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2. Motivasi Melanjutkan Studi Ke Perguruan Tinggi Bagi Siswa SMA Desa Margosari

Author

E. Ngestirosa Endang Woro Kasih, Ingatan Gulö, Neneng Sri Wahyuningsih, and Rizma Amalia Saadah

Abstract

Facilities and education costs mostly cause the availability of higher education for rural communities. These problems cause higher education not to be achieved for rural communities, especially in Margosari Village, Central Lampung District. Preliminary data from observations show that the level of higher education is still below the average number. The advanced level of the village economy does not support education, so the average population still receives secondary education. This community service activity aims to provide motivation and education about higher education. The techniques used in this activity are survey, face-to-face and discussion techniques. The survey results found a high motivation for young people in the village to continue their studies. From educational sharing activities and discussions, it was found that high motivation for higher education was not supported by an attitude of agreeing to continue higher education. Sharing education about higher education provides enlightenment that all levels of society can achieve higher education by selecting universities that provide low financing schemes and scholarship schemes.

Published
2022

3. LAMPUNG CLAUSE COMPLEXES: A PARATACTIC CONFIGURATION STUDY

Author

Afrianto Afrianto, Farida Ariyani, and Ingatan Gulo

Subjects
General Earth and Planetary Sciences, General Environmental Science
Abstract

This research aims at capturing and characterizing clause complexes in Lampung language by considering the structure and conjunction. Here, it focuses on paratactic configuration. A Lampung paratactic configuration consists of two or more independent clauses and is also recognized by the presence of conjunction and punctuation. The conjunction bridges two or more clauses in clause complexes and signs a relation between and among those clauses. There are six conjunctions found; those are ‘ghik’, ‘kidang’, ‘tapi’, ‘sedengko’, ‘jadi’, and ‘bahko’. Regarding how those conjunctions relate clauses, this research found four types of relation; those are additional relation realized by ‘ghik’ and ‘bahko’, comparative and contrastive relation performed by ‘kidang’, ‘tapi’, ‘sedengko’ and then consequential relation shown by ‘jadi’. Other than conjunction, the punctuation is also found to connect clauses; it is comma. It is noteworthy that comma connects two independent clauses and semantically construes additional relation since comma is found in configuration of two clauses in which a clause adds more detail information or more explanation for another one. Besides, comma is also found in a paratactic configuration consisting of three clauses, here it is configured with a conjunction such as ‘ghik’. Furthermore, this research also found four variants of paratactic configuration; those are Independent clause - conjunction - Independent clause; Independent clause - conjunction - Independent clause + dependent clause; Independent clause + Dependent cause - conjunction - Independent clause; Independent clause + Dependent clause - conjunction - Independent clause + Dependent clause.

Published
2022

4. AMMA-CATCH, a Critical Zone Observatory in West Africa Monitoring a Region in Transition

Author

S. Galle, M. Grippa, C. Peugeot, I. Bouzou Moussa, B. Cappelaere, J. Demarty, E. Mougin, G. Panthou, P. Adjomayi, E.K. Agbossou, A. Ba, M. Boucher, J.-M. Cohard, M. Descloitres, L. Descroix, M. Diawara, M. Dossou, G. Favreau, F. Gangneron, M. Gosset, B. Hector, P. Hiernaux, B.-A. Issoufou, L. Kergoat, E. Lawin, T. Lebel, A. Legchenko, M. Malam Abdou, O. Malam-Issa, O. Mamadou, Y. Nazoumou, T. Pellarin, G. Quantin, B. Sambou, J. Seghieri, L. Séguis, J.-P. Vandervaere, T. Vischel, J.-M. Vouillamoz, A. Zannou, S. Afouda, A. Alhassane, M. Arjounin, H. Barral, R. Biron, F. Cazenave, V. Chaffard, J.-P. Chazarin, H. Guyard, A. Koné, I. Mainassara, A. Mamane, M. Oi, T. Ouani, N. Soumaguel, M. Wubda, E.E. Ago, I.C. Alle, A. Allies, F. Arpin-Pont, B. Awessou, C. Cassé, G. Charvet, C. Dardel, A. Depeyre, F.B. Diallo, T. Do, C. Fatras, F. Frappart, L. Gal, T. Gascon, F. Gibon, I. Guiro, A. Ingatan, J. Kempf, D.O.V. Kotchoni, F.M.A. Lawson, C. Leauthaud, S. Louvet, E. Mason, C.C. Nguyen, B. Perrimond, C. Pierre, A. Richard, E. Robert, C. Román-Cascón, C. Velluet, and C. Wilcox

Subjects
Environmental sciences, GE1-350, Geology, QE1-996.5
Abstract

West Africa is a region in fast transition from climate, demography, and land use perspectives. In this context, the African Monsoon Multidisciplinary Analysis (AMMA)–Couplage de l’Atmosphère Tropicale et du Cycle eco-Hydrologique (CATCH) long-term regional observatory was developed to monitor the impacts of global change on the critical zone of West Africa and to better understand its current and future dynamics. The observatory is organized into three thematic axes, which drive the observation and instrumentation strategy: (i) analyze the long-term evolution of eco-hydrosystems from a regional perspective; (ii) better understand critical zone processes and their variability; and (iii) meet socioeconomic and development needs. To achieve these goals, the observatory has gathered data since 1990 from four densely instrumented mesoscale sites (∼10 km each), located at different latitudes (Benin, Niger, Mali, and Senegal) so as to sample the sharp eco-climatic gradient that is characteristic of the region. Simultaneous monitoring of the vegetation cover and of various components of the water balance at these four sites has provided new insights into the seemingly paradoxical eco-hydrological changes observed in the Sahel during the last decades: groundwater recharge and/or runoff intensification despite rainfall deficit and subsequent re-greening with still increasing runoff. Hydrological processes and the role of certain key landscape features are highlighted, as well as the importance of an appropriate description of soil and subsoil characteristics. Applications of these scientific results for sustainable development issues are proposed. Finally, detecting and attributing eco-hydrological changes and identifying possible regime shifts in the hydrologic cycle are the next challenges that need to be faced.

