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Copyright of German International Journal of Modern Science / Deutsche Internationale Zeitschrift für Zeitgenössische Wissenschaft is the property of Artmedia24 and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper is about sentences of form To be human is to be an animal, To live is to fight, etc. I call them 'infinitive sentences'. I define an augmented propositional language able to express them and give a matrix-based semantics for it. I also give a tableau proof system, called IL for Infinitive Logic. I prove soundness, completeness and a few basic theorems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Serbian dialects that allow the variation between infinitival and so-called ‘da+present’ complements (DPC) (e.g. those of Vojvodina), the verb hteti (Eng. to want) allows for three different kinds of complements, corresponding to its three different uses. In its lexical use, it takes an NP complement; the volitional modal version combines with DPC; and the future auxiliary takes the infinitival complement. Assuming different syntactic structures for all three types of complements, we hypothesize that they exhibit different prosodic features. The hypothesis was tested experimentally by analysing the preboundary lengthening and the behaviour of F0 as signals of different prosodic constituency reflected in the Prosodic Hierarchy (PH). It was predicted that higher units of PH will show higher degree of preboundary lengthening, as well as that the presence of phrase accents and boundary tones will mark the right edge of PhPs and IPs respectively. We recorded 10 students at the University of Novi Sad as they pronounced 10 sentences per each of the three uses of this verb. The data partially confirms our hypothesis, as the modal verb hteti (Eng. to want) followed by DPC lengthens more than the auxiliary and lexical verb hteti (Eng. to want), which are followed by an infinitival and NP complement respectively. In contrast, the F0 contour remains unaffected by these differences, and phrase accents are not identified in any of the uses of the verb hteti (Eng. to want). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we study a case of diachronic and diaphasic variation consisting in a subordination strategy for expressing immediate succession present in the cultivated narrative language of Classical Spanish. This strategy is based on verbal doubling (V-doubling), a pattern also found in some contemporary Atlantic creole languages. We analyze the elements that constitute this type of sequences and examine the similarities and differences between the constructions of Classical Spanish and those of the Creoles. We also compare the constructions of Classical Spanish with similar structures without V-doubling, present in all periods of Spanish, in order to detail the link of V-doubling with focalization of the end of the first event. The strategy analyzed was a transitory way to cover the absence of subordinators expressing immediate succession in an unambiguous way during the chronological period in which it existed.

The infinitive called enunciative, generalizing or introductory is a variable phenomenon in the Spanish grammar very frequently used in diverse kinds of oral and written texts. As a defective or non conjugated verbal form which does not provide any information about the grammatical person (at least not about the subject), the independent infinitive may function as a desubjectivizing resource of discourse. This phenomenon will be studied from a variationist and cognitive-functional framework by the analysis of this kind of infinitive in social media texts (Facebook and Twitter) as well as in the TripAdvisor website. Results indicate that there are not significant differences in the use of the infinitive among these texts. However, the infinitive shows a relevant use with verba dicendi lexemes as well as its coaparition with personal forms in the inmediate context. Thus, it may be concluded that the infinitive is a desubjectivizing device which introduces or closes argumentative utterances contributing to develop a range of sociopragmatic values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Srbski Jezik is the property of University of Belgrade, Faculty of Philology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

One of the basic concepts in semantics is prepositions and conjunctions, and due to stylistic differences in the texts of different periods, they have undergone many changes and have been used with different meanings. Familiarity with the meanings of these letters and their various uses plays an important role in the accessibility and eloquence of ancient Persian texts. Prepositions and conjunctions are widely used, which in some cases have different functions. Some of them are just prepositions; another group is conjunctions; some of them have been used in various ways as prepositions and adjectives, adverbs and prefixes of verbs, which are determined by the context and meaning of the sentence. The present article examines the various concepts and meanings of these letters using a descriptive-analytical method. The results of this study confirm that these letters have multiple semantic networks. Including the letters "Az", ba", "ta", ... Also, the use of simple prepositions and simple conjunctions has been much more widespread in this text, and compound and conjunctive prepositions have been used to a limited extent. The relative frequency of simple suffixes accounts for 51% of the total text. The simple conjunction "to" has the highest frequency, repeated 256 times. Doing so will solve some of the problems with understanding it.Keywords: Nafsat al-Masdur, Infinitive, Grammar, Letters, Prepositions, Conjunctions IntroductionIn the Persian language, the prepositions and conjunctions are the remnants of the dependent letters in the Pahlavi and ancient Persian languages, which have undergone fundamental changes and transformations since then. The matter that is raised about the letters is about not having independence in their meaning. Knowing the meaning of prepositions and conjunctions because of their decisive role in induction is of great importance. They also play an essential role in facilitating the understanding of the concepts of ancient texts. Some of these letters have been used artistically and with high frequency in Nafsat al-Masdur. In this article, while enumerating prepositions and conjunctions and determining their types and uses, more attention is paid to the content and meaning of the work, so that it helps in removing the obstacles in the understanding of the text.