris Descartes - Paris 5 (UPD5)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), All Wales Medical Genetics Services, Singleton Hospital, Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, University of North Texas (UNT), Clinical Genetics, Northern Genetics Service, Newcastle University [Newcastle], United Kingdom Met Office [Exeter], Institute of Medical Genetics (University Hospital of Wales), University Hospital of Wales (UHW), West Midlands Regional Genetics Laboratory and Clinical Genetics Unit, Birmingham Women's Hospital, Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Department of Genetics, Cell- and Immunobiology, Semmelweis University, University Hospitals Bristol, Marketing (MKT), EESC-GEM Grenoble Ecole de Management, Addenbrookes Hospital, West of Scotland Genetics Service (Queen Elizabeth University Hospital), University Hospital Birmingham Queen Elizabeth, Department of Clnical Genetics, Chapel Allerton Hospital, Department of Clinical Genetics, Northampton General Hospital, Northampton, Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital [Exeter, UK] (RDEH), Guy's and St Thomas' Hospital [London], School of Computer Science, Bangor University, University Hospital Southampton, Clinical Genetics Unit, St Georges, University of London, Medical Genetics, Cardiff University, Research and Development, Futurelab, Nottingham Regional Genetics Service [Nottingham, UK], Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust (NUH)-City Hospital Campus [Nottingham, UK], University of St Andrews [Scotland], Clinical Genetics Service, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust - City Hospital Campus, West Midlands Regional Genetics Unit, Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University (JHU), Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust, St James's University Hospital, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge University NHS Trust, Institute of Human Genetics, Newcastle, Division of Biological Stress Response [Amsterdam, The Netherlands], The Netherlands Cancer Institute [Amsterdam, The Netherlands], Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health [Baltimore], Birmingham Women’s Hospital, Department of Genetics, Portuguese Oncology Institute, Molecular Genetics, IWK Health Centre, IWK health centre, North West london hospitals NHS Trust, Department of Clinical Genetics (Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, Glasgow), Queen Elizabeth University Hospital (Glasgow), Birmingham women's hospital, Birmingham, Ethox Centre, Department of Public Health and Primary Health Care, University of Oxford, Badenoch Building, Old Road Campus, Headington, R01 HD091846, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health’s National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Boston Children’s Hospital Faculty Development Fellowship, UM1HG008900, Broad Center for Mendelian Genomics, Chile’s National Commission for Scientific and Technological Research, DFG WE4896/3-1, German Research Society, WT 100127, Health Innovation Challenge Fund, Comprehensive Clinical Research Network, Skaggs-Oxford Scholarship, 10/H0305/83, Cambridge South REC, REC GEN/284/12, Republic of Ireland, WT098051, Wellcome Sanger Institute, 72160007, Comisión Nacional de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Technische Universität Kaiserslautern, 1DH1813319, Dietmar Hopp Stiftung, National Institute for Health Research, Department of Health & Social Care, Service de neurologie 1 [CHU Pitié-Salpétrière], Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-CHU Pitié-Salpêtrière [AP-HP], Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Sorbonne Université (SU), Hôpital Saint Vincent de Paul-GHICL, Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Structure Fédérative de Recherche en Biologie et Santé de Rennes ( Biosit : Biologie - Santé - Innovation Technologique ), Technische Universität Munchen - Université Technique de Munich [Munich, Allemagne] (TUM)-Helmholtz-Zentrum München (HZM)-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Service de Génétique Cytogénétique et Embryologie [CHU Pitié-Salpêtrière], Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Sorbonne Université (SU), Università degli Studi di Camerino (UNICAM), University of Oxford [Oxford], Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU), Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham University Hospitals, SW Thames Regional Genetics Service, St Georgeâ™s University of London, London, University Hospital of Wales, Grenoble Ecole de Management, Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital, City Hospital Campus [Nottingham, UK]-Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust [UK], ANS - Complex Trait Genetics, Human Genetics, ARD - Amsterdam Reproduction and Development, ACS - Pulmonary hypertension & thrombosis, Service de Neurologie [CHU Pitié-Salpêtrière], IFR70-CHU Pitié-Salpêtrière [AP-HP], GHICL-Hôpital Saint Vincent de Paul, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Descartes - Paris 5 (UPD5)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Université Friedrich-Alexander d'Erlangen-Nuremberg, Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (APHP)-CHU Pitié-Salpêtrière [APHP], Centre Hospitalier Bretagne Atlantique [Vannes], Technische Universität München [München] (TUM)-Helmholtz-Zentrum München (HZM)-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Service de Génétique et Cytogénétique [CHU Pitié-Salpêtrière], University of Zürich [Zürich] (UZH), Università di Camerino (UNICAM), Birmingham Women's Hospital Healthcare NHS Trust, University Hospitals of Leicester, Sheffield Children’s Hospital, Weizmann Institute of Science, and Grenoble Ecole de Management (GEM)
Subjects: 0301 basic medicine, Male, Microcephaly, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Haploinsufficiency, autism, epilepsy, epileptic encephalopathy, global developmental delay, H3K4 methylation, intellectual disability, KMT2E, neurodevelopmental disorder, Adolescent, Adult, Child, Child, Preschool, DNA-Binding Proteins, Epilepsy, Female, Humans, Infant, Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Pedigree, Phenotype, Young Adult, Genetic Variation, Heterozygote, 0302 clinical medicine, Neurodevelopmental disorder, Intellectual disability, Global developmental delay, Genetics (clinical), ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Genetics, 0303 health sciences, Hypotonia, 030220 oncology & carcinogenesis, medicine.symptom, Rare cancers Radboud Institute for Health Sciences [Radboudumc 9], 03 medical and health sciences, Report, medicine, Journal Article, Expressivity (genetics), Preschool, 030304 developmental biology, [SDV.GEN]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Genetics, business.industry, Macrocephaly, medicine.disease, 030104 developmental biology, [SDV.GEN.GH]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Genetics/Human genetics, Autism, business, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery
Abstract: Contains fulltext : 206572.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Open Access) We delineate a KMT2E-related neurodevelopmental disorder on the basis of 38 individuals in 36 families. This study includes 31 distinct heterozygous variants in KMT2E (28 ascertained from Matchmaker Exchange and three previously reported), and four individuals with chromosome 7q22.2-22.23 microdeletions encompassing KMT2E (one previously reported). Almost all variants occurred de novo, and most were truncating. Most affected individuals with protein-truncating variants presented with mild intellectual disability. One-quarter of individuals met criteria for autism. Additional common features include macrocephaly, hypotonia, functional gastrointestinal abnormalities, and a subtle facial gestalt. Epilepsy was present in about one-fifth of individuals with truncating variants and was responsive to treatment with anti-epileptic medications in almost all. More than 70% of the individuals were male, and expressivity was variable by sex; epilepsy was more common in females and autism more common in males. The four individuals with microdeletions encompassing KMT2E generally presented similarly to those with truncating variants, but the degree of developmental delay was greater. The group of four individuals with missense variants in KMT2E presented with the most severe developmental delays. Epilepsy was present in all individuals with missense variants, often manifesting as treatment-resistant infantile epileptic encephalopathy. Microcephaly was also common in this group. Haploinsufficiency versus gain-of-function or dominant-negative effects specific to these missense variants in KMT2E might explain this divergence in phenotype, but requires independent validation. Disruptive variants in KMT2E are an under-recognized cause of neurodevelopmental abnormalities.
Published: 2019
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7. STAG1 mutations cause a novel cohesinopathy characterised by unspecific syndromic intellectual disability

Author: Julien Thevenon, Christiane Zweier, Hilde Olivié, Nicole Revencu, Aurélia Jacquette, Megan T. Cho, Anne-Laure Mosca-Boidron, Marjolein H. Willemsen, Laurence Faivre, Yannis Duffourd, Odile Boute-Benejean, Elaine H. Zackai, Carey McDougall, Amber Begtrup, Anita Rauch, Christel Thauvin-Robinet, Perrine Charles, Koen L.I. van Gassen, Thomas Smol, Laurence Duplomb-Jego, Daphné Lehalle, Amanda Clarkson, Orrin Devinsky, Catherine Vincent-Delorme, Paul Kuentz, Bénédicte Gérard, Patrick Callier, Karol Rubin, Jean-Baptiste Rivière, Sébastien Moutton, Deborah J. Shears, Ana Lisa Taylor Tavares, Ingrid Simonic, Paulien A. Terhal, Soo-Mi Park, Alice Masurel-Paulet, and Golder N. Wilson
Subjects: 0301 basic medicine, Genetics, Mutation, Cohesin complex, Point mutation, Biology, medicine.disease, medicine.disease_cause, Bioinformatics, Frameshift mutation, 03 medical and health sciences, 030104 developmental biology, 0302 clinical medicine, Intellectual disability, medicine, Journal Article, Missense mutation, Gene, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery, Genetics (clinical), Exome sequencing, Rare cancers Radboud Institute for Health Sciences [Radboudumc 9]
Abstract: Item does not contain fulltext BACKGROUND: Cohesinopathies are rare neurodevelopmental disorders arising from a dysfunction in the cohesin pathway, which enables chromosome segregation and regulates gene transcription. So far, eight genes from this pathway have been reported in human disease. STAG1 belongs to the STAG subunit of the core cohesin complex, along with five other subunits. This work aimed to identify the phenotype ascribed to STAG1 mutations. METHODS: Among patients referred for intellectual disability (ID) in genetics departments worldwide, array-comparative genomic hybridisation (CGH), gene panel, whole-exome sequencing or whole-genome sequencing were performed following the local diagnostic standards. RESULTS: A mutation in STAG1 was identified in 17 individuals from 16 families, 9 males and 8 females aged 2-33 years. Four individuals harboured a small microdeletion encompassing STAG1; three individuals from two families had an intragenic STAG1 deletion. Six deletions were identified by array-CGH, one by whole-exome sequencing. Whole-exome sequencing found de novo heterozygous missense or frameshift STAG1 variants in eight patients, a panel of genes involved in ID identified a missense and a frameshift variant in two individuals. The 17 patients shared common facial features, with wide mouth and deep-set eyes. Four individuals had mild microcephaly, seven had epilepsy. CONCLUSIONS: We report an international series of 17 individuals from 16 families presenting with syndromic unspecific ID that could be attributed to a STAG1 deletion or point mutation. This first series reporting the phenotype ascribed to mutation in STAG1 highlights the importance of data sharing in the field of rare disorders.
Published: 2017
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8. Bi-allelic Loss-of-Function CACNA1B Mutations in Progressive Epilepsy-Dyskinesia

