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With the advancement of the detector systems for γ-ray radiation, simultaneous measurement of time correlated photoelectric and Compton events recorded by employing segmented HPGe detectors (Clover Detectors) with very high energy resolution and efficiency, allows measuring the polarization of the γ-ray radiation in addition to the energy of the γ-ray radiation. The polarization measurement of the γ-ray radiation provides information regarding its electric or magnetic nature, which is essential for determining the parity of the decaying nuclear state. Data is shown for the low laying states of 136Ce with information on the RDCO and polarization measurements. These measurements were carried out with the help of Indian National Gamma Array (INGA), New Delhi setup. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study describes the immature stages, host plant, and interactions with parasitoid wasps of the butterfly Phoebis argante, a very widely distributed species, commonly found in the dry forest ecotone of the western Andes in Azuay province, Ecuador. The development time from oviposition to adult averaged 48 days. The host plant is identified as Inga edulis Mart. (Fabaceae), a leguminous tree widely distributed in the Neotropics which has various cultural uses. Given its cultural significance, adaptive capacity, role in soil erosion prevention, and ecological importance as a habitat for pollinating insects, I. edulis could be a promising candidate for revegetation projects in gardens and green areas in Ecuador. Sexual dimorphism in pupal color patterns was observed: female pupae displayed a heterogeneous color pattern with black spots, while male pupae were uniformly yellowish-green. This sexual dimorphism in pupal coloration may be an adaptive mechanism for camouflage during this vulnerable developmental stage or could be related to adult wing phenotype. Additionally, koinobiont endoparasitoid wasps, from the subfamily Microgastrinae (Braconidae), were obtained from first and second instar larvae.

A positive parity sequence of ΔI=2 γ transitions has been identified above Iπ=9/2+ state (Ex=2019 keV) in 115Sb through in-beam γ ray spectroscopic technique. Rotational features of this sequence are found similar to a low-K decoupled band. Observation of this newly identified low-K decoupled band, along with the earlier reported strongly coupled high-K band in this nucleus, provides the first experimental evidence for prolate-oblate shape coexistence associated with g9/2 proton-hole configuration around Z=50 shell closure. Experimental results are reproduced reasonably well in the frameworks of the projected shell model and the total Routhian surface calculations.

Tropical forests are acknowledged to be the largest global source of isoprene (C5H8) and monoterpenes (C10H16) emissions, with current synthesis studies suggesting few tropical species emit isoprenoids (20-38%) and do so with highly variable emission capacities, including within the same genera. This apparent lack of a clear phylogenetic thread has created difficulties both in linking isoprenoid function with evolution and for the development of accurate biosphere-atmosphere models. Here, we present a systematic emission study of "hyperdominant" tree species in the Amazon Basin. Across 162 individuals, distributed among 25 botanical families and 113 species, isoprenoid emissions were widespread among both early and late successional species (isoprene: 61.9% of the species; monoterpenes: 15.0%; both isoprene and monoterpenes: 9.7%). The hyperdominant species (69) across the top five most abundant genera, which make up about 50% of all individuals in the Basin, had a similar abundance of isoprenoid emitters (isoprene: 63.8%; monoterpenes: 17.4%; both 11.6%). Among the abundant genera, only Pouteria had a low frequency of isoprene emitting species (15.8% of 19 species). In contrast, Protium, Licania, Inga, and Eschweilera were rich in isoprene emitting species (83.3% of 12 species, 61.1% of 18 species, 100% of 8 species, and 100% of 12 species, respectively). Light response curves of individuals in each of the five genera showed light-dependent, photosynthesis-linked emission rates of isoprene and monoterpenes. Importantly, in every genus, we observed species with light-dependent isoprene emissions together with monoterpenes including β-ocimene. These observations support the emerging view of the evolution of isoprene synthases from β-ocimene synthases. Our results have important implications for understanding isoprenoid function-evolution relationships and the development of more accurate Earth System Models.