* Research Question(s)1- Which letters have a higher frequency than the others in Nafsat al-Masdur?2- How to use simple and compound suffixes?3- How are conjunctions used in this work? Literature ReviewThe meanings of prepositions and conjunctions are mentioned in Khayampour's grammar book (1372).Anvari-Givi (1374), Mohammad Javad Shariat (1371), and Khatib Rahbar (1367). all these grammars, more or less or with little abbreviated or detailed meanings, have considered similar functions for prepositions and conjunctions. Some of the other research that have been done in this matter are:Dehghan and Parvini (2018), in an article entitled "Multiple Meanings of Conjunctions in Persian Language", the article investigated the multiple meanings of two conjunctions of the same base as "but" and "veli".Zahedi and Mohammadi (2013) in the article "The semantic network of Persian suffixes "az" in the framework of semantics", the suffix "az" is classified into different clusters and the position of each is shown.Mohand (2009), in her research entitled "Investigation of the meanings of the spatial suffixes of speech culture based on semantics" has shown how cognitive semantics can give a different view to recordingthe meanings of these letters.With the conducted investigations, it was found that no independent research has been done on the specific approach to this issue. MethodologyThe present research is based on a descriptive and analytical method and is based on a library study, so the theoretical foundations of the research were extracted, categorized, and analyzed analyzed in Nafsat al-Masdur. ResultsThe semantic description of prepositions and conjunctions in Nafsat al-Masdur is as follows:Simple suffixes have been used the most in Nafsat al-Masdur.Compound letters have the lowest frequency in this text, although compound letters are more diverse than simple letters, and their number increases over time. But in this text, this variety is not very significant.Simple conjunctions,like simple adverbs, have many and varied uses in this work. The letter "wow" has the highest frequency among all letters. The relative conjunction "ke" has the lowest relative frequency.The compound conjunction "agatcheh" is repeated 16 times, and its frequency is about 30. * All prepositions and conjunctions Among all the letters used in this text, simple suffixes are repeated 874 times and include about 51%, and simple conjunctions are repeated 745 times and include 44%. Compound suffixes and conjunctions are more frequent than other letters. They have a lower relative share and account for 3% and 2%, respectively. Discussion Conjunctions and prepositions have differences and similarities. What they have in common is that both are used to relate words. But their difference is that the relationship that the conjunction establishes between the words is a relationship of equality, while the relationship created by the preposition is in the form of dependence. Prepositions and conjunctions are the surviving letters of dependence in Pahlavi and ancient Persian languages, which have undergone fundamental changes and transformations so far. These letters were used more in the Middle and Dari periods, and several aspects of each were included in the texts, and usually, their meanings were explained according to the noun and the next word. Prepositions, like verbs and nouns, are among the main influential categories in the syntactic structure of the sentence, and unlike restrictions and attributes, they do not have a secondary use. Important information about these letters: they do not have semantic independence, but they are effective in completing the meaning, and knowing the meanings of prepositions and conjunctions because of their decisive role in induction is of great importance. They also play an essential role in facilitating the understanding of the concepts of ancient texts. Some of these letters are used artistically and with high frequency in Nafsat al-Masdur, the repetition of some of these letters creates a kind of music and strengthens the poetic character of the work. ConclusionThe prepositions used in Nafsat al-Masdur are: "Az, b, Bar, Ta, Chon, Ra, Ba, and Manand". The same prepositions are common today, but in this book, have more meanings, which are mentioned in detail in the text of the article. The frequency of the additional letter "Be" is higher than other prepositions, and it has been repeated 256 times. The frequency of compound additional letters, is less than the rest of the letters and only the letter "barhasbe" has been repeated 9 times.Conjunctions, like prepositions, have many uses in this book, and they are "ke, waw, chon, ta, cha, lican, agar, pas, ham, amma, baz, vala, bari". Among the conjunctions, the letter "Waw" has a high frequency. The lowest frequency includes the conjunctions "Bari, Vala" and each is mentioned once.Compound conjunctions are found in Nafsat al-Masdur, and the letter "agarcha" is repeated 16 times. But the frequency of the letters "bazinhame, angahke, azanjake" is lower than the rest of the compound conjunctions.Discrete groups of prepositions (double prepositions) that are formed from two prepositions, one at the beginning of the noun and one after it, are either absent or rare in this book, while such combinations were used in the 7th century.In total, the percentage of letters that make up Nafsat al-Masdur is 51% prepositions, 44% conjunctions, 3% compound letters, and 2% conjunctions.