Published
2018
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5. We Care, We Share: Pelatihan Bahasa Inggris Dasar bagi Anak Didik Panti Asuhan

Author

Sari, Fatimah Mulya and Gulo, Ingatan

Subjects
English Training, Learning Enthusiasm, Orphanage, Learning Simulation, English Language learning, teaching and Research
Abstract

The community service activity aims to build the trainees' self-confidence in the use of basic English in everyday life and enhance the participants' learning enthusiasm during the English training. This service activity has been carried out at the Kasih Nusantara Orphanage for 4 (four) months. The number of training participants consisted of 30 people with educational backgrounds starting from elementary school, junior high school, and high school. In the implementation process, the English training provided is in the form of lectures, questions and answers, discussions, and simulations/practices. The results achieved are that the trainees have increased their ability and confidence in using English. In addition, the response given was positive to the materials provided by the teaching team. Therefore, this community service activity might foster a sense of concern for partners in the application of their knowledge and knowledge so that they have a positive impact on the target partners of this activity.

Published
2022

8. INTERPERSONAL METADISCOURSE MARKERS IN JACINDA ARDERN SPEECH AT CHRISTCHURCH MEMORIAL

Author

Desma Putri Azijah and Ingatan Gulö

Subjects
Metadiscourse, Interpersonal communication, Psychology, Linguistics
Abstract

The research aims to find the types of interactive and interactional metadiscourse markers in Jacinda Ardern’s speech at Christchurch memorial, and the function of each metadiscourse markers found in the speech. In doing the analysis, the writers applied Hyland’s (2005) framework of interpersonal metadiscourse. This research applied descriptive qualitative method in analyzing and presenting the results. The findings show that Jacinda Ardern used both interactive and interactional resources of interpersonal metadiscourse. She used the interpersonal metadiscourse markers based on its functions. By the use of metadiscourse markers in the speech, Jacainda Ardern has successfully delivered a well-organized and persuasive speech, and built a good relationship with her audience.

Published
2020

11. Improving Publlic Speaking Ability through Speech

Author

Dina Amelia, Afrianto Afrianto, Samanik Samanik, Suprayogi Suprayogi, Budi Eko Pranoto, and Ingatan Gulo

Abstract

Public Speaking is one of the most important skills one should have. In the industrial 4.0 era, the ability to speak and elaborate on certain issues and topics in front of the public is highly significant due to the fact that now information can no longer be limited. Information is available on the internet, especially on social media. Therefore, in order to avoid misunderstanding the content of the information, public speaking ability is needed. The ability helps people to grasp information correctly. Moreover, the public speaking ability also teaches how to convince people which will be useful for those who are working and also for job seekers. This article discusses the public speaking skills of SMA Way Jepara students, especially in grades 11 and 12. The students are encouraged to practice their speaking ability. They are given some materials and topics that would help them to be more confident. After the 2nd meeting was conducted most of the students were able to gain a much better speaking ability and they also became more confident.

Published
2022

14. Grammatical Mistakes: What Is the Problem Now?

Author

Ingatan Gulö, Dwi Budi Setiawan, and Lita Sari

Subjects
Building and Construction
Abstract

The paper focuses on discussing the kinds of mistakes made by students in their writings. The writings of the same students have previously been analyzed from which earlier form of mistakes were found. After they have studied for semesters, how are their grammatical ability now? This was the question underlying this research. The data were collected and analyzed from qualitative perspective of research. The findings show that the students still make mistakes. However, the kinds of mistakes found were mostly new and are in different level of complexity.

Published
2022

15. Impact of Drought and Land – Use Changes on Surface – Water Quality and Quantity: The Sahelian Paradox

Author

Descroix, Luc, primary, Bouzou, Ibrahim, additional, Genthon, Pierre, additional, Sighomnou, Daniel, additional, Mahe, Gil, additional, Mamadou, Ibrahim, additional, Vandervaere, Jean-Pierre, additional, Gautier, Emmanuele, additional, Faran, Oumarou, additional, Rajot, Jean-Louis, additional, Malam, Moussa, additional, Dessay, Nadine, additional, Ingatan, Aghali, additional, Noma, Ibrahim, additional, Souley, Kadidiatou, additional, Karambiri, Harouna, additional, Fensholt, Rasmus, additional, Albergel, Jean, additional, and Olivry, Jean-Claude, additional

Published
2013
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16. THEMATIC PROGRESSION USED IN ZAKIR NAIK'S LECTURE

Author

Ike Tri Susanti and Ingatan Gulo

Abstract

One of the great importance of language is not only seen when it is applied on political speech, but it also represents as in the form of public speaking or public lecture. In that case, the objective of this research is to analyze the thematic progression of one of the public lectures in Oxford Union 2011, delivered by a famous lecturer and public speaker, Dr. Zakir Naik. In doing the analysis, there are many things that can be studied in a speech, especially when it is related with the analysis by using discourse analysis (DA). In doing the research, qualitative method is applied and the writers used Paltridge’s theory (2006) to analyze the thematic progression. As the result of the study, the writers found that from the total of 29 data, there are 11 data of reiteration or constant theme, 13 data of linear theme or zig-zag pattern and finally, 5 data that are categorized as multiple or split rheme. Therefore, the most dominant pattern expressed by Zakir Naik in his public lecturer is linear theme.