Author: Kathleen M. Gorman, Esther Meyer, Detelina Grozeva, Egidio Spinelli, Amy McTague, Alba Sanchis-Juan, Keren J. Carss, Emily Bryant, Adi Reich, Amy L. Schneider, Ronit M. Pressler, Michael A. Simpson, Geoff D. Debelle, Evangeline Wassmer, Jenny Morton, Diana Sieciechowicz, Eric Jan-Kamsteeg, Alex R. Paciorkowski, Mary D. King, J. Helen Cross, Annapurna Poduri, Heather C. Mefford, Ingrid E. Scheffer, Tobias B. Haack, Gary McCullagh, John J. Millichap, Gemma L. Carvill, Jill Clayton-Smith, Eamonn R. Maher, F. Lucy Raymond, Manju A. Kurian, Jeremy F. McRae, Stephen Clayton, Tomas W. Fitzgerald, Joanna Kaplanis, Elena Prigmore, Diana Rajan, Alejandro Sifrim, Stuart Aitken, Nadia Akawi, Mohsan Alvi, Kirsty Ambridge, Daniel M. Barrett, Tanya Bayzetinova, Philip Jones, Wendy D. Jones, Daniel King, Netravathi Krishnappa, Laura E. Mason, Tarjinder Singh, Adrian R. Tivey, Munaza Ahmed, Uruj Anjum, Hayley Archer, Ruth Armstrong, Jana Awada, Meena Balasubramanian, Siddharth Banka, Diana Baralle, Angela Barnicoat, Paul Batstone, David Baty, Chris Bennett, Jonathan Berg, Birgitta Bernhard, A. Paul Bevan, Maria Bitner-Glindzicz, Edward Blair, Moira Blyth, David Bohanna, Louise Bourdon, David Bourn, Lisa Bradley, Angela Brady, Simon Brent, Carole Brewer, Kate Brunstrom, David J. Bunyan, John Burn, Natalie Canham, Bruce Castle, Kate Chandler, Elena Chatzimichali, Deirdre Cilliers, Angus Clarke, Susan Clasper, Virginia Clowes, Andrea Coates, Trevor Cole, Irina Colgiu, Amanda Collins, Morag N. Collinson, Fiona Connell, Nicola Cooper, Helen Cox, Lara Cresswell, Gareth Cross, Yanick Crow, Mariella D’Alessandro, Tabib Dabir, Rosemarie Davidson, Sally Davies, Dylan de Vries, John Dean, Charu Deshpande, Gemma Devlin, Abhijit Dixit, Angus Dobbie, Alan Donaldson, Dian Donnai, Deirdre Donnelly, Carina Donnelly, Angela Douglas, Sofia Douzgou, Alexis Duncan, Jacqueline Eason, Sian Ellard, Ian Ellis, Frances Elmslie, Karenza Evans, Sarah Everest, Tina Fendick, Richard Fisher, Frances Flinter, Nicola Foulds, Andrew Fry, Alan Fryer, Carol Gardiner, Lorraine Gaunt, Neeti Ghali, Richard Gibbons, Harinder Gill, Judith Goodship, David Goudie, Emma Gray, Andrew Green, Philip Greene, Lynn Greenhalgh, Susan Gribble, Rachel Harrison, Lucy Harrison, Victoria Harrison, Rose Hawkins, Liu He, Stephen Hellens, Alex Henderson, Sarah Hewitt, Lucy Hildyard, Emma Hobson, Simon Holden, Muriel Holder, Susan Holder, Georgina Hollingsworth, Tessa Homfray, Mervyn Humphreys, Jane Hurst, Ben Hutton, Stuart Ingram, Melita Irving, Lily Islam, Andrew Jackson, Joanna Jarvis, Lucy Jenkins, Diana Johnson, Elizabeth Jones, Dragana Josifova, Shelagh Joss, Beckie Kaemba, Sandra Kazembe, Rosemary Kelsell, Bronwyn Kerr, Helen Kingston, Usha Kini, Esther Kinning, Gail Kirby, Claire Kirk, Emma Kivuva, Alison Kraus, Dhavendra Kumar, V. K. Ajith Kumar, Katherine Lachlan, Wayne Lam, Anne Lampe, Caroline Langman, Melissa Lees, Derek Lim, Cheryl Longman, Gordon Lowther, Sally A. Lynch, Alex Magee, Eddy Maher, Alison Male, Sahar Mansour, Karen Marks, Katherine Martin, Una Maye, Emma McCann, Vivienne McConnell, Meriel McEntagart, Ruth McGowan, Kirsten McKay, Shane McKee, Dominic J. McMullan, Susan McNerlan, Catherine McWilliam, Sarju Mehta, Kay Metcalfe, Anna Middleton, Zosia Miedzybrodzka, Emma Miles, Shehla Mohammed, Tara Montgomery, David Moore, Sian Morgan, Hood Mugalaasi, Victoria Murday, Helen Murphy, Swati Naik, Andrea Nemeth, Louise Nevitt, Ruth Newbury-Ecob, Andrew Norman, Rosie O’Shea, Caroline Ogilvie, Kai-Ren Ong, Soo-Mi Park, Michael J. Parker, Chirag Patel, Joan Paterson, Stewart Payne, Daniel Perrett, Julie Phipps, Daniela T. Pilz, Martin Pollard, Caroline Pottinger, Joanna Poulton, Norman Pratt, Katrina Prescott, Sue Price, Abigail Pridham, Annie Procter, Hellen Purnell, Oliver Quarrell, Nicola Ragge, Raheleh Rahbari, Josh Randall, Julia Rankin, Lucy Raymond, Debbie Rice, Leema Robert, Eileen Roberts, Jonathan Roberts, Paul Roberts, Gillian Roberts, Alison Ross, Elisabeth Rosser, Anand Saggar, Shalaka Samant, Julian Sampson, Richard Sandford, Ajoy Sarkar, Susann Schweiger, Richard Scott, Ingrid Scurr, Ann Selby, Anneke Seller, Cheryl Sequeira, Nora Shannon, Saba Sharif, Charles Shaw-Smith, Emma Shearing, Debbie Shears, Eamonn Sheridan, Ingrid Simonic, Roldan Singzon, Zara Skitt, Audrey Smith, Kath Smith, Sarah Smithson, Linda Sneddon, Miranda Splitt, Miranda Squires, Fiona Stewart, Helen Stewart, Volker Straub, Mohnish Suri, Vivienne Sutton, Ganesh Jawahar Swaminathan, Elizabeth Sweeney, Kate Tatton-Brown, Cat Taylor, Rohan Taylor, Mark Tein, I. Karen Temple, Jenny Thomson, Marc Tischkowitz, Susan Tomkins, Audrey Torokwa, Becky Treacy, Claire Turner, Peter Turnpenny, Carolyn Tysoe, Anthony Vandersteen, Vinod Varghese, Pradeep Vasudevan, Parthiban Vijayarangakannan, Julie Vogt, Emma Wakeling, Sarah Wallwark, Jonathon Waters, Astrid Weber, Diana Wellesley, Margo Whiteford, Sara Widaa, Sarah Wilcox, Emily Wilkinson, Denise Williams, Nicola Williams, Louise Wilson, Geoff Woods, Christopher Wragg, Michael Wright, Laura Yates, Michael Yau, Chris Nellåker, Michael Parker, Helen V. Firth, Caroline F. Wright, David R. FitzPatrick, Jeffrey C. Barrett, Matthew E. Hurles, Saeed Al Turki, Carl Anderson, Richard Anney, Dinu Antony, Maria Soler Artigas, Muhammad Ayub, Senduran Balasubramaniam, Inês Barroso, Phil Beales, Jamie Bentham, Shoumo Bhattacharya, Ewan Birney, Douglas Blackwood, Martin Bobrow, Elena Bochukova, Patrick Bolton, Rebecca Bounds, Chris Boustred, Gerome Breen, Mattia Calissano, Keren Carss, Krishna Chatterjee, Lu Chen, Antonio Ciampi, Sebhattin Cirak, Peter Clapham, Gail Clement, Guy Coates, David Collier, Catherine Cosgrove, Tony Cox, Nick Craddock, Lucy Crooks, Sarah Curran, David Curtis, Allan Daly, Aaron Day-Williams, Ian N.M. Day, Thomas Down, Yuanping Du, Ian Dunham, Sarah Edkins, Peter Ellis, David Evans, Sadaf Faroogi, Ghazaleh Fatemifar, David R. Fitzpatrick, Paul Flicek, James Flyod, A. Reghan Foley, Christopher S. Franklin, Marta Futema, Louise Gallagher, Matthias Geihs, Daniel Geschwind, Heather Griffin, Xueqin Guo, Xiaosen Guo, Hugh Gurling, Deborah Hart, Audrey Hendricks, Peter Holmans, Bryan Howie, Liren Huang, Tim Hubbard, Steve E. Humphries, Pirro Hysi, David K. Jackson, Yalda Jamshidi, Tian Jing, Chris Joyce, Jane Kaye, Thomas Keane, Julia Keogh, John Kemp, Karen Kennedy, Anja Kolb-Kokocinski, Genevieve Lachance, Cordelia Langford, Daniel Lawson, Irene Lee, Monkol Lek, Jieqin Liang, Hong Lin, Rui Li, Yingrui Li, Ryan Liu, Jouko Lönnqvist, Margarida Lopes, Valentina Iotchkova, Daniel MacArthur, Jonathan Marchini, John Maslen, Mangino Massimo, Iain Mathieson, Gaëlle Marenne, Peter McGuffin, Andrew McIntosh, Andrew G. McKechanie, Andrew McQuillin, Sarah Metrustry, Hannah Mitchison, Alireza Moayyeri, James Morris, Francesco Muntoni, Kate Northstone, Michael O'Donnovan, Alexandros Onoufriadis, Stephen O'Rahilly, Karim Oualkacha, Michael J. Owen, Aarno Palotie, Kalliope Panoutsopoulou, Victoria Parker, Jeremy R. Parr, Lavinia Paternoster, Tiina Paunio, Felicity Payne, Olli Pietilainen, Vincent Plagnol, Lydia Quaye, Michael A. Quail, Karola Rehnström, Susan Ring, Graham R.S. Ritchie, Nicola Roberts, David B. Savage, Peter Scambler, Stephen Schiffels, Miriam Schmidts, Nadia Schoenmakers, Robert K. Semple, Eva Serra, Sally I. Sharp, So-Youn Shin, David Skuse, Kerrin Small, Lorraine Southam, Olivera Spasic-Boskovic, David St Clair, Jim Stalker, Elizabeth Stevens, Beate St Pourcian, Jianping Sun, Jaana Suvisaari, Ionna Tachmazidou, Martin D. Tobin, Ana Valdes, Margriet Van Kogelenberg, Peter M. Visscher, Louise V. Wain, James T.R. Walters, Guangbiao Wang, Jun Wang, Yu Wang, Kirsten Ward, Elanor Wheeler, Tamieka Whyte, Hywel Williams, Kathleen A. Williamson, Crispian Wilson, Kim Wong, ChangJiang Xu, Jian Yang, Fend Zhang, Pingbo Zhang, Timothy Aitman, Hana Alachkar, Sonia Ali, Louise Allen, David Allsup, Gautum Ambegaonkar, Julie Anderson, Richard Antrobus, Gavin Arno, Gururaj Arumugakani, Sofie Ashford, William Astle, Antony Attwood, Steve Austin, Chiara Bacchelli, Tamam Bakchoul, Tadbir K. Bariana, Helen Baxendale, David Bennett, Claire Bethune, Shahnaz Bibi, Marta Bleda, Harm Boggard, Paula Bolton-Maggs, Claire Booth, John R. Bradley, Angie Brady, Matthew Brown, Michael Browning, Christine Bryson, Siobhan Burns, Paul Calleja, Jenny Carmichael, Mark Caulfield, Elizabeth Chalmers, Anita Chandra, Patrick Chinnery, Manali Chitre, Colin Church, Emma Clement, Naomi Clements-Brod, Gerry Coghlan, Peter Collins, Nichola Cooper, Amanda Creaser-Myers, Rosa DaCosta, Louise Daugherty, Sophie Davies, John Davis, Minka De Vries, Patrick Deegan, Sri V.V. Deevi, Lisa Devlin, Eleanor Dewhurst, Rainer Doffinger, Natalie Dormand, Elizabeth Drewe, David Edgar, William Egner, Wendy N. Erber, Marie Erwood, Tamara Everington, Remi Favier, Helen Firth, Debra Fletcher, James C. Fox, Amy Frary, Kathleen Freson, Bruce Furie, Abigail Furnell, Daniel Gale, Alice Gardham, Michael Gattens, Pavandeep K. Ghataorhe, Rohit Ghurye, Simon Gibbs, Kimberley Gilmour, Paul Gissen, Sarah Goddard, Keith Gomez, Pavel Gordins, Stefan Gräf, Daniel Greene, Alan Greenhalgh, Andreas Greinacher, Sofia Grigoriadou, Scott Hackett, Charaka Hadinnapola, Rosie Hague, Matthias Haimel, Csaba Halmagyi, Tracey Hammerton, Daniel Hart, Grant Hayman, Johan W.M. Heemskerk, Robert Henderson, Anke Hensiek, Yvonne Henskens, Archana Herwadkar, Fengyuan Hu, Aarnoud Huissoon, Marc Humbert, Roger James, Stephen Jolles, Rashid Kazmi, David Keeling, Peter Kelleher, Anne M. Kelly, Fiona Kennedy, David Kiely, Nathalie Kingston, Ania Koziell, Deepa Krishnakumar, Taco W. Kuijpers, Dinakantha Kumararatne, Manju Kurian, Michael A. Laffan, Michele P. Lambert, Hana Lango Allen, Allan Lawrie, Sara Lear, Claire Lentaigne, Ri Liesner, Rachel Linger, Hilary Longhurst, Lorena Lorenzo, Rajiv Machado, Rob Mackenzie, Robert MacLaren, Eamonn Maher, Jesmeen Maimaris, Sarah Mangles, Ania Manson, Rutendo Mapeta, Hugh S. Markus, Jennifer Martin, Larahmie Masati, Mary Mathias, Vera Matser, Anna Maw, Elizabeth McDermott, Coleen McJannet, Stuart Meacham, Sharon Meehan, Karyn Megy, Michel Michaelides, Carolyn M. Millar, Shahin Moledina, Anthony Moore, Nicholas Morrell, Andrew Mumford, Sai Murng, Elaine Murphy, Sergey Nejentsev, Sadia Noorani, Paquita Nurden, Eric Oksenhendler, Willem H. Ouwehand, Sofia Papadia, Alasdair Parker, John Pasi, Chris Patch, Jeanette Payne, Andrew Peacock, Kathelijne Peerlinck, Christopher J. Penkett, Joanna Pepke-Zaba, David J. Perry, Val Pollock, Gary Polwarth, Mark Ponsford, Waseem Qasim, Isabella Quinti, Stuart Rankin, Karola Rehnstrom, Evan Reid, Christopher J. Rhodes, Michael Richards, Sylvia Richardson, Alex Richter, Irene Roberts, Matthew Rondina, Catherine Roughley, Kevin Rue-Albrecht, Crina Samarghitean, Saikat Santra, Ravishankar Sargur, Sinisa Savic, Sol Schulman, Harald Schulze, Marie Scully, Suranjith Seneviratne, Carrock Sewell, Olga Shamardina, Debbie Shipley, Ilenia Simeoni, Suthesh Sivapalaratnam, Kenneth Smith, Aman Sohal, Laura Southgate, Simon Staines, Emily Staples, Hans Stauss, Penelope Stein, Jonathan Stephens, Kathleen Stirrups, Sophie Stock, Jay Suntharalingam, R. Campbell Tait, Kate Talks, Yvonne Tan, Jecko Thachil, James Thaventhiran, Ellen Thomas, Moira Thomas, Dorothy Thompson, Adrian Thrasher, Catherine Titterton, Cheng-Hock Toh, Mark Toshner, Carmen Treacy, Richard Trembath, Salih Tuna, Wojciech Turek, Ernest Turro, Chris Van Geet, Marijke Veltman, Julie von Ziegenweldt, Anton Vonk Noordegraaf, Ivy Wanjiku, Timothy Q. Warner, Hugh Watkins, Andrew Webster, Steve Welch, Sarah Westbury, John Wharton, Deborah Whitehorn, Martin Wilkins, Lisa Willcocks, Catherine Williamson, Geoffrey Woods, John Wort, Nigel Yeatman, Patrick Yong, Tim Young, Ping Yu, Paediatric Infectious Diseases / Rheumatology / Immunology, ARD - Amsterdam Reproduction and Development, Pediatric surgery, APH - Aging & Later Life, Molecular cell biology and Immunology, Pulmonary medicine, ACS - Pulmonary hypertension & thrombosis, and APH - Quality of Care
Subjects: 0301 basic medicine, Male, Adolescent, Loss of Heterozygosity, Context (language use), Postnatal microcephaly, Neurotransmission, medicine.disease_cause, Bioinformatics, Synaptic Transmission, Loss of heterozygosity, 03 medical and health sciences, Epilepsy, 0302 clinical medicine, Calcium Channels, N-Type, Report, Genetics, medicine, Humans, Child, Genetics (clinical), Mutation, Dyskinesias, business.industry, Infant, medicine.disease, Hypotonia, Pedigree, 030104 developmental biology, Dyskinesia, Child, Preschool, Calcium, Female, medicine.symptom, business, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery
Abstract: © 2019 American Society of Human Genetics The occurrence of non-epileptic hyperkinetic movements in the context of developmental epileptic encephalopathies is an increasingly recognized phenomenon. Identification of causative mutations provides an important insight into common pathogenic mechanisms that cause both seizures and abnormal motor control. We report bi-allelic loss-of-function CACNA1B variants in six children from three unrelated families whose affected members present with a complex and progressive neurological syndrome. All affected individuals presented with epileptic encephalopathy, severe neurodevelopmental delay (often with regression), and a hyperkinetic movement disorder. Additional neurological features included postnatal microcephaly and hypotonia. Five children died in childhood or adolescence (mean age of death: 9 years), mainly as a result of secondary respiratory complications. CACNA1B encodes the pore-forming subunit of the pre-synaptic neuronal voltage-gated calcium channel Cav2.2/N-type, crucial for SNARE-mediated neurotransmission, particularly in the early postnatal period. Bi-allelic loss-of-function variants in CACNA1B are predicted to cause disruption of Ca2+ influx, leading to impaired synaptic neurotransmission. The resultant effect on neuronal function is likely to be important in the development of involuntary movements and epilepsy. Overall, our findings provide further evidence for the key role of Cav2.2 in normal human neurodevelopment.
Published: 2018
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9. Histone Lysine Methylases and Demethylases in the Landscape of Human Developmental Disorders