Introducción. La pérdida de nutrientes en diferentes coberturas de suelo, genera una disminución de la productividad en sistemas agroforestales en los bosques tropicales. Objetivo. Determinar el efecto durante dos años de la cobertura del suelo sobre la concentración de nutrientes en el agroecosistema del Centro Experimental de Investigación y Producción Amazónica. Materiales y métodos. El estudio se desarrolló en el Centro Experimental de Investigación y Producción Amazónica en Napo, Ecuador. Se establecieron dos parcelas de bosque primario con coberturas: a) guabas (Inga sp.) y b) melastomatáceas. Se realizaron dos muestreos aleatorios de suelo, uno en el año 2019 (cuatro muestras por cobertura) y otro en el año 2021 (seis muestras por cobertura), se analizaron las concentraciones de nitrógeno, fósforo, potasio, calcio y materia orgánica. Se aplicó un análisis de varianza para determinar diferencias significativas entre las coberturas y los períodos de muestreo. Se realizó un análisis de correlación de Pearson para determinar las relaciones entre las concentraciones de los diferentes nutrientes. Resultados. Se observaron diferencias significativas (p

The leader of the Inga community shares some of the ideas behind the construction of an indigenous university in the Putumayo region of the Colombian Amazon. He also presents the book "Una Nueva Universidad Indígena en la Selva en Colombia" (A New Indigenous University in the Rainforest in Colombia).

A new indigenous university in the Colombian forest is the title of this work, published in 2020 by Studio Lacaton & Vassal and ETH D-ARCH. The book presents extensive visual documentation and a textual chronicle of the project to build an indigenous university in Putumayo. The publication recounts the beginnings of the project, the participants and provides reflections on the encounters. One of the main contributions in the book is made by the artist Ursula Biemann, from Devenir Universidad. She was the one who made the various contacts possible, after having made an expedition in the Colombian Amazon and having met and got to know the Inga culture. The book also presents the visions and proposals on the essential characteristics of the Inga University, which allows the construction of a first conceptual basis for the project. This document is the result of a collaboration agreement between the Polytechnic University of Zurich, Switzerland (ETH), the Department of Architecture and the Pontificia Javeriana University, Colombia with representatives of the Inga community of Putumayo.