Published
2021

19. MENINGKATKAN KEPERCAYAAN DIRI ANAK-ANAK PANTI ASUHAN DALAM BERBICARA BAHASA INGGRIS

Author

Sylvia Rizki Putri, Sherlyca Rindani Prameswari, Ingatan GulÃ, and Dwi Budi Setiawan

Subjects
General Medicine
Abstract

Artikel ini membahas kegiatan pengabdian yang dilakukan sebagai bentuk kepedulian Fakultas Sastra dan Ilmu Pendidikan Universitas Teknokrat Indonesia khususnya Program Studi Sastra Inggris terhadap penerapan ilmu yang dimiliki untuk bisa berdampak kepada masyarakat. Dalam penerapannya, bukan hanya para dosen yang melaksanakan pengabdian ini. Para mahasiswa dari mata kuliah Interactional Conversation juga adalah ujung tombak dari program pengajaran yang dilaksanakan. Para dosen bertugas untuk berhubungan dengan mitra, mengawasi mahasiswa dalam mempersiapkan materi dan melaksanakan pengajaran, serta memberikan arahan tentang hal-hal yang perlu diperhatikan. Kegiatan ini dinamai Pengajaran Bahasa Inggris We Care We Share. Sebagaimana tersirat dari namanya, diharapkan agar melalui kegiatan ini mahasiswa semakin peduli dengan masyarakat sekitar dan mewujukan rasa kepedulian tersebut dengan cara berbagi ilmu yang mereka miliki.

Published
2021

20. Reducing runoff by increasing landscaped areas

Author

INGATAN WARZAGAN, Aghali

Subjects
Flow, benches, Water conservation, Landscaping, Tiger bush, Niger
Abstract

In the Sahel, many water and soils conservation techniques have been implemented within degraded soil areas to reduce their runoff production capacity. However, few are the works that have analyzed the relationships between the landscaping extension area and the importance of the runoff drop generated. The present work aims at fullfulling this lack of knowledge. Experiments were carried out within the Tondi Kiboro catchment (17.7 ha) which is a representative site of the hydro-environmental conditions of Western Niger. In 2007 and 2008, the initial catchment runoff coefficient (no landscaping) was determined using a hydrometric station. In 2010, 3% of the catchment contributory surface (lateritic plateau) was laid out by benches. This proportion was then gradually increased every year to reach 9% in 2016. Thus, it was possible to follow the concomitant evolution of landscaped area and runoff coefficient. The results show that benches play an important role in water retention and flow limitation. Between 2010 and 2016, the runoff coefficient decreased from 43% to 10% though the total landscaped surface remains less than 10%. Since 2012, the runoff coefficient has more or less stabilized around 10% (± 2%). It is thus remarkable that the runoff decrease is not proportional to the dimension of the landscaped surface. Thanks to this work, it was possible to determine an optimal landscaped area that can reduce runoff to a desired level., Environmental and Water Sciences, public Health and Territorial Intelligence Journal, Vol. 3, No 1 (2019)

Published
2019
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21. AMMA-CATCH, a critical zone observatory in West Africa monitoring a megion in transition