Author: Víctor Faundes, William G. Newman, Laura Bernardini, Natalie Canham, Jill Clayton-Smith, Bruno Dallapiccola, Sally J. Davies, Michelle K. Demos, Amy Goldman, Harinder Gill, Rachel Horton, Bronwyn Kerr, Dhavendra Kumar, Anna Lehman, Shane McKee, Jenny Morton, Michael J. Parker, Julia Rankin, Lisa Robertson, I. Karen Temple, Siddharth Banka, Shelin Adam, Christèle du Souich, Alison M. Elliott, Jill Mwenifumbo, Tanya N. Nelson, Clara van Karnebeek, Jan M. Friedman, Jeremy F. McRae, Stephen Clayton, Tomas W. Fitzgerald, Joanna Kaplanis, Elena Prigmore, Diana Rajan, Alejandro Sifrim, Stuart Aitken, Nadia Akawi, Mohsan Alvi, Kirsty Ambridge, Daniel M. Barrett, Tanya Bayzetinova, Philip Jones, Wendy D. Jones, Daniel King, Netravathi Krishnappa, Laura E. Mason, Tarjinder Singh, Adrian R. Tivey, Munaza Ahmed, Uruj Anjum, Hayley Archer, Ruth Armstrong, Jana Awada, Meena Balasubramanian, Diana Baralle, Angela Barnicoat, Paul Batstone, David Baty, Chris Bennett, Jonathan Berg, Birgitta Bernhard, A. Paul Bevan, Maria Bitner-Glindzicz, Edward Blair, Moira Blyth, David Bohanna, Louise Bourdon, David Bourn, Lisa Bradley, Angela Brady, Simon Brent, Carole Brewer, Kate Brunstrom, David J. Bunyan, John Burn, Bruce Castle, Kate Chandler, Elena Chatzimichali, Deirdre Cilliers, Angus Clarke, Susan Clasper, Virginia Clowes, Andrea Coates, Trevor Cole, Irina Colgiu, Amanda Collins, Morag N. Collinson, Fiona Connell, Nicola Cooper, Helen Cox, Lara Cresswell, Gareth Cross, Yanick Crow, Mariella D’Alessandro, Tabib Dabir, Rosemarie Davidson, Sally Davies, Dylan de Vries, John Dean, Charu Deshpande, Gemma Devlin, Abhijit Dixit, Angus Dobbie, Alan Donaldson, Dian Donnai, Deirdre Donnelly, Carina Donnelly, Angela Douglas, Sofia Douzgou, Alexis Duncan, Jacqueline Eason, Sian Ellard, Ian Ellis, Frances Elmslie, Karenza Evans, Sarah Everest, Tina Fendick, Richard Fisher, Frances Flinter, Nicola Foulds, Andrew Fry, Alan Fryer, Carol Gardiner, Lorraine Gaunt, Neeti Ghali, Richard Gibbons, Judith Goodship, David Goudie, Emma Gray, Andrew Green, Philip Greene, Lynn Greenhalgh, Susan Gribble, Rachel Harrison, Lucy Harrison, Victoria Harrison, Rose Hawkins, Liu He, Stephen Hellens, Alex Henderson, Sarah Hewitt, Lucy Hildyard, Emma Hobson, Simon Holden, Muriel Holder, Susan Holder, Georgina Hollingsworth, Tessa Homfray, Mervyn Humphreys, Jane Hurst, Ben Hutton, Stuart Ingram, Melita Irving, Lily Islam, Andrew Jackson, Joanna Jarvis, Lucy Jenkins, Diana Johnson, Elizabeth Jones, Dragana Josifova, Shelagh Joss, Beckie Kaemba, Sandra Kazembe, Rosemary Kelsell, Helen Kingston, Usha Kini, Esther Kinning, Gail Kirby, Claire Kirk, Emma Kivuva, Alison Kraus, V.K. Ajith Kumar, Katherine Lachlan, Wayne Lam, Anne Lampe, Caroline Langman, Melissa Lees, Derek Lim, Cheryl Longman, Gordon Lowther, Sally A. Lynch, Alex Magee, Eddy Maher, Alison Male, Sahar Mansour, Karen Marks, Katherine Martin, Una Maye, Emma McCann, Vivienne McConnell, Meriel McEntagart, Ruth McGowan, Kirsten McKay, Dominic J. McMullan, Susan McNerlan, Catherine McWilliam, Sarju Mehta, Kay Metcalfe, Anna Middleton, Zosia Miedzybrodzka, Emma Miles, Shehla Mohammed, Tara Montgomery, David Moore, Sian Morgan, Hood Mugalaasi, Victoria Murday, Helen Murphy, Swati Naik, Andrea Nemeth, Louise Nevitt, Ruth Newbury-Ecob, Andrew Norman, Rosie O’Shea, Caroline Ogilvie, Kai-Ren Ong, Soo-Mi Park, Chirag Patel, Joan Paterson, Stewart Payne, Daniel Perrett, Julie Phipps, Daniela T. Pilz, Martin Pollard, Caroline Pottinger, Joanna Poulton, Norman Pratt, Katrina Prescott, Sue Price, Abigail Pridham, Annie Procter, Hellen Purnell, Oliver Quarrell, Nicola Ragge, Raheleh Rahbari, Josh Randall, Lucy Raymond, Debbie Rice, Leema Robert, Eileen Roberts, Jonathan Roberts, Paul Roberts, Gillian Roberts, Alison Ross, Elisabeth Rosser, Anand Saggar, Shalaka Samant, Julian Sampson, Richard Sandford, Ajoy Sarkar, Susann Schweiger, Richard Scott, Ingrid Scurr, Ann Selby, Anneke Seller, Cheryl Sequeira, Nora Shannon, Saba Sharif, Charles Shaw-Smith, Emma Shearing, Debbie Shears, Eamonn Sheridan, Ingrid Simonic, Roldan Singzon, Zara Skitt, Audrey Smith, Kath Smith, Sarah Smithson, Linda Sneddon, Miranda Splitt, Miranda Squires, Fiona Stewart, Helen Stewart, Volker Straub, Mohnish Suri, Vivienne Sutton, Ganesh Jawahar Swaminathan, Elizabeth Sweeney, Kate Tatton-Brown, Cat Taylor, Rohan Taylor, Mark Tein, Jenny Thomson, Marc Tischkowitz, Susan Tomkins, Audrey Torokwa, Becky Treacy, Claire Turner, Peter Turnpenny, Carolyn Tysoe, Anthony Vandersteen, Vinod Varghese, Pradeep Vasudevan, Parthiban Vijayarangakannan, Julie Vogt, Emma Wakeling, Sarah Wallwark, Jonathon Waters, Astrid Weber, Diana Wellesley, Margo Whiteford, Sara Widaa, Sarah Wilcox, Emily Wilkinson, Denise Williams, Nicola Williams, Louise Wilson, Geoff Woods, Christopher Wragg, Michael Wright, Laura Yates, Michael Yau, Chris Nellåker, Michael Parker, Helen V. Firth, Caroline F. Wright, David R. FitzPatrick, Jeffrey C. Barrett, and Matthew E. . Hurles
Subjects: 0301 basic medicine, ASH1L, Male, Methyltransferase, Adolescent, Histone lysine methylation, KMT5B, Developmental Disabilities, Haploinsufficiency, Biology, Compound heterozygosity, histone lysine methyltransferase, Chromatin remodeling, chromatin remodeling, 03 medical and health sciences, histone lysine demethylase, Report, Genetics, Humans, Child, Genetics (clinical), Regulation of gene expression, Histone Demethylases, Developmental disorders, KMT2C, KMT2B, Histone-Lysine N-Methyltransferase, 030104 developmental biology, Histone, Overgrowth syndrome, Child, Preschool, Mutation, biology.protein, KDM5B, Female
Abstract: Histone lysine methyltransferases (KMTs) and demethylases (KDMs) underpin gene regulation. Here we demonstrate that variants causing haploinsufficiency of KMTs and KDMs are frequently encountered in individuals with developmental disorders. Using a combination of human variation databases and existing animal models, we determine 22 KMTs and KDMs as additional candidates for dominantly inherited developmental disorders. We show that KMTs and KDMs that are associated with, or are candidates for, dominant developmental disorders tend to have a higher level of transcription, longer canonical transcripts, more interactors, and a higher number and more types of post-translational modifications than other KMT and KDMs. We provide evidence to firmly associate KMT2C, ASH1L, and KMT5B haploinsufficiency with dominant developmental disorders. Whereas KMT2C or ASH1L haploinsufficiency results in a predominantly neurodevelopmental phenotype with occasional physical anomalies, KMT5B mutations cause an overgrowth syndrome with intellectual disability. We further expand the phenotypic spectrum of KMT2B-related disorders and show that some individuals can have severe developmental delay without dystonia at least until mid-childhood. Additionally, we describe a recessive histone lysine-methylation defect caused by homozygous or compound heterozygous KDM5B variants and resulting in a recognizable syndrome with developmental delay, facial dysmorphism, and camptodactyly. Collectively, these results emphasize the significance of histone lysine methylation in normal human development and the importance of this process in human developmental disorders. Our results demonstrate that systematic clinically oriented pathway-based analysis of genomic data can accelerate the discovery of rare genetic disorders.
Published: 2017
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10. Reconstruction of the mouse extrahepatic biliary tree using primary human extrahepatic cholangiocyte organoids

