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Introduction Oral myiasis is a rare condition caused by Dipteran larvae that feed on living or dead tissues, ingested food or body fluids. It affects immunocompromised individuals with low socioeconomic status or those unable to maintain proper hygiene. Cases of oral myiasis are scarce but debilitating in children. We conducted a systematic review to understand the nature of disease, its causative factors, treatment and ways to prevent the occurrence of this condition among children. Methodology The review was carried out in accordance with Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-analysis guidelines. A systematic electronic literature search was conducted on major databases using keywords in combination with Boolean Operators. Manuscripts discussing cases of oral myiasis in paediatric patients were included in the review. Results The exhaustive literature search and evaluation of full texts revealed 32 studies that fulfilled the inclusion criteria. A total of 68 cases of oral myiasis were reported from 2 to 16 years of children, majorly involving gingiva of maxillary anterior region and palate. Conclusion The dreadful condition of myiasis can be prevented by decreasing the number of flies, maintenance of good hygiene and by educating the susceptible population. Affected children must be managed by following proper treatment regimens.

Digestive capacity of the gastrointestinal tract, largely but not wholly, depends on exocrine pancreatic function to achieve near complete digestion and absorption of ingested food. Coefficient of fat absorption (CFA), the proportion of ingested fat absorbed (normal93%), reflects digestive capacity. Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (EPI) is the state of insufficient digestive capacity (CFA93%) caused by severe loss of pancreatic exocrine function despite variable compensation by upregulation of extra-pancreatic lipolysis. Fecal elastase 1 (FE1) level is the most widely used, though imperfect, non-invasive test of pancreatic enzyme output. Decline in pancreas enzyme output, or pancreatic exocrine dysfunction (EPD), has a variable correlation with measurable decline in CFA. EPI results in steatorrhea, weight loss and nutrient deficiency, which are mitigated by pancreatic enzyme replacement therapy (PERT). We propose a staging system for EPD, based on measurement of fecal elastase (FE1) and, if necessary, CFA and serum fat-soluble vitamin levels. In Stage I (Mild) EPD, FE1 is 100-200 mcg/gm; if steatorrhea is present, non-pancreatic causes are likely. In Stage II (Moderate) EPD), FE1 is 100 mcg/gm without clinical and/or laboratory evidence of steatorrhea. In Stage III, there are marked reductions in FE1 and CFA, but vitamin levels remain normal (Severe EPD or EPI without nutritional deficiency). In Stage IV all parameters are abnormal (Severe EPD or EPI with nutritional deficiency). EPD stages I and II are pancreas sufficient and PERT may not be the best or first approach in management of early-stage disease; it needs further study to determine clinical utility. The term EPI refers strictly to EPD Stages III and IV which should be treated with PERT, with Stage IV requiring micronutrient supplementation as well.

A variety of health issues have been investigated in the Hajj pilgrims (HPs) in KSA. However, it is still obscure to decide which meals contribute to health related issues specifically gastrointestinal disorders and allergies. Hence present study was planned to compare the effect of using different meals on GIT disorders and allergies. The data was categorized into two groups. Group 1 of age matched HPs comprised a Functional Digestive System Questionnaire (FDSQ) to study digestive disorders. Group 2 HPs were compared for those received Toafa Corporation Meals (TCM) and those did not received Toafa Corporation Meals (NTCM). The FDSQ showed some of the gastrointestinal symptoms in male and female Hajj pilgrims differing significantly (p

Food is considered to be the path of health and salvation. Desire of food, easy digestion of ingested food, proper excretion of feces, urine and flatus, lightness of body, longevity and happiness are known to be features of health. Health is dependent upon food and the food looks for proper method. In the present era, everyone wants to know only about tasty food, but people are not much aware of the rules of food preparation, rules of proper intake, and proper utensils for food intake, etc. Practicing appropriate diet-regimen, pertinent demeanor, appropriate sleep and wake up makes a person devoid of distress. In this way a vast description of salutary diet regimen is available in the treatise of Āyurveda. This paper deals with the use of utensils and methodology of food intake mentioned in Kaśyapa Saṃhitā and other Ayurvedic scriptures.

The interaction between gut microbiota and the host has gained widespread concern. Gut microbiota not only provides nutrients from the ingested food but also generates bioactive metabolites and signalling molecules to impact host physiology, especially in chronic kidney disease (CKD). The development of CKD, accompanied by changed diet and medication, alters the gut flora and causes the effect in distant organs, leading to clinical complications. Vascular calcification (VC) is an actively regulated process and a high prevalence of VC in CKD has also been linked to an imbalance in gut microbiota and altered metabolites. In this review, we focused on gut microbiota‐derived metabolites involved in VC in CKD and explained how these metabolites influence the calcification process. Correcting the imbalance of gut microbiota and regulating microbiota‐derived metabolites by dietary modification and probiotics are new targets for the improvement of the gut‐kidney axis, which indicate innovative treatment options of VC in CKD.

We address the identity of putative ovarian follicles in Early Cretaceous bird fossils from the Jehol Biota (China), whose identification has previously been challenged. For the first time, we present a link to the botanical fossil record, showing that the “follicles” of some enantiornithine fossils resemble plant propagules from the Jehol Biota, which belong to Carpolithes multiseminalis. The botanical affinities of this “form-taxon” are currently unresolved, but we note that C. multiseminalis propagules resemble propagules associated with cone-like organs described as Strobilites taxusoides, which in turn are possibly associated with sterile foliage allocated to Liaoningcladus. Laser-Stimulated Fluorescence imaging furthermore reveals different intensities of fluorescence of “follicles” associated with a skeleton of the confuciusornithid Eoconfuciusornis zhengi, with a non-fluorescent circular micro-pattern indicating carbonaceous (or originally carbonaceous) matter. This is inconsistent with the interpretation of these structures as ovarian follicles. We therefore reaffirm that the “follicles” represent ingested food items, and even though the exact nature of the Eoconfuciusornis stomach contents remains elusive, at least some enantiornithines ingested plant propagules.

