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Ferrie, J., Shipley, M., Cappuccio, F., Brunner, E., Miller, M., Kumari, M., Marmot, M., Coenen, A., Castillo, J. L., Araya, F., Bustamante, G., Montecino, L., Torres, C., Oporto, S., Gronli, J., Fiske, E., Murison, R., Bjorvatn, B., Sorensen, E., Ursin, R., Portas, C. M., Rajaraman, S., Gribok, A., Wesensten, N., Balkin, T., Reifman, J., Dursunoglu, N., Ozkurt, S., Baser, S., Delen, O., Sarikaya, S., Sadler, P., Mitchell, P., Françon, D., Decobert, M., Herve, B., Richard, A., Griebel, G., Avenet, P., Scatton, B., Fur, G. L., Eckert, D., Jordan, A., Wellman, A., Smith, S., Malhotra, A., White, D., Bruck, D., Thomas, I., Kritikos, A., Oertel, W., Stiasny-Kolster, K., Garcia-Borreguero, D., Poewe, W., Hoegl, B., Kohnen, R., Schollmayer, E., Keffel, J., Trenkwalder, C., Valle, A., Roizenblatt, S., Fregni, F., Boggio, P., Tufik, S., Ward, K., Robertson, L., Palmer, L., Eastwood, P., Hillman, D., Lee, J., Mukherjee, S., de Padova, V., Barbato, G., Ficca, G., Zilli, I., Salzarulo, P., Veldi, M., Hion, T., Vasar, V., Kull, M., Nowak, L., Davis, J., Latzer, Y., Tzischinsky, O., Crowley, S., Carskadon, M., Anca-Herschkovitsch, M., Frey, D., Ortega, J., Wiseman, C., Farley, C., Wright, K., Campbell, A., Neill, A., Spiegel, K., Leproult, R., Tasali, E., Scherberg, N., van Cauter, E., Noradina, A. T., Karim, N. A., Norlinah, I., Raymond, A. A., Sahathevan, R., Hamidon, B., Werth, E., Poryazova, R., Khatami, R., Bassetti, C., Beran, R. G., Ainley, L., Holand, G., Duncan, J., Kinney, H., Davis, B., Hood, B., Frey, S., Schmidt, C., Hofstetter, M., Peigneux, P., Cajochen, C., Hu, W.-P., Li, J.-D., Zhang, C., Boehmer, L., Siegel, J., Zhou, Q.-Y., Sagawa, Y., Kondo, H., Takemura, T., Kanayama, H., Kaneko, Y., Sato, M., Kanbayashi, T., Hishikawa, Y., Shimizu, T., Viola, A., James, L., Schlangen, L., Dijk, D.-J., Andretic, R., Kim, Y.-C., Han, K.-A., Jones, F., Greenspan, R., Sanford, L., Yang, L., Tang, X., Dieter, K., Uta, E., Sven, H., Richard, M., Oyane, N., Pallesen, S., Holsten, F., Inoue, Y., Fujita, M., Emura, N., Kuroda, K., Uchimura, N., Johnston, A., Astbury, J., Kennedy, G., Hoedlmoser, K., Schabus, M., Pecherstorfer, T., Moser, S., Gruber, G., Anderer, P., Klimesch, W., Naidoo, N., Ferber, M., Pack, A., Neu, D., Mairesse, O., Hoffmann, G., Dris, A., Lambrecht, L., Linkowski, P., Verbanck, P., Le Bon, O., Matsuura, N., Yamao, M., Adachi, N., Aritomi, R., Komada, Y., Tanaka, H., Shirakawa, S., Kondoh, H., Takemura, F., Ohnuma, S., Suzuki, M., Uemura, S., Iskra-Golec, I., Smith, L., Thanh, D.-V., Boly, M., Phillips, C., Steven, L., Luxen, A., Maquet, M., Jay, S., Dawson, D., Lamond, N., Basner, M., Fomberstein, K., Dinges, D., Ogawa, K., Nittono, H., Yamazaki, K., Hori, T., Glamann, C., Hornung, O., Hansen, M.-L, Danker-Hopfe, H., Jung, C., Kecklund, G., Anund, A., Peters, B., Åkerstedt, T., Verster, J., Roehrs, T., Mets, M., de Senerpont Domis, L., Olivier, B., Volkerts, E., Knutson, K., Lauderdale, D., Rathouz, P., Christie, M., Chen, L., Bolortuya, Y., Lee, E., Mckenna, J., Mccarley, R., Strecker, R., Tamaki, M., Matsuoka, T., Aritake, S., Suzuki, H., Kuriyama, K., Ozaki, A., Abe, Y., Enomoto, M., Tagaya, H., Mishima, K., Matsuura, M., Uchiyama, M., Lima-Pacheco, E., Davis, K., Sabourin, C., Lortie-Lussier, M., de Koninck, J., van Der Werf, Y., van Der Helm, E., Schoonheim, M., van Someren, E., Tokley, M., Ball, M., Sato, T., Ghilardi, M. F., Moisello, C., Bove, M., Busi, M., Pelosin, E., Tononi, G., Eguchi, N., Sakata, M., Urade, Y., Doe, N., Yoshihara, K., Abe, K., Manabe, Y., Iwatsuki, K., Hayashi, T., Shoji, M., Kamiya, T., Gooley, J., Brainard, G., Rajaratnam, S., Kronauer, R., Czeisler, C., Lockley, S., Phillips, A., Robinson, P., Burgess, H., Revell, V., Eastman, C., Bihari, S., Ramakrishnan, N., Camerino, D., Conway, P. M., Costa, G., Vandewalle, G., Albouy, G., Sterpenich, V., Darsaud, A., Rauchs, G., Berken, P.-Y, Balteau, E., Maquet, P., Tendero, J. A., Domenech, M. P., Isern, F. S., Martínez, C., Roure, N., Sancho, E. E., Moreno, C. R., Silva, M., Marqueze, E. C., Waage, S., Bobko, N., Chernyuk, V., Yavorskiy, Y., Saxvig, I., Sørensen, E., de Mello, M. T., Esteves, A., Teixeira, C., Bittencourt, L. R., Silva, R., Pires, M. L., Mottram, V., Middelton, B., Arendt, J., Amaral, O., Rodrigues, M., Pereira, C., Tavares, I., Baba, K., Honma, S., Honma, K.-I., Yamanaka, Y., Hashimoto, S., Tanahashi, Y., Nishide, S.-Y, Honma, K.-I, Sletten, T., Middleton, B., Lederle, K., Skene, D., Roth, T., Walsh, J., Hogben, A., Ellis, J., Archer, S., von Schantz, M., Chen, N.-H., Wang, P.-C., Chen, C.-W., Lin, Y., Shih, T.-S., Armstrong, S., Redman, J., Stephan, E., David, M., Delanaud, S., Chardon, K., Libert, J.-P., Bach, V., Telliez, F., Reid, K., Jaksa, A., Eisengart, J., Kane, P., Naylor, E., Zee, P., Viola, A. U., de Valck, E., Hofmans, J., Theuns, P., Cluydts, R., Alexander, G., Karel, M., Christina, R., Sohn, I.-K., Cho, I. H., Kim, S. J., Yu, S.-H., Kim, H., Yoo, S. Y., Koh, S.-H., Cho, S.-J., Rotenberg, L., Silva-Costa, A., Griep, R. H., Amely, T., Kennedy, G. A., Pavlis, A., Thompson, B., Pierce, R., Howard, M., Briellmann, R., Venkateswaran, S., Blunden, S., Krawczyk, E., Blake, J., Gururajan, R., Kerr, D., Matuisi, T., Iwasaki, M., Yamasita, N., Iemura, A., Ohya, T., Yanagawa, T., Misa, R., Coleman, G., Conduit, R., Duce, B., Hukins, C., Nyandaiti, Y. W., Bamaki, S., Mohammed, A., Kwajarfa, S., Veeramachaneni, S. P., Murthy, A., Wilson, A., Maul, J., Hall, G., Stick, S., Moseley, L., Gradisar, M., Kurihara, T., Yamamoto, M., Yamamoto, S., Kuranari, M., Sparks, C. B., Bartle, A., Beckert, L., Latham-Smith, F. B., Hilton, J., Whitehead, B., Gulliver, T., Salvini, A., Grahame, S., Swift, M., Laybutt, N., Sharon, D., Mack, C., Hymell, B., Perrine, B., Ideshita, K., Taira, M., Matuo, A., Furutani, M., van Dongen, H., Mott, C., Huang, J.-K., Mollicone, D. J., Mckenzie, F., Dinges, David, Barnes, M., Rochford, P., Churchward, T., O’Donoghue, F., Penzel, T., Fietze, I., Canisius, S., Bekiaris, E., Terrill, P. I., Wilson, S., Suresh, S., Cooper, D., Suzuki, T., Ouchi, K., Moriya, A., Kameyama, K., Takahashi, M., Büttner, A., Rühle, K.-H., Wang, D., Wong, K., Dungan, II, G., Grunstein, R., Davidson, P., Jones, R., Gergely, V., Mashima, K., Miyazaki, S., Tanaka, T., Okawa, M., Yamada, N., Wyner, A., Raizen, D., Galante, R., Ng, A. K., Koh, T. S., Lim, L. L., Puvanendran, K., Peiris, M., Bones, P., Roebuck, T., Ho, S., Szollosi, I., Naughton, M., Williams, G., Parsley, C., Harris, M.-A., Thornton, A., Ruehland, W., Banks, S., Arroyo, S., Carroll, K., Pilmore, J., Stewart, C., Hamilton, G., van Acker, F., Cvetkovic, D., Holland, G., Cosic, I., Tolson, J., Worsnop, C., Cresswell, P., Hart, I., Bouarab, M., Delechelle, E., Drouot, X., Acebo, C., Singh, P., Lakey, T., Schachter, L., Rand, J., Collin, H., Snyder, E., Ma, J., Svetnick, V., Deacon, S., Dana, B., Konstanze, D., Uwe, M., Ingo, F., Thomas, P., Ivar, R., Mackiewicz, M., Shockley, K., Romer, M., Zimmerman, J., Baldwin, D., Jensen, S., Churchill, G., Paigen, B., Imeri, L., Ferrari, L., Bianchi, S., Dossena, S., Garofoli, A., Mangieri, M., Tagliavini, F., Forloni, G., Chiesa, R., Pedrazzoli, M., Pereira, D., Veauny, M., Bodenmann, S., Hohoff, C., Freitag, C., Deckert, J., Rétey, J., Landolt, H.-P., Strohl, K., Price, E., Yamauchi, M., Dostal, J., Feng, P., Han, F., Havekes, R., Novati, A., Hagewoud, R., Barf, P., van Der Borght, K., van Der Zee, E., Meerlo, P., Ruby, P., Caclin, A., Boulet, S., Delpuech, C., Morlet, D., Veasey, S., Aton, S., Jha, S., Coleman, T., Seibt, J., Frank, M., Lack, L., Churches, O., Feng, S. Y. S., Cassaglia, P., Yu, V. Y. H., Walker, A. M., Kohler, M., Kennedy, D., Martin, J., van Den Heuvel, C., Lushington, K., Herron, K., Khurana, C., Sterr, A., Olivadoti, M., Toth, L., Opp, M., Dang-Vu, T., Degueldre, C., Gais, S., Dang-Vu, T. T., Desseilles, M., Philips, C., Chijavadze, E., Babilodze, M., Chkhartishvili, E., Nachkebia, N., Mchedlidze, O., Dzadzamia, S., Griffiths, R., Walker, A., Horovitz, S., Fukunaga, M., Carr, W., Picchioni, D., de Zwart, J., van Gelderen, P., Braun, A., Duyn, J., Hanlon, E. H., Faraguna, U., Vyazovskiy, V., Cirelli, C., Ocampo-Garcés, A., Ibáñez, F., López, S., Vivaldi, E., Torrealba, F., Romanowski, C. P. N., Fenzl, T., Flachskamm, C., Deussing, J., Kimura, M., Tarokh, L., van Reen, E., Dorn, H., Velluti, R., Qu, W.