This article documents a previously unattested variety of obligatory control (OC) in the Nakh-Daghestanian language Chirag Dargwa, which lies at the intersection between two phenomena known from previous research: overt controlled subjects and partial control. Despite being less widespread crosslinguistically, these two phenomena do occur in various unrelated languages and are known to not quite fit in with existing theories of OC. Combined in a single construction, they yield a new empirical option in the typology of OC and provide evidence in favor of a pro analysis of controlled subjects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metalinguistic awareness has been assessed primarily throughout metalinguistic knowledge and grammaticality judgment tests. Then, very limited research has been conducted on the attempt to understand how metalinguistic awareness may be developed among adolescents or young adults in verbal group reflection tasks. The present study aims to explore the performance of university students when they reflect on gerund and infinitive complements in English as L2 while they complete consciousness-raising grammar tasks with the intention to develop their metalinguistic awareness. The study links a sociocultural framework with semi-structured stimulated recall interviews on the development of metalinguistic awareness, as both help participants reflect on usage patterns and generalizations of underlying linguistic structures through verbal interaction. The evaluated data consisted of the scores of each task and the speech analysis of the participants. The results reveal that having students identify the underlying rules of gerund and infinitive complements will indirectly contribute to their acquisition. The conclusions pointed to students paying attention to specific features of the language to be fully aware of the form of the linguistic patterns.

Статья посвящена описанию неоднозначного, многослойного и многоаспектного временного пространства простого осложнённого предложения. Цель: выявить значение как абсолютного, так и относительного времени, представить комплексную природу и синкретичных характер выражения таксиса и дейксиса в нетрадиционных осложнённых моделях русского предложения. Анализ выражения времени, таксиса и дейксиса разноструктурными средствами языка в их системных отношениях подтверждает тезис не только о семантическом, но и грамматическом (структурном) осложнении рассматриваемых предложений. Впервые в аспекте темпоральной семантики проанализированы конструкции с дуплексивами (членами двойной зависимости) и таксисные отношения в предложениях с объектным и целевым инфинитивом, где также обнаружено семантическое и грамматическое осложнение.

Copyright of Linguistische Treffen in Wrocław is the property of Oficyna Wydawnicza ATUT and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Lingüística y Literatura is the property of Universidad de Antioquia, Facultad de Comunicaciones and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Tikrit University for Humanities is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The Albanian language, from a typological point of view, is part of the Balkan Linguistic League. The Romanian linguist Alexandru Rosetti argues that the linguistic traits shared in the grammar, syntax, vocabulary, and phonology, give the Balkan languages a special "league" status. One of the traits shared in common by all the Balkan languages is the loss or disappearance of the infinitive. Considering Albanian, the scientific sources mention the reduction of the verbal infinitive, specifying as follows: complete disappearance in the Albanian Tosk dialect and reduction of the same in the Ghego dialect. In our opinion, these correct basic considerations may on the other hand be insufficient when compared with recent studies on the distribution and state of vitality of the infinitive in the Albanian language. With regard to the Albanian language, previous studies indicate the full loss of infinitive in Tosk variety and the reduction thereof in the Gheg variety. In my opinion, these asumptions may, on the other hand, be insufficient when compared with recent studies on the distribution and state of vitality of the infinitive in the Albanian language. The publication of the Albanian Dialectological Atlas, which provides a detailed grammatical description of the sub-dialects in the Albanian-speaking areas, the latest urban dialectology studies together with sociolinguistic studies examining popular Albanian and the substandard levels of the usus, the philological editions of old manuscripts arbëresh, but also the statistical studies on the current state of various dialects in the Italian-Albanian communities, make it possible to draw another scenario, much more detailed and concrete as regards the dynamics and the position of the infinitive in the Albanian-speaking areas. In this regard, the presence of infinitive of Albanian language, as a representative language of the Balkan Linguistic League, raises some questions: 1. Based on such non-uniform distribution, can we agree with the idea of multiple sources, i.e., that not all Balkanisms have the same source? In this regard, it is relevant to address also the external elements of the linguistic system, such as culture and religion. 