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Aspartate/asparagine-β-hydroxylase (AspH) is a human 2-oxoglutarate (2OG) and FeIIoxygenase that catalyses C3 hydroxylations of aspartate/asparagine residues of epidermal growth factor-like domains (EGFDs). Unusually, AspH employs two histidine residues to chelate FeIIrather than the typical triad of two histidine and one glutamate/aspartate residue. We report kinetic, inhibition, and crystallographic studies concerning human AspH variants in which either of its FeIIbinding histidine residues are substituted for alanine. Both the H725A and, in particular, the H679A AspH variants retain substantial catalytic activity. Crystal structures clearly reveal metal-ligation by only a single protein histidine ligand. The results have implications for the functional assignment of 2OG oxygenases and for the design of non-protein biomimetic catalysts.

Aspartate/asparagine‐β‐hydroxylase (AspH) is a human 2‐oxoglutarate (2OG) and FeII oxygenase that catalyses C3 hydroxylations of aspartate/asparagine residues of epidermal growth factor‐like domains (EGFDs). Unusually, AspH employs two histidine residues to chelate FeII rather than the typical triad of two histidine and one glutamate/aspartate residue. We report kinetic, inhibition, and crystallographic studies concerning human AspH variants in which either of its FeII binding histidine residues are substituted for alanine. Both the H725A and, in particular, the H679A AspH variants retain substantial catalytic activity. Crystal structures clearly reveal metal‐ligation by only a single protein histidine ligand. The results have implications for the functional assignment of 2OG oxygenases and for the design of non‐protein biomimetic catalysts., A human 2‐oxoglutarate and FeII dependent oxygenase was engineered to possess only one protein FeII binding ligand. The resultant variants retained significant levels of catalytic activity. Biomimetic catalysts containing only one metal binding site are therefore of interest.

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The human 2-oxoglutarate dependent oxygenase aspartate/asparagine-β-hydroxylase (AspH) catalyses the hydroxylation of Asp/Asn-residues in epidermal growth factor-like domains (EGFDs). AspH is upregulated on the surface of malign cancer cells; increased AspH levels correlate with tumour invasiveness. Due to a lack of efficient assays to monitor the activity of isolated AspH, there are few reports of studies aimed at identifying small-molecule AspH inhibitors. Recently, it was reported that AspH substrates have a non-canonical EGFD disulfide pattern. Here we report that a stable synthetic thioether mimic of AspH substrates can be employed in solid phase extraction mass spectrometry based high-throughput AspH inhibition assays which are of excellent robustness, as indicated by high Z’-factors and good signal-to-noise/background ratios. The AspH inhibition assay was applied to screen approximately 1500 bioactive small-molecules, including natural products and active pharmaceutical ingredients of approved human therapeutics. Potent AspH inhibitors were identified from both compound classes. Our AspH inhibition assay should enable the development of potent and selective small-molecule AspH inhibitors and contribute towards the development of safer inhibitors for other 2OG oxygenases, e.g. screens of the hypoxia-inducible factor prolyl-hydroxylase inhibitors revealed that vadadustat inhibits AspH with moderate potency.

AspH is an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane-anchored 2-oxoglutarate oxygenase whose C-terminal oxygenase and tetratricopeptide repeat (TPR) domains present in the ER lumen. AspH catalyses hydroxylation of asparaginyl- and aspartyl-residues in epidermal growth factor-like domains (EGFDs). Here we report crystal structures of human AspH, with and without substrate, that reveal substantial conformational changes of the oxygenase and TPR domains during substrate binding. Fe(II)-binding by AspH is unusual, employing only two Fe(II)-binding ligands (His679/His725). Most EGFD structures adopt an established fold with a conserved Cys1–3, 2–4, 5–6 disulfide bonding pattern; an unexpected Cys3–4 disulfide bonding pattern is observed in AspH-EGFD substrate complexes, the catalytic relevance of which is supported by studies involving stable cyclic peptide substrate analogues and by effects of Ca(II) ions on activity. The results have implications for EGFD disulfide pattern processing in the ER and will enable medicinal chemistry efforts targeting human 2OG oxygenases., AspH catalyses hydroxylation of asparagine and aspartate residues in epidermal growth factor-like domains (EGFDs). Here, the authors present crystal structures of AspH with and without substrates and show that AspH uses EFGD substrates with a non-canonical disulfide pattern.

Metallo-β-lactamases (MBLs) catalyse the hydrolysis of almost all β-lactam antibiotics. We report biophysical and kinetic studies on the Sao Paulo MBL (SPM-1), which reveal its Zn(II) ion usage and mechanism as characteristic of the clinically important di-Zn(II) dependent B1 MBL subfamily. Biophysical analyses employing crystallography, dynamic 19F NMR and ion mobility mass spectrometry, however, reveal that SPM-1 possesses loop and mobile element regions characteristic of the B2 MBLs. These include a mobile α3 region which is important in catalysis and determining inhibitor selectivity. SPM-1 thus appears to be a hybrid B1/B2 MBL. The results have implications for MBL evolution and inhibitor design.

Resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics mediated by metallo-beta-lactamases (MBLs) is a growing problem. We describe the use of protein-observe 19F-NMR (PrOF NMR) to study the dynamics of the São Paulo MBL (SPM-1) from beta-lactam- resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Cysteinyl variants on the a3 and L3 regions, which flank the di-ZnII active site, were selectively 19F-labeled using 3-bromo-1,1,1-trifluoroacetone. The PrOF NMR results reveal roles for the mobile a3 and L3 regions in the binding of both inhibitors and hydrolyzed beta-lactam products to SPM-1. These results have implications for the mechanisms and inhibition of MBLs by beta-lactams and non-beta-lactams and illustrate the utility of PrOF NMR for efficiently analyzing metal chelation, identifying new binding modes, and studying protein binding from a mixture of equilibrating isomers.

The New Delhi metallo-β-lactamase (NDM-1) is involved in the emerging antibiotic resistance problem. Development of metallo-β-lactamases (MBLs) inhibitors has proven challenging, due to their conformational flexibility. Here we report site-selective labeling of NDM-1 with 1,1,1-trifluoro-3-bromo acetone (BFA), and its use to study binding events and conformational changes upon ligand-metal binding using (19) F NMR spectroscopy. The results demonstrate different modes of binding of known NDM-1 inhibitors, including L- and D-captopril by monitoring the changing chemical environment of the active-site loop of NDM-1. The method described will be applicable to other MBLs and more generally to monitoring ligand-induced conformational changes.

Summary Isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 mutations drive human gliomagenesis, probably through neomorphic enzyme activity that produces D-2-hydroxyglutarate. To model this disease, we conditionally expressed Idh1R132H in the subventricular zone (SVZ) of the adult mouse brain. The mice developed hydrocephalus and grossly dilated lateral ventricles, with accumulation of 2-hydroxyglutarate and reduced α-ketoglutarate. Stem and transit amplifying/progenitor cell populations were expanded, and proliferation increased. Cells expressing SVZ markers infiltrated surrounding brain regions. SVZ cells also gave rise to proliferative subventricular nodules. DNA methylation was globally increased, while hydroxymethylation was decreased. Mutant SVZ cells overexpressed Wnt, cell-cycle and stem cell genes, and shared an expression signature with human gliomas. Idh1R132H mutation in the major adult neurogenic stem cell niche causes a phenotype resembling gliomagenesis., Graphical Abstract, Highlights • Idh1R132H knockin in the mouse brain SVZ recapitulates features of gliomagenesis • Self-renewal and proliferation of neural stem cells and progenitors increase • SVZ cells proliferate ectopically, infiltrate the brain parenchyma, and form nodules • Increases occur in 2HG levels, Wnt and telomere pathway activity, and DNA methylation, Bardella et al. report that expression of IDH1R132H in the subventricular zone of the adult mouse brain causes features of gliomagenesis, including increased numbers of neural stem cells, cellular infiltration into surrounding brain regions, and a gene expression profile overlapping that of human gliomas.

OBJECTIVES: Metallo-β-lactamase (MBL)-based resistance is a threat to the use of most β-lactam antibiotics. Multiple variants of the New Delhi MBL (NDM) have recently been reported. Previous reports indicate that the substitutions affect NDM activity despite being located outside the active site. This study compares the biochemical properties of seven clinically reported NDM variants. METHODS: NDM variants were generated by site-directed mutagenesis; recombinant proteins were purified to near homogeneity. Thermal stability and secondary structures of the variants were investigated using differential scanning fluorimetry and circular dichroism; kinetic parameters and MIC values were investigated for representative carbapenem, cephalosporin and penicillin substrates. RESULTS: The substitutions did not affect the overall folds of the NDM variants, within limits of detection; however, differences in thermal stabilities were observed. NDM-8 was the most stable variant with a melting temperature of 72°C compared with 60°C for NDM-1. In contrast to some previous studies, kcat/KM values were similar for carbapenem and penicillin substrates for NDM variants, but differences in kinetics were observed for cephalosporin substrates. Apparent substrate inhibition was observed with nitrocefin for variants containing the M154L substitution. In all cases, cefoxitin and ceftazidime were poorly hydrolysed with kcat/KM values

The spectral evolution of fluorescence from 4-(dimethylamino)-4'-cyanostilbene (DCS) in methanol, and of two derivatives bearing either the anilino (ACS) or the julolidino (JCS) moiety, was measured by optical Kerr-gating with a time resolution of 0.35 ps. A special thin Glan polariser in the Kerr shutter allows high contrast without unnecessarily increasing the group delay dispersion. The emission band may thus be gated and observed even with highly fluorescent samples. The spectral dynamics consists of a continuous red-shift and narrowing with similar relaxation behavior throughout, i.e. between these two observables and the three compounds. This suggests that polar solvation is the common cause for spectral relaxation after 0.2 ps. The continuum model describes the dynamic Stokes shift quantitatively. Contrary to previous reports we do not find a temporary isosbestic point in the fluorescence of JCS, nor is there evidence for a dependence on anilino substituents. The crystal structures of DCS and JCS are provided.