-M., Huang, Z.-L., Hayaishi, O., Pedemonte, M., Drexler, D., Pol-Fernández, D., Bernhardt, V., Lopez, C., Rodriguez-Servetti, Z., Romanowski, C., Polta, S., Yassouridis, A., Abe, T., Takahashi, K., Koyama, Y., Kayama, Y., Lin, J.-S., Sakai, K., Gulia, K., Karashima, A., Shimazaki, M., Katayama, N., Nakao, M., Winsky-Sommerer, R., Knapman, A., Tobler, I., Altena, E., Sanz-Arigita, E., Chang, F.-C., Lu, C.-Y., Yi, P.-L., Hsiao, Y.-Z., Lowden, A., Nilsson, J., Hillert, L., Wiholm, C., Kuster, N., Arnetz, B., Szameitat, A., Shen, S., Daurat, A., Tiberge, M., Sok, N., D’Ortho, M. P. I. A., Karasinsky, P., Kohlmeier, K., Wess, J., Leonard, C., Kristensen, M., Kalinchuk, A., Porkka-Heiskanen, T., Mccarley, R. W., Basheer, R., Aizawa, R., Sunahara, H., Abe, S.-I., Iwaki, S., Houjyou, M., Satoh, M., Suda, H., Kheirandish-Gozal, L., Gozal, D., Walker, P., Noa, A., O’Driscoll, D., Ng, M., Yang, J., Davey, M., Anderson, V., Trinder, J., Horne, R., Sands, S., Kelly, V., Sia, K., Edwards, B., Skuza, E., Davidson, M., Berger, P. H. I. L. I. P., Wilkinson, M., Sánchez-Narváez, F., Gutiérrez, R., Camacho, L., Anaya, E., García-Campos, E., Labra, A., Domínguez, G., García-Polo, L., Haro, R., Verginis, N., Nixon, G., Baumert, M., Pamula, Y., Mihai, R., Wawurszak, M., Smith, N., Yiallourou, S., Andrew Ramsden, C., Williamson, B., Blecher, G., Teng, A., Dakin, C. Y. N., Yuil, M., Harris, M., Sadasivam, S., Bennison, J., Galland, B., Dawes, P., Taylor, B., Norman, M., Edwards, N., Harrison, H., Kol, C., Sullivan, C., Valladares, E., Macey, P., Kumar, R., Woo, M., Harper, R., Alger, J., Mcnamara, D., Tang, J., Goh, A., Teoh, O. H., Chiang, W. C., Chay, O. M., Marie Salvini, A., Riben, C., Blanck, A.-S., Marklund, M., Tourneux, P., Cardot, V., Leke, A., Iqbal, S. M., (Gus) Cooper, D., Witmans, M., Rodger, K., Thevasagayam, R., El-Hakim, H., Hill, C. M., Baya, A., Bucks, R., Kirkham, F., Virues-Ortega, J., Baldeweg, T., Paul, A., Hogan, A., Goodwin, J., Silva, G., Kaemingk, K., Sherrill, D., Morgan, W., Fregosi, R., Quan, S., Evans, C., Maclean, J., Waters, K., Fitzsimmons, D., Hayward, P., Fitzgerald, D., Terrill, G., O’Connell, A., Vannan, K., Richardson, H., Poluektov, M., Levin, I., Snegodskaya, M., Kolosova, N., Geppe, N., Nixon, G. Michelle, Thompson, J., Yhan, D., Becroft, D., Clark, P., Robinson, E., Waldie, K., Wild, C., Black, P., Stone, K., Britton, W., Chaves, Claudia, Tinoco, C., Goncalves, C., Ferreira, E., Santos, H., Boloto, J., Duarte, L., Paine, S., Wright, H., Slater, A., Rosen, G., Telliez, Frédéric, Djeddi, D., Kongolo, G., Degrugilliers, L., Horton, J., Buscemi, N., Vandermeer, B., Owens, J., Klassen, T., Gordon, J., King, N., Tripp, G., Oka, Y., Suzuki, S., de Lemos, M. C., Gonzaga, F. G., Shah, M. L., Bittencourt, L., Oliveira, L. V. Franco, Elshoff, J.-P., Braun, M., Andreas, J.-O., Strauss, B., Horstmann, R., Ahrweiler, S., Goldammer, N., Wada, M., Matsumoto, N., Rahman, M. D., Xu, X.-H., Makino, Y., Hashimoto, K., Zhang, M., Sastre, J.-P., Buda, C., Anaclet, C., Ohtsu, H., Danober, L., Desos, P., Cordi, A., Roger, A., Jacquet, A., Rogez, N., Thomas, J.-Y., Krentner, M., Boutin, J., Audinot-Bouchez, V., Baumann, C., Valko, P., Uhl, M., Hersberger, M., Rupp, T., Uchiyama, N., Nakamura, N., Konishi, T., Mcgrath, P., Fujiki, N., Tokunaga, J., Iijima, S., Nishino, S., Catherine, B.-R., Lely, F., Ralf, K., Oliver, N., François, J., Francois, J., Cedric, F., Changbin, Q., Patrick, H., Homanics, G., Heussler, H., Norris, R., Pache, D., Charles, B., Mcguire, T., Shelton, J., Bonaventure, P., Kelly, L., Aluisio, L., Lovenberg, T., Atack, J., Dugovic, C., Shapiro, C., Shen, J., Trajanovic, N., Chien, J., Verma, M., Fish, V., Wheatley, J., Amis, T., Alexiou, T., Wild, J., Bjursell, A., Solin, P., Sato, S., Matsubuchi, N., Gingras, M.-A., Labrosse, M., Chevrier, É, Lageix, P., Guay, M.-C., Braun, C., Godbout, R., Fatim, E. H., Loic, D., Stephane, D., Nathalie, L., Stéphane, D., Alain, G., Wiâm, R., Koabyashi, T., Tomita, S., Ishikawa, T., Manadai, O., Arakawa, K., Siato, Y., Bassi, A., Ocampo, A., Estrada, J., Blyton, D., O’Keeffe, K., Galletly, D., Larsen, P., Amatoury, J., Bilston, L., Kairaitis, K., Stephenson, R., Chu, K., Sekiguchi, Y., Suzuki, N., Yasuda, Y., Kodama, T., Honda, Y., Hsieh, K.-C., Lai, Y.-Y., Bannai, M., Kawai, N., Amici, R., Baracchi, F., Cerri, M., Del Sindaco, E., Dentico, D., Jones, C. A., Luppi, M., Martelli, D., Perez, E., Tazaki, M., Katayose, Y., Yasuda, K., Tokuyama, K., Maddison, K., Platt, P., Kirkness, J., Ware, J. C., May, J., Rosenthal, T., Park, G., Guibert, M., Allen, R. W., Cetin, T., Roman, V., Mollicone, D., Crummy, F., Cameron, P., Swann, P., Kossman, T., Taggart, F., Kandala, N.-B., Currie, A., Peile, E., Stranges, S., Marshall, N., Peltonen, M., Stenlof, K., Hedner, J., Sjostrom, L., Anderson, C., Platten, C., Jordan, K., Horne, J., Bjorkum, A., Kluge, B., Braseth, T., Gurvin, I., Kristensen, T., Nybo, R., Rosendahl, K., Nygaard, I., Biggs, S., Dollman, J., Kennedy, J. D., Martin, A. J., Haghighi, K. S., Bakht, N., Hyde, M., Harris, E., Zerouali, Y., Hosein, A., Jemel, B., Dodd, M., Rogers, N., Andersen, M., Martins, R., Alvarenga, T., Antunes, I., Papale, L., Killgore, W. S., Axelsson, J., Lekander, M., Ingre, M., Brismar, K., Dorrian, J., Ferguson, S., Jones, C., Buxton, O., Marcelli, E., Phipps-Nelson, J. O., Teixeira, L. R., de Castro Moreno, C., Turte, S. L., Nagai, R., do Rosário Dias De Oliveira Latorre, M., Marina, F., Paterson, J., Jackson, M., Johnston, P., Papafotiou, K., Croft, R., Dawson, S., Leenaars, C., Sandberg, H., Joosten, R., Dematteis, M., Feenstra, M., Wehrle, R., Rieger, M., Widmann, A., Dietl, T., Philipp, S., Wetter, T., Drummond, S., Czisch, M., Cairns, A., Lebourgeois, M., Harsh, J., Baulk, S., Vakulin, A., Catcheside, P., Antic, N., Mcevoy, D., Orff, H., Salamat, J., Meloy, M. J., Caron, A., Kostela, J., Purnell, M., Feyer, A.-M., Herbison, P., Saaresranta, T., Aittokallio, J., Karppinen, N., Toikka, J., Polo, O., Sallinen, M., Haavisto, M.-L., Hublin, C., Kiti, M., Jussi, V., Mikko, H., Chuah, L., Chee, M., Borges, F., Fischer, F., Moreno, C., Soares, N., Fonseca, M., Smolensky, M., Sackett-Lundeen, L., Haus, E., Nagata, N., Michael, N., Siccoli, M., Rogers, A., Hwang, W.-T., Scott, L., Dean, G., Geissler, E., Ametamey, S., Treyer, V., Wyss, M., Achermann, P., Schubiger, P., Theorell-Haglöw, J., Berne, C., Janson, C., Svensson, M., Lindberg, E., Caruso, H., Avinash, D., Minkel, J., Thompson, C., Wisor, J., Gerashchenko, D., Smith, K., Kuan, L., Pathak, S., Hawrylycz, M., Jones, A., Kilduff, T., Bergamo, C., Ecker, A., William, J., Niyogi, S., Coble, M., Goel, N., Lakhtman, L., Horswill, M., Whetton, M., Chambers, B., Signal, L., van Den Berg, M., Gander, P., Polotsky, V., Savransky, V., Bevans, S., Nanayakkara, A., Li, J.