Author: Kim B. Jensen, Nicholas R.F. Hannan, Johannes Bargehr, Olivia C. Tysoe, William Gelson, Ludovic Vallier, Edmund Godfrey, María J Gómez-Vázquez, Susan E. Davies, Sanjay Sinha, Negar Pirmadjid, Casey A. Rimland, Mariëlle C. F. Zonneveld, Marianne Terndrup Pedersen, Kirsten E. Snijders, Athina E. Markaki, N.L. Berntsen, Ingrid Simonic, Kourosh Saeb-Parsy, Laura Valestrand, Nikitas Georgakopoulos, Stephanie Brown, Richard L. Gieseck, Thomas A. Wynn, Pedro Madrigal, Graeme J.M. Alexander, Daniel Ortmann, Matthias Zilbauer, Fotios Sampaziotis, Alessandro Bertero, Tom H. Karlsen, Miguel Cardoso de Brito, Stephen J. Sawiak, Wenmiao Shu, Sara Upponi, Paulina M. Materek, Alexander W. Justin, Espen Melum, Alexander Ross, Loukia Yiangou, Matthias Pawlowski, Gregor Skeldon, and John Casey
Subjects: 0301 basic medicine, Pathology, medicine.medical_specialty, Cell Transplantation, Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator, In Vitro Techniques, Regenerative medicine, General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, Cholangiocyte, 03 medical and health sciences, Mice, Cholestasis, Secretin, Biliary atresia, Bile Ducts, Extrahepatic, TA164, medicine, Journal Article, Animals, Humans, Regeneration, Video-Audio Media, Biliary Tract, Keratin-19, Common bile duct, Tissue Engineering, Tissue Scaffolds, business.industry, Gallbladder, Keratin-7, Epithelial Cells, General Medicine, gamma-Glutamyltransferase, medicine.disease, Transplantation, Organoids, 030104 developmental biology, medicine.anatomical_structure, Biliary tract, business, Somatostatin
Abstract: The treatment of common bile duct (CBD) disorders, such as biliary atresia or ischemic strictures, is restricted by the lack of biliary tissue from healthy donors suitable for surgical reconstruction. Here we report a new method for the isolation and propagation of human cholangiocytes from the extrahepatic biliary tree in the form of extrahepatic cholangiocyte organoids (ECOs) for regenerative medicine applications. The resulting ECOs closely resemble primary cholangiocytes in terms of their transcriptomic profile and functional properties. We explore the regenerative potential of these organoids $\textit{in vivo}$ and demonstrate that ECOs self-organize into bile duct–like tubes expressing biliary markers following transplantation under the kidney capsule of immunocompromised mice. In addition, when seeded on biodegradable scaffolds, ECOs form tissue-like structures retaining biliary characteristics. The resulting bioengineered tissue can reconstruct the gallbladder wall and repair the biliary epithelium following transplantation into a mouse model of injury. Furthermore, bioengineered artificial ducts can replace the native CBD, with no evidence of cholestasis or occlusion of the lumen. In conclusion, ECOs can successfully reconstruct the biliary tree, providing proof of principle for organ regeneration using human primary cholangiocytes expanded $\textit{in vitro}$.
Published: 2017
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11. A novel microdeletion syndrome at 9q21.13 characterised by mental retardation, speech delay, epilepsy and characteristic facial features

Author: Göran Annerén, Cédric Le Caignec, Joris Andrieux, Henri Copin, Donald R. Love, Ingrid Simonic, Helen V. Firth, Ghislaine Plessis, Juliet Taylor, Salim Aftimos, Michèle Mathieu-Dramard, Adelheid Wiemer-Kruel, Bénédicte Demeer, Elise Boudry-Labis, Joris Vermeesch, Alice M. George, Juergen Kohlhase, Ann-Charlotte Thuresson, and Bertrand Isidor
Subjects: Male, Adolescent, Genetic syndromes, Developmental Disabilities, Karyotype, TRPM Cation Channels, Epilepsy, Intellectual Disability, Genetics, medicine, Humans, Abnormalities, Multiple, Language Development Disorders, Hypertelorism, Child, Genetic Association Studies, Genetics (clinical), Philtrum, business.industry, Serine Endopeptidases, Breakpoint, Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins, Infant, Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 1, Group F, Member 2, Proteins, General Medicine, Microdeletion syndrome, Microarray Analysis, medicine.disease, Phenotype, Neoplasm Proteins, Phosphotransferases (Alcohol Group Acceptor), medicine.anatomical_structure, Child, Preschool, Speech delay, Female, Proprotein Convertases, Chromosome Deletion, medicine.symptom, Chromosomes, Human, Pair 9, business, Electron Probe Microanalysis
Abstract: The increased use of array-CGH and SNP-arrays for genetic diagnosis has led to the identification of new microdeletion/microduplication syndromes and enabled genotype-phenotype correlations to be made. In this study, nine patients with 9q21 deletions were investigated and compared with four previously Decipher reported patients. Genotype-phenotype comparisons of 13 patients revealed several common major characteristics including significant developmental delay, epilepsy, neuro-behavioural disorders and recognizable facial features including hypertelorism, feature-less philtrum, and a thin upper lip. The molecular investigation identified deletions with different breakpoints and of variable lengths, but the 750 kb smallest overlapping deleted region includes four genes. Among these genes, RORB is a strong candidate for a neurological phenotype. To our knowledge, this is the first published report of 9q21 microdeletions and our observations strongly suggest that these deletions are responsible for a new genetic syndrome characterised by mental retardation with speech delay, epilepsy, autistic behaviour and moderate facial dysmorphy.
Published: 2013
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12. Replacement of the murine common bile duct with a bioengineered conduit incorporating primary human cholangiocyte organoids

Author: William Gelson, Olivia C. Tysoe, Casey A. Rimland, F. Sampaziotis, Stephen J. Sawiak, N. Pirmadjid, N.L. Berntsen, Stephanie Brown, Richard L. Gieseck, Kim B. Jensen, Paulina M. Materek, Alexander W. Justin, Tom H. Karlsen, M.C. de Brito, Daniel Ortmann, Nikitas Georgakopoulos, Marianne Terndrup Pedersen, Ludovic Vallier, Athina E. Markaki, Mariëlle C. F. Zonneveld, Alessandro Bertero, Kirsten E. Snijders, Ingrid Simonic, Sanjay Sinha, Graeme J.M. Alexander, Espen Melum, Thomas A. Wynn, Wenmiao Shu, Nicholas R.F. Hannan, Johannes Bargehr, Susan E. Davies, Kourosh Saeb-Parsy, Loukia Yiangou, Matthias Pawlowski, Edmund Godfrey, M.J. Gomez-Vazquez, and Gregor Skeldon
Subjects: Pathology, medicine.medical_specialty, medicine.anatomical_structure, Electrical conduit, Hepatology, Common bile duct, business.industry, medicine, Organoid, business, Cholangiocyte
Published: 2017

13. The spectrum of 4q- syndrome illustrated by a case series

Author: Daniel Schenk, Taosheng Huang, Eugen-Matthias Strehle, Sarju G. Mehta, Dariusz Gruszfeld, and Ingrid Simonic
Subjects: Heart Defects, Congenital, Male, Pathology, medicine.medical_specialty, Chorionic villus sampling, Chromosome Disorders, Trisomy, Biology, Pregnancy, Gene duplication, Genetics, medicine, Humans, Multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification, In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence, Fetus, Models, Genetic, medicine.diagnostic_test, Chromosome Mapping, Chromosome, Karyotype, General Medicine, medicine.disease, Molecular biology, Chromosome 4, Child, Preschool, Karyotyping, Chromosomes, Human, Pair 6, Female, Chromosome Deletion, Chromosomes, Human, Pair 4, Gene Deletion
Abstract: Deletions of the long arm of chromosome 4 detectable by cytogenetic analysis (standard karyotyping), fluorescent in situ hybridisation (FISH), multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA) or comparative genomic hybridisation (CGH) cause 4q- syndrome. Here we describe 3 cases of 4q- syndrome which demonstrate the variations in clinical presentation, diagnosis and prognosis observed in this condition. Patient 1 was a female foetus diagnosed with del(4)(q33) following chorionic villus sampling (CVS) at 14 weeks, and the pregnancy was terminated at 18 weeks. Patient 2 was a 5-month-old boy with del(4)(q31.3) and complex congenital heart disease. He also had a duplication of chromosome 6p and died of cardiac failure. Patient 3 is a 2-year-old girl with mild dysmorphic features and an interstitial deletion del(4)(q22.1q23). She has no major malformations and only slight developmental delay.
Published: 2012
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14. A de novo 4q34 interstitial deletion of at least 9.3 Mb with no discernible phenotypic effect

Author: Sarju G. Mehta, Kristin M. Abbott, Simon Zwolinski, Lionel Willatt, Leeanne Sparnon, Ingrid Simonic, Elizabeth Selkirk, Mark S. Bateman, John C. K. Barber, and Clare Bedwell
Subjects: Adult, Male, Genetics, Normal intelligence, Chromosome Mapping, Chromosome Breakage, Karyotype, Biology, Phenotype, Chromosome Banding, Gene mapping, Gene density, Humans, Female, Copy-number variation, Chromosome Deletion, Chromosomes, Human, Pair 4, Chromosome breakage, Child, Base Pairing, Gene, In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence, Genetics (clinical)
Abstract: Cytogenetically visible imbalances without phenotypic effect are still rare despite the extent of large-scale copy number variation in the normal population revealed by array CGH. Here we report on a phenotypically normal 30-year-old female with a de novo, cytogenetically visible, interstitial deletion of band 4q34. She was referred following three successive miscarriages, one of which was an intra-uterine death with subendocardial fibroelastosis and dilated cardiomyopathy. There was no other notable medical or family history, she was of normal intelligence and had no dysmorphic features. FISH and Array CGH with a customized 1 Mb BAC array showed that the deletion is a minimum of 9.3 and a maximum of 10.7 Mb in size, between approximately 173 Mb in 4q34.1 and approximately 182 Mb in 4q34.3. The deletion contains only 23 known coding genes giving a low average gene density of approximately 2 genes/Mb. This case further illustrates that (1) sizeable imbalances can be associated with apparent phenotypic normality, (2) gene density is a better guide to possible phenotypic consequences than aberration size, and (3) it is not always safe to assume that de novo imbalances will be causal.
Published: 2010
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15. Further evidence for linkage of Gilles de la Tourette syndrome (GTS) susceptibility loci on chromosomes 2p11, 8q22 and 11q23-24 in South African Afrikaners