Author

Galle, Sylvie, Grippa, M., Bouzou Moussa, I., Cappelaere, B., Demarty, J., Mougin, E., Panthou, G., Adjomayi, P., Bâ, A., Boucher, M., Cohard, J, Descloitres, Marc, Descroix, Luc, Abdou, Malam, Malam-Issa, Oumarou, Agbossou, E., Cohard, M., 14, Sambou, Vouillamoz, J-M, Chazarin, J-P, 11, Mamane, Peugeot, C., Diawara, M., Dossou, M., Favreau, G., Gangneron, F., Gosset, M., Hector, B., Hiernaux, P., Issoufou, B., Kergoat, L., Lawin, E., Lebel, T., Legchenko, A., Malam-Issa, O., Mamadou, O., Nazoumou, Y., Pellarin, T., Quantin, G., Sambou, B., Seghieri, J., Seguis, L., Vandervaere, J., Vischel, T., Vouillamoz, M., Zannou, A., Afouda, S., Alhassane, A., Arjounin, M., Ba, H., Biron, R., Cazenave, F., Chaffard, V., Guyard, H., Koné, A., Mainassara, I., Mamane, A., Oi, M., Ouani, T., Soumaguel, N., Wubda, M., Ago, E., Alle, C., Allies, A., Arpin-Pont, F., Awessou, B., Cassé, C., Charvet, G., Dardel, C., Depeyre, A., Diallo, B., Do, T., Fatras, C., Frappart, F., Gal, L., Gascon, T., Gibon, F., Guiro, I., Ingatan, A., Kempf, J., Kotchoni, O., Lawson, M., Leauthaud, C., Louvet, S., Mason, E., Nguyen, C., Perrimond, B., Pierre, C., Richard, A., Robert, E., Román-Cascón, C., Velluet, C., Wilcox, C., Institut des Géosciences de l’Environnement (IGE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019]), Géosciences Environnement Toulouse (GET), Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Météo France-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Météo France-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS), Université Abdou Moumouni [Niamey], Hydrosciences Montpellier (HSM), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Montpellier 2 - Sciences et Techniques (UM2)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre d'études spatiales de la biosphère (CESBIO), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Météo France-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Météo France, Direction Générale de l'Eau, Université des sciences, des techniques et des technologies de Bamako, Université des sciences, des techniques et des technologies de Bamako (USTTB), Patrimoines Locaux et Gouvernance (PALOC), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Université de Zinder - University of Zinder [Zinder, Niger], IRD Représentation du Niger, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Laboratoire d'aérologie (LA), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Météo France-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Météo France-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire des Mécanismes et Transfert en Géologie (LMTG), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Météo France-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Météo France, Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes (INS), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Université A. Moumouni, HYBIS, Laboratoire d'étude des transferts en hydrologie et environnement (LTHE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National Polytechnique de Grenoble (INPG)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National Polytechnique de Grenoble (INPG)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Civil Engineering Programme, University of KwaZulu-Natal (UKZN), Direction Générale de l'Eau (DGE), Ministère des Mines, de l'Energie et de l'Eau, Laboratoire d'étude des transferts en hydrologie et environnement, Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble-Institut National Polytechnique de Grenoble (INPG)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [Guinée]), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Observatoire AMMA-Catch (IRD), Observatoire AMMA-Catch, University of California [Los Angeles] (UCLA), University of California, ONERA - The French Aerospace Lab [Toulouse], ONERA, Institut de biologie et chimie des protéines [Lyon] (IBCP), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Biologie des Organismes et Ecosystèmes Aquatiques (BOREA), Université de Caen Normandie (UNICAEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université des Antilles (UA), Laboratoire d'étude des Interactions Sol - Agrosystème - Hydrosystème (UMR LISAH), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro), Ecoclimasol, Institut de recherches sur la catalyse et l'environnement de Lyon (IRCELYON), Institut de Physique Nucléaire d'Orsay (IPNO), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), French Ministry of Research, OSUG, OREME, OMP, OSUG@2020 LabEx, SOERE RBV, CRITEX EquipEx [ANR-11-EQPX-0011], ANR: 11-EQPX-0011,CRITEX,Parc national d'équipements innovants pour l'étude spatiale et temporelle de la Zone Critique des Bassins Versants(2011), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Montpellier 2 - Sciences et Techniques (UM2)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Direction Générale de l'Eau [Bénin] (DGEau), Université d’Abomey-Calavi (UAC), Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP ), Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), Université Cheikh Anta Diop [Dakar, Sénégal] (UCAD), Laboratoire d'aérologie (LAERO), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Dan Dicko Dan koulodo de Maradi (UDDM), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU), Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique (UMR 8539) (LMD), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Département des Géosciences - ENS Paris, École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université des Antilles (UA)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université de Caen Normandie (UNICAEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), ANR-11-EQPX-0011,CRITEX,Parc national d'équipements innovants pour l'étude spatiale et temporelle de la Zone Critique des Bassins Versants(2011), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Montpellier 2 - Sciences et Techniques (UM2)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National Polytechnique de Grenoble (INPG)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG), Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National Polytechnique de Grenoble (INPG)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG), Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), Institut d'Economie Rurale du Mali, Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Department of Applied Geophysics, Technische Universität Berlin (TUB)-Technische Universität Berlin (TUB), Institut de gestion des entreprises -USJ (IGE), Université Saint-Joseph de Beyrouth (USJ), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut des Sciences de l'Environnement, Université du Québec à Chicoutimi (UQAC), Laboratoire d'étude des interactions entre sols, agrosystèmes et hydrosystèmes (LISAH), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Département de Géographie, Université de Niamey, Geology Department, École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Institut d'écologie et des sciences de l'environnement de Paris (IEES (UMR_7618 / UMR_D_242 / UMR_A_1392 / UM_113) ), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019]), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Université des Sciences, des Techniques et des Technologies de Bamako (USTTB), Université d’Abomey-Calavi = University of Abomey Calavi (UAC), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), University of California (UC), Institut d'écologie et des sciences de l'environnement de Paris (iEES Paris ), and Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)

Subjects
CENTRAL SAHEL, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, 0208 environmental biotechnology, 02 engineering and technology, 01 natural sciences, Water balance, Démographie, 11. Sustainability, Water cycle, lcsh:Environmental sciences, Hydrologie, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 2. Zero hunger, lcsh:GE1-350, Régime hydrique du sol, Utilisation des terres, CLIMATE-CHANGE, lcsh:QE1-996.5, GROSS PRIMARY PRODUCTION, Groundwater recharge, LAND-SURFACE, Geography, SEMIARNIGER, SATELLITE DATA, Ressource en eau, P40 - Météorologie et climatologie, Soil Science, [SDU.STU]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences, Context (language use), HARD-ROCK AQUIFERS, Monsoon, 12. Responsible consumption, SURFACE SOIL-MOISTURE, MONSOON MULTIDISCIPLINARY ANALYSIS, WATER STORAGE CHANGES, Mesure, Couverture végétale, P10 - Ressources en eau et leur gestion, [SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, P36 - Érosion, conservation et récupération des sols, Changement climatique, Land use, Analyse de données, Global change, 15. Life on land, 020801 environmental engineering, lcsh:Geology, 13. Climate action, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], Climatologie, Physical geography, U30 - Méthodes de recherche, Surface runoff
Abstract