-G., Smith, P., Torbenson, M., Stockx, E., Brodecky, V., Berger, P., Chung-Mei Lam, J., Rial, R., Roca, C., Garau, C., Akaarir, M., Mccoy, J., Ward, C., Connolly, N., Tartar, J., Brown, R., Carberry, J., Bradford, A., O’Halloran, K., Mcguire, M., Nacher, M., Serrano-Mollar, A., Navajas, D., Farre, R., Montserrat, J., Fenik, V., Rukhadze, I., Kubin, L., Sivertsen, B., Overland, S., Mykletun, A., Czira, M., Fornádi, K., Lindner, A., Szeifert, L., Szentkirályi, A., Mucsi, I., Molnár, M., Novák, M., Zoller, R., Chin, K., Takegami, M., Oga, T., Nakayama-Asida, Y., Wakamura, T., Mishima, M., Fukuhara, S., Shepherd, K., Keir, G., Rixon, K., Makarie-Rofail, L., Unger, G., Svanborg, E., Harder, L., Sarberg, M., Broström, A., Josefsson, A., Herrera, A., Aguilera, L., Diaz, M., Fedson, A., Hung, J., Williams, C., Love, G., Middleton, S., Vermeulen, W., Middleton, P., Steinfort, D., Goldin, J., Eritaia, J., Dionysopoulos, P., Irving, L., Ciftci, T. U., Kokturk, O., Demirtas, S., Kanbay, A., Tavil, Y., Bukan, N., Demritas, S., Olsen, S., Douglas, J., Oei, T., Williams, S., Leung, S., Starmer, G., Lee, R., Chan, A., Dungan, G., Cistulli, P., Zeng, B., Bansal, A., Patial, K., Vijayan, V. K., Sonka, K., Fialova, L., Svarcova, J., Volna, J., Jiroutek, P., Pretl, M., Bartos, A., Hasegawa, R. A., Sasanabe, R., Nomura, A., Morita, M., Hori, R., Ohkura, Y., Shiomi, T. T., Collins, A., Jerums, G., Hare, D., Panagiotopoulos, S., Weatherhead, B., Bailey, M., Neil, C., Goldsworthy, U., Hill, C., Valencia-Flores, M., Resendiz, M., Juarez, S., Castano, A., Santiago, V., Aguilar, C., Ostrosky, F., Krum, H., Kaye, D., Neves, C., Decio, M., Monteiro, M., Cintra, F., Poyares, D., Viegas, C., Silva, C., Oliveira, H., Peixoto, T., Mikami, A., Watanabe, T., Kumano-Go, T., Adachi, H., Sugita, Y., Takeda, M., Oktay, B., Firat, H., Akbal, E., Ardic, S., Paim, S., Santos, R., Barrreto, A., Whitmore, H., Imperial, J., Temple, K., Rue, A., Hoffman, L., Liljenquist, D., Kazsa, K., Pavasovic, M., Copland, J., Ho, M., Jayamaha, J., Peverill, R., Hii, S., Hensley, M., Rowland, S., Windler, S., Johansson, M., Eriksson, P., Peker, Y., Råstam, L., Lindblad, U., Grote, L., Zou, D., Radlinski, J., Eder, D., Plens, C. M., Garcia Gonzaga, F. M., Farias Sa, P., Franco Oliveira, L. V., Faria Sa, P., Yoon, I.-Y., Chung, S., Hee Lee, C., Kim, J.-W., Faludi, B., Wang, X., Li, Q., Wan, H., Li, M., Pallayova, M., Donic, V., Tomori, Z., Ioacara, S., Olech, T., Mccallum, C., Bowes, M., Bowes, J., Chia, M., Gilbert, S. S., Sajkov, D., Teichtahl, H., Stevenson, I., Cunnington, D., Kalman, J., Szaboova, E., Higami, S., Kryger, M., Higami, Y., Suzuki, C., Kitano, H., Carin, S., Olof, S., Yngve, G., Gösta, B., Carlberg, B., Stenlund, H., Franklin, K. A., Oliveira, A., Vasconcelos, L., Martinez, D., Goncalves, S. C., Gus, M., Silva, E. O. A., Fuchs, S. C., Fuchs, F. 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M., Elprince, M., Ismail, N., Elserogi, W., Yeo, A., George, K., Thomson, K., Stadler, D., Bradley, J., Paul, D., Schwartz, A., Hagander, L., Harlid, R., Hultcrantz, E., Haraldsson, P., Cho, J.-G., Narayan, J., Nagarajah, M., Perri, R., Johnson, P., Burgess, K., Chau, N., Mcevoy, R. D., Arnardottir, E. S., Thorleifsdottir, B., Olafsson, I., Gislason, T., Tsuiki, S., Fujimatsu, S., Munezawa, T., Sato, Y., Subedi, P., Ainslie, P., Topor, Z., Whitelaw, W., Chan, M., So, H., Lam, H., Ng, S., Chan, I., Lam, C., Saigusa, H., Higurashi, N., He, Z. M., Cui, X. C., Li, J., Dong, X., Lv, Y., Zhou, M., Han, X., An, P., Wang, L., Macey, P. M., Serber, S., Cross, R., Yan-Go, F., Marshall, M., Rees, D., Lee, S. H., Ho Cho, J. I., Shin, C., Lee, J. Y., Kwon, S. Y., Kim, T.-H., Vedam, H., Barnes, D., Walter, H., Karin, J., Hermann, P., Belyavskiy, E., Galitsyn, P., Arbolishvili, G., Litvin, A., Chazova, I., Mareev, V., Ramar, K., Khan, A., Gay, P., Strömberg, A., Ulander, M., Fridlund, B., Mårtensson, J., Yee, B., Desai, A., Buchanan, P., Crompton, R., Melehan, K., Wong, P., Tee, A., Ng, A., Darendeliler, M. A., Ye, L., Maislin, G., Hurley, S., Mccluskey, S., Weaver, T., Yun, C.-H., Ji, K.-H., Ahn, J. Y., Lee, H.-W., Zhang, X., Yin, K., Zhaofang, G., Chong, L., Navailles, B., Zenou, E., Cheze, L., Pignat, J.-C., Tang, T., Remmers, J., Vasilakos, K., Denotti, A., Gilholme, J., Castronovo, V., Marelli, S., Aloia, M., Fantini, M. 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R., Munro, J., Zimmerman, M., Stanchina, M., Millman, R., Cassel, W., Ploch, T., Loh, A., Koehler, U., Jerrentrup, A., Greulich, T., Doyle, G., Pascoe, T., Jorgensen, G., Baglioni, C., Lombardo, C., Espie, C., Violani, C., Edell-Gustafsson, U., Swahn, E., Ejdeback, J., Tygesen, H., Johansson, A., Neckelmann, D., Hilde Nordhus, I., Zs-Kovács, Á., Vámos, E., Zs-Molnár, M., Maisuradze, L., Gugushvili, J., Darchia, N., Gvilia, I., Lortkipanidze, N., Oniani, N., Wang-Weigand, S., Mayer, G., Roth-Schechter, B., Hsu, S.-C., Yang, C.-M., Liu, C.-Y., Ito, H., Omvik, S., Nordhus, I. H., Farber, R., Scharf, M., Harris-Collazo, R., Pereira, J., Andras, S., Ohayon, M., David, B., Morgan, K., Voorn, T., Vis, J., Kuijer, J., Fortier-Brochu, E., Beaulieu-Bonneau, S., Ivers, H., Morin, C., Beaulieu-Benneau, S., Harris, J., Bartlett, D., Paisley, L., Moncada, S., Toelle, B., Bonnet, M. H., Arand, D., Bonnet, J., Bonnet, M., Doi, Y., Edéll-Gustafsson, U., Strijers, R., Fernando, A., Arroll, B., Warman, G., Funakura, M., Shikano, S., Unemoto, Y., Fujisawa, M., Hong, S.-C., Jeong, J.-H., Shin, Y.-K., Han, J.-H., Lee, S.-P., Lee, J.-H., Mignot, E., Nakajima, T., Hayashida, K., Honda, M., Ardestani, P., Etemadifar, M., Nejadnik, H., Maghzi, A. H., Basiri, K., Ebrahimi, A., Davoodi, M., Peraita-Adrados, R., Vicario, J. L., Shin, H.-B., Marti, I., Carriero, L., Fulda, S., Beitinger, P., Pollmacher, T., Lam, J. S. P., Fong, S. Y. Y., Tang, N. L. S., Ho, C. K. W., Li, A. M. C., Wing, Y. K., Guilleminault, C., Black, J., Wells, C., Kantor, S., Janisiewicz, A., Scammell, T., Tanaka, S., Smith, A., Neufing, P., Gordon, T., Fuller, P., Gompf, H., Pedersen, N., Saper, C., Lu, J., Sasai, T., Donjacour, C., Fronczek, R., Le Cessie, S., Lammers, G. J., van Dijk, J. G., Hayashi-Ogawa, Y., Okuda, M., Lam, V. K.-H., Chen, A. L., Ho, C. K.-W., Wing, Y.-K., Lehrhaft, B., Brilliante, R., van Der Zande, W., Overeem, S., van Dijk, G., Lammers, J. G., Opazo, C. J., Jeong, D.-U., Sung, Y. H., Lyoo, I. K., Takahashi, Y., Murasaki, M., Bloch, K., Jung, H., Dahab, M. M., Campos, T. F., Mccabe, S., Maravic, K., Wiggs, L., Connelly, V., Barnes, J., Saito, Y., Ogawa, M., Murata, M., Nadig, U., Rahman, A., Aritake, K., D’Cruz, O., Suzuki, K., Kaji, Y., Takekawa, H., Nomura, T., Yasui, K., Nakashima, K., Bahammam, A., Rab, M. G., Owais, S., Alsuwat, K., Hamam, K., Zs, M., Boroojerdi, B., Giladi, N., Wood, D., Sherman, D., Chaudhuri, R., Partinen, M., Abdo, F., Bloem, B., Kremer, B., Verbeek, M., Cronlein, T., Mueller, U., Hajak, G., Zulley, J., Namba, K., Li, L., Mtsuura, M., Kaneita, Y., Ohida, T., Cappeliez, B., Moutrier, R., De, S., Dwivedi, S., Chambers, D., Gabbay, E., Watanabe, A., Valle, C., Kauati, A., Watanabe, R., Chediek, F., Botte, S., Azevedo, E., Kempf, J., Cizza, G., Torvik, S., Brancati, G., Smirne, N., Bruni, A., Goff, E., Freilich, S., Malaweera, A., Simonds, A., Mathias, C., Morrell, M., Rinsky, B., Fonarow, G., Gradinger, F. P., Boldt, C., Geyh, S., Stucki, A., Dahlberg, A., Michel, F., Savard, M.-H., Savard, J., Quesnel, C., Hirose, K., Takahara, M., Mizuno, K., Sadachi, H., Nagashima, Y., Yada, Y., Cheung, C.-F., Lau, C., Lai, W., Sin, K., Tam, C., Hellgren, J., Omenaas, E., Gíslason, T., Jögi, R., Franklin, K., Torén, K., Wang, F., Kadono, M., Shigeta, M., Nakazawa, A., Ueda, M., Fukui, M., Hasegawa, G., Yoshikawa, T., de Niet, G., Tiemens, B., Lendemeijer, B., Hutschemaekers, G., Gauthier, A.-K., Chevrette, T., Chevrier, E., Bouvier, H., Parry, B., Meliska, C., Nowakowski, S., Lopez, A., Martinez, F., Sorenson, D., Lien, M. L., Lattova, Z., Maurovich-Horvat, E., Nia, S., Pollmächer, T., Poulin, J., Chouinard, S., Stip, E., Guillem, F., Venne, D., Caouette, M., Lamont, M.-E., Lázár, A., Lázár, Z., Bíró, A., Gyõri, M., Tárnok, Z., Prekop, C., Gádoros, J., Halász, P., Bódizs, R., Okun, M., Hanusa, B., Hall, M., Wisner, K., Pereira, M., Kumar, R. A. J. E. S. H., Macey, P. A. U. L., Woo, M. A. R. Y., Serber, S. T. A. C. Y., Valladares, E. D. W. I. N., Harper, R. E. B. E. C. C. A., Harper, R. O. N. A. L. D., Puttonen, S., Härmä, M., Vahtera, J., Kivimäki, M., Lamarche, L., Hemmeter, U. M., Thum, A., Rocamora, R., Giesler, M., Haag, A., Dodel, R., Krieg, J. C., Shechter, A., L’Esperance, P., Boivin, D. B., Vu, M.-T., and Richards, H.