Shade trees provide important ecological services that support productivity in coffee agroforestry systems. Processes such as biological nitrogen fixation play a key role in this. Less is known, however, about potential indirect mechanisms by which nitrogen fixation supports coffee productivity. One potential route for this to occur is by providing ecological benefits to other above‐ and belowground organisms that enrich the overall function of agroecosystems. A useful lens with which to evaluate the ecological benefits to these communities under shade trees is to assess how ground‐dwelling ant communities respond to the quality of leaf litter from established nitrogen (N)‐fixing tree species. Here, we use two trees commonly planted in coffee agroecosystems: Inga micheliana, an N‐fixing species, and Alchornea latifolia, a non‐N‐fixing species. In this study, we set out to answer the following questions: (1) How does the leaf litter environment differ between I. micheliana and A. latifolia? (2) Do differences in environmental factors between I. micheliana and A. latifolia correlate with differences in ant abundance and species richness? and (3) Do differences in environmental factors between I. micheliana and A. latifolia correlate with differences in ant community composition? Twenty‐eight randomly selected sites (14 I. micheliana and 14 A. latifolia) were established within a 45‐ha plot in a shaded organic coffee farm in Chiapas, Mexico. Three 1‐m2 quadrats within a 5‐m radius from the base of the selected trees were established, and the leaf litter within the quadrats was removed and sieved. Ant specimens were extracted from leaf litter collected from quadrats using the mini‐Winkler method and identified to genus and species, or morphospecies, level. Results indicate that I. micheliana, the N‐fixing species, has a lower C:N ratio than A. latifolia. Differences in C:N ratios are correlated with ant abundance but not with ant species richness. Distance to edge (in meters) has significant effects on leaf litter ant abundance, richness, and species composition. Results suggest that there may be unaccounted feedbacks from N‐ and non‐N‐fixing vegetation to brown food webs enabling them to sustain similar ground‐dwelling ant communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Plants are widely recognized as chemical factories, with each species producing dozens to hundreds of unique secondary metabolites. These compounds shape the interactions between plants and their natural enemies. We explore the evolutionary patterns and processes by which plants generate chemical diversity, from evolving novel compounds to unique chemical profiles.We characterized the chemical profile of one‐third of the species of tropical rainforest trees in the genus Inga (c. 100, Fabaceae) using ultraperformance liquid chromatography‐mass spectrometry‐based metabolomics and applied phylogenetic comparative methods to understand the mode of chemical evolution.We show: each Inga species contain structurally unrelated compounds and high levels of phytochemical diversity; closely related species have divergent chemical profiles, with individual compounds, compound classes, and chemical profiles showing little‐to‐no phylogenetic signal; at the evolutionary time scale, a species' chemical profile shows a signature of divergent adaptation. At the ecological time scale, sympatric species were the most divergent, implying it is also advantageous to maintain a unique chemical profile from community members; finally, we integrate these patterns with a model for how chemical diversity evolves.Taken together, these results show that phytochemical diversity and divergence are fundamental to the ecology and evolution of plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Shade trees provide important ecological services that support productivity in coffee agroforestry systems. Processes such as biological nitrogen fixation play a key role in this. Less is known, however, about potential indirect mechanisms by which nitrogen fixation supports coffee productivity. One potential route for this to occur is by providing ecological benefits to other above‐ and belowground organisms that enrich the overall function of agroecosystems. A useful lens with which to evaluate the ecological benefits to these communities under shade trees is to assess how ground‐dwelling ant communities respond to the quality of leaf litter from established nitrogen (N)‐fixing tree species. Here, we use two trees commonly planted in coffee agroecosystems: Inga micheliana, an N‐fixing species, and Alchornea latifolia, a non‐N‐fixing species. In this study, we set out to answer the following questions: (1) How does the leaf litter environment differ between I. micheliana and A. latifolia? (2) Do differences in environmental factors between I. micheliana and A. latifolia correlate with differences in ant abundance and species richness? and (3) Do differences in environmental factors between I. micheliana and A. latifolia correlate with differences in ant community composition? Twenty‐eight randomly selected sites (14 I. micheliana and 14 A. latifolia) were established within a 45‐ha plot in a shaded organic coffee farm in Chiapas, Mexico. Three 1‐m2 quadrats within a 5‐m radius from the base of the selected trees were established, and the leaf litter within the quadrats was removed and sieved. Ant specimens were extracted from leaf litter collected from quadrats using the mini‐Winkler method and identified to genus and species, or morphospecies, level. Results indicate that I. micheliana, the N‐fixing species, has a lower C:N ratio than A. latifolia. Differences in C:N ratios are correlated with ant abundance but not with ant species richness. Distance to edge (in meters) has significant effects on leaf litter ant abundance, richness, and species composition. Results suggest that there may be unaccounted feedbacks from N‐ and non‐N‐fixing vegetation to brown food webs enabling them to sustain similar ground‐dwelling ant communities.

The present work aims to improve the power and the conversion efficiency of solar cells, using the PC1D simulator, to study the performances of the solar cells based on (InGaN). The paper focuses first on optimization of the technological and geometrical parameters such as doping and the thickness of the layers to investigate their influence on the conversion efficiency of these structures. Then, the paper evaluates the efficiency - for the solar cell with and without Anti-reflection coating ARC on textured surfaces to achieve a final increase of 22.5% of conversion efficiency compared to InGaN standard solar cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Floral morphology can determine the type of animal that can be an effective pollinator. In flowers with nocturnal anthesis long-tubed flowers may attract long-tongued insects such as hawkmoths. However, flowers with more open morphology have nectar that can be more easily accessed by bats and short-tongued moths. These contrasting conditions may have consequences on nectar characteristics, since bats can mediate the selection of copious nectar with low to medium sugar concentration values, contrary to what occurs in hawkmoth-pollinated flowers that show comparatively lower nectar volumes with medium sugar concentrations. Here we describe an overview of the nectar features, secretion patterns and removal effects in a guild of plants with crepuscular-nocturnal anthesis in the Atlantic Forest, Northeastern Brazil. Such a plant set encompassed both species with restricted and easy access to nectar, i.e., long-tube flowers and brush-type flowers, respectively. We found a marked difference between attributes of nectar between both groups. Long-tube flowers offer nectar of higher sugar concentration at specific periods of the night that can be reabsorbed later if it has not been removed, the brush-type flowers provide nectar of low sugar concentrations, throughout the night, and may increase their production in response to consumption. These differences can play an important role in mechanisms related to the sharing of resources in the community, ensuring an even more intimate relationship between long-tube flowers and hawkmoths, and allowing brush-type flowers to deal with consumption by different nocturnal pollinators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