2. Considering Arbëreshë language is a fraction of the Tosk variety, how the differences in the presence/absence of infinitive in these two linguistic systems could be explained? Is it necessary to examine the diachrony of Greek language influence, as well? If so, which version of the Greek language, the old or the Modern, influenced the most, how, when, where, and in which linguistic community? 3. Taking into consideration the current situation of infinitive in Albanian-speaking areas, would Jouko Lindstedt's "Balkanization factor" be affected. He assigns each Balkan language a score proportional to the number of traits shared by the Balkan Language League. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the semantic differences and patterns in the distribution of four types of complement clauses in present-day Polish: the infinitive, the gerund, indicative clauses, and subjunctive clauses. The study uses a corpus-based method to investigate the semantic properties of these constructions and discusses the implications of the findings. The text provides insights into the distributional properties and semantic structures of complement constructions in Polish, highlighting the distinctions between deontic and epistemic domains and the diverse meanings conveyed by different complement constructions. Further research is needed to fully understand the complexities of complement constructions in Polish. [Extracted from the article]

Copyright of Slovene Linguistic Studies /Slovenski Jezik is the property of Scientific Research Centre of Slovenian Academy of Sciences & Arts and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The following research presents a systematic grammar of the English phrasal verb or verb with particle(s). It comprises the following sections: a) An introduction, in which we familiarize the reader with the most important aspects of seven types of this grammatical form: 1) verb + adverb; 2) verb + preposition; 3) verb + compound preposition (i.e. adverb + preposition); 4) verb + adjective; 5) verb + infinitive; 6) verb + more than one particle; 7) verb + adprep (i.e. adverb/preposition). b) A section (§1) in which we describe a systematic grammar (basic and complex morphology, syntax and semantics) of the English phrasal verb organized in 9 chapters: the first 7 chapters are grouped in accordance with the seven types mentioned above; chapter 8 focuses on interrogative forms; chapter 9 focuses on the nominalization of the phrasal verb. c) A section (§2) in which we present a systematic vocabulary (an advanced lexis) of the English phrasal verb, organized in two large subsections, one listing the particles, the other listing the phrasal verbs themselves, grouped again in accordance with the seven types mentioned above, but also including a subsection ("Phrasal verbs with one or more than one particle: complex phrasal constructions"), in which are listed phrasal verbs having more or less an idiomatic nature. The present systematic and synthetic research can be thus useful as an in-depth introduction to the most fundamental questions related to the English verb with particle(s). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The authors of the article discuss Polish verbal constructions with an infinitive indicating the purpose of the motion, such as pobiegł otworzyć drzwi (he ran to open the door). In the first part of the study, the authors describe the research field, separating lexicalised expressions such as [ktoś] idzie spać ([someone] goes to sleep), (nie) idzie wytrzymać (it is hard to bear this), spieszę donieść, że" (I'm in a rush to report that"). The second part is devoted to the formal characteristics of structures with the infinitive of purpose. The semantic aspects of the studied structures are considered in the third part of the article. The authors present several arguments contradicting the common view that the analysed expressions and the corresponding structures with a subordinate purpose clause are synonymous. Part four of the study provides information on the status of the examined structures in contemporary Polish. Their formal and semantic properties suggest that they are products of a semantic-syntactic operation. In the last, fifth section of the article, the authors place Polish verbal constructions with the infinitive of purpose against a broader typological background, considering their relationship with similar expressions in other languages, which are at various stages of grammaticalization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Annals of Arts & Languages is the property of Association of Arab Universities and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Abstract: The aim of the present study is to examine the way of syntax of the consecutive clauses with infinitive and participle in Greek non-literary papyri of the Imperial and the early Arabic Period. The article presents the frequency with which the two verb forms appear in the papyrus documents from 31 B.C. up to the 8th c. A.D. and highlights the frequent use of the infinitive structure as opposed to the use of the participle structure, which occurs much more rarely. At the same time, stereotypical expressions are presented, which are expressed with consecutive clauses and appear mainly in legal documents. The examples were taken from a body of approximately 55,000 non-literary papyrus texts and 15,000 ostraca from the Duke Databank of Documentary Papyri (DDdDP) online database, checked against their printed publications to avoid possible mistakes.