International audience; West Africa is a region in fast transition from climate, demography, and land use perspectives. In this context, the African Monsoon Multidisciplinary Analysis (AMMA)-Couplage de l'Atmosphere Tropicale et du Cycle eco-Hydrologique (CATCH) long-term regional observatory was developed to monitor the impacts of global change on the critical zone of West Africa and to better understand its current and future dynamics. The observatory is organized into three thematic axes, which drive the observation and instrumentation strategy: (i) analyze the long-term evolution of eco-hydrosystems from a regional perspective; (ii) better understand critical zone processes and their variability; and (iii) meet socioeconomic and development needs. To achieve these goals, the observatory has gathered data since 1990 from four densely instrumented mesoscale sites (similar to 10(4) km(2) each), located at different latitudes (Benin, Niger, Mali, and Senegal) so as to sample the sharp eco-climatic gradient that is characteristic of the region. Simultaneous monitoring of the vegetation cover and of various components of the water balance at these four sites has provided new insights into the seemingly paradoxical eco-hydrological changes observed in the Sahel during the last decades: groundwater recharge and/ or runoff intensification despite rainfall deficit and subsequent re-greening with still increasing runoff. Hydrological processes and the role of certain key landscape features are highlighted, as well as the importance of an appropriate description of soil and subsoil characteristics. Applications of these scientific results for sustainable development issues are proposed. Finally, detecting and attributing eco-hydrological changes and identifying possible regime shifts in the hydrologic cycle are the next challenges that need to be faced.

Published
2018

26. AMMA-CATCH, a critical zone observatory in west Africa monitoring a region in transition

Author

Galle, S., Grippa, Manuela, Peugeot, C., Bouzou Moussa, Ibrahim, Cappelaere, Bernard, Demarty, J., Mougin, E., Panthou, A., Adjomayi, P., Ba, A., Boucher, M., Cohard, J.M., Descloitres, Marc, Descroix, L., Diawara, Moriké, Dossou, M., Favreau, Guillaume, Gangneron, F., Gosset, Marielle, Hector, B., Hiernaux, Pierre, Issoufou, B.A., Kergoat, Laurent, Lawin, E., Lebel, T., Legchenko, A., Malam Abdou, M., Malam-Issa, Oumarou, Mamadou, O., Nazoumou, Y., Pellarin, Thierry, Quantin, G., Sambou, B., Seghieri, Josiane, Séguis, Lus, Vandervaere, J.P., Vischel, T., Vouillamoz, J.M., Zannou, A., Afouda, S., Alhassane, A., Arjounin, M., Barral, H., Biron, R., Cazenave, F., Chaffard, V., Chazarin, J.P., Guyard, H., Koné, A., Mainassara, I., Mamane, A., Oi, M., Ouani, T., Soumaguel, N., Wubda, M., Ago, E.E., Alle, I.C., Allies, A., Arpin-Pont, F., Awessou, B., Cassé, C., Charvet, G., Dardel, C., Depeyre, A., Diallo, F.B., Do, T., Fatras, C., Frappart, F., Gal, L., Gascon, T., Gibon, François, Guiro, I., Ingatan, A., Kempf, J., Kotchoni, D.O.V., Lawson, F.M.A., Leauthaud, Crystèle, Louvet, S., Mason, E., Nguyen, C.C., Perrimond, B., Pierre, Caroline, Richard, A., Robert, E., Román-Cascón, Carlos, Velluet, C., Wilcox, C., Galle, S., Grippa, Manuela, Peugeot, C., Bouzou Moussa, Ibrahim, Cappelaere, Bernard, Demarty, J., Mougin, E., Panthou, A., Adjomayi, P., Ba, A., Boucher, M., Cohard, J.M., Descloitres, Marc, Descroix, L., Diawara, Moriké, Dossou, M., Favreau, Guillaume, Gangneron, F., Gosset, Marielle, Hector, B., Hiernaux, Pierre, Issoufou, B.A., Kergoat, Laurent, Lawin, E., Lebel, T., Legchenko, A., Malam Abdou, M., Malam-Issa, Oumarou, Mamadou, O., Nazoumou, Y., Pellarin, Thierry, Quantin, G., Sambou, B., Seghieri, Josiane, Séguis, Lus, Vandervaere, J.P., Vischel, T., Vouillamoz, J.M., Zannou, A., Afouda, S., Alhassane, A., Arjounin, M., Barral, H., Biron, R., Cazenave, F., Chaffard, V., Chazarin, J.P., Guyard, H., Koné, A., Mainassara, I., Mamane, A., Oi, M., Ouani, T., Soumaguel, N., Wubda, M., Ago, E.E., Alle, I.C., Allies, A., Arpin-Pont, F., Awessou, B., Cassé, C., Charvet, G., Dardel, C., Depeyre, A., Diallo, F.B., Do, T., Fatras, C., Frappart, F., Gal, L., Gascon, T., Gibon, François, Guiro, I., Ingatan, A., Kempf, J., Kotchoni, D.O.V., Lawson, F.M.A., Leauthaud, Crystèle, Louvet, S., Mason, E., Nguyen, C.C., Perrimond, B., Pierre, Caroline, Richard, A., Robert, E., Román-Cascón, Carlos, Velluet, C., and Wilcox, C.