Published
2007
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12. The peril of adjusting for baseline when using change as a predictor

Author

Kimmo Sorjonen, Ingre M, Bo Melin, and Daniel Falkstedt

Subjects
PsyArXiv|Social and Behavioral Sciences, Text mining, bepress|Life Sciences, business.industry, PsyArXiv|Life Sciences, bepress|Social and Behavioral Sciences, Medicine, PsyArXiv|Social and Behavioral Sciences|Quantitative Methods|Statistical Methods, bepress|Social and Behavioral Sciences|Psychology|Quantitative Psychology, PsyArXiv|Social and Behavioral Sciences|Quantitative Methods, business, Baseline (configuration management), Demography
Abstract

Some studies have analyzed the effect of a predictor measured at a later time point (X1), or of the X1-X0 difference, while adjusting for the predictor measured at baseline (X0), on some outcome Y of interest. The present simulation study shows that, if used to analyze the effect of change in X on Y, there is a high risk for this analysis to produce type 1-errors, especially with a strong correlation between true X and Y, when X0 and X1 are not measured with very high reliability, and with a large sample size. These problems are not encountered if analyzing the unadjusted effect of the X1-X0 difference on Y instead, and as this effect exhibits power on par with the adjusted effect it seems as the preferable method when using change between two measurement points as a predictor.

Published
2019

18. Co-ordination of research on working hours and health in the Nordic countries

Author

Møller, S.V., primary, Axelsson, J., additional, Bjorvatn, B., additional, Hansen, J., additional, Hansen, Å.M., additional, Harris, A., additional, Hjarsbech, P.U., additional, Härmä, M., additional, Ingre, M., additional, Jensen, M.Aa., additional, Kecklund, G., additional, Kolstad, H.A., additional, Lie, J.A.S., additional, Lowden, A., additional, Matre, D., additional, Nabe-Nielsen, K., additional, Pallesen, S., additional, Puttonen, S., additional, Rugulies, R., additional, Tucker, P., additional, Vistisen, H.T., additional, and Garde, A.H., additional

Published
2014
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19. Justify your alpha

Author

Lakens, D., Adolfi, F.G., Albers, C.J., Anvari, F., Apps, M.A.J., Argamon, S.E., Baguley, T., Becker, R.B., Benning, S.D., Bradford, D.E., Buchanan, E.M., Caldwell, A.R., Van Calster, B., Carlsson, R., Chen, S.-C., Chung, B., Colling, L.J., Collins, G.S., Crook, Z., Cross, E.S., Daniels, S., Danielsson, Henrik, Debruine, L., Dunleavy, D.J., Earp, B.D., Feist, M.I., Ferrell, J.D., Field, J.G., Fox, N.W., Friesen, A., Gomes, C., Gonzalez-Marquez, M., Grange, J.A., Grieve, A.P., Guggenberger, R., Grist, J., Van Harmelen, A.-L., Hasselman, F., Hochard, K.D., Hoffarth, M.R., Holmes, N.P., Ingre, M., Isager, Peder, Isotalus, H.K., Johansson, C., Juszczyk, K., Kenny, D.A., Khalil, A.A., Konat, B., Lao, J., Larsen, E.G., Lodder, G.M.A., Lukavský, J., Madan, C.R., Manheim, D., Martin, S.R., Martin, A.E., Mayo, D.G., McCarthy, R.J., McConway, K., McFarland, C., Nio, A.Q.X., Nilsonne, G., De Oliveira, C.L., De Xivry, J.-J.O., Parsons, S., Pfuhl, G., Quinn, K.A., Sakon, J.J., Saribay, S.A., Schneider, I.K., Selvaraju, M., Sjoerds, Z., Smith, S.G., Smits, T., Spies, J.R., Sreekumar, V., Steltenpohl, C.N., Stenhouse, N., Swiatkowski, W., Vadillo, M.A., Van Assen, M.A.L.M., Williams, M.N., Williams, S.E., Williams, D.R., Yarkoni, T., Ziano, I., Zwaan, R.A., Lakens, D., Adolfi, F.G., Albers, C.J., Anvari, F., Apps, M.A.J., Argamon, S.E., Baguley, T., Becker, R.B., Benning, S.D., Bradford, D.E., Buchanan, E.M., Caldwell, A.R., Van Calster, B., Carlsson, R., Chen, S.-C., Chung, B., Colling, L.J., Collins, G.S., Crook, Z., Cross, E.S., Daniels, S., Danielsson, Henrik, Debruine, L., Dunleavy, D.J., Earp, B.D., Feist, M.I., Ferrell, J.D., Field, J.G., Fox, N.W., Friesen, A., Gomes, C., Gonzalez-Marquez, M., Grange, J.A., Grieve, A.P., Guggenberger, R., Grist, J., Van Harmelen, A.-L., Hasselman, F., Hochard, K.D., Hoffarth, M.R., Holmes, N.P., Ingre, M., Isager, Peder, Isotalus, H.K., Johansson, C., Juszczyk, K., Kenny, D.A., Khalil, A.A., Konat, B., Lao, J., Larsen, E.G., Lodder, G.M.A., Lukavský, J., Madan, C.R., Manheim, D., Martin, S.R., Martin, A.E., Mayo, D.G., McCarthy, R.J., McConway, K., McFarland, C., Nio, A.Q.X., Nilsonne, G., De Oliveira, C.L., De Xivry, J.-J.O., Parsons, S., Pfuhl, G., Quinn, K.A., Sakon, J.J., Saribay, S.A., Schneider, I.K., Selvaraju, M., Sjoerds, Z., Smith, S.G., Smits, T., Spies, J.R., Sreekumar, V., Steltenpohl, C.N., Stenhouse, N., Swiatkowski, W., Vadillo, M.A., Van Assen, M.A.L.M., Williams, M.N., Williams, S.E., Williams, D.R., Yarkoni, T., Ziano, I., and Zwaan, R.A.