Non-finite verbs in Turkic are typically categorised as participles, converbs, and sometimes infinitives, with multiple uses of a form within one category considered to constitute multiple functions. This multifunctionality approach predicts that all non-finite verb forms within each of the categories should have the same range of syntactic functions. We show that this is not the case. Based on analysis of a representative set of Turkic languages (Kazakh, Kyrgyz, Sakha, Tatar, Turkish, and Tuvan), we propose a categorisation based on morphological and syntactic properties of non-finite verbs, resulting in four categories: verbal nouns, verbal adjectives, verbal adverbs, and infinitives. Under this approach, forms that are typically labelled as participles end up categorised as verbal nouns, verbal adjectives, or both, and forms that are typically labelled as converbs end up categorised as verbal adverbs, infinitives, or both. Some forms even span these two divisions. When a non-finite verb form appears to exist in multiple categories, we consider this to be a case of syncretism; this is, there is a member of one category that has the same form as a member of another category. We propose historical trajectories that may have led to the types of situations that are attested, examine the limitations of this approach, and discuss its wider implications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This contribution addresses the general theme of Multifunctionality and syncretism in non-finite forms. When we see a particular form in a number of different environments yielding different effects, what does it mean to say that this reflects multifunctionality rather than syncretism? As a refinement of multifunctionality the notion of 'multi-effectuality' is introduced: one element participates in different derivations, performing one and the same operation, but yields different interpretive effects depending on the environment. The analysis takes as a starting point the role of the affix -en in Dutch. The canonical view is that when attached to a verb stem, -en functions either as an infinitival marker or as a nominalizing affix. It is shown that this view cannot be maintained. The "functions" of -en are unified by analyzing it as projecting an 'eventuality expression', with different effects depending on the syntactic environment. The analysis is extended to English, focusing on the contrasts between Dutch and English infinitives and on the role of the English -ing affix in gerunds and participles. The discussion proceeds with an analysis of Frisian with its two forms of the infinitive and concludes with some reflections on the relation between syntactic and semantic categories. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Metinleri cümleler, cümleleri ise kelimeler oluşturmaktadır. Kelime-lerin türlerinden biri de Arap dili literatüründe “hurûf-u meâni” diye isimlendirilen edatlardır. Arapça metinlere bakıldığında hemen hemen her cümle ve her satırda bu edatlara rastlamak mümkündür. Bu da edatların manaya katkısının ne denli önemli olduğuna işaret etmektedir. Cümle içerisindeki konumuna bağlı olarak gerek i‘rab, gerekse mana itibariyle değişkenlik arz eden edatlar, Arap dilbilimcilerinin bakış açısına ve yoruma dayalı olarak tartışmaya konu olmuş ve bu bağlamda sorun hale gelmiştir. Bu makalenin amacı, söz konusu edatlardan biri olan “en” edatının işleviyle ilgili olarak öne sürülen görüşleri ve görüş ayrılığından kaynaklanan problemleri irdelemektir. Bu hedef doğrultusunda önce “en” edatının harf mi isim mi? Şeklindeki sorunun çözümüne çalışılacak, daha sonra bu edatın cümledeki pozisyonuna göre ne tür manalara geldiği ya da cümleye ne gibi anlam kazandırdığı üzerinde durulacaktır.

This article concerns establishing a plausible connection between the word jang(an) in colloquial Malay varieties and jang-, a form which negates infinitives, in the diasporic contact variety Sri Lankan Malay. The principal claim is that jang(an) marks irrealis modality in Southeast Asian Malay varieties, in which it is frequently (optionally) deployed in negative subjunctive-like embedded clauses. A related claim, dependent on the first of the two, is that the irrealis interpretation conveyed by jang(an) makes it a semantically plausible bridge from a Malay grammar with clausal symmetry to the grammar of Sri Lankan Malay. In Sri Lankan Malay, embedded clauses are frequently non-finite, with infinitives similarly conveying irrealis meaning. Sri Lankan Malay jang- is in complementary distribution with the affirmative infinitival prefix me-, which is also derived from a marker of irrealis modality (mau) in colloquial Southeast Asian Malay varieties.