Abstract

West Africa is a region in fast transition from climate, demography, and land use perspectives. In this context, the African Monsoon Multidisciplinary Analysis (AMMA)–Couplage de l'Atmosphère Tropicale et du Cycle eco-Hydrologique (CATCH) long-term regional observatory was developed to monitor the impacts of global change on the critical zone of West Africa and to better understand its current and future dynamics. The observatory is organized into three thematic axes, which drive the observation and instrumentation strategy: (i) analyze the long-term evolution of eco-hydrosystems from a regional perspective; (ii) better understand critical zone processes and their variability; and (iii) meet socioeconomic and development needs. To achieve these goals, the observatory has gathered data since 1990 from four densely instrumented mesoscale sites (∼104 km2 each), located at different latitudes (Benin, Niger, Mali, and Senegal) so as to sample the sharp eco-climatic gradient that is characteristic of the region. Simultaneous monitoring of the vegetation cover and of various components of the water balance at these four sites has provided new insights into the seemingly paradoxical eco-hydrological changes observed in the Sahel during the last decades: groundwater recharge and/or runoff intensification despite rainfall deficit and subsequent re-greening with still increasing runoff. Hydrological processes and the role of certain key landscape features are highlighted, as well as the importance of an appropriate description of soil and subsoil characteristics. Applications of these scientific results for sustainable development issues are proposed. Finally, detecting and attributing eco-hydrological changes and identifying possible regime shifts in the hydrologic cycle are the next challenges that need to be faced.

Published
2018

27. Nias Unmutated Personal Pronouns

Author

Ingatan Gulö

Subjects
Personal pronoun, Austronesian languages, Psychology, Linguistics
Abstract

Nias is an Austronesian language spoken mainly in Nias Island located on the west part of Sumatera, Indonesia. This is a unique language but it has not been analyzed in details due to some factors such as geographical obstacles and linguistic problems. The language has both free and bound personal pronouns. The free forms are divided into two groups: the unmutated and the mutated. This study focuses on how the pronominals in the first group are used in sentences or clauses. The data were taken from short stories and other Nias writings that contain the use of unmutated forms of the personal pronouns. The data were processed by classifying them into the same types and analyzed how they are used syntactically in sentences, clauses, or within phrases, as well as their relations to other constituents. The results of the research show that Nias unmutated personal pronouns are used in various ways and with different functions or roles. They are used as predicates, reflexives, objects, markers of modifiers, adverbs, emphases for imperatives, and others. It might be possible, however, to find other kinds of use if a similar research is conducted on different data, but those presented here are representatives of main uses of the unmutated personal pronouns in Nias.

Published
2014

28. Observing Grammatical Collocation in Students’ Writings

Author

Ingatan Gulö and Beaty Novita Sari

Subjects
Collocation, Computer science, Linguistics
Abstract

This research aimed to describe the types of grammatical collocation errors produced by English learners in their writings. The writers used a qualitative method for collecting and analyzing the data. The data were taken from first-year students’ essays. Collocations from fifteen essays were collected and analyzed. As the standard for the collocations being analyzed, The Oxford Collocation Dictionary and The BBI Combinatory Dictionary of English were used by the writers. The results showed that the students made grammatical collocation errors in their writings, with a total of 35 grammatical collocations. It was also found that verb-noun collocation is the most dominant error made, which indicated that the students faced difficulties in using proper verbs in collocations.Keywords: Collocation error, grammatical collocation, students’ writings

Published
2019

29. Predicates of Indonesian and English Simple Sentences

Author

Ingatan Gulö

Subjects
Indonesian, Simple (abstract algebra), Noun, Teaching english, language, Face (sociological concept), Psychology, language.human_language, Linguistics
Abstract

This paper was developed from a research report presented in The Third Southern Region of Sumatera TEFLIN held by Sriwijaya University in 2014. Comments recieved by the participants of the seminar and following studies done on the topic made it possible for this article to find its way to be published in a journal. As Indonesian and English sentences realize their predicates by using different kinds of syntactic categories, most learners of English having Indonesian as their linguistic background face difficulties in understanding the language. This is a contrastive study done by conducting an analytical analysis on simple sentences of both languages. The result of this research shows that both English and Indonesian sentences employ verbs as their predicates. However, in addition to verbs, Indonesian sentences also use other kinds of syntactic categories such as nouns, adjectives, etc. to be the predicates of sentences. These main differences of English and Indonesian systems have to be underlined in learning process and teaching English to learners in order to avoid grammatical mistakes.