Author: G. S. Gericke, David H. Ledbetter, Jurg Ott, Naomichi Matsumoto, James L. Weber, Ingrid Simonic, Dale R. Nyholt, and Derek Gordon
Subjects: Genetic Markers, Linkage disequilibrium, Genotype, Genetic Linkage, Locus (genetics), Biology, Polymerase Chain Reaction, Linkage Disequilibrium, White People, Loss of heterozygosity, South Africa, Genetic linkage, Ethnicity, Humans, Genetic Predisposition to Disease, Genetics (clinical), Netherlands, Genetic association, Family Health, Genetics, Polymorphism, Genetic, Models, Genetic, Chromosomes, Human, Pair 11, Haplotype, Chromosome, Haplotypes, Genetic marker, Case-Control Studies, Chromosomes, Human, Pair 2, Chromosomes, Human, Pair 8, Microsatellite Repeats, Tourette Syndrome
Abstract: Utilizing DNA samples from 91 Afrikaner nuclear families with one or more affected children, five genomic regions on chromosomes 2p, 8q, 11q, 20q, and 21q that gave evidence for association with GTS in previous case-control association studies were investigated for linkage and association with GTS. Highly polymorphic markers with mean heterozygosity of 0.77 were typed and resulting genotypes evaluated using single marker transmission disequilibrium (TDT), single marker haplotype relative risk (HRR), and multi-marker "extended" TDT and HRR methods. Single marker TDT analysis showed evidence for linkage or association, with p-values near 0.05, for markers D2S139, GATA28F12, and D11S1377 on chromosomes 2p11, 8q22 and 11q23-24, respectively. Extended, two-locus TDT and HRR analysis provided further evidence for linkage or association on chromosome 2 with p-values of 0.007 and 0.025, and chromosome 8 with p-values of 0.059 and 0.013, respectively. These results provide important additional evidence for the location of GTS susceptibility loci.
Published: 2001
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16. Significant Evidence for Linkage Disequilibrium over a 5-cM Region among Afrikaners

Author: Jurg Ott, Derek Gordon, and Ingrid Simonic
Subjects: Adult, Genetic Markers, Male, Linkage disequilibrium, Chromosomes, Human, Pair 21, Population, Locus (genetics), Biology, Linkage Disequilibrium, White People, South Africa, Genetics, Humans, Allele, education, Genotyping, Alleles, Aged, Netherlands, education.field_of_study, Models, Genetic, Chromosome Mapping, Chromosome, Middle Aged, Genetic distance, Chromosomes, Human, Pair 2, Female, Chromosome 21
Abstract: We explore the extent of deviations from Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium (HWE) at a marker locus and linkage disequilibrium (LD) between pairs of marker loci in the Afrikaner population of South Africa. DNA samples were used for genotyping of 23 loci on six chromosomes. The samples were collected from 91 healthy unrelated Afrikaner adults. Exact tests were used to determine evidence for deviations from HWE at a single marker locus or LD between pairs of marker loci. At the 0.05 level of significance, evidence was found for deviation from HWE at only one of the 23 loci. At the same level of significance, LD was found among 8 of the 34 intrachromosomal pairs of loci. On chromosome 21, there was evidence for LD (P = 0.02) between a pair of loci with a genetic distance of 5.51 cM. On chromosome 2, there was evidence for LD between a pair of loci with a genetic distance of 5.28 cM (P = 0.002) and a pair of loci with a genetic distance of 3.68 cM (P = 0.0004). Detailed analysis of LD for one locus pair indicated that only a few of all alleles participated in the LD and that strong LD was most often positive. Our findings indicate that Afrikaans-speaking Afrikaners represent one of those special populations deemed particularly suitable for disequilibrium mapping.
Published: 2000
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17. Identification of Genetic Markers Associated with Gilles de la Tourette Syndrome in an Afrikaner Population

Author: James L. Weber, Ingrid Simonic, G. S. Gericke, and Jurg Ott
Subjects: Genetic Markers, Genome screen, Population, Chromosomes, Human, Pair 20, Genome Scan, Biology, Polymerase Chain Reaction, Tourette syndrome, White People, South Africa, Gene Frequency, Gene mapping, Reference Values, medicine, Genetics, Humans, False Positive Reactions, Genetics(clinical), education, Allele frequency, Alleles, Genetics (clinical), Netherlands, Repetitive Sequences, Nucleic Acid, Genetic association, Chromosomes, Human, Pair 14, education.field_of_study, Polymorphism, Genetic, Chromosomes, Human, Pair 11, Chromosome Mapping, Chromosome, medicine.disease, Association study, Genetic marker, Chromosomes, Human, Pair 2, Chromosomes, Human, Pair 6, DNA pooling, Research Article, Chromosomes, Human, Pair 8, Tourette Syndrome
Abstract: Summary Because gene-mapping efforts, using large kindreds and parametric methods of analysis, for the neurologic disorder Tourette syndrome have failed, efforts are being redirected toward association studies in young, genetically isolated populations. The availability of dense marker maps makes it feasible to search for association throughout the entire genome. We report the results of such a genome scan using DNA samples from Tourette patients and unaffected control subjects from the South African Afrikaner population. To optimize mapping efficiency, we chose a two-step strategy. First, we screened pools of DNA samples from both affected and control individuals, using a dense collection of 1,167 short tandem-repeat polymorphisms distributed throughout the genome. Second, we typed those markers displaying evidence of allele frequency–distribution shifts, along with additional tightly linked markers, using DNA from each affected and unaffected individual. To reduce false positives, we tested two independent groups of case and control subjects. Strongest evidence for association ( P values 10 −2 to 10 −5 ) were obtained for markers within chromosomal regions encompassing D2S1790 near the chromosome 2 centromere, D6S477 on distal 6p, D8S257 on 8q, D11S933 on 11q, D14S1003 on proximal 14q, D20S1085 on distal 20q, and D21S1252 on 21q.
Published: 1998
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18. Additional Clinical and Cytogenetic Findings Associated With Rett Syndrome

Author: G. S. Gericke, J.F. Schoeman, Ingrid Simonic, and M. Lippert
Subjects: Fragile X syndrome, Genetics, Chromosome Fragile Site, Chromosomal fragile site, medicine, Rett syndrome, Biology, Trisomy, medicine.disease, Chromosome aberration, Tourette syndrome, Genetics (clinical), X chromosome
Abstract: An analysis of all aphidicolin-inducible breakpoints has been carried out in PHA stimulated T-lymphocytes of five patients with classical Rett syndrome, their mothers and a group of age matched controls. Observed breakpoints were divided into two groups: common, rare, and those recorded by others but not assigned as fragile sites by CCM92 and a group of non-specified breakpoints recurrently found in our ongoing study of fragile sites. In addition co-occurrence of trisomy X in one patient and de novo pericentromeric inversion on chromosome 2 in another Rett syndrome patient are reported. The co-occurrence with the Tourette syndrome in two of our families, and the fact that both Rett and Tourette syndrome are associated with movement disorders, possible dopaminergic hypersensitivity and increased chromosomal fragility in subsets of fragile sites, may suggest a possible avenue for further research. The cytogenetic findings indicate that both X-linked and autosomal regulatory region(s) may be part of a complex genetic alteration in association with Rett syndrome. Am. J. Med. Genet. 74:331–337, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Published: 1997
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19. Association of a germline copy number polymorphism of APOBEC3A and APOBEC3B with burden of putative APOBEC-dependent mutations in breast cancer

Author: Mia Petljak, Adam Shlien, Sancha Martin, Stian Knappskog, Helen Davies, Ingrid Simonic, Peter J. Campbell, Adam Butler, Yali Xue, Chris Tyler-Smith, Niccolo Bolli, Elli Papaemmanuil, Manasa Ramakrishna, Ludmil B. Alexandrov, David C. Wedge, Serena Nik-Zainal, Michael R. Stratton, Nik-Zainal Abidin, Serena [0000-0001-5054-1727], and Apollo - University of Cambridge Repository
Subjects: APOBEC, Genetic Markers, DNA Copy Number Variations, education, Mutagenesis (molecular biology technique), Breast Neoplasms, Biology, Germline, Article, Minor Histocompatibility Antigens, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Breast cancer, Cytidine Deaminase, APOBEC Deaminases, Genetics, medicine, Humans, Genetic Predisposition to Disease, APOBEC3A, health care economics and organizations, 030304 developmental biology, Sequence Deletion, 0303 health sciences, Proteins, medicine.disease, 3. Good health, Genetic marker, Mutagenesis, 030220 oncology & carcinogenesis, Kataegis, Female
Abstract: The somatic mutations in a cancer genome are the aggregate outcome of one or more mutational processes operative through the lifetime of the individual with cancer. Each mutational process leaves a characteristic mutational signature determined by the mechanisms of DNA damage and repair that constitute it. A role was recently proposed for the APOBEC family of cytidine deaminases in generating particular genome-wide mutational signatures and a signature of localized hypermutation called kataegis. A germline copy number polymorphism involving APOBEC3A and APOBEC3B, which effectively deletes APOBEC3B, has been associated with modestly increased risk of breast cancer. Here we show that breast cancers in carriers of the deletion show more mutations of the putative APOBEC-dependent genome-wide signatures than cancers in non-carriers. The results suggest that the APOBEC3A-APOBEC3B germline deletion allele confers cancer susceptibility through increased activity of APOBEC-dependent mutational processes, although the mechanism by which this increase in activity occurs remains unknown.
Published: 2013

20. Increased expression of aphidicolin-induced common fragile sites in Tourette syndrome: The key to understand the genetics of comorbid phenotypes?

Author: Piet J. Becker, Elma Cloete, G. S. Gericke, and Ingrid Simonic
Subjects: Genetics, Aphidicolin, Chromosomal fragile site, Breakpoint, Chromosome, Chromosome Fragility, Biology, medicine.disease, Phenotype, Tourette syndrome, chemistry.chemical_compound, Gene mapping, chemistry, medicine, Genetics (clinical)
Abstract: In a comparison of 80 common aphidicolin-induced fragile sites (FS) between 26 DSM-IV Tourette syndrome (TS) and 24 control individuals, the mean of the summed break frequencies following mild aphidicolin pretreatment was significantly higher in TS individuals than in controls (P < 0.001). Other breakpoints encountered during this study, i.e., random breaks, breaks corresponding to rare FS, and breakpoints recorded by others but not listed as common FS according to the Chromosome Coordinating Meeting were listed as category II breakpoints. By using the most significantly different mean FS breakage figures between TS and control individuals, further stepwise discriminant analysis allowed identification of TS individuals from only a few sites in both the common FS and category II breakpoint groups. Future research needs to focus on confirmation of altered common fragile site expression in association with behavioral variation, whether expression of certain discriminatory sites concurs with specific comorbid disorder expression; the nature of the molecular alterations at these FS and the implications of a genomic instability phenotype for the mapping of a primary TS gene or genes. 45 refs., 1 fig., 2 tabs.
Published: 1996
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21. Mosaic deletion of the NF1 gene in a patient with cognitive disability and dysmorphic features but without diagnostic features of NF1

Author: Ruth Armstrong, Lionel Willatt, Soo-Mi Park, Ana Lisa Taylor Tavares, and Ingrid Simonic
Subjects: Male, Neurofibromatosis 1, Adolescent, business.industry, Mosaic (geodemography), Computational biology, Biology, Cognitive disabilities, Text mining, Genes, Neurofibromatosis 1, Genetics, Humans, business, Cognition Disorders, Gene, Genetics (clinical), In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence, Chromosomes, Human, Pair 17, Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis, Sequence Deletion
Published: 2012

22. Genomic and Genic Deletions of the FOX Gene Cluster on 16q24.1 and Inactivating Mutations of FOXF1 Cause Alveolar Capillary Dysplasia and Other Malformations