The effect of quality mulberry leaf Morus cathayana on nutrition index of silkworm Bombyx mori L. have been conducted . This research was Completely Randomized Design (CRD) by two treatments. The first treatment was mulberry plant that cultivated on soil with Urea, TSP and NPK fertilizers and the second was the plants were not fertilized l. Each treatment was replicate 20 times. The results showed that the addition of Urea, TSP and NPK fertilizer on mulberry has effect (p

The effect of quality mulberry leaf Morus cathayana on nutrition index of silkworm Bombyx mori L. have been conducted . This research was Completely Randomized Design (CRD) by two treatments. The first treatment was mulberry plant that cultivated on soil with Urea, TSP and NPK fertilizers and the second was the plants were not fertilized l. Each treatment was replicate 20 times. The results showed that the addition of Urea, TSP and NPK fertilizer on mulberry has effect (p

The ancient system of Indian medical science Ayurveda describes various concepts related to physiological functioning and biological response. Agni is considered responsible for the digestive & metabolic functioning of the body. The digestion & assimilation of ingested food performed by the Agni which is very essential process for the growth and development of human body. Ayurveda emphasizes that all the diseases are the result of the weak state of Agni i.e. Mandagni. Improper functioning of Agni leads to various gastrointestinal disorders as well as various metabolic disturbances. Agni offers Arogya, Ayu, Bala, Swasthyam, Varnam, Utsaha, Ojha, Prabha,& Teja to the body which all resembles a healthy physical and mental state. Agni Dusthi is one of the causative factors for many diseases, therefore, Agni play important role towards understanding of disease pathogenesis, disease diagnosis, & setting of the treatment protocol. Amlapitta is a disease which is commonly found in almost all parts of the world. Peculiarities of this disease are, increased prevalence, vast field of manifestation of symptoms, requires prolonged dietetic control, if not treated in proper time, it may create major problems. Amlapitta is one of the commonest Vyadhi of Annavaha Strotas, caused by vitiated Agni. Amlapitta is a condition where Amla Guna of Pachak Pitta increases due to Samata. The main principle of treatment of all diseases as per Ayurveda is to restore and to strengthen the Agni. This article emphasized the conceptual understanding of Agni & its role in the pathogenesis of Amlapitta Vyadhi.

Grahanidushti or Grahaniroga is associated with group of disorders caused due to Agnidushti. Grahani is an organ described in Ayurveda texts as a Sthana of Agni where the Agni is placed. Grahani and Agni are said to be inter-related i.e. if one gets vitiated it vitiates other too in long course of time. The Sthiti or state of Agni depends upon Ahara which is a major important part of life which is included in Trayopastambha (key pillars). For that Ayurveda broadly explains Ahara-Vidhi which is the rules and manners for preparing and having food. Vidhi-tyaga or not following these manners for long term give rise to Agnidushti which further give rise to Grahaniroga. One of these Vidhi-Tyaga hetu is Adhyashana which is having food before the digestion of previously ingested food. Ayurevda explains Jeernashana as a Vidhi which is to have food after the complete digestion of previous food. Incidence of Adhyashana has increased as increasing modernization of society. Also, the incidence of Grahaniroga has increased very much and both should be addressed. As the treatment for Grahaniroga is Agni-Vardhana or Deepana, Hetu- Privarjana i.e. avoiding causative factor is very important. To address this, an attempt is made to review Adhyashana in Grahanidushti.

Mastication is responsible for food breakdown with the aid of saliva in order to form a cohesive viscous mass, known as the bolus. This influences the rate at which the ingested food nutrients are later absorbed into the body, which needs to be controlled to aid in epidemic health problems such as obesity, diabetes, and dyspepsia. The aim of our work is to understand and improve food oral breakdown efficiency in both human and pet foods through developing multi-scale models of oral and gastric processing. The latter has been a challenging task and the available technology may be still immature, as foods usually exhibit a complex viscous, compliant, and tough mechanical behaviour. These are all addressed here through establishing a novel material model calibrated through experiments on starch-based food. It includes a new criterion for the onset of material stiffness degradation, a law for the evolution of degradation governed by the true material’s fracture toughness, and a constitutive stress-strain response, all three being a function of the stress state, i.e., compression, shear, and tension. The material model is used in a finite element analysis which reproduces accurately the food separation patterns under a large strain indentation test, which resembles the boundary conditions applied in chewing. The results lend weight to the new methodology as a powerful tool in understanding how different food structures breakdown and in optimising these structures via parametric analyses to satisfy specific chewing and digestion attributes.

All the living things in an ecosystem continued survival for food and other needs. For the protection of health and production of ailments Hita and Ahita anna is responsible respectively. Agni, which determines the quantity and quality of food to be consumed, is responsible for strength, fitness, longevity and essential breathing. Agni converts food in the form of biological energy, which is responsible for all the vital functions of our body. Grahani is the disease of Annavaha Srotas, as well directly related to status of Agni and diet habits. Passage of stools alternating with constipation or diarrhea (muhur baddham muhur dravam) is the fundamental symptom of Grahani Roga. Ayurveda regards Grahani as a Tridoshatmaka, which is the disorder of digestive system caused by reason of vitiation of Jatharagni, Saman Vayu, Pachakagni, Kledaka Kapha. The failure in digestion of ingested food (production of Pakwapakwam), malabsorption of the food absorption, excessive motility of gut resulting in recurrent emigration of the bowel. All the unpredictable variations of Agni i.e., Mandagni, Tiksnagni and Vishamagni are treated as Grahani Roga. So it should be primarily treated for Agnivardhana Chikitsa with the help of drugs which is Deepana (which boosts digestive power) and Pachana (digestive) qualities.

A sensor consisting of an optical fibre with the exposed tip coated with the polyoxometalate salt [(C4H9)4N]4H[PMo10V2O40], specially designed to be insoluble in water, which UV–Vis spectrum changed in contact with formaldehyde, is presented. The sensor limit of detection for formaldehyde was 0.2 mg L−1, and the limit of quantification was 0.6 mg L−1, which were close to the conventional spectrophotometric method values of 0.2 mg L−1 and 0.5 mg L−1, respectively, and lower than the tolerable limit for ingested food. The sensor was tested for formaldehyde quantification in milk, as its deliberate addition is a matter of concern. The results obtained analysing formaldehyde in milk samples by the optical sensor and by the conventional method were not statistically different (α = 0.05).