Published
2019

30. An Analysis of Omission in Students’ English Writings

Author

Teo Vany Rahmawelly and Ingatan Gulö

Subjects
Grammar, media_common.quotation_subject, Foreign language, Verb, Qualitative property, Linguistics, language.human_language, Agreement, Indonesian, language, Suffix, Psychology, Function (engineering), media_common
Abstract

This paper is part of research with a larger scope covering errors students made related to subject-verb agreement. This part aims to elaborate grammatical problems faced by foreign language learners of English in relation to the omission they made in their writings. A qualitative data collection method was applied in gathering the data. The researchers collected pieces of writing from the students, read them, and analysed the omission errors found in the collected writings. As result, the most common omissions found in the data are related to verb markers. Omission of main verbs and auxiliaries also occur, creating sentences without any verbs or grammatically necessary auxiliaries. Absense of these kinds of function in Indonesian is the main reason for this grammatical problem faced by the learners. In addition, omissios of suffix -ing were also found by the researchers in the data. These findings should be able to contribute to existing works on grammatical errors and increase the success of both teaching and learning of a foreign language like English.Key Words: error, grammar, omission, writing

Published
2019

33. AMMA‐CATCH, a Critical Zone Observatory in West Africa Monitoring a Region in Transition

Author

Galle, S., primary, Grippa, M., additional, Peugeot, C., additional, Moussa, I. Bouzou, additional, Cappelaere, B., additional, Demarty, J., additional, Mougin, E., additional, Panthou, G., additional, Adjomayi, P., additional, Agbossou, E.K., additional, Ba, A., additional, Boucher, M., additional, Cohard, J.-M., additional, Descloitres, M., additional, Descroix, L., additional, Diawara, M., additional, Dossou, M., additional, Favreau, G., additional, Gangneron, F., additional, Gosset, M., additional, Hector, B., additional, Hiernaux, P., additional, Issoufou, B.-A., additional, Kergoat, L., additional, Lawin, E., additional, Lebel, T., additional, Legchenko, A., additional, Abdou, M. Malam, additional, Malam-Issa, O., additional, Mamadou, O., additional, Nazoumou, Y., additional, Pellarin, T., additional, Quantin, G., additional, Sambou, B., additional, Seghieri, J., additional, Séguis, L., additional, Vandervaere, J.-P., additional, Vischel, T., additional, Vouillamoz, J.-M., additional, Zannou, A., additional, Afouda, S., additional, Alhassane, A., additional, Arjounin, M., additional, Barral, H., additional, Biron, R., additional, Cazenave, F., additional, Chaffard, V., additional, Chazarin, J.-P., additional, Guyard, H., additional, Koné, A., additional, Mainassara, I., additional, Mamane, A., additional, Oi, M., additional, Ouani, T., additional, Soumaguel, N., additional, Wubda, M., additional, Ago, E.E., additional, Alle, I.C., additional, Allies, A., additional, Arpin-Pont, F., additional, Awessou, B., additional, Cassé, C., additional, Charvet, G., additional, Dardel, C., additional, Depeyre, A., additional, Diallo, F.B., additional, Do, T., additional, Fatras, C., additional, Frappart, F., additional, Gal, L., additional, Gascon, T., additional, Gibon, F., additional, Guiro, I., additional, Ingatan, A., additional, Kempf, J., additional, Kotchoni, D.O.V., additional, Lawson, F.M.A., additional, Leauthaud, C., additional, Louvet, S., additional, Mason, E., additional, Nguyen, C.C., additional, Perrimond, B., additional, Pierre, C., additional, Richard, A., additional, Robert, E., additional, Román-Cascón, C., additional, Velluet, C., additional, and Wilcox, C., additional

Published
2018
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38. An Analysis of Gerund and To Infinitive in Argumentative Essays

Author

Grace Mekaria Unggul and Ingatan Gulö

Subjects
Argumentative, Grammar, Gerund, Computer science, media_common.quotation_subject, Infinitive, Linguistics, media_common
Abstract

This article is about gerund and to infinitive usages made by students in their argumentative essays. The research identified grammatical problems occurred in argumentative essays. The theories of Dulay about errors and Harmer about grammar were used. The writers used taxonomies in classifying errors into four types which are omission, addition, misformation and misordering. The method used was library research. In collecting the data, the researchers used students’ papers taken from two classes of a university. The writers concluded that the most common problem in using gerund and to infinitive is misformation. Students found it difficult to use gerunds and to infinitives. It also showed that practice is needed to solve the grammatical problems faced by the students.

Published
2017

42. Impact of Drought and Land – Use Changes on Surface – Water Quality and Quantity: The Sahelian Paradox

Author

Daniel Sighomnou, Ibrahim Bouzou Moussa, Kadidiatou Souley Yéro, Ibrahim Mamadou, Harouna Karambiri, Aghali Ingatan, Jean-Claude Olivry, Pierre Genthon, Jean-Pierre Vandervaere, Moussa Malam Abdou, Luc Descroix, Jean-Louis Rajot, Emmanuèle Gautier, Rasmus Fensholt, Jean Albergel, Nadine Dessay, Oumarou Faran Maiga, Ibrahim Noma, Gil Mahé, Patrimoines Locaux et Gouvernance (PALOC), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Techniques de l'Informatique et de la Microélectronique pour l'Architecture des systèmes intégrés (TIMA), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Hydrosciences Montpellier (HSM), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Montpellier 2 - Sciences et Techniques (UM2)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Faculté des Sciences, Université Mohamed 5-Agdal, Laboratoire d'étude des transferts en hydrologie et environnement (LTHE), Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National Polytechnique de Grenoble (INPG)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de géographie physique : Environnements Quaternaires et Actuels (LGP), Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne (UP1)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Biogéochimie et écologie des milieux continentaux (Bioemco), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-AgroParisTech-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire Interuniversitaire des Systèmes Atmosphériques (LISA (UMR_7583)), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR 228 Espace-Dev, Espace pour le développement, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université de Perpignan Via Domitia (UPVD)-Avignon Université (AU)-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Université de Guyane (UG)-Université des Antilles (UA), Institut international d'ingénierie de l'eau et de l'environnement (2iE), Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management [Copenhagen] (IGN), Faculty of Science [Copenhagen], University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (UCPH)-University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (UCPH), Laboratoire d'étude des Interactions Sol - Agrosystème - Hydrosystème (UMR LISAH), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), M., Bradley Paul, Bradley, P.M. (ed.), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Montpellier 2 - Sciences et Techniques (UM2)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-AgroParisTech-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Guyane (UG)-Université des Antilles (UA)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université de Perpignan Via Domitia (UPVD)-Avignon Université (AU)-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Université de Montpellier (UM), University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (KU)-University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (KU), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro), Techniques of Informatics and Microelectronics for integrated systems Architecture (TIMA), Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Montpellier 2 - Sciences et Techniques (UM2)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National Polytechnique de Grenoble (INPG)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG), Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Université Panthéon-Sorbonne (UP1), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-AgroParisTech-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université des Antilles (UA)-Université de Guyane (UG)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Avignon Université (AU)-Université de Perpignan Via Domitia (UPVD)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Institut international d'ingénierie de l'eau et de l'environnement, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [ Madagascar])-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Montpellier 2 - Sciences et Techniques (UM2)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Montpellier 2 - Sciences et Techniques (UM2)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Institut National Polytechnique de Grenoble (INPG)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG), and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])