El Departamento de Nariño tiene una posición territorial estratégica, se encuentra localizado entre las zonas Andina, Pacífica y Amazónica, frontera internacional y paso obligado en el sur entre Colombia y el mundo. En este espacio sobreviven ancestralmente comunidades indígenas como la de los Inga, pueblo proveniente de la comunidad con la misma denominación del Valle de Sibundoy, departamento del Putumayo y perteneciente a la familia quechua. Su documentación en soporte de papel que aún existe, de no intervenirse adecuadamente puede desaparecer, lo cual se considera el mayor problema. Aquí se presenta el trabajo realizado en la comunidad Inga de Aponte en el municipio de El Tablón de Gómez, departamento de Nariño, cumpliendo el convenio celebrado entre, en ese entonces, la Institución Universitaria CESMAG y el Cabildo, iniciado el 20 de enero del año 2018 y finalizado el 20 de marzo del año 2018, el cual cumple con el objetivo general de crear el Archivo Histórico del Cabildo Mayor Inga de Aponte (A.H.C.M.I.A), después de que, metódicamente y, en complimiento y aplicación de los criterios de organización de archivos, se lograra recuperar, secar, limpiar y ordenar cronológicamente el patrimonio histórico documental material de la comunidad, y contener el acervo documental para el servicio de la comunidad en archivadores adecuados y en un lugar apropiado para su uso. Paralelamente se incluye información de un anterior trabajo (Bolaños, 1995) realizado por el mismo investigador que permite evidenciar la fragilidad del patrimonio documental. Esta investigación, también es un reconocimiento a la comunidad Inga en Nariño por mantener su palabra madre, lengua original, usos, costumbres y su compromiso con el medio ambiente.

The outstanding diversity of Amazonian forests is predicted to be the result of several processes. While tree lineages have dispersed repeatedly across the Amazon, interactions between plants and insects may be the principal mechanism structuring the communities at local scales.Using metabolomic and phylogenetic approaches, we investigated the patterns of historical assembly of plant communities across the Amazon based on the Neotropical genus of trees Inga (Leguminosae) at four, widely separated sites.Our results show a low degree of phylogenetic structure and a mixing of chemotypes across the whole Amazon basin, suggesting that although biogeography may play a role, the metacommunity for any local community in the Amazon is the entire basin. Yet, local communities are assembled by ecological processes, with the suite of Inga at a given site more divergent in chemical defences than expected by chanceSynthesis. To our knowledge, this is the first study to present metabolomic data for nearly 100 species in a diverse Neotropical plant clade across the whole Amazonia. Our results demonstrate a role for plant–herbivore interactions in shaping the clade's community assembly at a local scale, and suggest that the high alpha diversity in Amazonian tree communities must be due in part to the interactions of diverse tree lineages with their natural enemies providing a high number of niche dimensions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

En esta investigación se analizaron las causas sociales, ambientales y económicas que inciden en la pérdida de agrobiodiversidad de las chagras del pueblo indígena Inga en la Amazonía colombiana. Se usó una metodología cualitativa basada en entrevistas semiestructuradas, grupos focales y asambleas para validación de información. Los resultados muestran que la pérdida de la agrobiodiversidad se debe principalmente a cambios en los paradigmas de consumo y relación con el territorio; así mismo, al auge de los cultivos de coca (Erythroxylum coca) en la región, la economía cocalera y las fumigaciones aéreas con glifosato para su erradicación; a los cambios en la transmisión de los conocimientos tradicionales, proyectos externos que no tuvieron en cuenta las condiciones culturales de los resguardos; a los procesos de migración y a las pocas posibilidades de comercio de los productos de la chagra.