Grahani is an ayurveda terms related to the seat of agni (digestive fire), which help in the metabolism and digestion of food. The ancient text of ayurveda described that ingestion, digestion, absorption and assimilation of Aahaar is regulated by Grahani. When this Agni becomes; mandagni then improper digestion of ingested food leads pathological condition termed as Grahani roga. Similarly Trividh anomalies of the Jatharagni also termed as Grahanidosha. Grahani is a disease which affects large population globally especially in developing country and associated with improper food habits along with stressful lifestyle. The pathogenesis of Grahani roga works around Agnidosha which associated with impaired digestive function of digestive fire. Ayurveda described various treatment modalities for the management of Grahani roga such as; use of herbs & formulation, yoga and life style modification. Present article summarized ayurveda perspective of Grahani roga and its management by ayurveda principles and life style modification. Keywords: Ayurveda, Grahani, Agnidosha, Yoga, Life style

International audience; Background: Wheat is one of the main foods of the human diet. It contains a protein complex, gluten, which is primarily responsible for the rheological behavior of wheat flours. However, it is gluten that triggers and maintains the enteropathy in celiac disease, a common autoimmune disorder of the small intestine. Individuals who suffer from celiac disease must follow a gluten-free diet, the only effective treatment available. Compliance to the restrictive diet is demanding and new treatment strategies for celiac disease are desired by patients and clinicians. Scope and approach: Based on increasing knowledge of the pathogenesis of celiac disease, some gluten-targeted approaches have been devised, such as down-regulation of gliadin expression, proteolysis of immunodominant peptides, transamidation of glutamine residues and sequestering of gliadin proteins. The present work critically discusses these experimental therapies, their usefulness, and the results obtained, in order to infer what the next generation of therapies for celiac disease will be. Key findings and conclusions: The gluten detoxification technologies have shown promising results in clinical trials by attenuating the symptomatology associated with celiac disease. These include gluten-specific proteases, which are close to entering the market for use by patients who may have mistakenly ingested food contaminated with gluten. Although so far none of the technologies allow the safe consumption of gluten without limitations, new and promising advances have been made, thus creating positive expectations in the search for an alternative to the gluten-free diet.

Eucalyptus trees are among the most important forest resources in Argentina. The weevils of the genus Gonipterus are specialist insectsthat feed on their leaves. The objectives of this work were to estimate larval consumption and to evaluate the oviposition preferenceof G. pulverulentus among different species of Eucalyptus. Developmental time, consumption, final weight and some nutritionalindexes were evaluated from cohorts of larvae grown on five different Eucalyptus species. Ovipositional preference was evaluatedby a multiple choice assay. Five couples were placed in the center of a cage, together with a branch of each Eucalyptus species.The oothecae and the eggs inside them were counted for 12 days. Larval developmental times did not differ among the Eucalyptusspecies tested, although differences in final weight were observed. The larvae that consumed E. maidenii almost doubled the weightof those fed on E. camaldulensis. Maximum consumption was observed on larvae feeding on E. globulus and it was significantlyhigher than that of larvae feeding on the E. viminalis. The efficiency of conversion of ingested food of the larvae fed with E. viminaliswas significantly larger than that recorded on E. globulus and E. camaldulensis. The choice experiment shows that females had noovipositional preference. These results indicate that E. viminalis and E. camaldulensis are the species of higher and lower nutritionalquality respectively for the development of G. pulverulentus., La producción de Eucalyptus spp. constituye uno de los recursos forestales más importantes en Argentina. Los gorgojos del géneroGonipterus se alimentan específicamente de las hojas de estos árboles. El objetivo de este trabajo fue estimar el consumo de las larvasy evaluar la preferencia de oviposición de las hembras de G. pulverulentus, entre diferentes especies de Eucalyptus. Se determinaron:tiempo de desarrollo, consumo, peso final y algunos índices nutricionales de una cohorte de larvas criadas en cinco especies deeucalipto. La preferencia de oviposición se evaluó mediante un experimento de opción múltiple. Cinco parejas fueron colocadas en elcentro de una jaula junto con una rama de cada eucalipto y durante 12 días se contabilizaron las ootecas y los huevos dentro de ellas.El tiempo de desarrollo larval no difirió entre las especies de eucalipto evaluadas, aunque sí se observaron diferencias en el peso finalde las larvas; las que consumieron E. maidenii casi duplicaron el peso de las que se alimentaron sobre E. camaldulensis. Los máximosconsumos estuvieron asociados a E. globulus y E. camaldulensis, los que fueron significativamente superiores al de E. viminalis. Laeficiencia de conversión del alimento ingerido de las larvas alimentadas con E. viminalis fue significativamente mayor que la registradapara E. globulus y E. camaldulensis. Las hembras no presentaron preferencia de oviposición por ninguna de las especies evaluadas.Estos resultados indican que E. viminalis y E. camaldulensis son las especies de mayor y menor calidad nutricional, respectivamente,para el desarrollo de G. pulverulentus.

This study attempted to identify a suitable host plant for rearing hybrid 31*32 silkworms. Four varieties of mulberry leaves including Ichinose, Kenmochi, Kines, and local were supplied to hybrid 31*32 of silkworm and their performance was assessed. Variables measured included nutrition, biochemistry, and economic parameters of silkworm. Number of cocoons, individual and total cocoon weight, cocoon shell weight, and cocoon yield/10,000 per larvae were significantly greater on the Kines variety compared with the others. Similarly, nutritional indices including efficiency of conversion of ingested food (ECI), efficiency of conversion of digested food (ECD), relative growth rate (RGR), and consumption index (CI) were greater for the larvae fed on Kines. Digestive and antioxidant enzyme activity of the larvae differed with variety. Our results suggest that Kines could be considered as an appropriate host plant for rearing of silkworms based on the study parameters.

Rumination syndrome is a gastrointestinal disorder characterized by effortless regurgitation of recently ingested food. The disorder is rare, but likely under-recognized and leads to impaired quality of life among those affected. This review discusses recent studies which examined the pathophysiology, diagnoses and therapy of rumination syndrome.The pathogenesis of rumination syndrome remains incompletely understood. Therapeutic options, which appear effective, include behavioral therapy with diaphragmatic breathing and pharmacotherapy with baclofen. A randomized trial of behavioral therapy, biofeedback therapy led to a 74% + /- 6% reduction in rumination activity (from 29 + /- 6 before to 7 + /- 2 daily events after intervention) vs. 1% + /- 14% during sham (from 21 + /- 2 before to 21 + /- 4 daily events after intervention) (P = .001). A recent randomized trial of baclofen at a dose of 10 mg three times daily led to symptomatic improvement in 63% of patients with rumination syndrome.This review summarizes a clinical approach to diagnosing and treating rumination syndrome. Behavioral therapy consisting of diaphragmatic breathing, with or without biofeedback, remains the most effective treatment strategy for patients with rumination syndrome.