Abstract

[No abstract available], Funding Agencies|Flinders University; RU, Radboud Universiteit; NIU, Northern Illinois University; University of Nottingham; Universität zu Köln; Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin; SLU, Saint Louis University; TU/e, Technische Universiteit Eindhoven; University of Leeds; IUPUI, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis; UiT, Universitetet i Tromsø; EUR, Erasmus Universiteit Rotterdam; UvT, Universiteit van Tilburg; University of Oxford; UNIL, Université de Lausanne; SEBM, Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine; NYU, New York University; UiT, Universitetet i Tromsø; RWTH Aachen University; KU Leuven; Universität Bielefeld; University of Louisiana at Lafayette; UA, University of Arkansas; Genentech Foundation for Biomedical Sciences; University of Bristol; UV, University of Virginia; City of Mobile; Université de Fribourg; Universiteit Gent; Yale University; VT, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; DIBS, Duke Institute for Brain Sciences, Duke University; UCB UK; University of Leeds; BIBS, Brown Institute for Brain Science; UU, Universiteit Utrecht; Keele University; HRD, Division of Human Resource Development; WVU, West Virginia University; King’s College London; NTU, Nottingham Trent University; Rijksuniversiteit Groningen; KACST, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology; University of Edinburgh; UCONN, University of Connecticut; University of Kent; University of Cambridge; UNLV, University of Nevada, Las Vegas; Universiteit Leiden; UBC, University of British Columbia; HGS, Human Genome Sciences; AV CR, Akademie Ved Ceské Republiky; IUPUI, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis; UK, University of Kentucky; University of Texas at Austin; DRS, Dahlem Research School, Freie Universität Berlin; Bangor University; RAND Corporation; University of Glasgow; University of Chester; CONICET, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Massey University; UC, University of California; NIH, National Institutes

Published
2018
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20. Co-ordination of Research on Working Hours and Health in the Nordic Countries: Working Hours and Health

Author

Møller, S.V, Axelsson, J., Bjorvatn, B., Hansen, J., Hansen, Å.M, Harris, A., Hjarsbech, P.U, Härmä, M., Ingre, M., Jensen, M.Aa, Kecklund, G., Kolstad, H.A, Lie, J.A.S, Lowden, A., Matre, D., Nabe-Nielsen, K., Pallesen, S., Puttonen, S., Rugulies, R., Tucker, P., Vistisen, H.T, Garde, A.H, Møller, S.V, Axelsson, J., Bjorvatn, B., Hansen, J., Hansen, Å.M, Harris, A., Hjarsbech, P.U, Härmä, M., Ingre, M., Jensen, M.Aa, Kecklund, G., Kolstad, H.A, Lie, J.A.S, Lowden, A., Matre, D., Nabe-Nielsen, K., Pallesen, S., Puttonen, S., Rugulies, R., Tucker, P., Vistisen, H.T, and Garde, A.H

Subjects
Industrial hygiene
Abstract

This report presents a summary of a workshop entitled'Co-ordination of research on working hours and health in the Nordic countries'. The workshop was held at the National Research Centre for the Working Environment in Denmark on the 24th-25th October. The overall purpose of the project was to provide a platform for co-operation and development of high-quality research projects on working hours and health in the Nordic countries. The project was supported by the Nordic Council of Ministers. The report includes a summary of the main outcomes of the project and a description of previous and ongoing studies as well as existing cohorts on working hours from participating institutions in the Nordic countries.

Published
2014

22. Co-ordination of research on working hours and health in the Nordic countries : Working hours and Health

Author

Møller, S.V., Axelsson, J., Bjorvatn, B., Hansen, J., Hansen, Å.M., Harris, A., Hjarsbech, P.U., Härmä, M., Ingre, M., Jensen, M.Aa., Kecklund, G., Kolstad, H.A., Lie, J.A.S., Lowden, A., Matre, D., Nabe-Nielsen, K., Pallesen, S., Puttonen, S., Rugulies, R., Tucker, P., Vistisen, H.T., and Garde, A.H.

Subjects
Arbejdsliv, Velfærd, Medicin och hälsovetenskap, Forskning, Sundhed, Medical and Health Sciences
Abstract

This report presents a summary of a workshop entitled "Co-ordination of research on working hours and health in the Nordic countries". The workshop was held at the National Research Centre for the Working Environment in Denmark on the 24th-25th October. The overall purpose of the project was to provide a platform for co-operation and development of high-quality research projects on working hours and health in the Nordic countries. The project was supported by the Nordic Council of Ministers. The report includes a summary of the main outcomes of the project and a description of previous and ongoing studies as well as existing cohorts on working hours from participating institutions in the Nordic countries.

Published
2014

23. Co-ordination of research on working hours and health in the Nordic countries : Working hours and Health

Author

Møller, S. V., Axelsson, J., Bjorvatn, B., Hansen, J., Hansen, Å. M., Harris, A., Hjarsbech, P. U., Härmä, M., Ingre, M., Jensen, M. A., Kecklund, Göran, Kolstad, H. A., Lie, J. A. S., Lowden, Arne, Matre, D., Nabe-Nielsen, K., Pallesen, S., Puttonen, S., Rugulies, R., Tucker, Philip, Vistisen, H. T., Garde, A. H., Møller, S. V., Axelsson, J., Bjorvatn, B., Hansen, J., Hansen, Å. M., Harris, A., Hjarsbech, P. U., Härmä, M., Ingre, M., Jensen, M. A., Kecklund, Göran, Kolstad, H. A., Lie, J. A. S., Lowden, Arne, Matre, D., Nabe-Nielsen, K., Pallesen, S., Puttonen, S., Rugulies, R., Tucker, Philip, Vistisen, H. T., and Garde, A. H.

Published
2015
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24. In-car countermeasures, open window and music, revisited on the real road: Popular but hardly effective against driver sleepiness

Author

Schwarz, J.F.A., Ingre, M., Fors, C., Anund, A., Kecklund, L.G., Taillard, J., Philip, P., and Äkerstedt, T.

Subjects
behavioral disciplines and activities, human activities, humanities, Work, Health and Performance
Abstract

Item does not contain fulltext This study investigated the effects of two very commonly used countermeasures against driver sleepiness, opening the window and listening to music, on subjective and physiological sleepiness measures during real road driving. In total, 24 individuals participated in the study. Sixteen participants received intermittent 10-min intervals of: (i) open window (2 cm opened); and (ii) listening to music, during both day and night driving on an open motorway. Both subjective sleepiness and physiological sleepiness (blink duration) was estimated to be significantly reduced when subjects listened to music, but the effect was only minor compared with the pronounced effects of night driving and driving duration. Open window had no attenuating effect on either sleepiness measure. No significant long-term effects beyond the actual countermeasure application intervals occurred, as shown by comparison to the control group (n = 8). Thus, despite their popularity, opening the window and listening to music cannot be recommended as sole countermeasures against driver sleepiness. 5 p.

Published
2012

25. Periodic self-rostering in shift work : correspondence between objective work hours, work hour preferences (personal fit), and work schedule satisfaction

Author

Ingre, M, Åkerstedt, Torbjörn, Ekstedt, Mirjam, Kecklund, G, Ingre, M, Åkerstedt, Torbjörn, Ekstedt, Mirjam, and Kecklund, G

Abstract

Objectives The main objective of the present study was to investigate relative personal fit as the association between rated needs and preferences for work hours, on the one hand, and actual work hours, on the other hand, in three groups (hospital, call-center, and police) working with periodic self-rostering. We also examined the association between personal fit and satisfaction with the work schedule and preference for a fixed and regular shift schedule, respectively. Methods We collected questionnaire data and objective work hour data over 6-12 months from the computerized self-rostering system. The response rate of the questionnaire was 69% at the hospital and call-center and 98% among the police. In total, 29 433 shifts for 285 shift workers were included in the study. Data was analyzed by means of mixed ANOVA, Kendal tau correlations and ordinal (proportional odds) logistic regression. Results The results show that evening types worked relatively more hours during the evening and night hours compared to morning types as an indication of relative personal fit. Relative personal fit was also found for long shift, short rest, and morning-, evening- and night-shift frequency, but only personal fit related to morning, evening and night-shift was associated with satisfaction with work hours. Reported conflicts at the workplace about work hours and problems with lack of predictability of time for family/leisure activities, was associated with poor satisfaction and a preference for a fixed shift schedule. Conclusions The present study shows that periodic self-rostering is associated with relative personal fit, in particular with respect to night, evening, and morning work. Personal fit seems to be associated with satisfaction with work hours and may be a moderator of tolerance to shift work exposure., QC 20120806

Published
2012
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27. Periodic self-rostering in shift work: Correspondence between objective work hours, work hour preferences (personal fit), and work schedule satisfaction

Author

Ingre, M., Äkerstedt, T., Ekstedt, M., Kecklund, L.G., Ingre, M., Äkerstedt, T., Ekstedt, M., and Kecklund, L.G.