Inga obtusata (Leguminosae) é uma espécie endêmica do Brasil, com ocorrência restrita ao estado do Amazonas, conforme a última revisão taxonômica para o gênero, bem como, na Flora do Brasil 2020. No entanto, dados online mostram a ocorrência da espécie em outros estados do Brasil. O trabalho teve como objetivo contribuir com à atual distribuição geográfica de I. obtusata, mediante análise de exsicata no Herbário da Amazônia Meridional (HERBAM) e dados online, oferecendo descrição morfológica, fotografias, comentários fitogeográficos e taxonômicos para a espécie. O estudo morfológico foi realizado no Laboratório de Morfologia Vegetal localizado no HERBAM, Campus Universitário de Alta Floresta, Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso. O presente trabalho reafirma a ocorrência de Inga obtusata nos estados de Mato Grosso e Rondônia, além do Amazonas, com a presença de nectários extraflorais na nervura principal dos últimos pares de folíolos, informação inédita para a espécie. O trabalho mostra a importância das exsicatas digitalizadas em alta resolução, disponíveis online, nos estudos da flora brasileira.

Excited states in 1 2 6 , 1 2 8 Xe were populated via 1 2 2 Sn(9Be, 5n γ) and 1 2 2 Sn(9Be, 3n γ) fusion-evaporation reactions, respectively, at a beam energy of 48 MeV. The electromagnetic (electric or magnetic) nature and multipolarity of some inter-band γ rays are determined from linear polarization and angular correlation measurements. Re-measured/newly measured linear polarization asymmetry helps to assign the parity of 2302-keV ( 1 2 6 Xe)/2228-keV ( 1 2 8 Xe) I π = 5 − state unequivocally. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Este artículo presenta los hallazgos de una investigación acerca de la faja llamada chumbe elaborada por las tejedoras ingas del pueblo Santiago-Manoy del Alto Putumayo en Colombia. El objetivo de este trabajo es dilucidar y comprender las características del chumbe inga como artefacto cultural y mental, en tanto condensa y es lugar de inscripción de las redes de significación de la cultura del pueblo inga. La metodología utilizada es de tipo cualitativa. En el trabajo de campo se aplicaron herramientas como la entrevista semiestructurada, la observación participante y un registro fotodocumental del chumbe y los pictogramas que contiene. Una de las principales conclusiones es que el chumbe inga, en tanto artefacto mental y cultural, es un “arte de la memoria” en el que el pueblo inga expresa su cosmovisión y su saber técnico y estético ancestral.

A positive parity sequence of Δ I = 2 γ transitions has been identified above I π = 9 / 2 + state (E x = 2019 keV) in 115Sb through in-beam γ ray spectroscopic technique. Rotational features of this sequence are found similar to a low- K decoupled band. Observation of this newly identified low- K decoupled band, along with the earlier reported strongly coupled high- K band in this nucleus, provides the first experimental evidence for prolate-oblate shape coexistence associated with g 9 / 2 proton-hole configuration around Z = 50 shell closure. Experimental results are reproduced reasonably well in the frameworks of the projected shell model and the total Routhian surface calculations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In-beam γ -ray spectroscopy of 1 2 7 I was carried out following 1 2 4 Sn(7Li, 4n γ) fusion-evaporation reaction at a beam energy of 33 MeV. Ratio of the electric dipole (E1) and electric quadrupole (E2) transition probabilities [B(E1)/B(E2)] for the transitions depopulating from the I π = 1 5 / 2 − , 1 9 / 2 − states have been extracted from this study. Existence of enhanced E1 transition rates between the opposite parity bands, associated dominantly with [ 4 0 2 ] 5 / 2 + and [ 5 5 0 ] 1 / 2 − configurations, provides an indication of octupole correlations in this nucleus [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inga yungasensis C. Aparicio & A. Fuentes (Caesalpinioideae, Fabaceae), is a new species from the Andean foothills found in the humid lower montane forests (Yungas region) of northern La Paz, Bolivia. Inga yungasensis belongs to section Complanatae T. D. Penn. and is similar to I. extra-nodis T. D. Penn., a species from Ecuador, by its leaves without winged rachis and with stipitate glands. It differs mainly by the smaller size of its calyx (2–2.5 vs. 6–14 mm) and corolla (6–9 vs. 20–23 mm). Additional differences between I. extra-nodis and other morphologically similar species are discussed as well as the conservation status assessment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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RESUMO O elevado metabolismo de sementes sensíveis à dessecação (recalcitrantes) de Inga vera Willd. subsp. affinis (DC.) T.D.Pennington é um dos principais fatores que dificultam a manutenção da viabilidade fisiológica das sementes durante o armazenamento. Devido à falta de informações sobre o metabolismo respiratório dessas sementes em diferentes condições de estresse, este estudo teve como objetivo determinar as taxas de respiração de embriões com diferentes conteúdos de água e em diferentes temperaturas após a aplicação dos tratamentos com ABA e PEG. Os resultados mostraram altos níveis de respiração e presença de reações oxidativas. O ABA mostrou poucos efeitos, mas a respiração e os processos oxidativos foram diminuídos pela secagem leve e pelo tratamento com PEG. Portanto, a redução da temperatura de armazenamento é eficiente na redução do metabolismo, permitindo ampliar o armazenamento, mas a escolha do estádio de maturação é decisiva para melhor conservar os embriões de Inga vera.