Studies in food oral processing are becoming increasingly important with the advent of the aged society. The food oral processing model of Hutchings and Lillford (Journal of Texture Studies, 19, 1988, 103-115) describes the structural breakdown and lubrication of ingested food before the swallowing stage, and has been revisited in the present article. The instrumental technique texture profile analysis (TPA) purports to mimic the first two bites of mastication and its ease of use has lured some researchers to use it without a critical eye. In this article, we consider inconsistencies in the Hutchings and Lillford model with the hope that it might be further refined. With regard to TPA we question the validity of the data generated and urge authors caution before they publish results from the test protocol. If results are published then the x-axis should be viewed as deformation or strain, and not time. Hardness should be represented by the breaking stress. Adhesiveness should be measured at a medium strain taking into account the surface properties of the plunger. The ratio of the energy estimated by the area under the curve obtained from the second and the first bites (A2 /A1 ) should be called recoverability and not cohesiveness.

The strong peristaltic contraction of the stomach facilitates mixing and emptying of ingested food, which occurs rhythmically at approximately 3 cycles/min (cpm) in humans. Generally, most patients with gastroparesis show gastric electrical dysrhythmia that is disrupted electrical signals controlling gastric contractions. For treatment of gastric electrical dysrhythmia, in vivo electrical impulses to the stomach via an implanted gastric stimulator have been known to restore these gastric deformations. Nevertheless, improved sensors to monitor gastric contractions are still needed in current gastric stimulators. Recently, we have developed a new technology converting mechanical motion to electrical energy by using stretch-induced capacitance changes of a coiled carbon-nanotube (CNT) yarn. For its potential use as a gastric deformation sensor, the performance of a coiled CNT yarn was evaluated in several biological fluids. For a sinusoidal stretch to 30%, the peak-to-peak open-circuit voltage (OCV) was consistently generated at frequencies below 0.1 Hz. This sinusoidal variation in OCV augmented as the strain increased from 10 to 30%. In an in vitro artificial gastric system, the OCV was approximately linearly proportional to the balloon volume, which can monitor periodic deformations of the balloon at 2, 3, and 4 cpm as shown for human gastric deformations. Moreover, stretchy coiled yarns generate the peak electrical voltage and power when deformed. The present study shows that a self-powered CNT yarn sensor can not only monitor the changes in frequency and amplitude of volumetric change but also generate electrical power by periodic deformations of the balloon. Therefore, it seems possible to automatically deliver accurate electrical impulses according to real-time evaluation of a patient's gastric deformation based on information on the frequency, amplitude, and rate of the OCV from CNT yarn.

Made available in DSpace on 2020-12-10T16:59:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2019-01-01 DuPont Young Professor Grant program Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) Research Support Foundation of Piaui State (FAPEPI) The selection pressure generated by the incorrect use of Bt maize might result in Spodoptera frugiperda individuals resistant to the toxins synthesized by the plant. In this study was evaluated the nutritional parameters of Spodoptera frugiperda submitted to the maize that synthesize the toxins Cry1F, Cry1A105-Cry2Ab2 and Vip3Aa20, during five subsequent generations of selection pressure. The caterpillars were submitted to the treatments: Non-Bt maize (CONV), Cry1F (Bt1), Cry1A105/Cry2Ab (Bt2) and Vip3Aa20 (VIP1, VIP2 and VIP3) and exposed for a period of four days in each cycle, for five successive generations. The larval survival of S. frugiperda was evaluated in five generations. The consumed leaf area was quantified in the second generation and the nutritional indexes in the latter ones. The results indicate that caterpillars of S. frugiperda from VIPs lineage presented the lowest percentage of survival, with a high Metabolic Cost and a considerable efficiency reduction in the conversion of the digested and ingested food. The lineage maintained in VIP2 showed the lowest leaf consumption (83.13%). However, the action of Vip3Aa20 toxin on S. frugiperda resulted in a higher Metabolic Cost in reduction of leaf area consumption. However, from the third generation on there is a survival of insects exposed to Bt toxins, suggesting the surviving potential of this species in Bt maize subjected to continuous exposure to this technology. Univ Fed Piaui, Campus Prof Cinobelina Elvas, Bom Jesus, PI, Brazil Univ Estadual Paulista, Fac Engn Ilha Solteira, Ilha Solteira, SP, Brazil Univ Estadual Paulista, Fac Engn Ilha Solteira, Ilha Solteira, SP, Brazil

Net energy accounts for the proportion of energy expenditure attributed to the digestion, metabolism, and absorption of ingested food. Currently, there are no models available to predict net energy density of food for domestic cats. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to measure the heat increment of feeding in cats, and to model the net energy of commercial diets. Metabolizable energy and calorimetry data from two previous studies was reanalyzed to create net energy models in the present study. Energy expenditure was calculated using measurements of CO2 production and O2 consumption. Net energy was determined as the metabolizable energy of the diets minus the heat increment of feeding. The heat increment of feeding was determined as the area under the energy expenditure curve above the resting fed metabolic rate. Eight net energy models were developed using metabolizable energy, 1 of 4 dietary parameters (crude protein, fat, fiber, and starch), and heat increment of feeding values from 0–2 h or 0–21 h. Two hours postprandial, and over the full calorimetry period, the heat increment of feeding amounted for 1.74, and 20.9% of the metabolizable energy, respectively. Of the models tested, the models using crude protein in combination with metabolizable energy as dietary parameters best fit the observed data, thus providing a more accurate estimate of dietary energy availability for cats.