The article is a study of infinitive interrogative sentences bearing meanings of potentiality and efficiency in Russian and the means to render those in Persian. Both for Russian and Persian, such interrogative syntactic constructions and the relevant range of meanings are typical. As is known, in Russian infinitive is a verbal form though in a sentence it can combine the noun-and-verb functions, while in Persian, infinitive functions as a noun. As a rule, so-called Russian indefinite verbal form reflects various subjective and objective modal meanings, in particular, those of potentiality and efficiency which differs in Persian rather to reflect modal meanings of desirability, possibility, necessity, the must, inevitability, doubt, motive, etc. In relevant contexts the combination of modal meanings of desirability and possibility forms the potentiality meaning which is expressed by various linguistic means to form sentences: intonation, lexical and grammatical units, semantical components; other contexts of using such linguistic means to combine modal meanings of desirability and motive reveal the meaning of efficiency. The meanings themselves are not characteristic of Persian infinitive primarily due to their grammatical properties and belong to nouns therefore in Persian the mentioned above meanings and senses could be reflected by other linguistic means as well. The task of the study is to tackle the question of what are the means and manner they might make linguistic analogy to transmit semantics of potentiality and efficiency in Persian, while they are expressed in Russian infinitive interrogative sentences and rhetorical questions.The article treats infinitive interrogative sentences and rhetorical questions with infinitive as a predicate to render the semantics of potentiality and efficiency on the drama texts by M.Yu. Lermontov and A.P. Chekhov and the epic novel by A.N. Tolstoy. In course of comparative study, the translations into Persian of those texts were involved to find out similarities and differences of linguistic means used to reflect and reveal the semantics of infinitive interrogative sentences.

This study sets out to investigate the insubordinated infinitive in the Bantu language Makhuwa-Enahara (P31, northern Mozambique), which is used with feeling predicates that have passive experiencers. The expression of bodily feelings and emotions in Makhuwa serves as a foundation, highlighting the unique formal and interpretational properties of the insubordinated infinitive within the domain of feelings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Prace Jezykoznawcze is the property of University of Warmia & Mazury in Olsztyn and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Prace Jezykoznawcze is the property of University of Warmia & Mazury in Olsztyn and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Linguistic Guide / Poradnik Jezykowy is the property of Towarzystwo Kultury Jezyka-Dom Wydawniczy ELIPSA and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper aims to examine morphological derivation from verb to noun of domestic animal sounds in the Neolatin languages (Portuguese, Spanish, Catalan, French, Italian and Romanian). According to the present comparative analysis, verb to noun derivations had 4 major types such as back-formation (32%), application of suffixes (50%) and of participium (12%), and other minor categories. However, if they are monitored closely, this distribution may vary in the individual languages, e.g.: French applies suffixes in 83% and so does Catalan with back-formation in 63%. Also, the use of infinitive as noun with article offers an alternative. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper analyzes the supine functioning in the Kazan Gospel, an ancient lectionary of the 14th century. The study aims to establish general patterns in the supine use, the des­cription of its phonetic appearance, and the influence of the latter on the morphology, as well as in the gradual replacement of the supine with an infinitive. The focus of the study is the supine and its syntactical relations in the context. The research was performed with the help of simultaneous des­cription of the phenomenon of historical grammar of the Russian language in a certain period and diachronic observation of this phenomenon in a number of similar texts, as well as linguistic methods of gospel textual studies. We revealed the signs of supine as a vanishing form (variations in different Gospel manus­cripts, replacement with the infinitive, replacement with personal verb forms, errors in its use) and, thus, confirmed: firstly, the period when the text of the Kazan Gospel was written (no later than the end of the 14th century); secondly, the mixed nature of its text, namely apparent preservation of Old Slavonic protograph features followed by the evident text russification. The results obtained are important for the historical grammar of the Russian language and for the textology of the Old Slavic gospels.