Author: Donna M. McDonald-McGinn, Sarju G. Mehta, Joanna Wiszniewska, Joan Paterson, Duncan McRae, Elena Prigmore, Mislen Bauer, Ingrid Simonic, Regina Schultz, Pawel Stankiewicz, Samarth Bhatt, Mitzi L. Murray, Nigel P. Carter, Robert O. Newbury, Claire Langston, Elaine H. Zackai, Melissa K. Maisenbacher, Lavinia Hallam, Tamim H. Shaikh, Matthew Tyreman, Usha Kini, Malgorzata M.J. Nowaczyk, Diana Rajan, Jane Durham-O'Donnell, Vicki Martin, Sau Wai Cheung, Zhilian Xia, Lionel Willatt, Lisa G. Shaffer, Charles Shaw-Smith, Tomas W Fitzgerald, Bassem A. Bejjani, Kristin Mascotti, Christy W. Jones, Partha Sen, Daniel J. Driscoll, Gail Knight, Ankita Patel, Juan Bolivar, Mekayla Storer, Andrew G. Nicholson, Susan M. Gribble, Virginia A. Hustead, and Zhishuo Ou
Subjects: Genetics, Alveolar capillary dysplasia, Gene cluster, medicine, Genetics(clinical), Erratum, Biology, medicine.disease, Molecular biology, Genetics (clinical)
Published: 2009
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23. Further delineation of the 15q13 microdeletion and duplication syndromes

Author: Geert Vandeweyer, Willy M. Nillesen, Sven Parkel, P Finnemore, John C. K. Barber, F Kooy, Bart Loeys, K Lachlan, John A. Crolla, Carl Baker, Nicola Foulds, N. Van der Aa, Viv K. Maloney, Luis A. Pérez-Jurado, B. B. A. De Vries, Tjitske Kleefstra, R. Pfundt, T.J.L. de Ravel, Ernie M.H.F. Bongers, Jeffrey W. Innis, Samantha J. L. Knight, L E Connell, Joris Vermeesch, Ants Kurg, Franki Speleman, S Huang, M van Kalmthout, Heather C Mefford, Marcelo A. Nobrega, Han G. Brunner, Christopher Geoffrey Woods, N. de Leeuw, B W M van Bon, Marco Fichera, Catherine Mercer, Clara Serra-Juhé, Sandra Janssens, C M A van Ravenswaaij, Ingrid Simonic, Björn Menten, Geert Mortier, Maurizio Elia, Alexandre C. Pereira, Lionel Willatt, J. P. Fryns, B Castle, Andrew J. Sharp, Katrin Õunap, A Oostra, Santina Reitano, Corrado Romano, David A. Koolen, H. Stewart, K Smith, Evan E. Eichler, Clinical sciences, Medical Genetics, Erasmushogeschool Brussel, Chemical Engineering and Industrial Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, and Faculty of Law and Criminology
Subjects: Proband, Male, LINKAGE DISEQUILIBRIUM, Genetics and epigenetic pathways of disease [NCMLS 6], Chromosome Disorders, Disease, Bioinformatics, CHROMOSOME 22Q11, Epilepsy, PRADER-WILLI, Chromosome Disorders/genetics, Gene Duplication, Gene duplication, HUMAN GENOME, Copy-number variation, MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION, Child, Genetics (clinical), Segmental duplication, Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis, Genetics, Chromosomes, Human, Pair 15/genetics, ABSENT-RADIUS SYNDROME, Microdeletion syndrome, syndrome, Pedigree, Female, pregnancy, Chromosome Deletion, Functional Neurogenomics [DCN 2], Adult, Adolescent, Child, preschool, SEGMENTAL DUPLICATIONS, COPY-NUMBER VARIATION, Biology, Article, Genomic disorders and inherited multi-system disorders [IGMD 3], Intellectual Disability, medicine, Humans, Clinical significance, Chromosome Aberrations, Chromosomes, Human, Pair 15, Infant, Newborn, Infant, medicine.disease, Intellectual Disability/genetics, Human medicine, ARRAY-CGH, MENTAL-RETARDATION
Abstract: Contains fulltext : 80657.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Closed access) BACKGROUND: Recurrent 15q13.3 microdeletions were recently identified with identical proximal (BP4) and distal (BP5) breakpoints and associated with mild to moderate mental retardation and epilepsy. METHODS: To assess further the clinical implications of this novel 15q13.3 microdeletion syndrome, 18 new probands with a deletion were molecularly and clinically characterised. In addition, we evaluated the characteristics of a family with a more proximal deletion between BP3 and BP4. Finally, four patients with a duplication in the BP3-BP4-BP5 region were included in this study to ascertain the clinical significance of duplications in this region. RESULTS: The 15q13.3 microdeletion in our series was associated with a highly variable intra- and inter-familial phenotype. At least 11 of the 18 deletions identified were inherited. Moreover, 7 of 10 siblings from four different families also had this deletion: one had a mild developmental delay, four had only learning problems during childhood, but functioned well in daily life as adults, whereas the other two had no learning problems at all. In contrast to previous findings, seizures were not a common feature in our series (only 2 of 17 living probands). Three patients with deletions had cardiac defects and deletion of the KLF13 gene, located in the critical region, may contribute to these abnormalities. The limited data from the single family with the more proximal BP3-BP4 deletion suggest this deletion may have little clinical significance. Patients with duplications of the BP3-BP4-BP5 region did not share a recognisable phenotype, but psychiatric disease was noted in 2 of 4 patients. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, our findings broaden the phenotypic spectrum associated with 15q13.3 deletions and suggest that, in some individuals, deletion of 15q13.3 is not sufficient to cause disease. The existence of microdeletion syndromes, associated with an unpredictable and variable phenotypic outcome, will pose the clinician with diagnostic difficulties and challenge the commonly used paradigm in the diagnostic setting that aberrations inherited from a phenotypically normal parent are usually without clinical consequences.
Published: 2009

24. High resolution array analysis: diagnosing pregnancies with abnormal ultrasound findings

Author: Matthew Tyreman, Christoph Lees, Joanne Whittaker, Lionel Willatt, Ingrid Simonic, Richard Nash, and Kristin M. Abbott
Subjects: medicine.medical_specialty, Gene Dosage, Gene Expression, Biology, Bioinformatics, Gene dosage, Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide, Ultrasonography, Prenatal, Congenital Abnormalities, Loss of heterozygosity, Cohort Studies, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Pregnancy, Genetics, medicine, Humans, Clinical significance, Copy-number variation, Genotyping, Genetics (clinical), In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence, Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis, Chromosome Aberrations, 0303 health sciences, 030219 obstetrics & reproductive medicine, Ploidies, Genome, Human, Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction, 030305 genetics & heredity, Cytogenetics, medicine.disease, 3. Good health, Karyotyping, Human genome, Female, Trisomy, Gene Deletion
Abstract: Background: Genome-wide high resolution array analysis is becoming established as a diagnostic test in the investigation of individuals with learning disability and congenital anomalies; many novel microdeletion and microduplication syndromes have already been identified. The diagnostic use of high resolution array genomic hybridisation analysis for prenatal testing remains to be systematically assessed. Methods: We studied 106 prenatal samples with abnormal ultrasound and a normal karyotype using the Affymetrix GeneChip 6.0 array. “Rare” DNA copy number variations (CNVs) were classified into three groups depending on their size, genomic location and the presence or absence of matched copy number changes in a large cohort of 3000 control samples analysed for copy number changes using genotyping arrays. Results: A total of 35 rare CNVs were identified. 10 (9%) of these are considered likely to represent pathogenic CNVs; 5 were syndromic and 5 were novel. 12 CNVs were detected in at least one control hybridisation and likely to be benign, and 13 CNVs were of unknown clinical significance. In addition, we identified one case of cryptic mosaicism for trisomy 10, one case of loss of heterozygosity (LOH), and showed that the Affymetrix GeneChip 6.0 array platform can detect triploidy. Conclusions: We conclude that careful implementation of high resolution array testing would benefit at least 10% of obstetric patients with abnormal ultrasound findings and a normal karyotype result.
Published: 2009