Microscopic wear patterns on teeth, that is, dental microwear, are capable of recording observed dietary behaviour in a diversity of extant and extinct animals. However, recent work has questioned the utility of dental microwear at clarifying dietary behaviour, instead suggesting that dental microwear textures are reflective of grit consumed and not the dietary properties of ingested food. Some suggest that dental microwear cannot reflect the textural properties of vegetation consumed because phytoliths are too soft to form microwear. Koalas (Phascolarctos cinereus) are model organisms for examining dental microwear formation because they consume a specialized diet consisting almost exclusively of eucalyptus leaves, which notably lack phytoliths. Here, we assess if koala dental microwear records a diet consistent with the consumption of tough leaves – despite the absence of phytoliths in their primary food source. Dental microwear texture data of koalas are consistent with tough folivorous diets, with high anisotropy values indistinguishable from folivorous primates and grazing bovids. However, koalas have significantly higher complexity (indicative of hard object feeding) than the folivorous primate Alouatta palliata, and are indistinguishable in this variable from mixed feeding and browsing bovids. While higher complexity values in koalas may result from increased dust and/or grit on the landscape in comparison to folivores that occur in wetter environments, it may also result from the mastication of woody browse. We also determined that complexity and textural fill volume are not significantly greater in drier environments – as one would predict if grit was the major contributor to dental microwear formation. Koalas may instead be selecting softer younger leaves in drier regions where water is more limited. Collectively, microwear associated with tough object feeding can be formed in the absence of phytoliths and grit may interact with food to form microwear reflective of diet, as opposed to overprinting dietary signals.

Detecting the taste components within a flavoured substance relies on exposing chemoreceptors within the mouth to the chemical components of ingested food. In our paper, we show that the evaluation of taste components can also be influenced by the tactile quality of the food. We first discuss how multisensory factors might influence taste, flavour and smell for both typical and atypical (synaesthetic) populations and we then present two empirical studies showing tactile-taste interactions in the general population. We asked a group of non-synaesthetic adults to evaluate the taste components of flavoured food substances, whilst we presented simultaneous cross-sensory visuo-tactile cues within the eating environment. Specifically, we presented foodstuffs between subjects that were otherwise identical but had a rough versus smooth surface, or were served on a rough versus smooth serving-plate. We found no effect of the serving-plate, but we found the rough/smoothness of the foodstuff itself significantly influenced perception: food was rated as significantly more sour if it had a rough (versus smooth) surface. In modifying taste perception via ostensibly unrelated dimensions, we demonstrate that the detection of tastes within flavours may be influenced by higher level cross-sensory cues. Finally, we suggest that the direction of our cross-sensory associations may speak to the types of hedonic mapping found both in normal multisensory integration, and in the unusual condition of synaesthesia. © 2015.

In this study, the efficiency of essential oils from asafoetida, Ferula assa foetida L., geranium, Pelargonium hortorum L.H. Bailey and walnut leaves, Juglans regia F. was investigated on nutritional indices of Rhyzopertha dominica (F.) adults. Wheat grains were treated with different concentrations of the oils. The nutritional indices: relative growth rate (RGR), relative consumption rate (RCR), efficiency of conversion of ingested food (ECI) and feeding deterrence index (FDI) were measured at 28 ± 2 °C, 65 ± 5% R. H. in continuous darkness. RGR, RCR and ECI deceased as the concentration level was increased. While, FDI percent increased significantly as the concentration level increased. Asafoetida oil had the most efficiency on nutritional indices and 28.61 ppm of the oil was enough to decrease RGR, RCR and ECI% to 0.032 mg/mg/day, 0.444 mg/mg/day and 6.994%, respectively. FDI percent of adults exposed to 6.5 ppm of asafoetida oil was 13.31% which increased upto 64.62% at the concentration of 28.61 ppm. In the second experiment, the effect of tested essential oils was evaluated on F1 progeny reduction of R. dominica. Walnut and asafoetida leaves essential oils significantly suppressed progeny production by (59.92%) and (53.2%) respectively.

Natural toxins are present in numerous types of plants and most of these plants are normally ingested as food. These types of compounds whenever consumed in large quantity or when they are not cooked properly may lead to food poisoning. Plant toxins are found naturally in vegetables and fruits which have been the common food sources. They are generally metabolites produced through plants to protect themselves against different threats like predators, insects, bacteria and fungi. Natural toxins can also be found in food plants because of natural choice as well as new reproduction methods which enhance these defensive mechanisms. Different kinds of natural toxins can be present in various parts of a plant. The parts of the harvest plant that are utilized for a food sources include the roots, tubers, stems, fruits, buds and foliage. The aim of the review is to provide the toxicological summary of a few of the toxins found in ingested food.

Grahani is the seat of Agni and it is so called because of holding up the food. The term Grahani Dosha implies the malfunctioning of Agni. Improper digestion of ingested food causes Grahani Dosha. If left untreated it finally leads to Grahani Roga. Muhurbadha and Muhurdrava Mala Pravrutti is the main Lakshana and associated with symptoms like Udarashoola, Arochaka, Sharirika Balakshaya, Asthi Parvashoola, Avipaka etc. As Agnimandya is the main cause, the first line of treatment is to correct the Dusti of Agni. Shuntyadi Churna and Mustakadi Churna have the qualities of Deepana, Pachana, Grahi, etc. and can be used in Sarvagrahani Chikitsa. This study is undertaken to clinically analyze the independent effect of Shuntyadi Churna and Mustakadi Churna in Grahani Roga. The study shows that both Shuntyadi Churna and Mustakadi Churna are effective in relieving the symptoms of Grahani Roga.

Gastric ultrasound is emerging as a tool that can be used to assess gastric content and volume in patients with an unknown fasting history. This information can impact the choice of anesthetic technique or the timing of surgery due to the presumed risk of aspiration. Currently, no data are available regarding the use of gastric ultrasound for patients who have had prior gastric operations, despite the increasing number of patients undergoing bariatric surgery. Our experience suggests that a patient with a prior Roux-en-Y gastric bypass may present with altered anatomy, rendering gastric ultrasound an ineffective technique to assess the volume of ingested food or liquid.