In this study, the social, environmental and economic causes contributing to agrobiodiversity loss in the chagra (crop fields) of the Inga indigenous people in the Colombian Amazon were analyzed. A qualitative methodology was used, specifically semi-structured interviews and focus groups, and collected data was validated during community meetings. The results show that agrobiodiversity loss is mainly due to changes in local paradigms of consumption, changes in the traditional relationship of the Inga people with their land; the increase of coca crops in the region, coca economy, fumigation with glyphosate, external projects, changes in educational and migration processes, and few possibilities for trading products from the chagra. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Determination of the chemical composition of the unconventional edible Inga laurina species. • Cr and Cu were high on seed and pulp, as well as the highest protein content was on seed, and the highest fiber in the pulp and peel. • Phytochemical profile of leaves and peels were established by UHPLC-DAD-MS/MS and GC–MS. • Phenolic compounds, such as myricetin and quercetin derivatives, were identified in the extract and partition. • The ethyl acetate partition of the peel demonstrated a stronger potential antioxidant activity by DPPH and ABTS•+ methods. Inga laurina is a plant species which produces edible fruits, and until now there is little information available concerning its nutritional, chemical and bioactive composition. In this study, we evaluated for the first time the proximate composition and mineral contents in its fruit (peel, pulp and seed), that is the traditionally consumed part. The seeds obtained the highest protein (19.52 g/100 g), carbohydrate (22.5 g/100 g) and mineral contents, mainly Cu, Cr, P, Mn, Se and Zn. The peel and pulp were excellent sources of fiber (4.5 and 11.05 g/100 g) as well as mineral content, with Cr and Cu standing out in the pulp. This study is notably the first to provide a detailed assessment of the nutritional compositions of traditionally consumed and not consumed parts of this fruit. Sensory analysis of the pulp was also performed, which indicated good acceptance. The antioxidant properties were characterized in the fruit, peels and leaves. The ABTS test showed that leaf supernatant hydroethanolic crude extract (EC 50 = 2.70 μg/mL) and its corresponding ethyl acetate (EC 50 = 1.68 µg/mL) and butanol (EC 50 = 2.48 µg/mL) partitions presented higher antioxidant potential compared to the control Ginkgo biloba (EC 50 = 12.17 µg/mL). The most active precipitate extract regarding DPPH was from the peel (EC 50 = 13.30 μg /mL) and the most active partition was the ethyl acetate (EC 50 = 13.37 μg/mL), both with better activity compared to the control Ginkgo biloba (EC 50 = 46.97 μg/mL). The ethyl acetate partition (EC 50 = 13.45 μg/mL) and butanol partition (EC 50 = 7.97 μg/mL) from the leaves showed the highest antioxidant capacity. Thus, extracts and partitions from the peels and leaves were studied from a phytochemical point of view due to presenting the best results for antioxidant capacity. The presence of phenolic compounds such as myricetin-3- O -rhamnopyranoside, myricetin-3- O -(2″- O -galloyl)-rhamnopyranoside and myricetin-3- O -(2″,4″-di-O-galloyl)-arabinopentoside-methyl ether were observed in the leaf crude extract and polar partitions, being reported for the first time in the Inga genus and Fabaceae family. Moreover, quercetin, quercetin-3- O -galatoctoside, quercetin-3- O -rhamnopyranoside, quercetin-3- O -(2″- O -galloyl)-rhamnoside, and quercetin tri-hexose were identified in the peel crude extract and ethyl acetate partition, in which the galloyl derivative of quercetin was identified for the first time in I. laurina fruit peels. GC–MS enabled separating and identifying substances such as palmitic and stearic acids, and ethyl oleate. It is possible to conclude that I. laurina pulp can be a supplementary food as a source of phenolic compounds, and the other organs of the plant (leaves and peel) are rich in flavonoids with great antioxidant capacity, making this species a promising source of antioxidants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite belonging to one of the most biodiverse ecoregions on Earth, the Ecuadorian Amazon remains largely unexplored. During the elaboration of an ethnobotanical checklist of the useful plants in the Kichwa community of Pakayaku (Pastaza, Ecuador), we faced taxonomical difficulties due to the lack of basic information and unknown location of type specimens for several plant names. In this contribution, we present notes clarifying the status of six taxa of the H. Karsten and E. F. Poeppig names and locate the corresponding type specimens at the herbarium W (Natural History Museum, Vienna).