25. Recurrent rearrangements of chromosome 1q21.1 and variable pediatric phenotypes

Author: Xavier Estivill, Charles E. Schwartz, Louise Gallagher, Karen Buysse, Soo Mi Park, Iris Casuga, Stefania Gimelli, Regina Regan, Zhaoshi Jiang, Carl Baker, Pasquale Striano, Heather C Mefford, Patrick Verloo, Joris A. Veltman, Giorgio Gimelli, Edward S. Tobias, Sabina Gallati, Jon McClellan, Corrado Romano, Chris Lilley, Kelly Li, Samantha J. L. Knight, Joris Vermeesch, William Reardon, Markus Schwerzmann, Roger E. Stevenson, Koenraad Norga, Martin Poot, Geert Mortier, Yves Spysschaert, Ellen van Binsbergen, Evan E. Eichler, Koenraad Devriendt, Lorraine Gaunt, Bernard Conrad, Lluís Armengol, Stuart Schwartz, Catherine Mercer, John Tolmie, Viv K. Maloney, Lionel Willatt, Antonietta Coppola, Santina Reitano, Susan M. Gribble, John C. K. Barber, Anja De Coene, Frank Speleman, Frédérique Béna, Andy Itsara, Ron Hochstenbach, Caifu Chen, Linde Goossens, Adam Broomer, Tom Walsh, John A. Crolla, Shuwen Huang, Thomy de Ravel, May Tassabehji, Helen V. Firth, Cindy Skinner, Amanda L. Collins, Ernie M.H.F. Bongers, Stylianos E. Antonarakis, Diana Baralle, Michael Gill, Bert B.A. de Vries, Mary Claire King, Jill Clayton-Smith, Nicole de Leeuw, Georgina Parkin, Serena Nik-Zainal, Jonathan Sebat, James S. Sutcliffe, Ingrid Simonic, Björn Menten, Mariangela Lo Giudice, Marco Fichera, Lorenz Räber, Raoul C.M. Hennekam, Sarju G. Mehta, Andrew J. Sharp, Alison Male, Marcel R. Nelen, C. Geoffrey Woods, Mefford, H., Sharp, A., Baker, C., Itsara, A., Jiang, Z., Buysse, K., Huang, S., Maloney, V., Crolla, J., Baralle, D., Collins, A., Mercer, C., Norga, K., De Ravel, T., Devriendt, K., Bongers, E., De Leeuw, N., Reardon, W., Gimelli, S., Bena, F., Hennekam, R., Male, A., Gaunt, L., Clayton-Smith, J., Simonic, I., Park, S., Mehta, S., Nik-Zainal, S., Woods, C., Firth, H., Parkin, G., Fichera, M., Reitano, S., Lo Giudice, M., Li, K., Casuga, I., Broomer, A., Conrad, B., Schwerzmann, M., Räber, L., Gallati, S., Striano, P., Coppola, A., Tolmie, J., Tobias, E., Lilley, C., Armengol, L., Spysschaert, Y., Verloo, P., De Coene, A., Goossens, L., Mortier, G., Speleman, F., Van Binsbergen, E., Nelen, M., Hochstenbach, R., Poot, M., Gallagher, L., Gill, M., Mcclellan, J., King, M. -C., Regan, R., Skinner, C., Stevenson, R., Antonarakis, S., Chen, C., Estivill, X., Menten, B., Gimelli, G., Gribble, S., Schwartz, S., Sutcliffe, J., Walsh, T., Knight, S., Sebat, J., Romano, C., Schwartz, C., Veltman, J., De Vries, B., Vermeesch, J., Barber, J., Willatt, L., Tassabehji, M., Eichler, E., Gimelli, Stefania, Conrad, Bernard, Antonarakis, Stylianos, ANS - Amsterdam Neuroscience, APH - Amsterdam Public Health, Paediatric Genetics, and University of Groningen
Subjects: Male, Microcephaly, Genetics and epigenetic pathways of disease [NCMLS 6], Congenital, Microcephaly/genetics, 0302 clinical medicine, Gene Duplication, Gene duplication, HUMAN GENOME, genetics, ddc:576.5, Copy-number variation, Child, GeneralLiterature_REFERENCE(e.g.,dictionaries,encyclopedias,glossaries), Heart Defects, Renal disorder [IGMD 9], Psychiatry, Gene Rearrangement, Recombination, Genetic, Genetics, 0303 health sciences, General Medicine, Microdeletion syndrome, Chromosomes, Human, Pair 1/ genetics, Heart Defects, Congenital/genetics, 3. Good health, Phenotype, Chromosomes, Human, Pair 1, Autism spectrum disorder, congenital/genetics, Pair 1, Female, Chromosome Deletion, Functional Neurogenomics [DCN 2], Human, Heart Defects, Congenital, SEGMENTAL DUPLICATIONS, MICRODELETION SYNDROME, Context (language use), COPY-NUMBER VARIATION, Chromosomes, Article, Cataract, Congenital Abnormalities, Genomic disorders and inherited multi-system disorders [IGMD 3], 03 medical and health sciences, Genetic, Translational research [ONCOL 3], Intellectual Disability, medicine, Humans, 22Q11.2 DELETION SYNDROME, Autistic Disorder, 030304 developmental biology, Congenital Abnormalities/ genetics, Chromosome Aberrations, Hereditary cancer and cancer-related syndromes [ONCOL 1], business.industry, Genetic Variation, Autistic Disorder/ genetics, Gene rearrangement, medicine.disease, Recombination, Cataract/congenital/genetics, POLYMORPHISM, INDIVIDUALS, Genetic defects of metabolism [UMCN 5.1], ATRIAL-FIBRILLATION, Autism, genetics, Cataract, congenital/genetics, Child, Chromosome Aberrations, Chromosome Deletion, Chromosomes, genetics, Congenital Abnormalities, genetics, Female, Gene Duplication, Gene Rearrangement, Genetic Variation, Heart Defects, genetics, Humans, Intellectual Disability, genetics, Male, Microcephaly, genetics, Phenotype, Recombination, Mental Retardation/ genetics, business, MENTAL-RETARDATION, ARRAY-CGH, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery, Immunity, infection and tissue repair [NCMLS 1]
Abstract: PUBLISHED, Background Duplications and deletions in the human genome can cause disease or predispose persons to disease. Advances in technologies to detect these changes allow for the routine identification of submicroscopic imbalances in large numbers of patients. Methods We tested for the presence of microdeletions and microduplications at a specific region of chromosome 1q21.1 in two groups of patients with unexplained mental retardation, autism, or congenital anomalies and in unaffected persons. Results We identified 25 persons with a recurrent 1.35-Mb deletion within 1q21.1 from screening 5218 patients. The microdeletions had arisen de novo in eight patients, were inherited from a mildly affected parent in three patients, were inherited from an apparently unaffected parent in six patients, and were of unknown inheritance in eight patients. The deletion was absent in a series of 4737 control persons (P=1.1x10?7). We found considerable variability in the level of phenotypic expression of the microdeletion; phenotypes included mild-to-moderate mental retardation, microcephaly, cardiac abnormalities, and cataracts. The reciprocal duplication was enriched in nine children with mental retardation or autism spectrum disorder and other variable features (P=0.02). We identified three deletions and three duplications of the 1q21.1 region in an independent sample of 788 patients with mental retardation and congenital anomalies. Conclusions We have identified recurrent molecular lesions that elude syndromic classification and whose disease manifestations must be considered in a broader context of development as opposed to being assigned to a specific disease. Clinical diagnosis in patients with these lesions may be most readily achieved on the basis of genotype rather than phenotype., Supported in part by grants from the National Institutes of Health (NIH) (HD043569, to Dr. Eichler), the South Carolina Department of Disabilities and Special Needs (to Drs. Skinner, Stevenson, and Schwartz), the Wellcome Trust (061183, to Dr. Tassabehji), the Andre & Cyprien Foundation and the University Hospitals of Geneva (to Drs. Antonarakis, Bena, and Gallati), and the European Union (EU) (project 219250, to Dr. Sharp; AnEUploidy project 037627, to Drs. Leeuw, Armengol, Antonarakis, Estivill, Veltman, and de Vries). The Irish Autism Study was funded by the Wellcome Trust and the Health Research Board (a grant to Drs. Gallagher and Gill). Dr. Poot was supported by a grant from the Dutch Foundation for Brain Research (Hersenstichting grant 2008(1) 34); Drs. Regan and Knight, by the Oxford Partnership Comprehensive Biomedical Research Centre; Dr. Willatt, by the Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, with funding from the United Kingdom Department of Health's National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centres funding scheme; Drs. Huang and Maloney, as part of the National Genetics Reference Laboratory (Wessex) by the United Kingdom Department of Health; Ms. Buysse, as a research assistant of the Research Foundation?Flanders (FWO?Vlaanderen); and Dr. Eichler, as an investigator of the Howard Hughes Medical Institute.
Published: 2008

26. Novel deletion variants of 9q13-q21.12 and classical euchromatic variants of 9q12/qh involve deletion, duplication and triplication of large tracts of segmentally duplicated pericentromeric euchromatin

Author: John C. K. Barber, Amanda Clarkson, Caroline Mackie Ogilvie, Zoe Docherty, Ingrid Simonic, F. Lucy Raymond, and Lionel Willatt
Subjects: Adult, Male, congenital, hereditary, and neonatal diseases and abnormalities, Chromosomes, Artificial, Bacterial, Euchromatin, Adolescent, Centromere, Gene Dosage, Biology, Gene mapping, Gene duplication, Genetics, Humans, Child, Genetics (clinical), In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence, Segmental duplication, Chromosome Aberrations, Phenotype, Deletion+duplication, Karyotyping, Cytogenetic Analysis, Female, Chromosomes, Human, Pair 9
Abstract: Large-scale copy number variation that is cytogenetically visible in normal individuals has been described as euchromatic variation but needs to be distinguished from pathogenic euchromatic deletion or duplication. Here, we report eight patients (three families and two individuals) with interstitial deletions of 9q13-q21.12. Fluorescence in situ hybridisation with a large panel of BACs showed that all the deleted clones were from extensive tracts of segmentally duplicated euchromatin, copies of which map to both the long and short arms of chromosome 9. The variety of reasons for which these patients were ascertained, and the phenotypically normal parents, indicates that this is a novel euchromatic variant with no phenotypic effect. Further, four patients with classical euchromatic variants of 9q12/qh or 9p12 were also shown to have duplications or triplications of this segmentally duplicated material common to both 9p and 9q. The cytogenetic boundaries between the segmentally duplicated regions and flanking unique sequences were mapped to 9p13.1 in the short arm (BAC RP11-402N8 at 38.7 Mb) and to 9q21.12 in the long arm (BAC RP11-88I18 at 70.3 Mb). The BACs identified in this study should in future make it possible to differentiate between clinically significant deletions or duplications and euchromatic variants with no established phenotypic consequences.
Published: 2006

27. Novel etiological hypotheses imply new analysis methods for schizophrenia genetics

Author: Ingrid Simonic and Jurg Ott
Subjects: Genetics, Models, Genetic, Genetic Linkage, medicine.drug_class, Schizophrenia (object-oriented programming), Chromosomal fragile site, Biology, Phenotype, Psychiatry and Mental health, Risk Factors, Genetic linkage, Schizophrenia, medicine, Etiology, Humans, Schizophrenic Psychology, Retinoid, Vitamin A, Biological Psychiatry, Analysis method
Abstract: In a recent issue of this journal, Goodman (1995b) presented a summary of conditions, which have previously been reported to result from retinoid excess or deficiency. She pointed out similarities of illness manifestations between schizophrenia and retinoid dysregulation and speculated that the latter may be causally related to the occurrence of schizophrenia. In a previous article, Goodman (1995a) listed chromosomal loci where retinoid genes co-localize with the genes implicated in schizophrenia. She proposed the possibility that under various conditions of vitamin A availability, retinoid cascade genes may act in an operon-like manner to regulate this group of closely linked structural genes. Her hypothesis of retinoid dysregulation in etiology of schizophrenia is supported by co-occurrence of several disorders where retinoids are known to be directly involved. We would like to comment on Goodman’s hypotheses from two different points of view: (1) Work on fragile sites conducted by the first author has led to a line of thinking similar to that of Goodman’s, and (2) these hypotheses may have far reaching implications for genetic analyses such as those conducted by the second author.
Published: 1996
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28. Increased chromosomal breakage in Tourette syndrome predicts the possibility of variable multiple gene involvement in spectrum phenotypes: preliminary findings and hypothesis

Author: George S. Gericke, Piet J. Becker, Elma Cloete, Cecile Buckle, and Ingrid Simonic
Subjects: Genetics, Regulation of gene expression, Adult, Chromosome Aberrations, Genetic Markers, Male, Lymphocyte, Chromosome Mapping, Biology, medicine.disease, Tourette syndrome, Phenotype, medicine.anatomical_structure, Gene mapping, Chromosome instability, Child, Preschool, Gene duplication, medicine, Humans, Female, Child, Gene, Genetics (clinical), Tourette Syndrome
Abstract: Increased chromosomal breakage was found in 12 patients with DSM-IV Tourette syndrome (TS) as compared with 10 non-TS control individuals with respect to untreated, modified RPM1-, and BrdU treated lymphocyte cultures (P < 0.001 in each category). A hypothesis is proposed that a major TS gene is probably connected to genetic instability, and associated chromosomal marker sites may be indicative of the localization of secondary genes whose altered expression could be responsible for associated comorbid conditions. This concept implies that genes influencing higher brain functions may be situated at or near highly recombigenic areas allowing enhanced amplification, duplication and recombination following chromosomal strand breakage. Further studies on a larger sample size are required to confirm the findings relating to chromosomal breakage and to analyze the possible implications for a paradigmatic shift in linkage strategy for complex disorders by focusing on areas at or near unstable chromosomal marker sites.
Published: 1995

29. Genomic and Genic Deletions of the FOX Gene Cluster on 16q24.1 and Inactivating Mutations of FOXF1 Cause Alveolar Capillary Dysplasia and Other Malformations

Author: Paweł, Stankiewicz, Partha, Sen, Samarth S, Bhatt, Mekayla, Storer, Zhilian, Xia, Bassem A, Bejjani, Zhishuo, Ou, Joanna, Wiszniewska, Daniel J, Driscoll, Melissa K, Maisenbacher, Juan, Bolivar, Mislen, Bauer, Elaine H, Zackai, Donna, McDonald-McGinn, Małgorzata M J, Nowaczyk, Mitzi, Murray, Virginia, Hustead, Kristin, Mascotti, Regina, Schultz, Lavinia, Hallam, Duncan, McRae, Andrew G, Nicholson, Robert, Newbury, Jane, Durham-O'Donnell, Gail, Knight, Usha, Kini, Tamim H, Shaikh, Vicki, Martin, Matthew, Tyreman, Ingrid, Simonic, Lionel, Willatt, Joan, Paterson, Sarju, Mehta, Diana, Rajan, Tomas, Fitzgerald, Susan, Gribble, Elena, Prigmore, Ankita, Patel, Lisa G, Shaffer, Nigel P, Carter, Sau Wai, Cheung, Claire, Langston, and Charles, Shaw-Smith
Subjects: Alveolar capillary dysplasia, Male, Biology, medicine.disease_cause, Frameshift mutation, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Gene cluster, medicine, Genetics, Humans, Genetics(clinical), Abnormalities, Multiple, Gene Silencing, Gene, Genetics (clinical), In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence, 030304 developmental biology, Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia, 0303 health sciences, Mutation, Point mutation, Infant, Newborn, Chromosome, Chromosome Mapping, Infant, Forkhead Transcription Factors, medicine.disease, Molecular biology, Capillaries, Pulmonary Alveoli, Doxorubicin, Pulmonary Veins, 030220 oncology & carcinogenesis, Child, Preschool, Female, Haploinsufficiency, Chromosomes, Human, Pair 16, Gene Deletion
Abstract: Alveolar capillary dysplasia with misalignment of pulmonary veins (ACD/MPV) is a rare, neonatally lethal developmental disorder of the lung with defining histologic abnormalities typically associated with multiple congenital anomalies (MCA). Using array CGH analysis, we have identified six overlapping microdeletions encompassing the FOX transcription factor gene cluster in chromosome 16q24.1q24.2 in patients with ACD/MPV and MCA. Subsequently, we have identified four different heterozygous mutations (frameshift, nonsense, and no-stop) in the candidate FOXF1 gene in unrelated patients with sporadic ACD/MPV and MCA. Custom-designed, high-resolution microarray analysis of additional ACD/MPV samples revealed one microdeletion harboring FOXF1 and two distinct microdeletions upstream of FOXF1, implicating a position effect. DNA sequence analysis revealed that in six of nine deletions, both breakpoints occurred in the portions of Alu elements showing eight to 43 base pairs of perfect microhomology, suggesting replication error Microhomology-Mediated Break-Induced Replication (MMBIR)/Fork Stalling and Template Switching (FoSTeS) as a mechanism of their formation. In contrast to the association of point mutations in FOXF1 with bowel malrotation, microdeletions of FOXF1 were associated with hypoplastic left heart syndrome and gastrointestinal atresias, probably due to haploinsufficiency for the neighboring FOXC2 and FOXL1 genes. These differences reveal the phenotypic consequences of gene alterations in cis.
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30. Prevalence, phenotype and architecture of developmental disorders caused by de novo mutation: The Deciphering Developmental Disorders Study