The intestine is constantly exposed to bacteria, invading viruses and ingested food. The intestinal barrier serves as a gate preventing passage of harmful components, and at the same time maintaining absorption of nutrients and water. There are over 300 different bacteria species in the human gastrointestinal tract (GI) comprising over 10 times as many cells as the human body. These bacteria are both of commensal and pathogenic strains in which commensal bacteria and antimicrobial peptides have an important role of controlling the intestinal colonization. The intestinal flora is sampled by the membranous cells (M cells) that are present in the follicle associated epithelium (FAE). Antigens encounter immune cells found in Peyer’s patches located in the distal ileum with FAE overlaying them. Due to environmental factors, genetic predisposition, immune dysregulation or dysbiosis the balance can be shifted which, in turn, will lead to the defect in the barrier function, leading to the development of disorders such as Crohn’s disease (CD). CD is a chronic inflammation in the GI tract, often originating in the distal ileum in FAE and associated with an increased number of adherent invasive strains of bacteria. Specifically adherent invasive E.coli (AIEC) that have been isolated from the ileum and colon of CD patients. The aim of the present thesis was to study bacterial epithelial interaction during inflammation in in vivo, ex vivo and in vitro models. In the first project we found that that Faecalibacterium prausnitzii (FP), possess anti-inflammatory properties in the ileum of an in vivo DSS induced colitis mouse model. In the second project, we discovered that infliximab, known to have anti-inflammatory effects by binding soluble TNF and blocking TNF receptors, reduces bacterial transcytosis across colonic biopsies of CD patients and decreases transcytosis and internalization in cell monolayers in vitro. Moreover, we demonstrated that HM427 bacteria, isolated from colonic mucosa of CD patients, uses lipid raft formations to penetrate the barrier under the influence of TNF in an in vitro model. In project three, we demonstrated that LF82 bacteria, which is an adherent invasive strain of E.coli that has been isolated from the ileum of CD patients, exploits FAE of CD patients and non-IBD control patients to penetrate the barrier via the CEACAM6 receptor and long polar fimbriae. We further demonstrated that there is an increased expression of CEACM6 receptor in the FAE of CD patients, which leads to increased transcytosis of LF82 compared to non-IBD control group. In project four, our results suggested that human α-defensin 5 significantly decreases the passage of LF82 bacteria in an in vitro and ex vivo models. Moreover, we demonstrated that CD patients have a lower expression of human α-defensin 5 in the crypts compared to the non-IBD control patients. Taken together, our findings have given a novel insight into the etiology of CD and into the mechanisms involved in bacterial-epithelial interaction in CD.

This chapter explores the notion that humans heat food and beverages for many reasons that include the following: to make food more palatable and easier to digest, to add flavor, to make cooked food last longer (by killing microbes), and to aid in the process of converting starches into simple sugars. In photosynthesis, plants use sunlight to convert carbon dioxide and water into the simple sugar glucose and oxygen. This creates energy and is stored in the chemical bonds that are bioavailable if eaten by other organisms. This energy is released as the bonds are broken down in the varied metabolic processes (cellular respiration). In this way, all foods contain energy, although not all energy is necessarily available to the body. By eating animals and plant foods, humans convert ingested food (carbohydrates, fats and proteins, alcohol, water, vitamins, minerals, etc.) into stored chemical energy.

The reflux of gastric contents into the aerodigestive tract has been linked to a variety of oesophageal, oral, airways and respiratory diseases. The composition of refluxate is not merely secreted gastric juice and instead represents a complex mixture of gastrointestinal secretions and exogenous factors. Within the stomach, gastric juice mixes with proximal (saliva) and distal (pancreatic juice, bile) gastrointestinal secretions. New microbes enter the stomach via ingested food, saliva and other aerodigestive secretions and join the gastric microbial community. Ingestion of food may itself drive a number of physiological actions that are linked to the occurrence of reflux.

Microscopic plastic fragments (5 mm) are a worldwide conservation issue, polluting both coastal and marine environments. Fibers are the most prominent plastic type reported in the guts of marine organisms, but their effects once ingested are unknown. This study investigated the fate of polypropylene rope microfibers (1-5 mm in length) ingested by the crab Carcinus maenas and the consequences for the crab's energy budget. In chronic 4 week feeding studies, crabs that ingested food containing microfibers (0.3-1.0% plastic by weight) showed reduced food consumption (from 0.33 to 0.03 g d(-1)) and a significant reduction in energy available for growth (scope for growth) from 0.59 to -0.31 kJ crab d(-1) in crabs fed with 1% plastic. The polypropylene microfibers were physically altered by their passage through the foregut and were excreted with a smaller overall size and length and amalgamated into distinctive balls. These results support of the emerging paradigm that a key biological impact of microplastic ingestion is a reduction in energy budgets for the affected marine biota. We also provide novel evidence of the biotransformations that can affect the plastics themselves following ingestion and excretion.

Knowledge of the physicochemical conditions to which foods are exposed during gastric digestion is important to facilitate the design and development of novel foods with enhanced functionalities. Although in vivo and in vitro trial have provided an increased understanding of the functional activity of the gastric wall and the outcomes of digestion, little is still known about the processes involved and their relationship with the material properties of the ingested food. The purpose of this article is to provide a brief overview of how computational modelling tools have advanced our understanding of the mechanical functions of the human stomach during digestion, and how future efforts in this area could help the design of novel structures for their specific performance during digestion.

Crowding conditions of larvae may have a significant impact on commercial production efficiency of some insects, such as Tenebrio molitor L. (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae). Although larval densities are known to affect developmental time and growth in T. molitor, no reports were found on the effects of crowding on food utilization. The effect of larval density on food utilization efficiency of T. molitor larvae was studied by measuring efficiency of ingested food conversion (ECI), efficiency of digested food conversion (EDC), and mg of larval weight gain per gram of food consumed (LWGpFC) at increasing larval densities (12, 24, 36, 48, 50, 62, 74, and 96 larvae per dm(2)) over four consecutive 3-wk periods. Individual larval weight gain and food consumption were negatively impacted by larval density. Similarly, ECI, ECD, and LWGpFC were negatively impacted by larval density. Larval ageing, measured as four consecutive 3-wk periods, significantly and independently impacted ECI, ECD, and LWGpFC in a negative way. General linear model analysis showed that age had a higher impact than density on food utilization parameters of T. molitor larvae. Larval growth was determined to be responsible for the age effects, as measurements of larval mass density (in grams of larvae per dm(2)) had a significant impact on food utilization parameters across ages and density treatments (in number of larvae per dm(2)). The importance of mass versus numbers per unit of area as measurements of larval density and the implications of negative effects of density on food utilization for insect biomass production are discussed.