Abstract

Contains fulltext : 102783.pdf (publisher's version ) (Open Access), Objectives The main objective of the present study was to investigate relative personal fit as the association between rated needs and preferences for work hours, on the one hand, and actual work hours, on the other hand, in three groups (hospital, call-center, and police) working with periodic self-rostering. We also examined the association between personal fit and satisfaction with the work schedule and preference for a fixed and regular shift schedule, respectively. Methods We collected questionnaire data and objective work hour data over 6-12 months from the computerized self-rostering system. The response rate of the questionnaire was 69% at the hospital and call-center and 98% among the police. In total, 29 433 shifts for 285 shift workers were included in the study. Data was analyzed by means of mixed ANOVA, Kendal tau correlations and ordinal (proportional odds) logistic regression. Results The results show that evening types worked relatively more hours during the evening and night hours compared to morning types as an indication of relative personal fit. Relative personal fit was also found for long shift, short rest, and morning-, evening- and night-shift frequency, but only personal fit related to morning, evening and night-shift was associated with satisfaction with work hours. Reported conflicts at the workplace about work hours and problems with lack of predictability of time for family/leisure activities, was associated with poor satisfaction and a preference for a fixed shift schedule. Conclusions The present study shows that periodic self-rostering is associated with relative personal fit, in particular with respect to night, evening, and morning work. Personal fit seems to be associated with satisfaction with work hours and may be a moderator of tolerance to shift work exposure.

Published
2012

30. Early morning shifts (short sleep) and long distance between stops increase sleepiness in train-drivers

Author

Ingre, M., Kecklund, G., Vestergren, Peter, Akerstedt, T., Kecklund, L., Ingre, M., Kecklund, G., Vestergren, Peter, Akerstedt, T., and Kecklund, L.

Abstract

ISI Document Delivery No.: 677ZY Times Cited: 0 Cited Reference Count: 0 17th Annual Meeting of the Associated-Professional-Sleep-Societies JUN 03-08, 2003 CHICAGO, ILLINOIS Assoc Prof Sleep Soc AMER ACADEMY SLEEP MEDICINE

Published
2003

34. Justify your alpha

Author

Lakens, D, Adolfi, FG, Albers, CJ, Anvari, F, Apps, MAJ, Argamon, SE, Baguley, T, Becker, RB, Benning, SD, Bradford, DE, Buchanan, EM, Caldwell, AR, Van Calster, B, Carlsson, R, Chen, SC, Chung, B, Colling, LJ, Collins, GS, Crook, Z, Cross, ES, Daniels, S, Danielsson, H, Debruine, L, Dunleavy, DJ, Earp, BD, Feist, MI, Ferrell, JD, Field, JG, Fox, NW, Friesen, A, Gomes, C, Gonzalez-Marquez, M, Grange, JA, Grieve, AP, Guggenberger, R, Grist, J, Van Harmelen, AL, Hasselman, F, Hochard, KD, Hoffarth, MR, Holmes, NP, Ingre, M, Isager, PM, Isotalus, HK, Johansson, C, Juszczyk, K, Kenny, DA, Khalil, AA, Konat, B, Lao, J, Larsen, EG, Lodder, GMA, Lukavský, J, Madan, CR, Manheim, D, Martin, Martin, AE, Mayo, DG, McCarthy, RJ, McConway, K, McFarland, C, Nio, AQX, Nilsonne, G, De Oliveira, CL, De Xivry, JJO, Parsons, S, Pfuhl, G, Quinn, KA, Sakon, JJ, Saribay, SA, Schneider, IK, Selvaraju, M, Sjoerds, Z, Smith, SG, Smits, T, Spies, Sreekumar, V, Steltenpohl, CN, Stenhouse, N, Świątkowski, W, Vadillo, MA, Van Assen, MALM, Williams, MN, Williams, SE, Williams, DR, Yarkoni, T, Ziano, I, and Zwaan, RA

Subjects
mental disorders, 32 Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, 3202 Clinical Sciences, 3. Good health
Abstract

Benjamin et al. proposed changing the conventional “statistical significance” threshold (i.e.,the alpha level) from p ≤ .05 to p ≤ .005 for all novel claims with relatively low prior odds. They provided two arguments for why lowering the significance threshold would “immediately improve the reproducibility of scientific research.” First, a p-value near .05provides weak evidence for the alternative hypothesis. Second, under certain assumptions, an alpha of .05 leads to high false positive report probabilities (FPRP2 ; the probability that a significant finding is a false positive)

35. Autoimmune diseases in primary sclerosing cholangitis and their first-degree relatives.

Author

Lundberg Båve A, von Seth E, Ingre M, Nordenvall C, and Bergquist A

Subjects
Humans, Male, Female, Middle Aged, Adult, Cohort Studies, Comorbidity, Aged, Young Adult, Inflammatory Bowel Diseases genetics, Inflammatory Bowel Diseases epidemiology, Inflammatory Bowel Diseases complications, Family, Cholangitis, Sclerosing genetics, Cholangitis, Sclerosing epidemiology, Cholangitis, Sclerosing complications, Autoimmune Diseases epidemiology, Autoimmune Diseases genetics
Abstract

Background and Aims: Primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) is linked to inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). However, there is limited overlap between IBD and PSC risk genes, but a stronger association between PSC and other autoimmune conditions. We aimed to assess the coexistence and familial association of autoimmune disorders in PSC, and the influence of autoimmune comorbidity on severe outcomes., Approach and Results: In a matched cohort study, 1378 individuals with PSC and 13,549 general population comparators and their first-degree relatives were evaluated. National registries provided data on diagnoses and outcomes (liver transplantation, hepatobiliary cancer, and liver-related death). The OR of autoimmune disease was estimated by logistic regression. The Fine and Gray competing risk regression estimated HRs for severe outcomes. The prevalence of non-IBD, non-autoimmune hepatitis, and autoimmune disease was 18% in PSC and 11% in comparators, OR: 1.77 (95% CI: 1.53-2.05). Highest odds were seen for celiac disease [OR: 4.36 (95% CI: 2.44-7.49)], sarcoidosis [OR: 2.74 (95% CI: 1.29-5.33)], diabetes type 1 [OR: 2.91 (95% CI: 2.05-4.05)], and autoimmune skin disease [OR: 2.15 (95% CI: 1.52-2.96)]. First-degree relatives of individuals with PSC had higher odds of developing IBD, autoimmune hepatitis, and any autoimmune disease than relatives of the comparators [OR: 3.25 (95% CI: 2.68-3.91); OR: 5.94 (95% CI: 2.82-12.02); OR: 1.34 (95% CI: 1.19-1.50)]. Autoimmune comorbidity in PSC was not associated with poorer outcomes [HR: 0.96 (95% CI: 0.71-1.28)]., Conclusions: Individuals with PSC and their first-degree relatives had higher odds of autoimmune disease compared to matched comparators. This finding provides validation for prior genetic discoveries at a phenotypic level. Autoimmune comorbidity did not impact severe outcomes., (Copyright © 2024 American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases.)

Published
2024
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36. Increasing the reach: optimizing screening for atrial fibrillation-the STROKESTOP III study.

Author

Khan M, Ingre M, Carlstedt F, Eriksson A, Skröder S, Star Tenn J, Rosenqvist M, and Svennberg E

Subjects
Humans, Aged, Prospective Studies, Electrocardiography, Male, Sweden epidemiology, Female, Risk Factors, Early Diagnosis, Atrial Fibrillation diagnosis, Atrial Fibrillation drug therapy, Mass Screening methods
Abstract

Aims: Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common type of cardiac arrythmia and is an important risk factor for ischaemic stroke. Many cases of AF remain undiagnosed due to its paroxysmal, intermittent, and often asymptomatic nature. Early detection of AF through screening and initiation of treatment with oral anticoagulants can prevent stroke, increase life expectancy, and decrease the cost of healthcare for the society. However, participation has been low in previous AF screening studies employing population screening. The aim of this study is to determine whether opportunistic screening is a superior method to increase participation in comparison to population screening. We hypothesize that opportunistic screening will significantly increase participation., Methods and Results: In our study, STROKESTOP III, a randomized prospective cohort study, we compare two different methods of AF screening in high-risk individuals: population screening vs. opportunistic screening. Sixteen different primary clinics in Värmland, Sweden, serving 75-76-year-old individuals (n = 2954), will be randomized to either population screening or opportunistic screening. The individuals will be instructed to record electrocardiogram (ECG) for 30 s, 3 times daily for 2 weeks, using a handheld one-lead ECG device. Patients with detected AF will be referred to their primary healthcare physician and offered treatment. The main objective of the study is to determine the rate of participation in opportunistic screening in comparison to population screening., Conclusions: The STROKESTOP III study will provide valuable information on which screening method to use for improved participation in atrial fibrillation screening., (© The Author(s) 2024. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the European Society of Cardiology.)

Published
2024
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37. Breastfeeding, cognitive ability, and residual confounding: A comment on studies by Pereyra-Elìas et al.

Author

Sorjonen K, Nilsonne G, Ingre M, and Melin B

Subjects
Child, Female, Humans, Educational Status, Family, Employment, Breast Feeding, Cognition
Abstract

Recent studies found positive effects of breastfeeding on the child's cognitive ability and educational outcomes even when adjusting for maternal cognitive ability in addition to a large number of other potential confounders. The authors claimed an important role of breastfeeding for the child's cognitive scores. However, it is well known that error in the measurement of confounders can leave room for residual confounding. In the present reanalyses, we found incongruent effects indicating simultaneous increasing and decreasing effects of breastfeeding on the child's cognitive ability and educational outcomes. We conclude that findings in the reanalyses may have been due to residual confounding due to error in the measurement of maternal cognitive ability. Consequently, it appears premature to assume a genuine increasing effect of breastfeeding on the child's cognitive ability and educational outcomes and claims in this regard may be challenged., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (Copyright: © 2024 Sorjonen et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.)