This article proposes a novel account for the overuse of free morphemes and underuse of bound morphemes in English as a second language (L2) based on the framework of Distributed Morphology. It will be argued that an Economy Principle 'Do everything in Narrow Syntax (DENS)' operates in the L2 learner's computational system. Consequently, derivation in Morphology becomes as limited as possible except when applying Vocabulary Items to syntactic objects (Vocabulary Insertion). This results in non-target-like use/acceptance of certain morphemes: Bound morphemes are often omitted in early L2 grammar, and alternative free morphemes may apparently be used instead. Two types of data, namely the overuse of be reported in previous research, and the preference of to- infinitives over -ing gerunds in early L2 grammar, will be presented in support of the proposal, and the plausibility of the operation of DENS will be discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, we study the linguistic variation of the ser de + infinitive construction with passive interpretation (Eso es de aplaudir) with examples taken from CORPES and Corpus del Español (Mark Davies). The consultation of both corpora has allowed us to confirm that the construction not only has more vitality in American Spanish, but that it presents two uncommon variants in European Spanish: it appears with accusative clitic (Eso es de aplaudirlo) and with the particle se (Eso es de admirarse). We will argue that this behavior responds to two different analyses: a passive one, which would explain the absence of a direct complement in general Spanish or the presence of particle se in some American varieties, and an impersonal active one (present mostly in Central America), which would in turn justify the presence of the accusative clitic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Ilahiyat Researches / Ilahiyat Tetkikleri Dergisi is the property of Ataturk University Coordinatorship of Scientific Journals and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Zeitschrift für Romanische Philologie is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The aim of this article is to investigate a special case of suppletion in the paradigm of the negative imperative in some dialects of southern Calabria. First, we show how these paradigms involve the extension of an original infinitival desinence to a present indicative verb, giving rise to a hybrid imperatival form (Section 2). Second, we claim that this pattern of suppletion does not represent a Romance-internal development but, rather, the outcome of contact-induced change and, in particular, the influence of the local Greek sub-/adstrate (Section 3). Furthermore, we show that these hybrid patterns also provide significant evidence for the formal morphosyntactic equivalence between competing Greek finite and Romance non-finite forms of subordination, a typical Balkanism (Section 4). Finally, we demonstrate that the extension of the Romance infinitival desinence according to an underlying Greek model yields in synchrony an alternation between a suppletive positive imperative and a true negative imperative, a typologically very rare formal opposition (Section 5). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the paper is to consider the pragmatic effects of the Polish (Proszę) 'request1 SG. NON-PAST.' + VINF construction in different contexts. The specific research problem is how these effects are related to the conceptual make-up of the construction. The framework for the analysis is the theory of cognitive grammar (cf. e.g. Langacker 1987, 1991, 2008, 2009). The analysis starts with an account of the conceptual make-up of the construction. Then, its selected uses are considered, with emphasis on the pragmatic effects in the relevant contexts. The study offers a qualitative analysis of two kinds of data: a sample of hand-picked utterances and a corpus of utterances extracted from the National Corpus of Polish (NCP). The claim made in the study is that the construction profiles a process figuring in a directive scenario in the role of the process the speaker wishes the hearer to engage in. At the same time, it involves defocusing of the trajector of the profiled process, identified with the hearer. The construction's pragmatic effects in specific contexts are claimed to follow from how this trajector defocusing is put in correspondence with specific aspects of the actual ground. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Al-Frahids Arts is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Linguistica Copernicana is the property of Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper offers new insights into the much-debated topic of double accusatives, taking διδάσκειν as a case study. By focussing on the different syntactic and semantic properties of the two accusatives in expressions such as διδάσκω σε σωφροσύνην 'I teach you moderation', it is shown that the mere reference to distinct semantic roles (Recipient vs Theme) does not provide a satisfactory account of some crucial properties of these constructions. As emerges from textual evidence, the so-called "Theme" may alternate with an infinitival complement (e.g. διδάσκω σε σωφρονεῖν 'I teach you (how) to exert moderation'). Both the infinitival and the nominal complements are bound to the object of διδάσκω through a relationship which may be defined by the notion of control. This finding reveals the predicative function performed here by the "Theme", thus supporting a multi-predicative approach to the double accusative construction of διδάσκειν. This hypothesis has relevance to the analysis of other double accusatives of Ancient Greek, and opens a new path for the analysis of comparable data offered by modern languages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Studia Universitatis Babes-Bolyai, Philologia is the property of Babes-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)