Objectives Maximum ingested food size (Vb) is an empirically tested performance variable that can shed light on feeding energetics and adaptation in the masticatory system. Until now, this variable had been tested in strepsirrhines alone among primates. Here, we present the first data on Vb in a broad sample of anthropoid primates and describe scaling patterns. Materials and Methods Vb data on anthropoids were collected under captive conditions at the Philadelphia Zoo and compared with published data on strepsirrhines. Data on Vb were scaled against individual body mass and were compared with experimentally determined toughness and stiffness values for the test foods. Results Unlike in strepsirrhines, where essentially Vb scales isometrically with body mass, Vb in anthropoids scales with negative allometry. There is a significant effect of food material properties on Vb, although bite size in anthropoids varies less based on food properties than in strepsirrhines. Large folivorous strepsirrhines follow the anthropoid trend in bite size scaling, but large frugivorous ones take especially large bites. Discussion Negative scaling of bite size in the anthropoids sampled could be due to reduced adaptation for gape. Some early anthropoids likely evolved adaptations for maximizing mechanical advantage and fatigue resistance in the chewing muscles, resulting in reduced gape. This might have channeled them toward smaller bites of more-resistant foods and away from taking large bites. This might also be the case for some folivorous strepsirrhines. Am J Phys Anthropol 158:92–104, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Teeth are in close contact with foodstuffs: phenomena such as caries and wear of the crowns are precious keys to gather information on diet and cooking techniques. Phytoliths are granules of hydrated amorphous silica, which are deposited in the oral cavity while chewing fruit and vegetables and incorporated into dental calculus during its formation. In diet investigation, different plants may therefore be related to specific phytolith shapes. Analysis of chemical trace elements, incorporated in dental calculus from ingested food and replacing small percentages of calcium in normal processes of resorption and redeposition, can further enrich the research on ancient diet. The aim of our work was to set up an analytical protocol, focalised on phytoliths and the inorganic elemental composition of dental calculus, on samples coming from medieval skeletons excavated in Caravate (Varese, Italy). The inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry analytical technique proved to be particularly suitable for such studies. The results suggested a diet based both on the consumption of carbohydrates (dicotyledons and monocotyledons such as the Poaceae, also known as Gramineae; and Coniferae) and on proteins, mostly derived from fish. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Xenarthran teeth are rootless and continuously growing. They lack an outer enamel layer and consist instead of a combination of 2 generally different varieties of dentine with or without an outer collar of cementum. This dental make-up is unique among mammals. In the last decade, xenarthran teeth have been subject to a number of studies regarding microscopic features, including analyses of microstructure and microwear patterns. Here, we present a review of the present knowledge in these 2 fields together with new results on feeding adaptations in the giant ground sloth, Megatherium americanum. Microwear patterns suggest that M. americanum fed mainly on plants with low to moderate intrinsic toughness, although we observe a trend that microwear patterns in extinct sloths may reflect habitat (i.e., feeding in open habitats with higher amounts of grit versus closed habitats with lower amounts of grit) as much as, if not more than, the texture of ingested food.

The pancreas plays a central role in metabolism, allowing ingested food to be converted and used as fuel by the cells throughout the body. On the other hand, the pancreas may be affected by devastating diseases, such as pancreatitis, pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PAC), and diabetes mellitus (DM), which generally results in a wide metabolic imbalance. The causes for the development and progression of these diseases are still controversial; therefore it is essential to better understand the underlying mechanisms which compromise the pancreatic homeostasis. The interest in the study of the commensal microbiome increased extensively in recent years, when many discoveries have illustrated its central role in both human physiology and maintenance of homeostasis. Further understanding of the involvement of the microbiome during the development of pathological conditions is critical for the improvement of new diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. In the present review, we discuss recent findings on the behavior and functions played by the microbiota in major pancreatic diseases and provide further insights into its potential roles in the maintenance of pancreatic steady-state activities.

The incidence and recognition of eosinophilic esophagitis is increasing. Pathophysiological understanding of eosinophilic esophagitis is improving and an immunological reaction to ingested food is likely to play a significant role. Patients present with dysphagia and food bolus obstruction. Both histological and endoscopic criteria have been developed and validated. Dietary therapy, topical steroid therapy, proton pump inhibitors and endoscopic dilation are the main approaches to therapy; however, novel targeted therapies are being developed. Among the food items commonly implicated are wheat, dairy, nuts, soy, shellfish and eggs. A multidisciplinary approach to management in dedicated clinics may yield the best results.

Rumination is defined by effortless regurgitation within seconds or minutes of ingested food. The aim of this study was to determine the high-resolution esophageal manometry (HREM) pattern in children with rumination syndrome.HREM was evaluated in 15 pediatric patients with rumination syndrome according to the Rome criteria and compared with 15 controls. Primary rumination was defined as a clinical rumination episode associated with a rise of gastric pressure above 30 mmHg. Secondary rumination was defined as a clinical rumination episode associated with a rise of gastric pressure above 30 mmHg during a transient lower esophageal sphincter relaxation (TLESR).Ninety-two episodes of rumination were demonstrated during HREM study in 12 of the 15 patients (80%; 1-29 episodes per patient; median intragastric pressure 49.6 mmHg). Primary rumination occurred in 3 patients and secondary rumination in 5 patients. One patient had primary and secondary rumination episodes. In 3 patients, classification of rumination episodes was not possible due to repetitive swallowing leading to lower esophageal sphincter relaxation. In the control group, no episodes of rumination occurred. The sensitivity and the specificity of the HREM study (association of a clinical rumination episode with a rise in gastric pressure30 mmHg) to confirm the diagnosis of rumination were 80% and 100%, respectively.HREM allows confirming diagnosis of rumination syndrome and to differentiate between primary and secondary rumination in the presence of objective rumination episodes. Further research is needed to study whether HREM results may influence treatment and outcome of children with rumination syndrome.

Pulmonary aspiration (mis-swallowing) causes more than 90% of pneumonia in elderly people. Ingested food unconsciously remaining in the piriform sinus occasionally Hows into the trachea leading to aspiration. If food remaining in the piriform sinus is noninvasively detected from outside the body, the risk of pulmonary aspiration can be evaluated We propose a method using near-infrared fluorescence emitted from fluorescence food, and this study reports the results of preliminary experiments using meat phantoms. The results showed that fluorescence from the fluorescence food embedded in thick meat was detectable and indicated that the method could be potentially applicable for evaluating the risk of pulmonary aspiration.