Published
2024
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38. The cascade of care for patients with chronic hepatitis delta in Southern Stockholm, Sweden for the past 30 years.

Author

Kamal H, Lindahl K, Ingre M, Gahrton C, Karkkonen K, Nowak P, Vesterbacka J, Stål P, Wedemeyer H, Duberg AS, and Aleman S

Subjects
Humans, Hepatitis B Surface Antigens, Sweden epidemiology, Hepatitis Delta Virus genetics, Hepatitis, Chronic complications, RNA, Hepatitis B virus genetics, Hepatitis B complications, Coinfection epidemiology, Hepatitis D epidemiology, Hepatitis D complications, HIV Infections complications
Abstract

Background and Aims: Previous studies have shown suboptimal screening for hepatitis D virus (HDV) among patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB). This study presents the cascade of care for HDV infection in a major secondary referral centre in Southern Stockholm, Sweden., Methods: HBsAg+ve patients attending Karolinska University Hospital (KUH) from 1992 to 2022 were identified. The prevalence of anti-HDV and/or HDV RNA positivity, interferon (IFN) therapy and maintained virological responses (MVR) after HDV treatment were assessed. Also, time to anti-HDV testing was analysed in relation to liver-related outcomes with logistic regression., Results: Among 4095 HBsAg+ve persons, 3703 (90.4%) underwent an anti-HDV screening; within a median of 1.8 months (range 0.0-57.1) after CHB diagnosis. This screening rate increased over time, to 97.9% in the last decade. Overall, 310 (8.4%) were anti-HDV+ve, of which 202 (65.2%) were HDV RNA+ve. Eighty-five (42%) received IFN, and 9 (10.6%) achieved MVR at the last follow-up. The predictive factors for anti-HDV screening were Asian origin, diagnosis after the year 2012, HIV co-infection (negative factor) and HBV DNA level < 2000 IU/mL in univariable analysis, while HIV co-infection was the only remaining factor in multivariable analysis. Delayed anti-HDV test >5 years was independently associated with worsened liver-related outcomes (adjusted odds ratio = 7.6, 95% CI 1.8-31.6)., Conclusion: Higher frequency of HDV screening than previously published data could be seen among CHB patients at KUH in a low-endemic setting. Receiving a delayed screening test seems to be associated with worse outcomes, stressing the need of a strategy for timely HDV diagnosis., (© 2023 The Authors. Liver International published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Published
2024
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39. Age-specific and sex-specific risks for HCC in African-born persons with chronic hepatitis B without cirrhosis.

Author

Kamal H, Ingre M, Stål P, Westman G, Bruce D, Wedemeyer H, Duberg AS, and Aleman S

Subjects
Male, Humans, Female, Liver Cirrhosis diagnosis, Liver Cirrhosis epidemiology, Liver Cirrhosis etiology, Age Factors, Carcinoma, Hepatocellular diagnosis, Carcinoma, Hepatocellular epidemiology, Carcinoma, Hepatocellular etiology, Liver Neoplasms diagnosis, Hepatitis B, Chronic complications, Hepatitis B, Chronic diagnosis, Hepatitis B, Chronic epidemiology, Coinfection, Hepatitis C complications
Abstract

Background: The international recommendations of HCC surveillance for African-born persons with chronic hepatitis B (CHB) without cirrhosis are divergent, probably due to scarce data on incidence rate (IR) for HCC., Methods: We assembled a cohort with prospectively collected data of Swedish residents of African origin with diagnosed CHB without cirrhosis at baseline from 1990 to 2015. Data from nationwide registers were used to calculate the sex-specific IR and IR ratio (incidence rate ratios) in relation to age, comorbidities, and birth region, using a generalized linear model with a log-link function and Poisson distribution., Results: Among 3865 African-born persons with CHB without cirrhosis at baseline, 31 (0.8%; 77.4% men) developed HCC during a median of 11.1 years of follow-up, with poor survival after HCC diagnosis. The mean age at HCC diagnosis was 46.8 (SD±14.7; range 23-79) in men. HCC IR exceeded the recommended surveillance threshold of 0.2%/year at ages 54 and 59 years in men and women, respectively, and at ages 20-40 years if HCV or HDV co-infection was present. African-born men with CHB had an incidence rate ratios of 10.6 (95% CI 4.4-31.5) for HCC compared to matched African-born peers without CHB, and an incidence rate ratios of 35.3 (95% CI 16.0-88.7) compared to a matched general population., Conclusions: African-born men with CHB without cirrhosis reached an IR of 0.2%/year between 50 and 60 years, and at younger ages if HCV or HDV co-infection was present. Our findings need further confirmation, and new cost-effectiveness analyses specific for young populations are needed, to provide personalized and cost-effective HCC surveillance., (Copyright © 2023 The Author(s). Published by Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. on behalf of the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases.)

Published
2023
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40. Unmasking artifactual links: A reanalysis reveals No direct causal relationship between self-esteem and quality of social relations.

Author

Sorjonen K, Ingre M, Melin B, and Nilsonne G

Abstract

A meta-analysis conducted by Harris and Orth (2020) found positive prospective cross-lagged effects between quality of social relations and self-esteem in included longitudinal studies. Harris and Orth concluded that the link between self-esteem and quality of social relations is reciprocal and characterized by a positive feedback loop. However, meta-analytic effects were estimated while controlling for a prior measurement of the outcome and such effects are known to be susceptible to artifactual (i.e. spurious) effects due to correlations with measurement errors and reversion to mediocrity. We reanalyzed the same data and found paradoxical effects indicating, simultaneously, both increasing and decreasing effects between self-esteem and social relations. These findings suggest that prospective effects between self-esteem and quality of social relations are artifactual rather than due to a true reciprocal effect. Thus, these findings have important theoretical implications and challenge both the risk regulation model, which posits that self-esteem has a causal effect on quality of social relations, and the sociometer theory, which claims that quality of relations is the cause and self-esteem the effect. The present results prompt further investigation into the underlying mechanisms driving these artifactual associations. Additionally, the study highlights the importance of considering methodological limitations in future meta-analyses to improve the accuracy of causal inferences., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (© 2023 The Authors.)

Published
2023
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41. Dangers of including outcome at baseline as a covariate in latent change score models: Results from simulations and empirical re-analyses.

Author

Sorjonen K, Ingre M, Nilsonne G, and Melin B

Abstract

Latent change score modeling is a type of structural equation modeling used for estimating change over time. Often change is regressed on the initial value of the outcome variable. However, similarly to other regression analyses, this procedure may be susceptible to regression to the mean. The present study employed simulations as well as re-analyses of previously published data, claimed to indicate reciprocal promoting effects of vocabulary and matrix reasoning on each other's longitudinal development. Both in simulations and empirical re-analyses, when adjusting for initial value on the outcome, latent change score modeling tended to indicate an effect of a predictor on the change in an outcome even when no change had taken place. Furthermore, analyses tended to indicate a paradoxical effect on change both forward and backward in time. We conclude that results from latent change score modeling are susceptible to regression to the mean when adjusting for the initial value on the outcome. Researchers are recommended not to regress change on the initial value included in the calculation of the change score when employing latent change score modeling but, instead, to define this parameter as a covariance., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest., (© 2023 The Authors.)

Published
2023
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42. Questioning the vulnerability model: Prospective associations between low self-esteem and subsequent depression ratings may be spurious.

Author

Sorjonen K, Nilsonne G, Ingre M, and Melin B

Subjects
Causality, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Sexual Behavior, Depression, Self Concept
Abstract

Background: According to the vulnerability model, low self-esteem makes people more depressed. Support for the vulnerability model comes almost exclusively from analyses using cross-lagged panel models, showing a negative effect of initial self-esteem on subsequent depression ratings when adjusting for initial depression. However, it is well known that such adjusted effects are susceptible to regression toward the mean., Methods: Data from four waves of measurements in five different samples (total N = 2703) were analyzed with two different cross-lagged panel models, two different random intercept cross-lagged panel models, and two different latent change score models, predicting change forwards as well as backwards in time., Results: High initial self-esteem predicted both decreased and increased depression ratings between measurements and an increase in self-esteem between measurements predicted a concurrent decrease in depression ratings., Limitations: Only data from two western countries, Switzerland and USA, were analyzed. Whether the main finding, that a prospective effect of self-esteem on subsequent depression ratings might be spurious, applies to other countries and cultures remains an open question., Conclusions: Due to the incongruent results, any causal effect of self-esteem on depression ratings, and thus the vulnerability model as such, cannot be corroborated by the data and models analyzed here. Instead, we propose, tentatively, that prospective associations between self-esteem and depression ratings may be spurious due to a combination of reasons, including regression toward the mean. The indication that depression might not be affected by measures to improve individuals' self-esteem is of clinical relevance., (Copyright © 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Published
2022
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43. Regression to the mean in latent change score models: an example involving breastfeeding and intelligence.

Author

Sorjonen K, Nilsonne G, Ingre M, and Melin B

Subjects
Adolescent, Child, Female, Humans, Intelligence Tests, Mothers, Reproducibility of Results, Breast Feeding, Intelligence
Abstract

Background: Latent change score models are often used to study change over time in observational data. However, latent change score models may be susceptible to regression to the mean. Earlier observational studies have identified a positive association between breastfeeding and child intelligence, even when adjusting for maternal intelligence., Method: In the present study, we investigate regression to the mean in the case of breastfeeding and intelligence of children. We used latent change score modeling to analyze intergenerational change in intelligence, both from mothers to children and backward from children to mothers, in the 1979 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY79) dataset (N = 6283)., Results: When analyzing change from mothers to children, breastfeeding was found to have a positive association with intergenerational change in intelligence, whereas when analyzing backward change from children to mothers, a negative association was found., Conclusions: These discrepant findings highlight a hidden flexibility in the analytical space and call into question the reliability of earlier studies of breastfeeding and intelligence using observational data., (© 2022. The Author(s).)