Subjects
010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, 0207 environmental engineering, QUALITE DE L'EAU, 02 engineering and technology, RESSOURCES EN EAU, SOL DEGRADE, 01 natural sciences, FACTEUR ANTHROPIQUE, [SHS]Humanities and Social Sciences, Surface water quality, CONDUCTIVITE HYDRAULIQUE, 020701 environmental engineering, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, EAU DE SURFACE, SECHERESSE, DESERTIFICATION, SURFACE DU SOL, Forestry, 15. Life on land, ENDOREISME, COEFFICIENT DE RUISSELLEMENT, 6. Clean water, DEBIT, BASSIN VERSANT, INONDATION, COURS D'EAU, INFILTRATION, 13. Climate action, FACTEUR CLIMATIQUE, PLUIE, Environmental science, CRUE, CROUTE D'ALTERATION, Water resource management, UTILISATION DU SOL
Abstract

International audience; Afrique de l'Ouest a connu des conditions de sécheresse depuis la fin des années 1960. Cette tendance a été particulièrement évident dans le Sahel, mais semble avoir atténué dans la dernière décennie dans les régions orientales et centrales de cette région. D'autre part, la pluviométrie annuelle reste très faible dans la partie ouest du Sahel [ 1 ]. Une diminution correspondante a également été observé dans le débit moyen annuel des fleuves Sénégal et Niger, qui sont le plus grand dans la région et principalement alimenté par l'eau provenant de régions tropicales humides. Toutefois, le pourcentage de diminution du débit annuel moyen était presque deux fois plus grande que la diminution des précipitations [ 2 ] pour la période 1970-2010. Des tendances similaires ont été observées sur des réseaux hydrographiques plus petits. En revanche, même si le Sahel et la plupart de l'Afrique de l'Ouest ont connu la sécheresse aussi importante au cours des 40 dernières années, les coefficients de ruissellement et des débits d'eau ont augmenté dans la plupart des régions du Sahel. Ce phénomène a été appelé «Le Sahel Paradox" après l'augmentation de la nappe phréatique au Niger depuis les années 1960, a été nommé le paradoxe de Niamey et attribués à des changements importants dans l'utilisation des terres. Le les (Afrique multidisciplinaire de la mousson d'analyse) programmes AMMA HAPEX-Sahel (hydrologique et Expérience atmosphérique pilote) et ont fourni, parmi de nombreux résultats complets, les mesures de valeur portant sur les variations spatiales et temporelles de la teneur en eau du sol sahélienne ainsi que de l'infiltration de l'eau à travers les couches profondes du sol de la zone non saturée. Le but de ce chapitre est de fournir un aperçu du comportement hydrologique en Afrique de l'Ouest basée sur le point, locale, méso et échelles régionales observations.

Published
2013

45. Impact of Drought and Land – Use Changes on Surface – Water Quality and Quantity: The Sahelian Paradox

Author

Descroix, Luc, Moussa, Ibrahim Bouzou, Genthon, Pierre, Sighomnou, Daniel, Mahé, Gil, Mamadou, Ibrahim, Vandervaere, Jean-Pierre, Gautier, Emmanuèle, Maiga, Oumarou Faran, Rajot, Jean-Louis, Abdou, Moussa Malam, Dessay, Nadine, Ingatan, Aghali, Noma, Ibrahim, Yéro, Kadidiatou Souley, Karambiri, Harouna, Fensholt, Rasmus, Albergel, Jean, Olivry, Jean-Claude, Descroix, Luc, Moussa, Ibrahim Bouzou, Genthon, Pierre, Sighomnou, Daniel, Mahé, Gil, Mamadou, Ibrahim, Vandervaere, Jean-Pierre, Gautier, Emmanuèle, Maiga, Oumarou Faran, Rajot, Jean-Louis, Abdou, Moussa Malam, Dessay, Nadine, Ingatan, Aghali, Noma, Ibrahim, Yéro, Kadidiatou Souley, Karambiri, Harouna, Fensholt, Rasmus, Albergel, Jean, and Olivry, Jean-Claude

Published
2013
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