Iron deficiency is usually the result of insufficient dietary intake of iron, poor utilization of iron from ingested food, or a combination of the two. Cow milk and dairy products are considered as poor in iron. Addition of supplementary iron to milk or dairy products might be an effective mean of increasing the dietary intake of iron for the population. This presentation reviews information on the iron fortification of milk and dairy products. It will be described the different possible iron sources with their advantages and inconvenient. Different results from the scientific literature will be reported showing that iron fortification of milk or dairy products induces several changes. Among the changes, special attentions will be paid on the 1. Bio-physico-chemical modifications of dairy constituents with the location of added iron after enrichment, the formations of iron-casein, iron-phosphopeptides, iron-whey-proteins and iron-phosphate. The oxidations of lipids and iron will be also described. 2. Modifications of some technological properties of milk enriched in iron (thermal stability of casein micelles, properties of acid and rennet gels made with milk); 3. Quality (composition, colour, flavour…) of some dairy products enriched in iron such as yoghurts, cheeses… and 4. Nutritional interest of iron enrichment. The last part of this presentation will show different dairy products fortified in iron and commercialised.

Interstitial Cells of Cajal (ICC) initiate and actively propagate electrical events in the gastrointestinal tract known as slow-waves. The slow-waves coordinate the contraction of the gastrointestinal tract necessary for breakdown and mixing of ingested food. Degradation of the ICC numbers has been linked to several gastrointestinal motility disorders. However, limitations in imaging techniques and techniques for the quantification of ICC network structure have hindered our understanding of these disorders. We evaluated different machine learning techniques to segment ICC networks imaged using confocal microscopy. The accuracy the segmented networks were then quantified and compared using numerical metrics. Structurally realistic finite element meshes were constructed and used to simulate the propagation of electrical activation over the tissue blocks. The presented framework provides a system to quantify the structure and function of an ICC tissue sample. These methods are also applicable to other biological tissues and networks.

Maximum jaw gape has important functional implications for behavior and feeding habits in primates. It has been suggested that gape is correlated to canine height and ingested food size. Extending these correlations to the fossil record would provide insights about the diets and/or social behavior of extinct primates. However, this can be problematic due to uncertainty about size and location of musculature, and it depends on reliability and repeatability of maximum gape estimation using only skeletal elements. In this study, maximum bony gape (MBG) was estimated using reliable landmarks and repeatable methods. The cranium was fixed in position and then the mandible was rotated and translated to the point immediately prior to loss of condyle-glenoid contact. Then it was photographed in a steady position using an adjustable wooden frame. This protocol allowed for photographs and linear measurements to be obtained for many museum specimens in a short time. The sample included 203 individuals, representing 42 species of primates. When scaled for body size, linear MBG correlates with maximum anesthetized gape (Hylander: Am J Phys Anthropol 150 (2013) 247-259), ingested food size (Perry and Hartstone-Rose: Am J Phys Anthropol 142 (2010) 625-635), and canine length but not condylar height. Anat Rec, 302:215-225, 2019. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

The results of numerical response showed to increasing rates of egg production for the predator female with prey density increases, noting of a positive correlation between the number of eggs lying by the female predator and prey density, Being 7, 13.1, 17 and 30 eggs/female during her life when making egg densities of prey 10, 20, 40 and 60 eggs/day during the period of development of Larval ages respectively. Statistical analysis results have pointed to the moral differences between those rates at 0.05 probability level. Food conversion efficiency was marked by ECI also increases with increasing density of prey . Food conversion efficiency to eggs by female predator increased in high densities of prey compared with low densities as well as reduced food efficiency with increasing density of prey where when lying densities and decreased when high densities prey. It also shortened the duration of phases three predator when prey density increases amounting to (2.74, 3.37, 9.15) and(1.62, 4.32, 5.04), (1.86, 2.82, 4.07) and (1.16 , 2.89, 3.42) consecutive days so that the total duration of Larval stage 15.26, 10.98, 8.75 and 7.47 days respectively with high significance deference. As well as high rates of predation 80, 74.24, 96.52 and 116.91 egg respectively and moral difference in egg consumption rates between larval stages as well as during the period of Larval stages at probability 0.05. survival rates also increased for the larval, pupal and adults stages when the density of the prey increased with high significance difference.

Some representatives of the Cladocera occur in enormous quantities, but other species are rare and confined to narrow ecological niches, potentially partly due to their physiological adaptations. Cladocera consume small algae, bacteria, and detritus, thus forming a link between primary production and the predators that eat them. A high intensity of feeding is characteristic of Cladocera: the ingested food stays in the intestine for several minutes up to about half an hour. During this time, the Cladocera extract sufficient material to support their intensive reproduction. They also synthesize abundant chitin.

Throughout the evolution of bariatric and metabolic surgery, two primary mechanisms have been identified as generating the loss of excess body weight. While the specific surgical manipulations of the gastrointestinal tract and surgeons performing them are many and varied, the two underlying principles at work are restriction of ingested food and malabsorption of ingested food. Modern metabolic and bariatric operations all employ one or both of these principles.

Pesticide coated seeds are known to be potentially toxic for birds, but the risk of poisoning will depend on how likely the individuals are to consume them. To refine the risk assessment of coated seed consumption by birds we studied the consumption and avoidance of seeds treated with imidacloprid, thiram, maneb or rhodamine B under different scenarios of food unpredictability (diversity or changes in food sources). In a first set of experiments, we examined during four days the amount of ingested food by red-legged partridges (. Alectoris rufa) when offered untreated seeds, treated seeds or both. In the latter case, we also assessed the effect of a daily interchange in the position of feeders containing treated and untreated food. A second experiment, conducted with imidacloprid only, consisted of offering, during 27. h, fixed overall amounts of treated and untreated food, equally distributed in a different number of feeders per pen (1, 2, 4 or 8 feeders of each type of food) in order to diversify food sources. All the tested pesticide-treated seeds were avoided in two-choice experiments, and imidacloprid and thiram were also avoided in one-choice experiments. We found that imidacloprid treated seeds were avoided, probably as a consequence of a conditioned aversion effect due to the post-ingestion distress. However, under a diversification of two-choice food sources with multiple feeders, imidacloprid-treated seeds were ingested by partridges at increasing amounts that can produce sublethal effects or even death. Thiram treated seeds were also initially avoided in one-choice experiment, but probably mediated by a sensory repellence that progressively decreased with time. Our results reveal that the risk of pesticide exposure in birds may increase by unpredictability of food resources or prolonged availability of coated seeds, so pesticide registration for seed coating should consider worst-case scenarios to avoid negative impacts on farmland birds., Study financed by FEDENCA (Real Federación Española de Caza) and Oficina Nacional de Caza with the partnership of Fundación Biodiversidad.