Published
2022
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44. Sleepy drivers on a slippery road: A pilot study using a driving simulator.

Author

Radun I, Levitski A, Wahde M, Ingre M, Benderius O, Radun J, and Kecklund G

Subjects
Electrooculography, Humans, Male, Pilot Projects, Sleepiness, Wakefulness physiology, Automobile Driving, Sleep Stages physiology
Abstract

Sleepy drivers have problems with keeping the vehicle within the lines, and might often need to apply a sudden or hard corrective steering wheel movement. Such movements, if they occur while driving on a slippery road, might increase the risk of ending off road due to the unforgiving nature of slippery roads. We tested this hypothesis. Twelve young men participated in a driving simulator experiment with two counterbalanced conditions; dry versus slippery road × day (alert) versus night (sleepy) driving. The participants drove 52.5 km on a monotonous two-lane highway and rated their sleepiness seven times using the Karolinska Sleepiness Scale. Blink durations were extracted from an electrooculogram. The standard deviation of lateral position and the smoothness of steering events were measures of driving performance. Each outcome variable was analysed with mixed-effect models with road condition, time-of-day and time-on-task as predictors. The Karolinska Sleepiness Scale increased with time-on-task (p < 0.001) and was higher during night drives (p < 0.001), with a three-way interaction suggesting a small increased sleepiness with driving time at night with slippery road conditions (p = 0.012). Blink durations increased with time-on-task (p < 0.01) with an interaction between time-of-day and road condition (p = 0.040) such that physiological sleepiness was lower for sleep-deprived participants in demanding road conditions. The standard deviation of lateral position increased with time-on-task (p = 0.026); however, during night driving it was lower on a slippery road (p = 0.025). The results indicate that driving in demanding road condition (i.e. slippery road) might further exhaust already sleepy drivers, although this is not clearly reflected in driving performance., (© 2021 The Authors. Journal of Sleep Research published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of European Sleep Research Society.)

Published
2022
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46. Quantifying Cognitive Impairment After Sleep Deprivation at Different Times of Day: A Proof of Concept Using Ultra-Short Smartphone-Based Tests.

Author

Holding BC, Ingre M, Petrovic P, Sundelin T, and Axelsson J

Abstract

Cognitive functioning is known to be impaired following sleep deprivation and to fluctuate depending on the time of day. However, most methods of assessing cognitive performance remain impractical for environments outside of the lab. This study investigated whether 2-min smartphone-based versions of commonly used cognitive tests could be used to assess the effects of sleep deprivation and time of day on diverse cognitive functions. After three nights of normal sleep, participants ( N = 182) were randomised to either one night of sleep deprivation or a fourth night of normal sleep. Using the Karolinska WakeApp (KWA), participants completed a battery of 2-min cognitive tests, including measures of attention, arithmetic ability, episodic memory, working memory, and a Stroop test for cognitive conflict and behavioural adjustment. A baseline measurement was completed at 22:30 h, followed by three measurements the following day at approximately 08:00 h, 12:30 h, and 16:30 h. Sleep deprivation led to performance impairments in attention, arithmetic ability, episodic memory, and working memory. No effect of sleep deprivation was observed in the Stroop test. There were variations in attention and arithmetic test performance across different times of day. The effect of sleep deprivation on all cognitive tests was also found to vary at different times of day. In conclusion, this study shows that the KWA's 2-min cognitive tests can be used to detect cognitive impairments following sleep deprivation, and fluctuations in cognitive performance relating to time of day. The results demonstrate the potential of using brief smartphone-based tasks to measure a variety of cognitive abilities within sleep and fatigue research., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2021 Holding, Ingre, Petrovic, Sundelin and Axelsson.)

Published
2021
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47. The new accounting for expected adjusted effect test (AEAE test) has higher positive predictive value than a zero-order significance test.

Author

Sorjonen K, Nilsonne G, Melin B, and Ingre M

Subjects
Reproducibility of Results, Sensitivity and Specificity, Predictive Value of Tests
Abstract

Objective: The present simulation study aimed to assess positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) for our newly introduced Accounting for Expected Adjusted Effect test (AEAE test) and compare it to PPV and NPV for a traditional zero-order significance test., Results: The AEAE test exhibited greater PPV compared to a traditional zero-order significance test, especially with a strong true adjusted effect, low prior probability, high degree of confounding, large sample size, high reliability in the measurement of predictor X and outcome Y, and low reliability in the measurement of confounder Z. The zero-order significance test, on the other hand, exhibited higher NPV, except for some combinations of high degree of confounding and large sample size, or low reliability in the measurement of Z and high reliability in the measurement of X/Y, in which case the zero-order significance test can be completely uninformative. Taken together, the findings demonstrate desirable statistical properties for the AEAE test compared to a traditional zero-order significance test.

Published
2021
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48. A comparison of models with weight, height, and BMI as predictors of mortality.

Author

Sorjonen K, Nilsonne G, Falkstedt D, Hemmingsson T, Melin B, and Ingre M

Abstract

Introduction: Body mass index (BMI) is a composite variable of weight and height, often used as a predictor of health outcomes, including mortality. The main purpose of combining weight and height in one variable is to obtain a measure of obesity independent of height. It is however unclear how accurate BMI is as a predictor of mortality compared with models including both weight and height or a weight × height interaction as predictors., Methods: The current study used conscription data on weight, height, and BMI of Swedish men ( N  = 48,904) in 1969/70 as well as linked data on mortality (3442 deaths) between 1969 and 2008. Cox proportional hazard models including combinations of weight, height, and BMI at conscription as predictors of subsequent all-cause and cause-specific mortality were fitted to data., Results: An increase by one standard deviation on weight and BMI were associated with an increase in hazard for all-cause mortality by 5.4% and 11.5%, respectively, while an increase by one standard deviation on height was associated with a decrease in hazard for all-cause mortality by 9.4%. The best-fitting model indicated lowest predicted all-cause mortality for those who weighed 60.5 kg at conscription, regardless of height. Further analyses of cause-specific mortality suggest that this weight seems to be a compromise between lower optimal weights to avoid cancer and CVD mortality and a higher optimal weight to not die by suicide., Conclusions: According to the present findings, there are several ways to make better use of measured weight and height than to calculate BMI when predicting mortality., Competing Interests: None declared.Conceived of the original idea: Kimmo Sorjonen, Gustav Nilsonne, and Michael Ingre. Provided data: Daniel Falkstedt, Tomas Hemmingsson, and Bo Melin. Conducted the statistical analyses: Kimmo Sorjonen and Michael Ingre. Kimmo Sorjonen wrote the script with assistance from Michael Ingre. Wrote an initial draft: Kimmo Sorjonen. All authors discussed the results, proposed changes, and contributed to the final manuscript; all authors have approved the final version of the manuscript., (© 2020 The Authors. Obesity Science & Practice published by World Obesity and The Obesity Society and John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Published
2020
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49. Accounting for Expected Adjusted Effect.

Author

Sorjonen K, Melin B, and Ingre M

Abstract

The point that adjustment for confounders do not always guarantee protection against spurious findings and type 1-errors has been made before. The present simulation study indicates that for traditional regression methods, this risk is accentuated by a large sample size, low reliability in the measurement of the confounder, and high reliability in the measurement of the predictor and the outcome. However, this risk might be attenuated by calculating the expected adjusted effect, or the required reliability in the measurement of the possible confounder, with equations presented in the present paper., (Copyright © 2020 Sorjonen, Melin and Ingre.)

Published
2020
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50. Sleepiness as motivation: a potential mechanism for how sleep deprivation affects behavior.

Author

Axelsson J, Ingre M, Kecklund G, Lekander M, Wright KP, and Sundelin T

Subjects
Humans, Quality of Life, Sleep, Wakefulness, Sleep Deprivation, Sleepiness
Abstract

Study Objectives: To determine how sleepiness and sleep deprivation drive the motivation to engage in different behaviors., Methods: We studied the sleepiness of 123 participants who had been randomized to sleep deprivation or normal sleep, and their willingness to engage in a range of everyday behaviors., Results: Self-reported sleepiness was a strong predictor of the motivation to engage in sleep-preparatory behaviors such as shutting one's eyes (OR = 2.78, 95% CI: 2.19-3.52 for each step up on the Karolinska Sleepiness Scale) and resting (OR = 3.20, CI: 2.46-4.16). Sleepiness was also related to the desire to be cared for by a loved one (OR = 1.49, CI: 1.22-1.82), and preparedness to utilize monetary and energy resources to get to sleep. Conversely, increased sleepiness was associated with a decreased motivation for social and physical activities (e.g. be with friends OR = 0.71, CI: 0.61-0.82; exercise OR = 0.65, CI: 0.56-0.76). Sleep deprivation had similar effects as sleepiness on these behaviors. Neither sleepiness nor sleep deprivation had strong associations with hunger, thirst, or food preferences., Conclusions: Our findings indicate that sleepiness is a dynamic motivational drive that promotes sleep-preparatory behaviors and competes with other drives and desired outcomes. Consequently, sleepiness may be a central mechanism by which impaired alertness, for example, due to insufficient sleep, contributes to poor quality of life and adverse health. We propose that sleepiness helps organize behaviors toward the specific goal of assuring sufficient sleep, in competition with other needs and incentives. A theoretical framework on sleepiness and its behavioral consequences are likely to improve our understanding of several disease mechanisms., (© Sleep Research Society 2019. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Sleep Research Society.)

Published
2020
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