Author: Nicola S. Cooper, S Samant, H Purnell, Claire L. S. Turner, A Vandersteen, Alex Magee, Susan Tomkins, Louise C. Wilson, L Greenhalgh, IK Temple, Irina Colgiu, A Duncan, G Cross, Susan E. Holder, C Wragg, Deirdre E. Donnelly, Nadia Akawi, Linda Sneddon, Eamonn Sheridan, Wendy D Jones, I Ellis, David Bourn, Joanna Poulton, Ingrid Simonic, R Singzon, Lisa Bradley, Matthew E. Hurles, Meena Balasubramanian, Dominic J. McMullan, Trevor Cole, Gillian Roberts, J Thomson, Moira Blyth, G Hollingsworth, Neeti Ghali, Alex Henderson, Zara Skitt, E Roberts, G Woods, David Goudie, J Awada, Caroline Langman, U Anjum, Martin O. Pollard, Usha Kini, Stephen Clayton, J Burn, Daniel M Barrett, Vka Kumar, Angela E. Douglas, Natalie Canham, Ruth Armstrong, Denise Williams, C Shaw-Smith, Lorraine Gaunt, S Ingram, Edward Blair, K Brunstrom, O. W.J. Quarrell, Ben Hutton, Nora Shannon, S Wallwark, Laura E Mason, Sarah F. Smithson, Jeremy F. McRae, Amanda L. Collins, Shane McKee, Katrina Prescott, Lara Cresswell, Sofia Douzgou, L Islam, C Deshpande, J Waters, Anna Middleton, S-M Park, Tarjinder Singh, Liu He, M Tein, T Fendick, B Kaemba, Tara Montgomery, Michael Wright, Jenny Morton, J Roberts, Emma Hobson, Caroline Mackie Ogilvie, Katrina Tatton-Brown, Lucy Jenkins, A Coates, Abhijit Dixit, Deborah J. Shears, Kath Smith, D. Baty, D Lim, D Cilliers, Richard Gibbons, Ruth Newbury-Ecob, M Squires, Nicola K. Ragge, Anneke Seller, E Kivuva, Kay Metcalfe, Fiona Stewart, K Marks, Elisabeth Rosser, R Fisher, Andrew E. Fry, Joan Paterson, Diana Wellesley, Dian Donnai, Christopher P. Bennett, Jonathan Berg, Ganesh J. Swaminathan, Lucy Raymond, Sally Ann Lynch, Pradeep C. Vasudevan, Rosemarie Davidson, Melita Irving, John Dean, Margo Whiteford, Melissa Lees, S Payne, K-R Ong, Emma Gray, M Holder, Dragana Josifova, Claire Kirk, McConnell, Helen Cox, Sarju G. Mehta, Elena Prigmore, Emma Shearing, Anand Saggar, Angela Barnicoat, Alejandro Sifrim, Nicola Foulds, Katherine Martin, Joanna Kaplanis, Sahar Mansour, Kirsty Ambridge, Clowes, A Procter, Z Miedzybrodzka, Katherine Lachlan, S Schweiger, E Maher, Allyson Ross, Simon Brent, C Sequeira, Tabib Dabir, Netravathi Krishnappa, Andrew Smith, B Bernhard, Andrew Green, Sara Widaa, Daniel A. King, Astrid Weber, Harinder Gill, Frances Flinter, Ruth McGowan, Siddharth Banka, Susan E. McNerlan, Elizabeth M. Sweeney, L Nevitt, Michael Parker, Hood Mugalaasi, AP Bevan, L Harrison, Varghese, Lucy Hildyard, Murday, G Kirby, S Clasper, Sutton, Clare Taylor, Andrew Jackson, A Selby, E Wilkinson, Miranda Splitt, Stuart Aitken, Shelagh Joss, Fiona Connell, Julie Vogt, Jill Clayton-Smith, Alan Fryer, N Pratt, Parthiban Vijayarangakannan, Shehla Mohammed, Susan Price, Wayne Lam, Peter D. Turnpenny, C Tysoe, Raheleh Rahbari, Marc Tischkowitz, N Williams, Tessa Homfray, Maria Bitner-Glindzicz, Helen Murphy, Meriel M. McEntagart, Sian Ellard, M Ahmed, R O'Shea, Andrew R. Norman, Daniel Perrett, Harrison, Philip Greene, David Moore, R Hawkins, DT Pilz, FitzPatrick, P Batstone, Esther Kinning, Caroline F. Wright, Yanick J. Crow, Kate Chandler, C Donnelly, Leema Robert, Straub, Susan M. Gribble, Philip Jones, D de Vries, K Evans, Simon J. Davies, Diana Baralle, E Miles, Jeffrey C. Barrett, A Lampe, Joshua C. Randall, Bruce Castle, K McKay, D Rice, Becky Treacy, Richard H Scott, Rosemary Kelsell, Angela F. Brady, Julian R. Sampson, J Jarvis, Laura Yates, R Sandford, Hayley Archer, M Yau, Mohnish Suri, Caroline Pottinger, Dhavendra Kumar, R. Taylor, Alison Kraus, L Bourdon, Alan Donaldson, S Everest, S Kazembe, Sian Morgan, C Longman, Ingrid Scurr, Alison Male, Ajoy Sarkar, Helen Kingston, Emma McCann, Julie M. Phipps, Andrea H. Németh, A Pridham, D Bohanna, C Gardiner, Diana Johnson, Tomas W Fitzgerald, Eleni A. Chatzimichali, A Dobbie, Diana Rajan, Frances Elmslie, Mohsan Alvi, Pendaran Roberts, Bronwyn Kerr, M D'Alessandro, Elizabeth A. Jones, Simon Holden, U Maye, Helen V. Firth, J Rankin, H. Stewart, S Naik, Adrian Tivey, Chirag N. Patel, Tanya Bayzetinova, G Lowther, G Devlin, A Torokwa, DJ Bunyan, Judith A. Goodship, Sarah Hewitt, Emma Wakeling, Christoffer Nellåker, S Wilcox, Saba Sharif, MN Collinson, C Brewer, Jacqueline Eason, C McWilliam, Jane A. Hurst, Angus John Clarke, Mervyn Humphreys, and Stephen W. Hellens
Subjects: Genetics, 0303 health sciences, education.field_of_study, Genetic heterogeneity, Population, Biology, Phenotype, DNA sequencing, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, education, Indel, Gene, Exome, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery, Exome sequencing, 030304 developmental biology
Abstract: Individuals with severe, undiagnosed developmental disorders (DDs) are enriched for damaging de novo mutations (DNMs) in developmentally important genes. We exome sequenced 4,293 families with individuals with DDs, and meta-analysed these data with published data on 3,287 individuals with similar disorders. We show that the most significant factors influencing the diagnostic yield of de novo mutations are the sex of the affected individual, the relatedness of their parents and the age of both father and mother. We identified 94 genes enriched for damaging de novo mutation at genome-wide significance (P < 7 × 10−7), including 14 genes for which compelling data for causation was previously lacking. We have characterised the phenotypic diversity among these genetic disorders. We demonstrate that, at current cost differentials, exome sequencing has much greater power than genome sequencing for novel gene discovery in genetically heterogeneous disorders. We estimate that 42% of our cohort carry pathogenic DNMs (single nucleotide variants and indels) in coding sequences, with approximately half operating by a loss-of-function mechanism, and the remainder resulting in altered-function (e.g. activating, dominant negative). We established that most haplo insufficient developmental disorders have already been identified, but that many altered-function disorders remain to be discovered. Extrapolating from the DDD cohort to the general population, we estimate that developmental disorders caused by DNMs have an average birth prevalence of 1 in 213 to 1 in 448 (0.22-0.47% of live births), depending on parental age.AbbreviationsPTVProtein-Truncating VariantDNMDe Novo MutationDDDevelopmental DisorderDDDDeciphering Developmental Disorders study

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30 results on '"Ingrid Simonic"'

1. Method to Synchronize Cell Cycle of Human Pluripotent Stem Cells without Affecting Their Fundamental Characteristics

2. Clinical and radiological characterization of novel FIG4-related combined system disease with neuropathy

3. Haploinsufficiency of CUX1 Causes Nonsyndromic Global Developmental Delay With Possible Catch-up Development

4. Male child with somatic mosaic Osteopathia Striata with Cranial Sclerosis caused by a novel pathogenic AMER1 frameshift mutation

5. Taking consent for neonatal microarray analysis as a screen for genomic rearrangements: are paediatricians equipped for the genomic era?

6. Heterozygous Variants in KMT2E Cause a Spectrum of Neurodevelopmental Disorders and Epilepsy

7. STAG1 mutations cause a novel cohesinopathy characterised by unspecific syndromic intellectual disability

8. Bi-allelic Loss-of-Function CACNA1B Mutations in Progressive Epilepsy-Dyskinesia

9. Histone Lysine Methylases and Demethylases in the Landscape of Human Developmental Disorders

10. Reconstruction of the mouse extrahepatic biliary tree using primary human extrahepatic cholangiocyte organoids

11. A novel microdeletion syndrome at 9q21.13 characterised by mental retardation, speech delay, epilepsy and characteristic facial features

12. Replacement of the murine common bile duct with a bioengineered conduit incorporating primary human cholangiocyte organoids

13. The spectrum of 4q- syndrome illustrated by a case series

14. A de novo 4q34 interstitial deletion of at least 9.3 Mb with no discernible phenotypic effect

15. Further evidence for linkage of Gilles de la Tourette syndrome (GTS) susceptibility loci on chromosomes 2p11, 8q22 and 11q23-24 in South African Afrikaners

16. Significant Evidence for Linkage Disequilibrium over a 5-cM Region among Afrikaners

17. Identification of Genetic Markers Associated with Gilles de la Tourette Syndrome in an Afrikaner Population

18. Additional Clinical and Cytogenetic Findings Associated With Rett Syndrome

19. Association of a germline copy number polymorphism of APOBEC3A and APOBEC3B with burden of putative APOBEC-dependent mutations in breast cancer

20. Increased expression of aphidicolin-induced common fragile sites in Tourette syndrome: The key to understand the genetics of comorbid phenotypes?

21. Mosaic deletion of the NF1 gene in a patient with cognitive disability and dysmorphic features but without diagnostic features of NF1

22. Genomic and Genic Deletions of the FOX Gene Cluster on 16q24.1 and Inactivating Mutations of FOXF1 Cause Alveolar Capillary Dysplasia and Other Malformations

23. Further delineation of the 15q13 microdeletion and duplication syndromes

24. High resolution array analysis: diagnosing pregnancies with abnormal ultrasound findings

25. Recurrent rearrangements of chromosome 1q21.1 and variable pediatric phenotypes

26. Novel deletion variants of 9q13-q21.12 and classical euchromatic variants of 9q12/qh involve deletion, duplication and triplication of large tracts of segmentally duplicated pericentromeric euchromatin

27. Novel etiological hypotheses imply new analysis methods for schizophrenia genetics

28. Increased chromosomal breakage in Tourette syndrome predicts the possibility of variable multiple gene involvement in spectrum phenotypes: preliminary findings and hypothesis

29. Genomic and Genic Deletions of the FOX Gene Cluster on 16q24.1 and Inactivating Mutations of FOXF1 Cause Alveolar Capillary Dysplasia and Other Malformations

30. Prevalence, phenotype and architecture of developmental disorders caused by de novo mutation: The Deciphering Developmental Disorders Study

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