Nitrogen-fixing plants provide critical nitrogen inputs that support the high productivity of tropical forests, but our understanding of the ecology of nitrogen fixers – and especially their interactions with herbivores – remains incomplete. Herbivores may interact differently with nitrogen fixers vs. non-fixers due to differences in leaf nitrogen content and herbivore defence strategies. To examine these potential differences, our study compared leaf carbon, nitrogen, toughness, chemical defence and herbivory for four nitrogen-fixing tree species (Inga oerstediana , Inga sapindoides , Inga thibaudiana and Pentaclethra macroloba) and three non-fixing species (Anaxagorea crassipetala , Casearia arborea and Dipteryx panamensis) in a lowland tropical rain forest. Leaf chemical defence, not nutritional content, was the primary driver of herbivore damage among our species. Even though nitrogen fixers exhibited 21.1% higher leaf nitrogen content, 20.1% lower C:N ratios and 15.4% lower leaf toughness than non-fixers, we found no differences in herbivory or chemical defence between these two plant groups. Our results do not support the common hypotheses that nitrogen fixers experience preferential herbivory or that they produce more nitrogen-rich defensive compounds than non-fixers. Rather, these findings suggest strong species-specific differences in plant–herbivore relationships among both nitrogen-fixing and non-fixing tropical trees. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Indian national gamma array (INGA) and gamma detector array (GDA) have been the work horse for nuclear structure studies at IUAC. Many of these studies have revealed a variety of modes of excitations in nuclei as a function of spin, isospin and excitation energy. These excitation modes mirror different underlying symmetries and structures in nuclei for a given mix of above mentioned quantities. Further, there is a rich inter-play between these various modes or degrees of freedom and it’s a challenge to experimentally identify and theoretically comprehend the rich spectra exhibited. INGA and GDA setups have also been successfully used in recent years for studying reaction dynamics like incomplete fusion and fusion-fission in heavy ion collisions at energies of about few MeV per nucleon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Excited states in 126,127,128Xe were populated via 122Sn(9Be, x n γ) fusion-evaporation reaction at a beam energy of 48 MeV. A positive parity rotational-like sequence of Δ I = 2 γ -transitions, which is found to decay into the negative parity band via E 1 transitions, is observed above I π = 19 / 2 + state at 2307 keV in 127Xe. Such enhanced E 1 γ -transitions are also observed between the antimagnetic rotational (AMR) and longitudinal wobbling (LW) bands in this nucleus. These indicate the presence of simplex symmetry with s = ± i excitation in 127Xe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The security incidents ion networks are sudden and uncertain, it is very hard to precisely predict the network security situation by traditional methods. In order to improve the prediction accuracy of the network security situation, we build a network security situation prediction model based on Wavelet Neural Network (WNN) with optimized parameters by the Improved Niche Genetic Algorithm (INGA). The proposed model adopts WNN which has strong nonlinear ability and fault-tolerance performance. Also, the parameters for WNN are optimized through the adaptive genetic algorithm (GA) so that WNN searches more effectively. Considering the problem that the adaptive GA converges slowly and easily turns to the premature problem, we introduce a novel niche technology with a dynamic fuzzy clustering and elimination mechanism to solve the premature convergence of the GA. Our final simulation results show that the proposed INGA-WNN prediction model is more reliable and effective, and it achieves faster convergence-speed and higher prediction accuracy than the Genetic Algorithm-Wavelet Neural Network (GA-WNN), Genetic Algorithm-Back Propagation Neural Network (GA-BPNN) and WNN.